1
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Ding Z, Peng L, Zeng J, Yuan K, Tang Y, Yi Q. Functions of HP1 in preventing chromosomal instability. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4017. [PMID: 38603595 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), caused by errors in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis, is a hallmark of many types of cancer. The fidelity of chromosome segregation is governed by a sophisticated cellular signaling network, one crucial orchestrator of which is Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). HP1 dynamically localizes to distinct sites at various stages of mitosis, where it regulates key mitotic events ranging from chromosome-microtubule attachment to sister chromatid cohesion to cytokinesis. Our evolving comprehension of HP1's multifaceted role has positioned it as a central protein in the orchestration of mitotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kejia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Kalkan BM, Ozcan SC, Cicek E, Gonen M, Acilan C. Nek2A prevents centrosome clustering and induces cell death in cancer cells via KIF2C interaction. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:222. [PMID: 38493150 PMCID: PMC10944510 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells frequently exhibit supernumerary centrosomes, leading to formation of multipolar spindles that can trigger cell death. Nevertheless, cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes escape the deadly consequences of unequal segregation of genomic material by coalescing their centrosomes into two poles. This unique trait of cancer cells presents a promising target for cancer therapy, focusing on selectively attacking cells with supernumerary centrosomes. Nek2A is a kinase involved in mitotic regulation, including the centrosome cycle, where it phosphorylates linker proteins to separate centrosomes. In this study, we investigated if Nek2A also prevents clustering of supernumerary centrosomes, akin to its separation function. Reduction of Nek2A activity, achieved through knockout, silencing, or inhibition, promotes centrosome clustering, whereas its overexpression results in inhibition of clustering. Significantly, prevention of centrosome clustering induces cell death, but only in cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, none of the known centrosomal (e.g., CNAP1, Rootletin, Gas2L1) or non-centrosomal (e.g., TRF1, HEC1) Nek2A targets were implicated in this machinery. Additionally, Nek2A operated via a pathway distinct from other proteins involved in centrosome clustering mechanisms, like HSET and NuMA. Through TurboID proximity labeling analysis, we identified novel proteins associated with the centrosome or microtubules, expanding the known interaction partners of Nek2A. KIF2C, in particular, emerged as a novel interactor, confirmed through coimmunoprecipitation and localization analysis. The silencing of KIF2C diminished the impact of Nek2A on centrosome clustering and rescued cell viability. Additionally, elevated Nek2A levels were indicative of better patient outcomes, specifically in those predicted to have excess centrosomes. Therefore, while Nek2A is a proposed target, its use must be specifically adapted to the broader cellular context, especially considering centrosome amplification. Discovering partners such as KIF2C offers fresh insights into cancer biology and new possibilities for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Mert Kalkan
- Koç University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Enes Cicek
- Koç University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gonen
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University, College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Acilan
- Koç University, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Kreis NN, Moon HH, Wordeman L, Louwen F, Solbach C, Yuan J, Ritter A. KIF2C/MCAK a prognostic biomarker and its oncogenic potential in malignant progression, and prognosis of cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis as biomarker. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-31. [PMID: 38344808 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2309933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
KIF2C/MCAK (KIF2C) is the most well-characterized member of the kinesin-13 family, which is critical in the regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics during mitosis, as well as interphase. This systematic review briefly describes the important structural elements of KIF2C, its regulation by multiple molecular mechanisms, and its broad cellular functions. Furthermore, it systematically summarizes its oncogenic potential in malignant progression and performs a meta-analysis of its prognostic value in cancer patients. KIF2C was shown to be involved in multiple crucial cellular processes including cell migration and invasion, DNA repair, senescence induction and immune modulation, which are all known to be critical during the development of malignant tumors. Indeed, an increasing number of publications indicate that KIF2C is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer entities. Consequently, we have highlighted its involvement in at least five hallmarks of cancer, namely: genome instability, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, avoiding immune destruction and cellular senescence. This was followed by a systematic search of KIF2C/MCAK's expression in various malignant tumor entities and its correlation with clinicopathologic features. Available data were pooled into multiple weighted meta-analyses for the correlation between KIF2Chigh protein or gene expression and the overall survival in breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Furthermore, high expression of KIF2C was correlated to disease-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. All meta-analyses showed poor prognosis for cancer patients with KIF2Chigh expression, associated with a decreased overall survival and reduced disease-free survival, indicating KIF2C's oncogenic potential in malignant progression and as a prognostic marker. This work delineated the promising research perspective of KIF2C with modern in vivo and in vitro technologies to further decipher the function of KIF2C in malignant tumor development and progression. This might help to establish KIF2C as a biomarker for the diagnosis or evaluation of at least three cancer entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ha Hyung Moon
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank Louwen
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Morin M, Guichaoua G, Moindjie H, Haykal MM, Collier O, Stoven V, Nahmias C. A Network of 17 Microtubule-Related Genes Highlights Functional Deregulations in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4870. [PMID: 37835564 PMCID: PMC10571893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide panel of microtubule-associated proteins and kinases is involved in coordinated regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton and may thus represent valuable molecular markers contributing to major cellular pathways deregulated in cancer. We previously identified a panel of 17 microtubule-related (MT-Rel) genes that are differentially expressed in breast tumors showing resistance to taxane-based chemotherapy. In the present study, we evaluated the expression, prognostic value and functional impact of these genes in breast cancer. We show that 14 MT-Rel genes (KIF4A, ASPM, KIF20A, KIF14, TPX2, KIF18B, KIFC1, AURKB, KIF2C, GTSE1, KIF15, KIF11, RACGAP1, STMN1) are up-regulated in breast tumors compared with adjacent normal tissue. Six of them (KIF4A, ASPM, KIF20A, KIF14, TPX2, KIF18B) are overexpressed by more than 10-fold in tumor samples and four of them (KIF11, AURKB, TPX2 and KIFC1) are essential for cell survival. Overexpression of all 14 genes, and underexpression of 3 other MT-Rel genes (MAST4, MAPT and MTUS1) are associated with poor breast cancer patient survival. A Systems Biology approach highlighted three major functional networks connecting the 17 MT-Rel genes and their partners, which are centered on spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Our studies identified mitotic Aurora kinases and their substrates as major targets for therapeutic approaches against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.R.-F.); (M.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.H.)
- INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France
- Inovarion, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Morgane Morin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.R.-F.); (M.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.H.)
- INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Gwenn Guichaoua
- CBIO (Centre de Bioinformatique), Mines Paris-PSL, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France;
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hadia Moindjie
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.R.-F.); (M.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.H.)
- INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Maria M. Haykal
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.R.-F.); (M.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.H.)
- INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Collier
- MODAL’X, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, CNRS, F-92000 Nanterre, France;
| | - Véronique Stoven
- CBIO (Centre de Bioinformatique), Mines Paris-PSL, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France;
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Clara Nahmias
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.R.-F.); (M.M.); (H.M.); (M.M.H.)
- INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France
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5
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Kraus J, Alfaro-Aco R, Gouveia B, Petry S. Microtubule nucleation for spindle assembly: one molecule at a time. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:761-775. [PMID: 37482516 PMCID: PMC10789498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The cell orchestrates the dance of chromosome segregation with remarkable speed and fidelity. The mitotic spindle is built from scratch after interphase through microtubule (MT) nucleation, which is dependent on the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), the universal MT template. Although several MT nucleation pathways build the spindle framework, the question of when and how γ-TuRC is targeted to these nucleation sites in the spindle and subsequently activated remains an active area of investigation. Recent advances facilitated the discovery of new MT nucleation effectors and their mechanisms of action. In this review, we illuminate each spindle assembly pathway and subsequently consider how the pathways are merged to build a spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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6
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Cimini D. Twenty years of merotelic kinetochore attachments: a historical perspective. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:18. [PMID: 37466740 PMCID: PMC10411636 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei, small DNA-containing structures separate from the main nucleus, were used for decades as an indicator of genotoxic damage. Micronuclei containing whole chromosomes were considered a biomarker of aneuploidy and were believed to form, upon mitotic exit, from chromosomes that lagged behind in anaphase as all other chromosomes segregated to the poles of the mitotic spindle. However, the mechanism responsible for inducing anaphase lagging chromosomes remained unknown until just over twenty years ago. Here, I summarize what preceded and what followed this discovery, highlighting some of the open questions and opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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7
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Smith JC, Husted S, Pilrose J, Ems-McClung SC, Stout JR, Carpenter RL, Walczak CE. MCAK Inhibitors Induce Aneuploidy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3309. [PMID: 37444419 PMCID: PMC10340532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard of care for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) involves the use of microtubule poisons such as paclitaxel, which are proposed to work by inducing lethal levels of aneuploidy in tumor cells. While these drugs are initially effective in treating cancer, dose-limiting peripheral neuropathies are common. Unfortunately, patients often relapse with drug-resistant tumors. Identifying agents against targets that limit aneuploidy may be a valuable approach for therapeutic development. One potential target is the microtubule depolymerizing kinesin, MCAK, which limits aneuploidy by regulating microtubule dynamics during mitosis. Using publicly available datasets, we found that MCAK is upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer and is associated with poorer prognoses. Knockdown of MCAK in tumor-derived cell lines caused a two- to five-fold reduction in the IC50 for paclitaxel, without affecting normal cells. Using FRET and image-based assays, we screened compounds from the ChemBridge 50 k library and discovered three putative MCAK inhibitors. These compounds reproduced the aneuploidy-inducing phenotype of MCAK loss, reduced clonogenic survival of TNBC cells regardless of taxane-resistance, and the most potent of the three, C4, sensitized TNBC cells to paclitaxel. Collectively, our work shows promise that MCAK may serve as both a biomarker of prognosis and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Smith
- Medical Sciences, Indiana School of Medicine—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.C.S.); (S.C.E.-M.); (J.R.S.); (R.L.C.)
| | - Stefan Husted
- LabCorp Drug Development Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA
| | - Jay Pilrose
- Catalent Pharma Solutions Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47403, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Ems-McClung
- Medical Sciences, Indiana School of Medicine—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.C.S.); (S.C.E.-M.); (J.R.S.); (R.L.C.)
| | - Jane R. Stout
- Medical Sciences, Indiana School of Medicine—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.C.S.); (S.C.E.-M.); (J.R.S.); (R.L.C.)
| | - Richard L. Carpenter
- Medical Sciences, Indiana School of Medicine—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.C.S.); (S.C.E.-M.); (J.R.S.); (R.L.C.)
| | - Claire E. Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana School of Medicine—Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.C.S.); (S.C.E.-M.); (J.R.S.); (R.L.C.)
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8
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Smith JC, Husted S, Pilrose J, Ems-McClung SC, Stout JR, Carpenter RL, Walczak CE. MCAK Inhibitors Induce Aneuploidy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543118. [PMID: 37397990 PMCID: PMC10312595 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Standard of care for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) involves the use of microtubule poisons like paclitaxel, which are proposed to work by inducing lethal levels of aneuploidy in tumor cells. While these drugs are initially effective in treating cancer, dose-limiting peripheral neuropathies are common. Unfortunately, patients often relapse with drug resistant tumors. Identifying agents against targets that limit aneuploidy may be a valuable approach for therapeutic development. One potential target is the microtubule depolymerizing kinesin, MCAK, which limits aneuploidy by regulating microtubule dynamics during mitosis. Using publicly available datasets, we found that MCAK is upregulated in triple negative breast cancer and is associated with poorer prognoses. Knockdown of MCAK in tumor-derived cell lines caused a two- to five-fold reduction in the IC 50 for paclitaxel, without affecting normal cells. Using FRET and image-based assays, we screened compounds from the ChemBridge 50k library and discovered three putative MCAK inhibitors. These compounds reproduced the aneuploidy-inducing phenotype of MCAK loss, reduced clonogenic survival of TNBC cells regardless of taxane-resistance, and the most potent of the three, C4, sensitized TNBC cells to paclitaxel. Collectively, our work shows promise that MCAK may serve as both a biomarker of prognosis and as a therapeutic target. Simple Summary Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal breast cancer subtype with few treatment options available. Standard of care for TNBC involves the use of taxanes, which are initially effective, but dose limiting toxicities are common, and patients often relapse with resistant tumors. Specific drugs that produce taxane-like effects may be able to improve patient quality of life and prognosis. In this study we identify three novel inhibitors of the Kinesin-13 MCAK. MCAK inhibition induces aneuploidy; similar to cells treated with taxanes. We demonstrate that MCAK is upregulated in TNBC and is associated with poorer prognoses. These MCAK inhibitors reduce the clonogenic survival of TNBC cells, and the most potent of the three inhibitors, C4, sensitizes TNBC cells to taxanes, similar to the effects of MCAK knockdown. This work will expand the field of precision medicine to include aneuploidy-inducing drugs that have the potential to improve patient outcomes.
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9
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Lopes D, Seabra AL, Orr B, Maiato H. α-Tubulin detyrosination links the suppression of MCAK activity with taxol cytotoxicity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213730. [PMID: 36459065 PMCID: PMC9723805 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
α/β-Tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs) generate microtubule diversity, but whether they account for cancer cell resistance to microtubule-targeting drugs remains unknown. Here, we performed a pilot dissection of the "cancer tubulin code" using the NCI-60 cancer cell panel. We found that acetylated, detyrosinated, and ∆2-α-tubulin that typically accumulate on stable microtubules were uncoupled in many cancer cells. Acetylated α-tubulin did not affect microtubule dynamics, whereas its levels correlated with, but were not required for, taxol-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, experimental increase of α-tubulin detyrosination, and/or depletion of the detyrosination-sensitive microtubule-depolymerizing enzyme MCAK, enhanced taxol-induced cytotoxicity by promoting cell death in mitosis and the subsequent interphase, without causing a cumulative effect. Interestingly, only increased detyrosinated α-tubulin aggravated taxol-induced spindle multipolarity. Overall, we identified high α-tubulin acetylation as a potential biomarker for cancer cell response to taxol and uncovered a mechanistic link between α-tubulin detyrosination and the suppression of MCAK activity in taxol-induced cytotoxicity, likely by promoting chromosome missegregation, regardless of spindle defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Lopes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre L Seabra
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cell Division Group, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Gómez R, Viera A, Moreno-Mármol T, Berenguer I, Guajardo-Grence A, Tóth A, Parra MT, Suja JA. Kinase PLK1 regulates the disassembly of the lateral elements and the assembly of the inner centromere during the diakinesis/metaphase I transition in male mouse meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1069946. [PMID: 36733339 PMCID: PMC9887526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1069946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PLK1 is a serine/threonine kinase with crucial roles during mitosis. However, its involvement during mammalian male meiosis remains largely unexplored. By inhibiting the kinase activity of PLK1 using BI 2536 on organotypic cultures of seminiferous tubules, we found that the disassembly of SYCP3 and HORMAD1 from the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex during diakinesis is impeded. We also found that the normal recruitment of SYCP3 and HORMAD1 to the inner centromere in prometaphase I spermatocytes did not occur. Additionally, we analyzed the participation of PLK1 in the assembly of the inner centromere by studying its implication in the Bub1-H2AT120ph-dependent recruitment of shugoshin SGO2, and the Haspin-H3T3ph-dependent recruitment of Aurora B/C and Borealin. Our results indicated that both pathways are regulated by PLK1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that PLK1 is a master regulator of the late prophase I/metaphase I transition in mouse spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gómez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Rocío Gómez, ; José A. Suja,
| | - Alberto Viera
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Moreno-Mármol
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Berenguer
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Guajardo-Grence
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Attila Tóth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - María Teresa Parra
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Suja
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Rocío Gómez, ; José A. Suja,
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11
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Li H, Chen H, Zhang X, Qi Y, Wang B, Cui Y, Ren J, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Zhu T, Wang Y, Yao L, Guo Y, Zhu H, Li Y, Situ C, Guo X. Global phosphoproteomic analysis identified key kinases regulating male meiosis in mouse. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:467. [PMID: 35930080 PMCID: PMC11071816 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis, a highly conserved process in organisms from fungi to mammals, is subjected to protein phosphorylation regulation. Due to the low abundance of phosphorylation, there is a lack of systemic characterization of phosphorylation regulation of meiosis in mammals. Using the phosphoproteomic approach, we profiled large-scale phosphoproteome of purified primary spermatocytes undergoing meiosis I, and identified 14,660 phosphorylation sites in 4419 phosphoproteins. Kinase-substrate phosphorylation network analysis followed by in vitro meiosis study showed that CDK9 was essential for meiosis progression to metaphase I and had enriched substrate phosphorylation sites in proteins involved in meiotic cell cycle. In addition, histones and epigenetic factors were found to be widely phosphorylated. Among those, HASPIN was found to be essential for male fertility. Haspin knockout led to misalignment of chromosomes, apoptosis of metaphase spermatocytes and a decreased number of sperm by deregulation of H3T3ph, chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). The complicated protein phosphorylation and its important regulatory functions in meiosis indicated that in-depth studies of phosphorylation-mediated signaling could help us elucidate the mechanisms of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiangzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yaling Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Liping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Chenghao Situ
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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12
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I B, López-Jiménez P, Mena I, Viera A, Page J, González-Martínez J, Maestre C, Malumbres M, Suja JA, Gómez R. Haspin participates in AURKB recruitment to centromeres and contributes to chromosome congression in male mouse meiosis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275954. [PMID: 35694956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation requires that centromeres properly attach to spindle microtubules. This essential step regulates the accuracy of cell division and therefore must be precisely regulated. One of the main centromeric regulatory signaling pathways is the Haspin-H3T3ph-chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) cascade, which is responsible for the recruitment of the CPC to the centromeres. In mitosis, Haspin kinase phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine 3 (H3T3ph), an essential epigenetic mark that recruits the CPC, whose catalytic component is Aurora B kinase. However, the centromeric Haspin-H3T3ph-CPC pathway remains largely uncharacterized in mammalian male meiosis. We have analyzed Haspin functions by either its chemical inhibition in cultured spermatocytes using LDN-192960, or the ablation of Haspin gene in Haspin-/-. Our studies suggest that Haspin kinase activity is required for proper chromosome congression during both meiotic divisions and for the recruitment of Aurora B and kinesin MCAK to meiotic centromeres. However, the absence of H3T3ph histone mark does not alter Borealin and SGO2 centromeric localization. These results add new and relevant information regarding the regulation of the Haspin-H3T3ph-CPC pathway and centromere function during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenguer I
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - P López-Jiménez
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Mena
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Viera
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Page
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J González-Martínez
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Maestre
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Suja
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Schrock MS, Scarberry L, Stromberg BR, Sears C, Torres AE, Tallman D, Krupinski L, Chakravarti A, Summers MK. MKLP2 functions in early mitosis to ensure proper chromosome congression. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275559. [PMID: 35638575 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 (MKLP2) is a motor protein with a well-established function in promoting cytokinesis. However, our results with siRNAs targeting MKLP2 and small molecule inhibitors of MKLP2 (MKLP2i) suggested a function earlier in mitosis, prior to anaphase. In this study we provide direct evidence that MKLP2 facilitates chromosome congression in prometaphase. We employed live imaging to observe HeLa cells with fluorescently tagged histones treated with MKLP2i and discovered a pronounced chromosome congression defect. We show that MKLP2 facilitates error correction as inhibited cells had a significant increase in unstable, syntelic kinetochore-microtubule attachments. We find that the aberrant attachments are accompanied by elevated Aurora Kinase (A/B) activity and phosphorylation of the downstream target, pHEC1 (Ser 55). Lastly, we show that MKLP2 inhibition results in aneuploidy, confirming that MKLP2 safeguards cells against chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Schrock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Luke Scarberry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate, Program The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin R Stromberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate, Program The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Claire Sears
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Undergraduate Studies, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, 43022, USA
| | - Adrian E Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David Tallman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lucas Krupinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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14
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Zheng R, Du Y, Wang X, Liao T, Zhang Z, Wang N, Li X, Shen Y, Shi L, Luo J, Xia J, Wang Z, Xu J. KIF2C regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition in mice through dynamic microtubule depolymerization. eLife 2022; 11:72483. [PMID: 35138249 PMCID: PMC8828051 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic microtubules play a critical role in cell structure and function. In nervous system, microtubules are the major route for cargo protein trafficking and they specially extend into and out of synapses to regulate synaptic development and plasticity. However, the detailed depolymerization mechanism that regulates dynamic microtubules in synapses and dendrites is still unclear. In this study, we find that KIF2C, a dynamic microtubule depolymerization protein without known function in the nervous system, plays a pivotal role in the structural and functional plasticity of synapses and regulates cognitive function in mice. Through its microtubule depolymerization capability, KIF2C regulates microtubule dynamics in dendrites, and regulates microtubule invasion of spines in neurons in a neuronal activity-dependent manner. Using RNAi knockdown and conditional knockout approaches, we showed that KIF2C regulates spine morphology and synaptic membrane expression of AMPA receptors. Moreover, KIF2C deficiency leads to impaired excitatory transmission, long-term potentiation, and altered cognitive behaviors in mice. Collectively, our study explores a novel function of KIF2C in the nervous system and provides an important regulatory mechanism on how activity-dependent microtubule dynamic regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonglan Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xintai Wang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tailin Liao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Division of Life Science and The Brain and Intelligence Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Innovative Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Zhejiang University (Yuhang), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Tipton AR, Gorbsky GJ. More than two populations of microtubules comprise the dynamic mitotic spindle. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273736. [PMID: 34907446 PMCID: PMC8918802 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubules of the mitotic spindle mediate chromosome alignment to the metaphase plate, then sister chromatid segregation to the spindle poles in anaphase. Previous analyses of spindle microtubule kinetics utilizing fluorescence dissipation after photoactivation described two main populations, a slow and a fast turnover population, and these were ascribed as reflecting kinetochore versus non-kinetochore microtubules, respectively. Here, we test this categorization by disrupting kinetochores through depletion of the Ndc80 complex in U2OS cells. In the absence of functional kinetochores, microtubule dynamics still exhibit slow and fast turnover populations, although the proportion of each population and the timings of turnover are altered. Importantly, the data obtained following Hec1 (also known as Ndc80) depletion suggests that other subpopulations, in addition to kinetochore microtubules, contribute to the slow turnover population. Further manipulation of spindle microtubules revealed a complex landscape. For example, although Aurora B kinase functions to destabilize kinetochore bound microtubules it might also stabilize certain slow turnover non-kinetochore microtubules. Dissection of the dynamics of microtubule populations provides a greater understanding of mitotic spindle kinetics and insight into their roles in facilitating chromosome attachment, movement and segregation during mitosis.
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16
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Verma V, Maresca TJ. A celebration of the 25th anniversary of chromatin-mediated spindle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:rt1. [PMID: 35076260 PMCID: PMC9236140 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a bipolar spindle is required for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Twenty-five years ago, a transformative insight into how bipolarity is achieved was provided by Rebecca Heald, Eric Karsenti, and colleagues in their landmark publication characterizing a chromatin-mediated spindle assembly pathway in which centrosomes and kinetochores were dispensable. The discovery revealed that bipolar spindle assembly is a self-organizing process where microtubules, which possess an intrinsic polarity, polymerize around chromatin and become sorted by mitotic motors into a bipolar structure. On the 25th anniversary of this seminal paper, we discuss what was known before, what we have learned since, and what may lie ahead in understanding the bipolar spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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17
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Liu M, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q. Role of aurora kinase B in regulating resistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cells. Hum Cell 2022; 35:678-693. [PMID: 35088239 PMCID: PMC8866333 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinase B (AURKB) is a type of functional kinase with primary functions of participating in cell mitosis, which has been identified to be involved in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors strongly. However, it still remains a controversial with respect to the relationship between the phosphorylation level of AURKB and its function. In our initial research, there was no significant difference in the relative content of AURKB protein between drug-resistant breast cancer cells and wild-type cells; however, its phosphorylation level in drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that in wild-type cells. Subsequent cell and animal experiments both confirmed the positive correlation between AURKB phosphorylation and drug resistance. Furthermore, PRKCE in the upstream was identified to regulate the phosphorylation of AURKB, which promoted the change of spatial localization of AURKB from nucleus to cytoplasm. Accordingly, phosphorylated AURKB reduced the negative regulation of downstream RAB27B transcription physically, and interacted with RAB27B in cytoplasm to maintain its protein stability. Eventually, it promoted exosome secretion of drug-resistant cells and drug efflux. Using shRNA to knockdown AURKB expression, using hesperadin to inhibit AURKB activity, mutating the AURKB phosphorylation site, or using siRNA as well as BIM to inhibit the activity of the upstream AURKB phosphorylation regulatory protein PRKCE, all of which directly or indirectly reduce AURKB phosphorylation, are effective in reversing PTX resistance in cells. Collectively, this study provides experimental evidence for PRKCE/AURKB/RAB27B axis in regulating the resistance to paclitaxel (PTX) in breast cancer cells, offering a potential intervention target for reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring East Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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18
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
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19
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He Y, Fu W, Du L, Yao H, Hua Z, Li J, Lin Z. Discovery of a novel Aurora B inhibitor GSK650394 with potent anticancer and anti- aspergillus fumigatus dual efficacies in vitro. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:109-117. [PMID: 34894976 PMCID: PMC8667888 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1975693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections including Candidiasis and Aspergillosis are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer patients. Aurora B is a key mitotic kinase required for the cell division of eukaryotes from fungus to man. Here, we identified a novel Aurora B inhibitor GSK650394 that can inhibit the recombinant Aurora B from human and Aspergillus fumigatus, with IC50 values of 5.68 and 1.29 µM, respectively. In HeLa and HepG2 cells, GSK650394 diminishes the endogenous Aurora B activity and causes cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Further cell-based assays demonstrate that GSK650394 efficiently suppresses the proliferation of both cancer cells and Aspergillus fumigatus. Finally, the molecular docking calculation and site-directed mutagenesis analyses reveal the molecular mechanism of Aurora B inhibition by GSK650394. Our work is expected to provide new insight into the combinational therapy of cancer and Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua He
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Fu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liyang Du
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiqiao Yao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengkang Hua
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Jaunky DB, Larocque K, Husser MC, Liu JT, Forgione P, Piekny A. Characterization of a recently synthesized microtubule-targeting compound that disrupts mitotic spindle poles in human cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23665. [PMID: 34880347 PMCID: PMC8655040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We reveal the effects of a new microtubule-destabilizing compound in human cells. C75 has a core thienoisoquinoline scaffold with several functional groups amenable to modification. Previously we found that sub micromolar concentrations of C75 caused cytotoxicity. We also found that C75 inhibited microtubule polymerization and competed with colchicine for tubulin-binding in vitro. However, here we found that the two compounds synergized suggesting differences in their mechanism of action. Indeed, live imaging revealed that C75 causes different spindle phenotypes compared to colchicine. Spindles remained bipolar and collapsed after colchicine treatment, while C75 caused bipolar spindles to become multipolar. Importantly, microtubules rapidly disappeared after C75-treatment, but then grew back unevenly and from multiple poles. The C75 spindle phenotype is reminiscent of phenotypes caused by depletion of ch-TOG, a microtubule polymerase, suggesting that C75 blocks microtubule polymerization in metaphase cells. C75 also caused an increase in the number of spindle poles in paclitaxel-treated cells, and combining low amounts of C75 and paclitaxel caused greater regression of multicellular tumour spheroids compared to each compound on their own. These findings warrant further exploration of C75’s anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Larocque
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Husser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiang Tian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pat Forgione
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Schweiggert J, Habeck G, Hess S, Mikus F, Beloshistov R, Meese K, Hata S, Knobeloch K, Melchior F. SCF Fbxw5 targets kinesin-13 proteins to facilitate ciliogenesis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107735. [PMID: 34368969 PMCID: PMC8441365 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule depolymerases of the kinesin-13 family play important roles in various cellular processes and are frequently overexpressed in different cancer types. Despite the importance of their correct abundance, remarkably little is known about how their levels are regulated in cells. Using comprehensive screening on protein microarrays, we identified 161 candidate substrates of the multi-subunit ubiquitin E3 ligase SCFFbxw5 , including the kinesin-13 member Kif2c/MCAK. In vitro reconstitution assays demonstrate that MCAK and its closely related orthologs Kif2a and Kif2b become efficiently polyubiquitylated by neddylated SCFFbxw5 and Cdc34, without requiring preceding modifications. In cells, SCFFbxw5 targets MCAK for proteasomal degradation predominantly during G2 . While this seems largely dispensable for mitotic progression, loss of Fbxw5 leads to increased MCAK levels at basal bodies and impairs ciliogenesis in the following G1 /G0 , which can be rescued by concomitant knockdown of MCAK, Kif2a or Kif2b. We thus propose a novel regulatory event of ciliogenesis that begins already within the G2 phase of the preceding cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schweiggert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gregor Habeck
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sandra Hess
- Institute of NeuropathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Felix Mikus
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Roman Beloshistov
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Klaus Meese
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Shoji Hata
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergDKFZ ‐ ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
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22
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Al-Hamashi AA, Koranne R, Dlamini S, Alqahtani A, Karaj E, Rashid MS, Knoff JR, Dunworth M, Pflum MKH, Casero RA, Perera L, Taylor WR, Tillekeratne LMV. A new class of cytotoxic agents targets tubulin and disrupts microtubule dynamics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105297. [PMID: 34509798 PMCID: PMC8530978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in treatment strategies, cancer is still the second leading cause of death in the USA. A majority of the currently used cancer drugs have limitations in their clinical use due to poor selectivity, toxic side effects and multiple drug resistance, warranting the development of new anticancer drugs of different mechanisms of action. Here we describe the design, synthesis and initial biological evaluation of a new class of antimitotic agents that modulate tubulin polymerization. Structurally, these compounds are chalcone mimics containing a 1-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethan-1-one moiety, which was initially introduced to act as a metal-binding group and inhibit histone deacetylase enzymes. Although several analogues selectively inhibited purified HDAC8 with IC50 values in low micromolar range, tissue culture studies suggest that HDAC inhibition is not a major mechanism responsible for cytotoxicity. The compounds demonstrated cell growth inhibition with GI50 values of upper nanomolar to low micromolar potency with significant selectively for cancer over normal cells. Interestingly, several compounds arrested HeLaM cells in mitosis and seem to target tubulin to cause mitotic arrest. For example, when combined with inhibitors of Aurora B kinase, they led to dramatic disassembly of the mitotic spindle. In-vitro tubulin polymerization studies showed that the compounds reduced the rate of polymerization of microtubules during the elongation phase and lowered the amount of polymerized tubulin during the plateau phase. Finally, in silico docking studies identified binding of IPE-7 to the colchicine site with similar affinity as the test compound D64131. These compounds represent a new antimitotic pharmacophore with limited HDAC inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad A Al-Hamashi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Radhika Koranne
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Samkeliso Dlamini
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Abdulateef Alqahtani
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Endri Karaj
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Maisha S Rashid
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Joseph R Knoff
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting/Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1 1650 Orleans Street - Room 551, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting/Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1 1650 Orleans Street - Room 551, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William R Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA.
| | - L M Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA.
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Iemura K, Yoshizaki Y, Kuniyasu K, Tanaka K. Attenuated Chromosome Oscillation as a Cause of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184531. [PMID: 34572757 PMCID: PMC8470601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chromosomal instability (CIN), a condition in which chromosome missegregation occurs at high rates, is widely seen in cancer cells. Causes of CIN in cancer cells are not fully understood. A recent report suggests that chromosome oscillation, an iterative chromosome motion typically seen in metaphase around the spindle equator, is attenuated in cancer cells, and is associated with CIN. Chromosome oscillation promotes the correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments through phosphorylation of Hec1, a kinetochore protein that binds to microtubules, by Aurora A kinase residing on the spindle. In this review, we focused on this unappreciated link between chromosome oscillation and CIN. Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) is commonly seen in cancer cells, and related to tumor progression and poor prognosis. Among the causes of CIN, insufficient correction of erroneous kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachments plays pivotal roles in various situations. In this review, we focused on the previously unappreciated role of chromosome oscillation in the correction of erroneous KT-MT attachments, and its relevance to the etiology of CIN. First, we provided an overview of the error correction mechanisms for KT-MT attachments, especially the role of Aurora kinases in error correction by phosphorylating Hec1, which connects MT to KT. Next, we explained chromosome oscillation and its underlying mechanisms. Then we introduced how chromosome oscillation is involved in the error correction of KT-MT attachments, based on recent findings. Chromosome oscillation has been shown to promote Hec1 phosphorylation by Aurora A which localizes to the spindle. Finally, we discussed the link between attenuated chromosome oscillation and CIN in cancer cells. This link underscores the role of chromosome dynamics in mitotic fidelity, and the mutual relationship between defective chromosome dynamics and CIN in cancer cells that can be a target for cancer therapy.
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Aurora B Tension Sensing Mechanisms in the Kinetochore Ensure Accurate Chromosome Segregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168818. [PMID: 34445523 PMCID: PMC8396173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate segregation of chromosomes is essential for the survival of organisms and cells. Mistakes can lead to aneuploidy, tumorigenesis and congenital birth defects. The spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that chromosomes properly align on the spindle, with sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite poles. Here, we review how tension is used to identify and selectively destabilize incorrect attachments, and thus serves as a trigger of the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure fidelity in chromosome segregation. Tension is generated on properly attached chromosomes as sister chromatids are pulled in opposing directions but resisted by centromeric cohesin. We discuss the role of the Aurora B kinase in tension-sensing and explore the current models for translating mechanical force into Aurora B-mediated biochemical signals that regulate correction of chromosome attachments to the spindle.
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Chen G, Yu M, Cao J, Zhao H, Dai Y, Cong Y, Qiao G. Identification of candidate biomarkers correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5149-5161. [PMID: 34384030 PMCID: PMC8806858 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignancy with high incidence among women in the world. This study aims to screen key genes and potential prognostic biomarkers for BC using bioinformatics analysis. Total 58 normal tissues and 203 cancer tissues were collected from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) gene expression profiles, and then the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Subsequently, the Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway were analyzed to investigate the biological function of DEGs. Additionally, hub genes were screened by constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, we explored the prognostic value and molecular mechanism of these hub genes using Kaplan–Meier (KM) curve and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). As a result, 42 up-regulated and 82 down-regulated DEGs were screened out from GEO datasets. The DEGs were mainly related to cell cycles and cell proliferation by GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, 12 hub genes (FN1, AURKA, CCNB1, BUB1B, PRC1, TPX2, NUSAP1, TOP2A, KIF20A, KIF2C, RRM2, ASPM) with a high degree were identified initially, among which, 11 hub genes were significantly correlated with the prognosis of BC patients based on the Kaplan–Meier-plotter. GSEA reviewed that these hub genes correlated with KEGG_CELL_CYCLE and HALLMARK_P53_PATHWAY. In conclusion, this study identified 11 key genes as BC potential prognosis biomarkers on the basis of integrated bioinformatics analysis. This finding will improve our knowledge of the BC progress and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huishan Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuanping Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yizi Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
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Abstract
As one of four filament types, microtubules are a core component of the cytoskeleton and are essential for cell function. Yet how microtubules are nucleated from their building blocks, the αβ-tubulin heterodimer, has remained a fundamental open question since the discovery of tubulin 50 years ago. Recent structural studies have shed light on how γ-tubulin and the γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs) GCP2 to GCP6 form the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). In parallel, functional and single-molecule studies have informed on how the γ-TuRC nucleates microtubules in real time, how this process is regulated in the cell and how it compares to other modes of nucleation. Another recent surprise has been the identification of a second essential nucleation factor, which turns out to be the well-characterized microtubule polymerase XMAP215 (also known as CKAP5, a homolog of chTOG, Stu2 and Alp14). This discovery helps to explain why the observed nucleation activity of the γ-TuRC in vitro is relatively low. Taken together, research in recent years has afforded important insight into how microtubules are made in the cell and provides a basis for an exciting era in the cytoskeleton field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Thawani
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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27
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Ferreira LT, Maiato H. Prometaphase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:52-61. [PMID: 34127384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a metaphase plate in which all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle microtubules and aligned at the cell equator is required for faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. The achievement of this configuration relies on the precise coordination between several concurrent mechanisms that start upon nuclear envelope breakdown, mediate chromosome capture at their kinetochores during mitotic spindle assembly and culminate with the congression of all chromosomes to the spindle equator. This period is called 'prometaphase'. Because the nature of chromosome capture by mitotic spindle microtubules is error prone, the cell is provided of error correction mechanisms that sense and correct most erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments before committing to separate sister chromatids in anaphase. In this review, aimed for newcomers in the field, more than providing an exhaustive mechanistic coverage of each and every concurrent mechanism taking place during prometaphase, we provide an integrative overview of these processes that ultimately promote the subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G. Mitotic poleward flux: Finding balance between microtubule dynamics and sliding. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100079. [PMID: 34085708 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous poleward motion of microtubules in metazoan mitotic spindles has been fascinating generations of cell biologists over the last several decades. In human cells, this so-called poleward flux was recently shown to be driven by the coordinated action of four mitotic kinesins. The sliding activities of kinesin-5/EG5 and kinesin-12/KIF15 are sequentially supported by kinesin-7/CENP-E at kinetochores and kinesin-4/KIF4A on chromosome arms, with the individual contributions peaking during prometaphase and metaphase, respectively. Although recent data elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this cellular phenomenon, the functional roles of microtubule poleward flux during cell division remain largely elusive. Here, we discuss potential contribution of microtubule flux engine to various essential processes at different stages of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G, Steblyanko Y. The metaphase spindle at steady state - Mechanism and functions of microtubule poleward flux. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:99-117. [PMID: 34053864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a bipolar cellular structure, built from tubulin polymers, called microtubules, and interacting proteins. This macromolecular machine orchestrates chromosome segregation, thereby ensuring accurate distribution of genetic material into the two daughter cells during cell division. Powered by GTP hydrolysis upon tubulin polymerization, the microtubule ends exhibit a metastable behavior known as the dynamic instability, during which they stochastically switch between the growth and shrinkage phases. In the context of the mitotic spindle, dynamic instability is furthermore regulated by microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins, which enables the spindle to undergo profound changes during mitosis. This highly dynamic behavior is essential for chromosome capture and congression in prometaphase, as well as for chromosome alignment to the spindle equator in metaphase and their segregation in anaphase. In this review we focus on the mechanisms underlying microtubule dynamics and sliding and their importance for the maintenance of shape, structure and dynamics of the metaphase spindle. We discuss how these spindle properties are related to the phenomenon of microtubule poleward flux, highlighting its highly cooperative molecular basis and role in keeping the metaphase spindle at a steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yulia Steblyanko
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Marima R, Hull R, Penny C, Dlamini Z. Mitotic syndicates Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) and mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 2 (MAD2L2) in cohorts of DNA damage response (DDR) and tumorigenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108376. [PMID: 34083040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) and Mitotic Arrest Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) are emerging anticancer therapeutic targets. AURKB and MAD2L2 are the least well studied members of their protein families, compared to AURKA and MAD2L1. Both AURKB and MAD2L2 play a critical role in mitosis, cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage response (DDR) and normal physiological processes. However, the oncogenic roles of AURKB and MAD2L2 in tumorigenesis and genomic instability have also been reported. DDR acts as an arbitrator for cell fate by either repairing the damage or directing the cell to self-destruction. While there is strong evidence of interphase DDR, evidence of mitotic DDR is just emerging and remains largely unelucidated. To date, inhibitors of the DDR components show effective anti-cancer roles. Contrarily, long-term resistance towards drugs that target only one DDR target is becoming a challenge. Targeting interactions between protein-protein or protein-DNA holds prominent therapeutic potential. Both AURKB and MAD2L2 play critical roles in the success of mitosis and their emerging roles in mitotic DDR cannot be ignored. Small molecule inhibitors for AURKB are in clinical trials. A few lead compounds towards MAD2L2 inhibition have been discovered. Targeting mitotic DDR components and their interaction is emerging as a potent next generation anti-cancer therapeutic target. This can be done by developing small molecule inhibitors for AURKB and MAD2L2, thereby targeting DDR components as anti-cancer therapeutic targets and/or targeting mitotic DDR. This review focuses on AURKB and MAD2L2 prospective synergy to deregulate the p53 DDR pathway and promote favourable conditions for uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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31
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Wang LI, DeFosse T, Jang JK, Battaglia RA, Wagner VF, McKim KS. Borealin directs recruitment of the CPC to oocyte chromosomes and movement to the microtubules. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211972. [PMID: 33836043 PMCID: PMC8185691 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomes in the oocytes of many animals appear to promote bipolar spindle assembly. In Drosophila oocytes, spindle assembly requires the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), which consists of INCENP, Borealin, Survivin, and Aurora B. To determine what recruits the CPC to the chromosomes and its role in spindle assembly, we developed a strategy to manipulate the function and localization of INCENP, which is critical for recruiting the Aurora B kinase. We found that an interaction between Borealin and the chromatin is crucial for the recruitment of the CPC to the chromosomes and is sufficient to build kinetochores and recruit spindle microtubules. HP1 colocalizes with the CPC on the chromosomes and together they move to the spindle microtubules. We propose that the Borealin interaction with HP1 promotes the movement of the CPC from the chromosomes to the microtubules. In addition, within the central spindle, rather than at the centromeres, the CPC and HP1 are required for homologous chromosome bi-orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ing Wang
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Tyler DeFosse
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Janet K Jang
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Rachel A Battaglia
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Victoria F Wagner
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
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32
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Renda F, Khodjakov A. Role of spatial patterns and kinetochore architecture in spindle morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:75-85. [PMID: 33836948 PMCID: PMC8762378 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle is a self-assembling macromolecular machine responsible for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Assembly of the spindle is believed to be governed by the 'Search & Capture' (S&C) principle in which dynamic microtubules explore space in search of kinetochores while the latter capture microtubules and thus connect chromosomes to the spindle. Due to the stochastic nature of the encounters between kinetochores and microtubules, the time required for incorporating all chromosomes into the spindle is profoundly affected by geometric constraints, such as the size and shape of kinetochores as well as their distribution in space at the onset of spindle assembly. In recent years, several molecular mechanisms that control these parameters have been discovered. It is now clear that stochastic S&C takes place in structured space, where components are optimally distributed and oriented to minimize steric hindrances. Nucleation of numerous non-centrosomal microtubules near kinetochores accelerates capture, while changes in the kinetochore architecture at various stages of spindle assembly promote proper connection of sister kinetochores to the opposite spindle poles. Here we discuss how the concerted action of multiple facilitating mechanisms ensure that the spindle assembles rapidly yet with a minimal number of errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioranna Renda
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
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Shake It Off: The Elimination of Erroneous Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and Chromosome Oscillation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063174. [PMID: 33804687 PMCID: PMC8003821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and sexual reproduction require the faithful segregation of chromosomes. Chromosome segregation is driven by the interaction of chromosomes with the spindle, and the attachment of chromosomes to the proper spindle poles is essential. Initial attachments are frequently erroneous due to the random nature of the attachment process; however, erroneous attachments are selectively eliminated. Proper attachment generates greater tension at the kinetochore than erroneous attachments, and it is thought that attachment selection is dependent on this tension. However, studies of meiotic chromosome segregation suggest that attachment elimination cannot be solely attributed to tension, and the precise mechanism of selective elimination of erroneous attachments remains unclear. During attachment elimination, chromosomes oscillate between the spindle poles. A recent study on meiotic chromosome segregation in fission yeast has suggested that attachment elimination is coupled to chromosome oscillation. In this review, the possible contribution of chromosome oscillation in the elimination of erroneous attachment is discussed in light of the recent finding.
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Zong H, Hazelbaker M, Moe C, Ems-McClung SC, Hu K, Walczak CE. Spatial regulation of MCAK promotes cell polarization and focal adhesion turnover to drive robust cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:590-604. [PMID: 33566676 PMCID: PMC8101467 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of microtubule (MT) dynamics in migrating cells is important for cell polarization, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we addressed this question by studying the role of the MT depolymerase, MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin), in the highly persistent migration of RPE-1 cells. MCAK knockdown leads to slowed migration and poor directional movement. Fixed and live cell imaging revealed that MCAK knockdown results in excessive membrane ruffling as well as defects in cell polarization and the maintenance of a major protrusive front. Additionally, loss of MCAK increases the lifetime of focal adhesions by decreasing their disassembly rate. These functions correlate with a spatial distribution of MCAK activity, wherein activity is higher in the trailing edge of cells compared with the leading edge. Overexpression of Rac1 has a dominant effect over MCAK activity, placing it downstream of or in a parallel pathway to MCAK function in migration. Together, our data support a model in which the polarized distribution of MCAK activity and subsequent differential regulation of MT dynamics contribute to cell polarity, centrosome positioning, and focal adhesion dynamics, which all help facilitate robust directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Mark Hazelbaker
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Christina Moe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Ke Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
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The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
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36
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Chen A, Wen S, Liu F, Zhang Z, Liu M, Wu Y, He B, Yan M, Kang T, Lam EWF, Wang Z, Liu Q. CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies a kinetochore-microtubule dependent mechanism for Aurora-A inhibitor resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:121-139. [PMID: 33471959 PMCID: PMC7896750 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of Aurora‐A (AURKA) is a feature of breast cancer and associates with adverse prognosis. The selective Aurora‐A inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) has recently demonstrated promising antitumor responses as a single agent in various cancer types but its phase III clinical trial was reported as a failure since MLN8237 did not show an apparent effect in prolonging the survival of patients. Thus, identification of potential targets that could enhance the activity of MLN8237 would provide a rationale for drug combination to achieve better therapeutic outcome. Methods Here, we conducted a systematic synthetic lethality CRISPR/Cas9 screening of 507 kinases using MLN8237 in breast cancer cells and identified a number of targetable kinases that displayed synthetic lethality interactions with MLN8237. Then, we performed competitive growth assays, colony formation assays, cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, and xenograft murine model to evaluate the synergistic therapeutic effects of Haspin (GSG2) depletion or inhibition with MLN8237. For mechanistic studies, immunofluorescence was used to detect the state of microtubules and the localization of Aurora‐B and mitotic centromere‐associated kinesin (MCAK). Results Among the hits, we observed that Haspin depletion or inhibition marginally inhibited breast cancer cell growth but could substantially enhance the killing effects of MLN8237. Mechanistic studies showed that co‐treatment with Aurora‐A and Haspin inhibitors abolished the recruitment of Aurora‐B and mitotic centromere‐associated kinesin (MCAK) to centromeres which were associated with excessive microtubule depolymerization, kinetochore‐microtubule (KT‐MT) attachment failure, and severe mitotic catastrophe. We further showed that the combination of MLN8237 and the Haspin inhibitor CHR‐6494 synergistically reduced breast cancer cell viability and significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo tumor growth. Conclusions These findings establish Haspin as a synthetic lethal target and demonstrate CHR‐6494 as a potential combinational drug for promoting the therapeutic effects of MLN8237 on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhong Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Min Yan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, P. R. China
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37
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Ferreira LT, Orr B, Rajendraprasad G, Pereira AJ, Lemos C, Lima JT, Guasch Boldú C, Ferreira JG, Barisic M, Maiato H. α-Tubulin detyrosination impairs mitotic error correction by suppressing MCAK centromeric activity. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133849. [PMID: 32328631 PMCID: PMC7147099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorrect kinetochore–microtubule attachments during mitosis can lead to chromosomal instability, a hallmark of human cancers. Mitotic error correction relies on the kinesin-13 MCAK, a microtubule depolymerase whose activity in vitro is suppressed by α-tubulin detyrosination—a posttranslational modification enriched on long-lived microtubules. However, whether and how MCAK activity required for mitotic error correction is regulated by α-tubulin detyrosination remains unknown. Here we found that detyrosinated α-tubulin accumulates on correct, more stable, kinetochore–microtubule attachments. Experimental manipulation of tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) or carboxypeptidase (Vasohibins-SVBP) activities to constitutively increase α-tubulin detyrosination near kinetochores compromised efficient error correction, without affecting overall kinetochore microtubule stability. Rescue experiments indicate that MCAK centromeric activity was required and sufficient to correct the mitotic errors caused by excessive α-tubulin detyrosination independently of its global impact on microtubule dynamics. Thus, microtubules are not just passive elements during mitotic error correction, and the extent of α-tubulin detyrosination allows centromeric MCAK to discriminate correct vs. incorrect kinetochore–microtubule attachments, thereby promoting mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - António J Pereira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lemos
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UnIGENe, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana T Lima
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clàudia Guasch Boldú
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge G Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigacão e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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38
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Ong JY, Bradley MC, Torres JZ. Phospho-regulation of mitotic spindle assembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:558-578. [PMID: 33280275 PMCID: PMC7898546 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle requires the careful orchestration of a myriad of enzyme activities like protein posttranslational modifications. Among these, phosphorylation has arisen as the principle mode for spatially and temporally activating the proteins involved in early mitotic spindle assembly processes. Here, we review key kinases, phosphatases, and phosphorylation events that regulate critical aspects of these processes. We highlight key phosphorylation substrates that are important for ensuring the fidelity of centriole duplication, centrosome maturation, and the establishment of the bipolar spindle. We also highlight techniques used to understand kinase-substrate relationships and to study phosphorylation events. We conclude with perspectives on the field of posttranslational modifications in early mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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39
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Lopes D, Maiato H. The Tubulin Code in Mitosis and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112356. [PMID: 33114575 PMCID: PMC7692294 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The “tubulin code” combines different α/β-tubulin isotypes with several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to generate microtubule diversity in cells. During cell division, specific microtubule populations in the mitotic spindle are differentially modified, but only recently, the functional significance of the tubulin code, with particular emphasis on the role specified by tubulin PTMs, started to be elucidated. This is the case of α-tubulin detyrosination, which was shown to guide chromosomes during congression to the metaphase plate and allow the discrimination of mitotic errors, whose correction is required to prevent chromosomal instability—a hallmark of human cancers implicated in tumor evolution and metastasis. Although alterations in the expression of certain tubulin isotypes and associated PTMs have been reported in human cancers, it remains unclear whether and how the tubulin code has any functional implications for cancer cell properties. Here, we review the role of the tubulin code in chromosome segregation during mitosis and how it impacts cancer cell properties. In this context, we discuss the existence of an emerging “cancer tubulin code” and the respective implications for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Lopes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-040-8800
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40
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Hadders MA, Hindriksen S, Truong MA, Mhaskar AN, Wopken JP, Vromans MJM, Lens SMA. Untangling the contribution of Haspin and Bub1 to Aurora B function during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133700. [PMID: 32027339 PMCID: PMC7054988 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase is essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. During (pro)metaphase, Aurora B is concentrated at the inner centromere by the kinases Haspin and Bub1. However, how Haspin and Bub1 collaborate to control Aurora B activity at centromeres remains unclear. Here, we show that either Haspin or Bub1 activity is sufficient to recruit Aurora B to a distinct chromosomal locus. Moreover, we identified a small, Bub1 kinase–dependent Aurora B pool that supported faithful chromosome segregation in otherwise unchallenged cells. Joined inhibition of Haspin and Bub1 activities fully abolished Aurora B accumulation at centromeres. While this impaired the correction of erroneous KT–MT attachments, it did not compromise the mitotic checkpoint, nor the phosphorylation of the Aurora B kinetochore substrates Hec1, Dsn1, and Knl1. This suggests that Aurora B substrates at the kinetochore are not phosphorylated by centromere-localized pools of Aurora B, and calls for a reevaluation of the current spatial models for how tension affects Aurora B–dependent kinetochore phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Hindriksen
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - My Anh Truong
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aditya N Mhaskar
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J Pepijn Wopken
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn J M Vromans
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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41
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Broad AJ, DeLuca KF, DeLuca JG. Aurora B kinase is recruited to multiple discrete kinetochore and centromere regions in human cells. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133701. [PMID: 32028528 PMCID: PMC7055008 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase has a critical role in regulating attachments between kinetochores and spindle microtubules during mitosis. Early in mitosis, kinase activity at kinetochores is high to promote attachment turnover, and in later mitosis, activity decreases to ensure attachment stabilization. Aurora B localizes prominently to inner centromeres, and a population of the kinase is also detected at kinetochores. How Aurora B is recruited to and evicted from these regions to regulate kinetochore-microtubule attachments remains unclear. Here, we identified and investigated discrete populations of Aurora B at the centromere/kinetochore region. An inner centromere pool is recruited by Haspin phosphorylation of histone H3, and a kinetochore-proximal outer centromere pool is recruited by Bub1 phosphorylation of histone H2A. Finally, a third pool resides ~20 nm outside of the inner kinetochore protein CENP-C in early mitosis and does not require either the Bub1/pH2A/Sgo1 or Haspin/pH3 pathway for localization or activity. Our results suggest that distinct molecular pathways are responsible for Aurora B recruitment to centromeres and kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Broad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Marima R, Hull R, Dlamini Z, Penny C. The dual protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) exerts genotoxic stress on lung cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110829. [PMID: 33059259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sub-Saharan countries, particularly South Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV, accompanied by the largest antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme in the world. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) is the most effective regimen against HIV/AIDS and has improved the lifespan and quality of life of HIV positive patients. HAART has also led to a decrease in the incidence of AIDS defining cancers (ADCs) while there is an increased incidence of the non-AIDS Defining Cancers (NADCs), such as lung cancer in the HAART era. The association between lung tumourigenesis and the use of HAART components such as the dual protease inhibitor (PI) lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is poorly understood. Using cell and molecular biological approaches, this study aimed at elucidating the effects of LPV/r on the regulation of the cell cycle related genes in normal (MRC-5) and adenocarcinoma (A549) lung cells. Initially, the nuclear integrity of these cells in response to LPV/r was determined using DAPI staining. The effect of LPV/r on cell cycle genes was evaluated through the use of a RT2 PCR gene array of 84 genes related to the cell cycle signaling pathway. The PCR array data was validated by Real-Time Quantification PCR (RT-qPCR). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bio-informatics tool was employed to disclose the molecular mechanism/s observed at cellular and gene expression levels. Loss of nuclear integrity and the upregulation of the p53 DNA damage response (DDR) pathway was revealed by DAPI staining, differential gene expression and IPA core analysis. Furthermore, MAD2L2 and AURKB which also play a role in the DDR pathway were shown to be differentially expressed. The activation of the CASP3 gene in response to LPV/r in A549 cells was also observed. The findings of this study suggest genotoxic properties of LPV/r in healthy normal lung fibroblasts cells and anti-tumour properties in the A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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43
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Asai Y, Matsumura R, Hasumi Y, Susumu H, Nagata K, Watanabe Y, Terada Y. SET/TAF1 forms a distance-dependent feedback loop with Aurora B and Bub1 as a tension sensor at centromeres. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15653. [PMID: 32973131 PMCID: PMC7518443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, spatiotemporal regulation of phosphorylation at the kinetochore is essential for accurate chromosome alignment and proper chromosome segregation. Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochore substrates to correct improper kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments, whereas tension across the centromeres inactivates Aurora B kinase, and PP2A phosphatase dephosphorylates the kinetochore proteins to stabilize the attachments. However, the molecular entity of the tension sensing mechanism remains elusive. In a previous report, we showed that centromeric SET/TAF1 on Sgo2 up-regulates Aurora B kinase activity via PP2A inhibition in prometaphase. Here we show that Aurora B and Bub1 at the centromere/kinetochore regulate both kinase activities one another in an inter-kinetochore distance-dependent manner, indicating a positive feedback loop. We further show that the centromeric pool of SET on Sgo2 depends on Bub1 kinase activity, and the centromeric localization of SET decreases in a distance-dependent manner, thereby inactivating Aurora B in metaphase. Consistently, ectopic targeting of SET to the kinetochores during metaphase hyperactivates Aurora B via PP2A inhibition, and thereby rescues the feedback loop. Thus, we propose that SET, Aurora B and Bub1 form a distance-dependent positive feedback loop, which spatiotemporally may act as a tension sensor at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yurina Hasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Susumu
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, Sussex, UK
| | - Yasuhiko Terada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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44
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Rondelet A, Lin YC, Singh D, Porfetye AT, Thakur HC, Hecker A, Brinkert P, Schmidt N, Bendre S, Müller F, Mazul L, Widlund PO, Bange T, Hiller M, Vetter IR, Bird AW. Clathrin's adaptor interaction sites are repurposed to stabilize microtubules during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133599. [PMID: 31932847 PMCID: PMC7041688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin ensures mitotic spindle stability and efficient chromosome alignment, independently of its vesicle trafficking function. Although clathrin localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore fiber microtubule bundles, the mechanisms by which clathrin stabilizes microtubules are unclear. We show that clathrin adaptor interaction sites on clathrin heavy chain (CHC) are repurposed during mitosis to directly recruit the microtubule-stabilizing protein GTSE1 to the spindle. Structural analyses reveal that these sites interact directly with clathrin-box motifs on GTSE1. Disruption of this interaction releases GTSE1 from spindles, causing defects in chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, this disruption destabilizes astral microtubules, but not kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and chromosome alignment defects are due to a failure of chromosome congression independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. GTSE1 recruited to the spindle by clathrin stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. This work uncovers a novel role of clathrin adaptor-type interactions to stabilize nonkinetochore fiber microtubules to support chromosome congression, defining for the first time a repurposing of this endocytic interaction mechanism during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Divya Singh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Harish C Thakur
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pia Brinkert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Mazul
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Per O Widlund
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bange
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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45
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Guilloux G, Gibeaux R. Mechanisms of spindle assembly and size control. Biol Cell 2020; 112:369-382. [PMID: 32762076 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spindle is crucial for cell division by allowing the faithful segregation of replicated chromosomes to daughter cells. Proper segregation is ensured only if microtubules (MTs) and hundreds of other associated factors interact to assemble this complex structure with the appropriate architecture and size. In this review, we describe the latest view of spindle organisation as well as the molecular gradients and mechanisms underlying MT nucleation and spindle assembly. We then discuss the overlapping physical and molecular constraints that dictate spindle morphology, concluding with a focus on spindle size regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guilloux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR [(Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)] - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Gibeaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR [(Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)] - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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46
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Jerabkova K, Liao Y, Kleiss C, Fournane S, Durik M, Agote-Arán A, Brino L, Sedlacek R, Sumara I. Deubiquitylase UCHL3 regulates bi-orientation and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:12751-12767. [PMID: 32738097 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Equal segregation of chromosomes during mitosis ensures euploidy of daughter cells. Defects in this process may result in an imbalance in the chromosomal composition and cellular transformation. Proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitylation pathways ensure directionality and fidelity of mitotic progression but specific mitotic functions of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) remain less studied. Here we describe the role of the DUB ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 (UCHL3) in the regulation of chromosome bi-orientation and segregation during mitosis. Downregulation or inhibition of UCHL3 leads to chromosome alignment defects during metaphase. Frequent segregation errors during anaphase are also observed upon inactivation of UCHL3. Mechanistically, UCHL3 interacts with and deubiquitylates Aurora B, the catalytic subunit of chromosome passenger complex (CPC), known to be critically involved in the regulation of chromosome alignment and segregation. UCHL3 does not regulate protein levels of Aurora B or the binding of Aurora B to other CPC subunits. Instead, UCHL3 promotes localization of Aurora B to kinetochores, suggesting its role in the error correction mechanism monitoring bi-orientation of chromosomes during metaphase. Thus, UCHL3 contributes to the regulation of faithful genome segregation and maintenance of euploidy in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jerabkova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yongrong Liao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Kleiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sadek Fournane
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matej Durik
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arantxa Agote-Arán
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Brino
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of development and stem cells, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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47
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So C, Seres KB, Steyer AM, Mönnich E, Clift D, Pejkovska A, Möbius W, Schuh M. A liquid-like spindle domain promotes acentrosomal spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes. Science 2020; 364:364/6447/eaat9557. [PMID: 31249032 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes segregate chromosomes with a microtubule spindle that lacks centrosomes, but the mechanisms by which acentrosomal spindles are organized and function are largely unclear. In this study, we identify a conserved subcellular structure in mammalian oocytes that forms by phase separation. This structure, which we term the liquid-like meiotic spindle domain (LISD), permeates the spindle poles and forms dynamic protrusions that extend well beyond the spindle. The LISD selectively concentrates multiple microtubule regulatory factors and allows them to diffuse rapidly within the spindle volume. Disruption of the LISD via different means disperses these factors and leads to severe spindle assembly defects. Our data suggest a model whereby the LISD promotes meiotic spindle assembly by serving as a reservoir that sequesters and mobilizes microtubule regulatory factors in proximity to spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike Mönnich
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dean Clift
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anastasija Pejkovska
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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48
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Bertolin G, Tramier M. Insights into the non-mitotic functions of Aurora kinase A: more than just cell division. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1031-1047. [PMID: 31562563 PMCID: PMC11104877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AURKA is a serine/threonine kinase overexpressed in several cancers. Originally identified as a protein with multifaceted roles during mitosis, improvements in quantitative microscopy uncovered several non-mitotic roles as well. In physiological conditions, AURKA regulates cilia disassembly, neurite extension, cell motility, DNA replication and senescence programs. In cancer-like contexts, AURKA actively promotes DNA repair, it acts as a transcription factor, promotes cell migration and invasion, and it localises at mitochondria to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and ATP production. Here we review the non-mitotic roles of AURKA, and its partners outside of cell division. In addition, we give an insight into how structural data and quantitative fluorescence microscopy allowed to understand AURKA activation and its interaction with new substrates, highlighting future developments in fluorescence microscopy needed to better understand AURKA functions in vivo. Last, we will recapitulate the most significant AURKA inhibitors currently in clinical trials, and we will explore how the non-mitotic roles of the kinase may provide new insights to ameliorate current pharmacological strategies against AURKA overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bertolin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Genetics and Development Institute of Rennes), UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Marc Tramier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Genetics and Development Institute of Rennes), UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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49
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. DNA damage response proteins regulating mitotic cell division: double agents preserving genome stability. FEBS J 2020; 287:1700-1721. [PMID: 32027459 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response recognizes DNA lesions and coordinates a cell cycle arrest with the repair of the damaged DNA, or removal of the affected cells to prevent the passage of genetic alterations to the next generation. The mitotic cell division, on the other hand, is a series of processes that aims to accurately segregate the genomic material from the maternal to the two daughter cells. Despite their great importance in safeguarding genomic integrity, the DNA damage response and the mitotic cell division were long viewed as unrelated processes, mainly because animal cells that are irradiated during mitosis continue cell division without repairing the broken chromosomes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that DNA damage proteins play an important role in mitotic cell division. This is performed through regulation of the onset of mitosis, mitotic spindle formation, correction of misattached kinetochore-microtubules, spindle checkpoint signaling, or completion of cytokinesis (abscission), in the absence of DNA damage. In this review, we summarize the roles of DNA damage proteins in unperturbed mitosis, analyze the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the potential implications of these findings in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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50
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Paim LMG, FitzHarris G. Tetraploidy causes chromosomal instability in acentriolar mouse embryos. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4834. [PMID: 31645568 PMCID: PMC6811537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidisation is considered a common event in the evolution of chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer cells. The current model for how tetraploidy drives CIN in mammalian cells is that a doubling of the number of centrioles that accompany the genome doubling event leads to multipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation errors. By exploiting the unusual scenario of mouse blastomeres, which lack centrioles until the ~64-cell stage, we show that tetraploidy can drive CIN by an entirely distinct mechanism. Tetraploid blastomeres assemble bipolar spindles dictated by microtubule organising centres, and multipolar spindles are rare. Rather, kinetochore-microtubule turnover is altered, leading to microtubule attachment defects and anaphase chromosome segregation errors. The resulting blastomeres become chromosomally unstable and exhibit a dramatic increase in whole chromosome aneuploidies. Our results thus reveal an unexpected mechanism by which tetraploidy drives CIN, in which the acquisition of chromosomally-unstable microtubule dynamics contributes to chromosome segregation errors following tetraploidisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Mara Gomes Paim
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2X 0A9, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Greg FitzHarris
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2X 0A9, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département d'Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Université de Montréal, H3T 1C5, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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