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Zhou X, Xiao X, Kortuem KM, Einsele H. Bispecific Antibodies in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:361-381. [PMID: 38199897 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) is evolving rapidly. In recent years, T-cell-based novel immunotherapies emerged as new treatment strategies for patients with relapsed/refractory MM, including highly effective new options like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). Currently, B-cell maturation antigen is the most commonly used target antigen for CAR T-cell and bsAb therapies in MM. Results from different clinical trials have demonstrated promising efficacy and acceptable safety profile of bsAb in RRMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Martin Kortuem
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Ou L, Su C, Liang L, Duan Q, Li Y, Zang H, He Y, Zeng R, Li Y, Zhou H, Xiao L. Current status and future prospects of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy in lymphoma research: A bibliometric analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2267865. [PMID: 37846106 PMCID: PMC10583622 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2267865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy, a novel therapeutic approach that has attracted much attention in the field of cancer treatment at present, has become the subject of many studies and has shown great potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of articles published on CAR-T cell therapy in the lymphoma field and explore the existing hotspots and frontiers. The relevant articles published from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Bibliometric online analysis platform, Microsoft Excel, and R software were used for bibliometric analysis and visualization. The number of publications related to the research has been increasing year by year, including 1023 articles and 760 reviews from 62 countries and regions, 2092 institutions, 1040 journals, and 8727 authors. The United States, China, and Germany are the main publishing countries in this research field. The top 10 institutions are all from the United States, the journal with the highest impact factor is BLOOD, the author with the most publications is Frederick L Locke, and the most influential author is Carl H June. The top three keywords are "Lymphoma," "Immunotherapy," and "Therapy." "Maude (2014)" is the most cited and strongest burstiness reference over the past decade. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of CAR-T cell therapy in lymphoma, which can help researchers understand the current research hotspots in this field, explore potential research directions, and identify future development trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Ou
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qintong Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yizi He
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruolan Zeng
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yajun Li
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Che Y, Sun X. Recent advances in CAR T-cell therapy for lymphoma in China. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2793-2800. [PMID: 37062016 PMCID: PMC10462491 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a hematologic malignancy which mainly consists of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Although systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other advanced therapeutics, including rituximab or immune checkpoint inhibitors, have improved the prognosis in recent decades, there are still a number of patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has provided a curative option for patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted worldwide and presented inspiring results that give insight into this breakthrough therapy. The development of cancer cell therapy in China has been rapid in the past years and dominates the field with the USA. This review aims to summarize the published results of CAR T-cell therapy alone or in combination with other therapies in mainland China, both in R/R NHL and R/R HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Che
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Marino G, Ngai M, Clarke DB, Fleishman R, Deng E, Xie Z, Ahmed N, Ma’ayan A. GeneRanger and TargetRanger: processed gene and protein expression levels across cells and tissues for target discovery. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:W213-W224. [PMID: 37166966 PMCID: PMC10320068 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several atlasing efforts aim to profile human gene and protein expression across tissues, cell types and cell lines in normal physiology, development and disease. One utility of these resources is to examine the expression of a single gene across all cell types, tissues and cell lines in each atlas. However, there is currently no centralized place that integrates data from several atlases to provide this type of data in a uniform format for visualization, analysis and download, and via an application programming interface. To address this need, GeneRanger is a web server that provides access to processed data about gene and protein expression across normal human cell types, tissues and cell lines from several atlases. At the same time, TargetRanger is a related web server that takes as input RNA-seq data from profiled human cells and tissues, and then compares the uploaded input data to expression levels across the atlases to identify genes that are highly expressed in the input and lowly expressed across normal human cell types and tissues. Identified targets can be filtered by transmembrane or secreted proteins. The results from GeneRanger and TargetRanger are visualized as box and scatter plots, and as interactive tables. GeneRanger and TargetRanger are available from https://generanger.maayanlab.cloud and https://targetranger.maayanlab.cloud, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo B Marino
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Ngai
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel J B Clarke
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Reid H Fleishman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eden Z Deng
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuorui Xie
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nasheath Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avi Ma’ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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He M, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Sun R, Hou X, Xu J, He H, Wang H, Yuan Z, Lan M, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Gao F. Spatiotemporally controllable diphtherin transgene system and neoantigen immunotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 355:538-551. [PMID: 36063962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Individualized immunotherapy has attracted great attention due to its high specificity, effectiveness, and safety. We used an exogenous antigen to label tumor cells with MHC I molecules, which allowed neoantigen-specific T cells to recognize and kill tumor cells. A neoantigen vaccine alone cannot achieve complete tumor clearance due to a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. The LightOn system was developed to effectively eliminate tumor cells through the spatiotemporally controllable expression of diphtheria toxin A fragment, leading to antigen release in the tumor region. These antigens stimulated and enhanced immunological function and thus, recruited neoantigen-specific T cells to infiltrate tumor tissue. Using the nanoparticle delivery system, neoantigens produced higher delivery efficiency to lymph nodes and improved tumor targeting ability for tumor cell labelling. Good tumor inhibition and prolonged survival were achieved, while eliciting a strong immune response. The combination of a spatiotemporally controllable transgene system with tumor neoantigen labeling has great potential for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muye He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuji Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hai He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zeting Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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6
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Stornaiuolo A, Valentinis B, Sirini C, Scavullo C, Asperti C, Zhou D, Martinez De La Torre Y, Corna S, Casucci M, Porcellini S, Traversari C. Characterization and Functional Analysis of CD44v6.CAR T Cells Endowed with a New Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor-Based Spacer. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:744-760. [PMID: 33554732 PMCID: PMC8312023 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectiveness of adoptively transferred chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells strongly depends on the quality of CAR-mediated interaction of the effector cells with the target antigen on tumor cells. A major role in this interaction is played by the affinity of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for the antigen, and by the CAR design. In particular, the spacer domain may impact on the CAR T cell function by affecting the length and flexibility of the resulting CAR. This study addresses the need to improve the manufacturing process and the antitumor activity of CD44v6-specific CAR T cells by defining the optimal structure of a spacer region derived from the extracellular domain of the human low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR). We tailored the LNGFR spacer to modulate CAR length to efficiently recognize distal or proximal epitopes and to allow selection of transduced CAR T cells by the use of clinical-grade validated manufacturing systems. The different LNGFR spacers investigated in this study are responsible for the generation of CAR T cells with a different memory phenotype, which is mainly related to the level of CAR expression and the extent of the associated tonic signaling. In particular, the CD44v6-NWN2.CAR T cells are enriched in central memory cells and show improved in vitro functions in terms of killing capability, and in vivo antitumor activity against hematological and solid tumors. Clinical Trial Registration numbers: clinicaltrial.gov NCT04097301; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00423124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stornaiuolo
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Valentinis
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Sirini
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy.,Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Scavullo
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Asperti
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Dan Zhou
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Corna
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Casucci
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Simona Porcellini
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
| | - Catia Traversari
- Research Department, AGC Biologics SpA (Formerly MolMed SpA), Milan, Italy
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Davila ML, Brentjens R, Wang X, Rivière I, Sadelain M. How do CARs work?: Early insights from recent clinical studies targeting CD19. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1577-1583. [PMID: 23264903 PMCID: PMC3525612 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are powerful tools to redirect antigen-specific T cells independently of HLA-restriction. Recent clinical studies evaluating CD19-targeted T cells in patients with B-cell malignancies demonstrate the potency of CAR-engineered T cells. With results from 28 subjects enrolled by five centers conducting studies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or lymphoma, some insights into the parameters that determine T-cell function and clinical outcome of CAR-based approaches are emerging. These parameters involve CAR design, T-cell production methods, conditioning chemotherapy as well as patient selection. Here, we discuss the potential relevance of these findings and in particular the interplay between the adoptive transfer of T cells and pre-transfer patient conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Davila
- Center for Cell Engineering; Department of Medicine; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY
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CD137 + T-Cells: Protagonists of the Immunotherapy Revolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030456. [PMID: 33530328 PMCID: PMC7866028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The CD137 receptor is expressed by activated antigen-specific T-cells. CD137+ T-cells were identified inside TILs and PBMCs of different tumor types and have proven to be the naturally occurring antitumor effector cells, capable of expressing a wide variability in terms of TCR specificity against both shared and neoantigenic tumor-derived peptides. The aim of this review is thus summarizing and highlighting their role as drivers of patients’ immune responses in anticancer therapies as well as their potential role in future and current strategies of immunotherapy. Abstract The CD137 receptor (4-1BB, TNF RSF9) is an activation induced molecule expressed by antigen-specific T-cells. The engagement with its ligand, CD137L, is capable of increasing T-cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine production. This allowed to identify the CD137+ T-cells as the real tumor-specific activated T-cell population. In fact, these cells express various TCRs that are specific for a wide range of tumor-derived peptides, both shared and neoantigenic ones. Moreover, their prevalence in sites close to the tumor and their unicity in killing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, raised particular interest in studying their potential role in different strategies of immunotherapy. They indeed showed to be a reliable marker able to predict patient’s outcome to immune-based therapies as well as monitor their response. In addition, the possibility of isolating and expanding this population, turned promising in order to generate effector antitumor T-cells in the context of adoptive T-cell therapies. CD137-targeting monoclonal antibodies have already shown their antitumor efficacy in cancer patients and a number of clinical trials are thus ongoing to test their possible introduction in different combination approaches of immunotherapy. Finally, the intracellular domain of the CD137 receptor was introduced in the anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that were approved by FDA for the treatment of pediatric B-cell leukemia and refractory B-cell lymphoma.
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Shen J, Sun X, Zhou J. Insights Into the Role of Mesothelin as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1263. [PMID: 32983962 PMCID: PMC7485315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian malignancies remain the leading cause of death in female gynecological tumors. More than 70% of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage with extensive metastatic lesions in abdominal cavity due to lack of symptoms in early stage and sensitive diagnostic approaches. Mesothelin (MSLN), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane glycoprotein, participates in cell adhesion, tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Despite this, the mechanism is still poorly understood. The differential expression pattern of MSLN in normal and cancer tissues makes it a promising target for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Several clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSLN-targeted drugs, including CAR T cells, immunotoxin, antibody-drug conjugates, and vaccine. This review is aimed to briefly discuss the characteristics of MSLN and the latest progress in MSLN targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Soekojo CY, Ooi M, de Mel S, Chng WJ. Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma. Cells 2020; 9:E601. [PMID: 32138182 PMCID: PMC7140529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a complex disease and immune dysfunction has been known to play an important role in the disease pathogenesis, progression, and drug resistance. Recent efforts in drug development have been focused on immunotherapies to modify the MM disease process. Here, we summarize the emerging immunotherapies in the MM treatment landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.Y.S.); (M.O.); (S.d.M.)
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11
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Lee SH, Soh H, Chung JH, Cho EH, Lee SJ, Ju JM, Sheen JH, Kim H, Oh SJ, Lee SJ, Chung J, Choi K, Kim SY, Ryu JS. Feasibility of real-time in vivo 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T-cell trafficking using PET imaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223814. [PMID: 31910217 PMCID: PMC6946129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have been recently developed and are producing impressive outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, there is no standardized method for cell trafficking and in vivo CAR T-cell monitoring. We assessed the feasibility of real-time in vivo89Zr-p-Isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Bz-NCS, DFO) labeled CAR T-cell trafficking using positron emission tomography (PET). Results The 89Zr-DFO radiolabeling efficiency of Jurkat/CAR and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC)/CAR T-cells was 70%–79%, and cell radiolabeling activity was 98.1–103.6 kBq/106 cells. Cell viability after radiolabeling was >95%. Cell proliferation was not significantly different during the early period after radiolabeling, compared with unlabeled cells; however, the proliferative capacity decreased over time (day 7 after labeling). IL-2 or IFN-γ secretion was not significantly different between unlabeled and labeled CAR T-cells. PET/magnetic resonance imaging in the xenograft model showed that most of the 89Zr-DFO-labeled Jurkat/CAR T-cells were distributed in the lung (24.4% ± 3.4%ID) and liver (22.9% ± 5.6%ID) by one hour after injection. The cells gradually migrated from the lung to the liver and spleen by day 1, and remained stable in these sites until day 7 (on day 7: lung 3.9% ± 0.3%ID, liver 36.4% ± 2.7%ID, spleen 1.4% ± 0.3%ID). No significant accumulation of labeled cells was identified in tumors. A similar pattern was observed in ex vivo biodistributions on day 7 (lung 3.0% ± 1.0%ID, liver 19.8% ± 2.2%ID, spleen 2.3% ± 1.7%ID). 89Zr-DFO-labeled hPBMC/CAR T-cells showed a similar distribution, compared with Jurkat/CAR T-cells, on serial PET images. CAR T cell distribution was cross-confirmed by flow cytometry, Alu polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion Real-time in vivo cell trafficking is feasible using PET imaging of 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T-cells. This can be used to investigate cellular kinetics, initial in vivo biodistribution, and safety profiles in future CAR T-cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Deferoxamine/analogs & derivatives
- Deferoxamine/pharmacology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Isothiocyanates/pharmacology
- Isotope Labeling
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Radioisotopes/chemistry
- Radioisotopes/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/chemistry
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Zirconium/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Soh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Chung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Ju
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hyuk Sheen
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Young Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JR)
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JR)
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12
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Hao L, Li T, Chang LJ, Chen X. Adoptive Immunotherapy for B-cell Malignancies Using CD19- Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3068-3079. [PMID: 28762313 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170801101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive infusion of chimeric antigen receptor transduced T- cells (CAR-T) is a powerful tool of immunotherapy for hematological malignancies, as evidenced by recently published and unpublished clinical results. OBJECTIVE In this report, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of CAR-T on refractory and/or relapsed B-cell malignancies, including leukemia and lymphoma. METHODS Clinical studies investigating efficacy and safety of CAR-T in acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE. Outcomes of efficacy subjected to analysis were the rates of complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR). The safety parameters were the prevalence of adverse effects including fever, hypotension, and acute renal failure. Meta analyses were performed using R software. Weighted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals was calculated for each outcome. Fixed or random-effects models were employed depending on the heterogeneity across the included studies. RESULTS Nineteen published clinical studies with a total of 391 patients were included for the meta-analysis. The pooled rate of complete remission was 55% (95% CI 41%-69%); the pooled rate of partial remission was 25% (95% CI: 19%-33%). The prevalence of fever was 62% (95% CI: 41%-79%), the hypotension was 22% (95% CI: 15%-31%), and the acute renal failure was 24% (95% CI: 16%-34%). All adverse effects were manageable and no death was reported due to toxicity. CONCLUSION CD19-targeted CAR-T is an effective modality in treating refractory B-cell malignancies including leukemia and lymphoma. However, there is still a need to develop strategies to improve the safety in its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hao
- Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Institute of Cancer Stem Cells, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Clinical Medicine Program, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang 330006, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anfu People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province 343200, China
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Department of Oriental Medicine, New York College of Health Professions, New York, NY 10016, United States
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13
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Patel K, Siraj S, Smith C, Nair M, Vishwanatha JK, Basha R. Pancreatic Cancer: An Emphasis on Current Perspectives in Immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2019; 24:105-118. [PMID: 31679206 PMCID: PMC8038975 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2019031417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer affects both male and female individuals with higher incidences and death rates among the male population. Detection of this malignancy is delayed due to the lack of symptoms in the early-stage cancer, which makes it extremely difficult to treat. Identifying effective strategies has been a challenge for improving the survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients. Resistance to chemotherapy is often developed in pancreatic cancer treatment. Although many strategies are under clinical trials to target certain markers associated with cancer, immunotherapeutic approaches are currently gaining importance. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer is in the limelight after preclinical research showed some promise. Immunotherapy approaches were tested along with other treatment options to enhance the treatment effect. Adoptive cell transfer and immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration approved pembrolizumab in a fast-tracked review for advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Pembrolizumab blocks the checkpoint protein, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), on T cells to boost the response of the immune system against cancer cells, thereby shrinking tumors. The recent developments in immunotherapy and the early success in other cancers are encouraging to further test immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The combination of pembrolizumab and pelareorep, an isolate of human reovirus, is in phase II clinical study in metastatic disease. Depending on the results of current clinical trials and testing, the strategies in the pipeline are expected to increase the use of immunotherapy in the clinical testing setting. Success in immunotherapy is urgently needed to address the side-effects, treating patients with advanced disease and reducing metastasis for increasing the survival rate in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloe Smith
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | - Maya Nair
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
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14
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Iriguchi S, Kaneko S. Toward the development of true "off-the-shelf" synthetic T-cell immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:16-22. [PMID: 30485606 PMCID: PMC6317915 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outstanding clinical results produced by engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptors, have already facilitated further research that broadens their applicability. One such direction is to explore new T cell sources for allogeneic “off‐the‐shelf” adoptive immunotherapy. Human pluripotent stem cells could serve as an alternative cell source for this purpose due to their unique features of infinite propagation ability and pluripotency. Here, we describe the current state of engineered T cell transfer with the focus on cell manufacturing processes and the potentials and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived T cells as a starting material to construct off‐the‐shelf T‐cell banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Iriguchi
- Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Naran K, Nundalall T, Chetty S, Barth S. Principles of Immunotherapy: Implications for Treatment Strategies in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3158. [PMID: 30622524 PMCID: PMC6308495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in cancer biology and pathogenesis during the past two decades, have resulted in immunotherapeutic strategies that have revolutionized the treatment of malignancies, from relatively non-selective toxic agents to specific, mechanism-based therapies. Despite extensive global efforts, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating novel, innovative therapeutics that address the current challenges of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Similar to cancer pathogenesis, infectious pathogens successfully fashion a hospitable environment within the host and modulate host metabolic functions to support their nutritional requirements, while suppressing host defenses by altering regulatory mechanisms. These parallels, and the advances made in targeted therapy in cancer, may inform the rational development of therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases. Although "immunotherapy" is habitually associated with the treatment of cancer, this review accentuates the evolving role of key targeted immune interventions that are approved, as well as those in development, for various cancers and infectious diseases. The general features of adoptive therapies, those that enhance T cell effector function, and ligand-based therapies, that neutralize or eliminate diseased cells, are discussed in the context of specific diseases that, to date, lack appropriate remedial treatment; cancer, HIV, TB, and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The remarkable diversity and versatility that distinguishes immunotherapy is emphasized, consequently establishing this approach within the armory of curative therapeutics, applicable across the disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trishana Nundalall
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Ye L, Lou Y, Lu L, Fan X. Mesothelin-targeted second generation CAR-T cells inhibit growth of mesothelin-expressing tumors in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:739-747. [PMID: 30651858 PMCID: PMC6307389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mesothelioma are renowned for being diagnosed at a late stage and poor prognosis. Although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have yielded successful outcomes, the improvement on the survival rate of NSCLC and mesothelioma have been less marked. Recently, adoptive immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy demonstrated promise for improving the survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with minimum toxicity. However, its application in solid tumors still warrants in-depth investigations and multiple consistent trial results, particularly in eliminating 'off-tumor' toxicity. To explore CAR-T therapy in NSCLC and mesothelioma, second-generation CAR-T cells were constructed targeting mesothelin (MSLN), which is abundant in NSCLC and mesothelioma but is under expressed in normal tissues. The second-generation design incorporated co-stimulatory CD28 and 4-1BB signaling domains to enhance the proliferation. Following the successful analysis of CAR-T cells by flow cytometry, cytotoxicity experiments were performed using the LDH kit to verify the killing effect of CAR-T cells on target cells. Otherwise, the in vivo killing tumor activity of MSLN CAR-T cells was verified by constructing a mouse model using tumor-derived cells from patients to inoculate the mice. When the effector-to-target ratio is >0.5:1, CAR-T MSLN cells exhibited significantly higher ability to kill tumor cells than T cells. In in vivo experiments, mice whose tail vein was injected with CAR-T MSLN cells demonstrated significantly slower tumor growth. Without continuous administration, both groups became gradually synchronized in growth of tumor size, which suggests that the persistence of CAR-T cells is an important issue in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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17
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Mikkilineni L, Kochenderfer JN. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 130:2594-2602. [PMID: 28928126 PMCID: PMC5731088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-793869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a nearly always incurable malignancy of plasma cells, so new approaches to treatment are needed. T-cell therapies are a promising approach for treating MM, with a mechanism of action different than those of standard MM treatments. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are fusion proteins incorporating antigen-recognition domains and T-cell signaling domains. T cells genetically engineered to express CARs can specifically recognize antigens. Success of CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) against leukemia and lymphoma has encouraged development of CAR-T therapies for MM. Target antigens for CARs must be expressed on malignant cells, but expression on normal cells must be absent or limited. B-cell maturation antigen is expressed by normal and malignant plasma cells. CAR-Ts targeting B-cell maturation antigen have demonstrated significant antimyeloma activity in early clinical trials. Toxicities in these trials, including cytokine release syndrome, have been similar to toxicities observed in CAR-T trials for leukemia. Targeting postulated CD19+ myeloma stem cells with anti-CD19 CAR-Ts is a novel approach to MM therapy. MM antigens including CD138, CD38, signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule 7, and κ light chain are under investigation as CAR targets. MM is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, so targeting of >1 antigen might often be required for effective treatment of MM with CAR-Ts. Integration of CAR-Ts with other myeloma therapies is an important area of future research. CAR-T therapies for MM are at an early stage of development but have great promise to improve MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N Kochenderfer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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18
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Sadelain M, Rivière I, Riddell S. Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature 2017; 545:423-431. [PMID: 28541315 DOI: 10.1038/nature22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells are powerful new medicines, offering hope for curative responses in patients with cancer. Chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a class of synthetic receptors that reprogram lymphocyte specificity and function. CARs targeting CD19 have demonstrated remarkable potency in B cell malignancies. Engineered T cells are applicable in principle to many cancers, pending further progress to identify suitable target antigens, overcome immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments, reduce toxicities, and prevent antigen escape. Advances in the selection of optimal T cells, genetic engineering, and cell manufacturing are poised to broaden T-cell-based therapies and foster new applications in infectious diseases and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Stanley Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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19
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Guazzelli A, Bakker E, Tian K, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M, Mutti L. Promising investigational drug candidates in phase I and phase II clinical trials for mesothelioma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:933-944. [PMID: 28679291 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1351545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant mesothelioma is a rare and lethal malignancy primarily affecting the pleura and peritoneum. Mesothelioma incidence is expected to increase worldwide and current treatments remain ineffective, leading to poor prognosis. Within this article potential targets to improve the quality of life of the patients and assessment of further avenues for research are discussed. Areas covered: This review highlights emerging therapies currently under investigation for malignant mesothelioma with a specific focus on phase I and phase II clinical trials. Three main areas are discussed: immunotherapy (immune checkpoint blockade and cancer vaccines, among others), multitargeted therapy (such as targeting pro-angiogenic genes) and gene therapy (such as suicide gene therapy). For each, clinical trials are described to detail the current or past investigations at phase I and II. Expert opinion: The approach of applying existing treatments from other cancers does not show significant benefit, with the most promising outcome being an increase in survival of 2.7 months following combination of chemotherapy with bevacizumab. It is our opinion that the hypoxic microenvironment, the role of the stroma, and the metabolic status of mesothelioma should all be assessed and characterised to aid in the development of new treatments to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Guazzelli
- a Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , UK
| | - Emyr Bakker
- a Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , UK
| | - Kun Tian
- a Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , UK
| | | | - Marija Krstic-Demonacos
- a Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , UK
| | - Luciano Mutti
- a Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , UK
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20
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MiR-21 is required for anti-tumor immune response in mice: an implication for its bi-directional roles. Oncogene 2017; 36:4212-4223. [PMID: 28346427 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that miR-21, a microRNA known for its oncogenic activity, is also essential for mediating immune responses against tumor. Knockout of miR-21 in mice slowed the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, reduced their cytokine production and accelerated the grafted tumor growth. Further investigations indicated that miR-21 could activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells via the PTEN/Akt pathway in response to stimulations. Taken together, these data suggest the key functions of miR-21 in mediating anti-tumor immune response and thereby uncover a bi-directional role of this traditionally known 'oncomiR' in tumorigenesis. Our study may provide new insights for the design of cancer therapies targeting microRNAs, with an emphasis on the dynamic and possibly unexpected role of these molecules.
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21
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Sadelain M. Chimeric Antigen Receptors: A Paradigm Shift in Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Ghosh A, Smith M, James SE, Davila ML, Velardi E, Argyropoulos KV, Gunset G, Perna F, Kreines FM, Levy ER, Lieberman S, Jay H, Tuckett AZ, Zakrzewski JL, Tan L, Young LF, Takvorian K, Dudakov JA, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Motta ACF, Murphy GF, Liu C, Schietinger A, Sadelain M, van den Brink MR. Donor CD19 CAR T cells exert potent graft-versus-lymphoma activity with diminished graft-versus-host activity. Nat Med 2017; 23:242-249. [PMID: 28067900 PMCID: PMC5528161 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematological malignancies. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and relapse after allo-HSCT remain major impediments to the success of allo-HSCT. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) direct tumor cell recognition of adoptively transferred T cells. CD19 is an attractive CAR target, which is expressed in most B cell malignancies, as well as in healthy B cells. Clinical trials using autologous CD19-targeted T cells have shown remarkable promise in various B cell malignancies. However, the use of allogeneic CAR T cells poses a concern in that it may increase risk of the occurrence of GVHD, although this has not been reported in selected patients infused with donor-derived CD19 CAR T cells after allo-HSCT. To understand the mechanism whereby allogeneic CD19 CAR T cells may mediate anti-lymphoma activity without causing a significant increase in the incidence of GVHD, we studied donor-derived CD19 CAR T cells in allo-HSCT and lymphoma models in mice. We demonstrate that alloreactive T cells expressing CD28-costimulated CD19 CARs experience enhanced stimulation, resulting in the progressive loss of both their effector function and proliferative potential, clonal deletion, and significantly decreased occurrence of GVHD. Concurrently, the other CAR T cells that were present in bulk donor T cell populations retained their anti-lymphoma activity in accordance with the requirement that both the T cell receptor (TCR) and CAR be engaged to accelerate T cell exhaustion. In contrast, first-generation and 4-1BB-costimulated CAR T cells increased the occurrence of GVHD. These findings could explain the reduced risk of GVHD occurring with cumulative TCR and CAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Scott E. James
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marco L. Davila
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kimon V. Argyropoulos
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabiana M. Kreines
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Emily R. Levy
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sophie Lieberman
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hilary Jay
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrea Z. Tuckett
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Lisa Tan
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren F. Young
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kate Takvorian
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jarrod A. Dudakov
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert R. Jenq
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ana Carolina F. Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, NJ
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marcel R.M. van den Brink
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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23
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He K, You H, Li Y, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells exhibit effective antitumor activity. Mol Med 2016; 22:519-529. [PMID: 27463149 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell engineering with T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for tumors plays an important role in adoptive T-cell transfer (ATC) therapy for cancer. Here, we present a novel strategy to redirect peripheral blood-derived αβT cells against tumors via TCRγ4δ1 gene transduction. The broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity of TCRδ1 cells in innate immunity is dependent on CDR3δ1. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells were prepared by lentiviral transduction and characterized by analyzing in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity to tumors, ability of proliferation and cytokine production, and their potential role in autoimmunity. Results show TCRγ4δ1 genes were transduced to approximately 36% of polyclonal αβT cells. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells exhibited an effective in-vitro TCRγδ-dependent cytotoxicity against various tumor cells via the perforin-granzyme pathway. They also showed a strong proliferative capacity and robust cytokine production. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells neither expressed mixed TCR dimers nor bound/killed normal cells in vitro. More importantly, adoptive transfer of TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells into nude mice bearing a human HepG2 cell line significantly suppressed tumor growth. Our results demonstrate a novel role for TCRγ4δ1 in gene therapy and ATC for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxia He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqin You
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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24
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Sadelain M. Chimeric antigen receptors: driving immunology towards synthetic biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:68-76. [PMID: 27372731 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of second generation chimeric antigen receptors and the CD19 paradigm have ushered a new therapeutic modality in oncology. In contrast to earlier forms of adoptive cell therapy, which were based on the isolation and expansion of naturally occurring T cells, CAR therapy is based on the design and manufacture of engineered T cells with optimized properties. A new armamentarium, comprising not only CARs but also chimeric costimulatory receptors, chimeric cytokine receptors, inhibitory receptors and synthetic Notch receptors, expressed in naïve, central memory or stem cell-like memory T cells, is being developed for clinical use in a wide range of cancers. Immunological principles are thus finding a new purpose thanks to advances in genetic engineering, synthetic biology and cell manufacturing sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kim AR, Sankaran VG. Development of autologous blood cell therapies. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:887-94. [PMID: 27345108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and blood cell transfusions are performed commonly in patients with a variety of blood disorders. Unfortunately, these donor-derived cell therapies are constrained due to limited supplies, infectious risk factors, a lack of appropriately matched donors, and the risk of immunologic complications from such products. The use of autologous cell therapies has been proposed to overcome these shortcomings. One can derive such therapies directly from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of individuals, which can then be manipulated ex vivo to produce the desired modifications or differentiated to produce a particular target population. Alternatively, pluripotent stem cells, which have a theoretically unlimited self-renewal capacity and an ability to differentiate into any desired cell type, can be used as an autologous starting source for such manipulation and differentiation approaches. Such cell products can also be used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics. In this review, we highlight recent advances and discuss ongoing challenges for the in vitro generation of autologous hematopoietic cells that can be used for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Casey NP, Fujiwara H, Tanimoto K, Okamoto S, Mineno J, Kuzushima K, Shiku H, Yasukawa M. A Functionally Superior Second-Generation Vector Expressing an Aurora Kinase-A-Specific T-Cell Receptor for Anti-Leukaemia Adoptive Immunotherapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156896. [PMID: 27271876 PMCID: PMC4896450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora Kinase A is a cancer-associated protein normally involved in the regulation of mitosis. Being over-expressed in a range of cancers, it is a suitable target for cell-based immunotherapy. Gene transfer of T-cell receptor sequences cognisant of HLA-A*0201-restricted Aurora Kinase A antigen has previously been shown to transfer specific immunoreactivity against the target peptide in a Human Lymphocyte Antigen-restricted manner. While T cell receptor gene-transfer has great potential in overcoming the difficulties of isolating and expanding tumour-reactive lymphocytes from a patient’s own cells, one hurdle is potential mispairing and competition between exogenous and endogenous T cell receptor chains. We have used a retroviral vector design bearing a short-interfering RNA that downregulates endogenous T cell receptor chains, without affecting expression of the transgenic T cell receptor sequences. The T cell receptor expression cassette also includes a 2A self-cleaving peptide, resulting in equimolar expression of the T cell receptor alpha and beta chains, further enhancing formation of the desired T cell receptor. Via a simple, modular cloning method, we have cloned the alpha and beta chains of the anti-Aurora Kinase A-reactive T cell receptor into this ‘siTCR’ vector. We then compared the activity of this vector against the original, ‘conventional’ vector across a panel of assays. T cell receptors expressed from the siTCR-vector retained the cytotoxic functionality of the original vector, with evidence of reduced off-target reactivity. The rate of expression of correctly-formed T cell receptors was superior using the siTCR design, and this was achieved at lower vector copy numbers. Maintaining T cell receptor efficacy with a reduced vector copy number reduces the risk of genotoxicity. The siTCR design also reduces the risk of mispairing and cross-reactivity, while increasing the functional titre. Such improvements in the safety of T cell receptor gene-transfer will be crucial for clinical applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Casey
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Cancer Vaccine and Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Themeli M, Rivière I, Sadelain M. New cell sources for T cell engineering and adoptive immunotherapy. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 16:357-66. [PMID: 25842976 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The promising clinical results obtained with engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, call for further advancements to facilitate and broaden their applicability. One potentially beneficial innovation is to exploit new T cell sources that reduce the need for autologous cell manufacturing and enable cell transfer across histocompatibility barriers. Here we review emerging T cell engineering approaches that utilize alternative T cell sources, which include virus-specific or T cell receptor-less allogeneic T cells, expanded lymphoid progenitors, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T lymphocytes. The latter offer the prospect for true off-the-shelf, genetically enhanced, histocompatible cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Themeli
- The Center for Cell Engineering, Immunology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Programs, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- The Center for Cell Engineering, Immunology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Programs, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- The Center for Cell Engineering, Immunology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Programs, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Morello A, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS. Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:133-46. [PMID: 26503962 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are synthetic receptors that target T cells to cell-surface antigens and augment T-cell function and persistence. Mesothelin is a cell-surface antigen implicated in tumor invasion, which is highly expressed in mesothelioma and lung, pancreas, breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Its low-level expression in mesothelia, however, commands thoughtful therapeutic interventions. Encouragingly, recent clinical trials evaluating active immunization or immunoconjugates in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma or mesothelioma have shown responses without toxicity. Altogether, these findings and preclinical CAR therapy models using either systemic or regional T-cell delivery argue favorably for mesothelin CAR therapy in multiple solid tumors. SIGNIFICANCE Recent success obtained with adoptive transfer of CAR T cells targeting CD19 in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies has generated much enthusiasm for T-cell engineering and raises the prospect of implementing similar strategies for solid tumors. Mesothelin is expressed in a wide range and a high percentage of solid tumors, which we review here in detail. Mesothelin CAR therapy has the potential to treat multiple solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Morello
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Zhao Z, Condomines M, van der Stegen SJC, Perna F, Kloss CC, Gunset G, Plotkin J, Sadelain M. Structural Design of Engineered Costimulation Determines Tumor Rejection Kinetics and Persistence of CAR T Cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:415-428. [PMID: 26461090 PMCID: PMC5003056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell engineering is a powerful means to rapidly generate anti-tumor T cells. The costimulatory properties of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) determine the overall potency of adoptively transferred T cells. Using an in vivo "stress test" to challenge CD19-targeted T cells, we studied the functionality and persistence imparted by seven different CAR structures providing CD28 and/or 4-1BB costimulation. One configuration, which uses two signaling domains (CD28 and CD3ζ) and the 4-1BB ligand, provided the highest therapeutic efficacy, showing balanced tumoricidal function and increased T cell persistence accompanied by an elevated CD8/CD4 ratio and decreased exhaustion. Remarkably, induction of the IRF7/IFNβ pathway was required for optimal anti-tumor activity. Thus, 1928z-41BBL T cells possess strikingly potent intrinsic and immunomodulatory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maud Condomines
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sjoukje J C van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher C Kloss
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Plotkin
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains incorporated in these CARs critically determine the function, differentiation, metabolism and persistence of engineered T cells. CD19-targeted CARs that incorporate CD28 or 4-1BB signalling domains are the best known to date. Both have shown remarkable complete remission rates in patients with refractory B cell malignancies. Recent data indicate that CD28-based CARs direct a brisk proliferative response and boost effector functions, whereas 4-1BB-based CARs induce a more progressive T cell accumulation that may compensate for less immediate potency. These distinct kinetic features can be exploited to further develop CAR-based T cell therapies for a variety of cancers. A new field of immunopharmacology is emerging.
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31
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Abstract
Twenty-five years after its inception, the genetic engineering of T cells is now a therapeutic modality pursued at an increasing number of medical centers. This immunotherapeutic strategy is predicated on gene transfer technology to instruct T lymphocytes to recognize and reject tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that mediate antigen recognition, T cell activation, and - in the case of second-generation CARs - costimulation to augment T cell functionality and persistence. We demonstrated over a decade ago that human T cells engineered with a CD19-specific CAR eradicated B cell malignancies in mice. Several phase I clinical trials eventually yielded dramatic results in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This review recounts the milestones of CD19 CAR therapy and summarizes lessons learned from the CD19 paradigm.
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32
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Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Targeting of IL-4 and IL-13 receptors for cancer therapy. Cytokine 2015; 75:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
Scientific advances in the last decade have demonstrated the critical role of host immune system in the elimination and suppression of cancer cells. Better knowledge of signaling pathways has enabled the development of new cancer immunotherapy. The discovery of negative feedback mechanisms following the lymphocyte activation has promoted the development of new antibodies targeting molecule inhibitors such as PD1, PDL1 or CTLA-4. Dramatic results were obtained with melanoma. Checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab and ipilimumab) have many advantages in terms of rate of objective response and overall survival. Recent studies in translational research aimed to understand and analyze mechanisms of action of anti-PD1/anti-PDL1. Expression of PDL1 in the tumor is associated with a significantly greater objective response rate (immunohistochemistry). Nevertheless, limits with tumor immunohistochemical analysis encourage new biomarkers research. Other immunotherapy approaches, such as cell and gene therapies using engineered T cells call for further advancements to broaden their applicability. However, these therapies are very expensive and their manufacturing process very restrictive, which could lately limit their use in case of inefficiency of checkpoint inhibitors or when lymphocytic infiltration in tumor is absent. In this case, the objective would be to engineer ex vivo the patient's immune system by restoring the ability of T cells to identify and suppress tumor cells. Currently, two gene-reprogramming tools are under development: chimeric antigen receptor and TCR modified T cells.
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34
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Miller JFAP, Sadelain M. The journey from discoveries in fundamental immunology to cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:439-49. [PMID: 25858803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have directly built on 50 years of fundamental and technological advances that made checkpoint blockade and T cell engineering possible. In this review, we intend to show that research, not specifically designed to bring relief or cure to any particular disease, can, when creatively exploited, lead to spectacular results in the management of cancer. The discovery of thymus immune function, T cells, and immune surveillance bore the seeds for today's targeted immune interventions and chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques F A P Miller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Michel Sadelain
- The Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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35
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Functional restoration of exhausted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in chronic viral infection by vinegar-processed flos of Daphne genkwa. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 39:25-37. [PMID: 25744061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion has become an important issue in chronic infection because exhausted antigen-specific T cells show impaired abilities to eradicate persistently infected pathogens and produce effector cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Thus, strategies to either restore endogenous exhausted T cell responses or provide functional T cells are needed for therapeutics of chronic infection. Despite promising developments using antibodies and cell immunotherapy, there have been no reported attempts to restore exhausted T cells using treatment with materials derived from natural resources. Here, using a mouse model of chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we found that vinegar-processed flowers (flos) of Daphne genkwa (vp-genkwa), which was composed mainly of four index components, restored exhausted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells significantly, as corroborated by evidence that vp-genkwa treatment enhanced functional LCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, pretreatment with vp-genkwa prevented the generation of exhausted LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Such restorations of exhausted LCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by vp-genkwa were closely associated with reduced viral burden in sera and tissues. More interestingly, vp-genkwa treatment induced down-regulation of negative molecules, such as PD-1 and Tim-3, in exhausted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells with more apparent down-regulation of Tim-3, suggesting that Tim-3 molecule may be a major target in restoring exhausted T cell responses. Collectively, these results provide valuable new insights into the use of vp-genkwa to develop a therapeutic strategy for chronic human diseases, such as hepatitis B and C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancers.
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Abstract
Using the immune system to control cancer has been investigated for over a century. Yet it is only over the last several years that therapeutic agents acting directly on the immune system have demonstrated improved overall survival for cancer patients in phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, it appears that some patients treated with such agents have been cured of metastatic cancer. This has led to increased interest and acceleration in the rate of progress in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the current immunotherapeutic success in cancer treatment is based on the use of immune-modulating antibodies targeting critical checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1). Several other immune-modulating molecules targeting inhibitory or stimulatory pathways are being developed. The combined use of these medicines is the subject of intense investigation and holds important promise. Combination regimens include those that incorporate targeted therapies that act on growth signaling pathways, as well as standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In fact, these standard therapies have intrinsic immune-modulating properties that can support antitumor immunity. In the years ahead, adoptive T-cell therapy will also be an important part of treatment for some cancer patients. Other areas which are regaining interest are the use of oncolytic viruses that immunize patients against their own tumors and the use of vaccines against tumor antigens. Immunotherapy has demonstrated unprecedented durability in controlling multiple types of cancer and we expect its use to continue expanding rapidly.
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37
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Abstract
T-cell therapies using engineered T cells show great promise for cancer immunotherapy, as illustrated by the CD19 paradigm. Much of the excitement about this approach, and second-generation CARs in particular, is due to the dramatic clinical results recently reported by a few centers, especially in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the applicability of this approach, in principle, to a wide range of cancers. Extending the use of CAR therapies to cancers other than B-cell malignancies will require selective tumor targeting with minimal or acceptable "on-target, off-tumor" effects. The identification of new CAR target antigens is thus one of the next big challenges to address. Recognizing the paucity of currently available tumor-specific targets, we have developed broadly applicable approaches to enhance the tumor selectivity and safety of engineered T cells. Here, we review 2 promising concepts. One is to improve tumor targeting based on combinatorial antigen recognition. The other uses receptors that provide antigen-specific inhibition, which we named iCARs, to divert T cells from the normal tissues one wants to protect.
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38
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Engineered T cells for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:969-75. [PMID: 24943274 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the immune system can control and eliminate cancer cells. Adoptive T cell transfer has the potential to overcome the significant limitations associated with vaccine-based strategies in patients who are often immune compromised. Application of the emerging discipline of synthetic biology to cancer, which combines elements of genetic engineering and molecular biology to create new biological structures with enhanced functionalities, is the subject of this focused research review.
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Robert-Tissot C, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Speiser DE. Mobilizing and evaluating anticancer T cells: pitfalls and solutions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1325-40. [PMID: 24127850 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.843456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising means to fight cancer, prompting a steady increase in clinical trials and correlative laboratory studies in this field. As antitumor T cells play central roles in immunity against malignant diseases, most immunotherapeutic protocols aim to induce and/or strengthen their function. Various treatment strategies have elicited encouraging clinical responses; however, major challenges have been uncovered that should be addressed in order to fully exploit the potential of immunotherapy. Here, we outline pitfalls for the mobilization of antitumor T cells and offer solutions to improve their therapeutic efficacy. We provide a critical perspective on the main methodologies used to characterize T-cell responses to cancer therapies, with a focus on discrepancies between T-cell attributes measured in vitro and protective responses in vivo. This review altogether provides recommendations to optimize the design of future clinical trials and highlights important considerations for the proficient analysis of clinical specimens available for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert-Tissot
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
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40
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Davila ML, Brentjens R. Chimeric antigen receptor therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: what are the challenges? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:341-53. [PMID: 23561477 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 expressed by normal and malignant B cells is a unique therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); recent results highlight the potential of this therapy for patients with relapsed CLL. Because adoptive transfer of CAR-modified T cells is a novel approach, there are issues for the medical oncologist to consider when evaluating current and future clinical trials for CLL patients. This article reviews the impact of CAR design, T-cell production, T-cell dose, conditioning regimens, and tumor burden at the time of CAR-modified T-cell infusion on the efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Davila
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Speiser DE. Hit parade for adoptive cell transfer therapy: the best T cells for superior clinical responses. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:379-81. [PMID: 23580281 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cells has great clinical potential, but the numerous variables of this therapy make choices difficult. A new study takes advantage of a novel technology for characterizing the T-cell responses of patients. If applied systematically, this approach may identify biomedical correlates of protection, thereby supporting treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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42
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Casati A, Varghaei-Nahvi A, Feldman SA, Assenmacher M, Rosenberg SA, Dudley ME, Scheffold A. Clinical-scale selection and viral transduction of human naïve and central memory CD8+ T cells for adoptive cell therapy of cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1563-73. [PMID: 23903715 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of lymphocytes genetically engineered to express tumor-specific antigen receptors is a potent strategy to treat cancer patients. T lymphocyte subsets, such as naïve or central memory T cells, selected in vitro prior to genetic engineering have been extensively investigated in preclinical mouse models, where they demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy. However, so far, this is challenging to realize in the clinical setting, since good manufacturing practices (GMP) procedures for complex cell sorting and genetic manipulation are limited. To be able to directly compare the immunological attributes and therapeutic efficacy of naïve (T(N)) and central memory (T(CM)) CD8(+) T cells, we investigated clinical-scale procedures for their parallel selection and in vitro manipulation. We also evaluated currently available GMP-grade reagents for stimulation of T cell subsets, including a new type of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 nanomatrix. An optimized protocol was established for the isolation of both CD8(+) T(N) cells (CD4(-)CD62L(+)CD45RA(+)) and CD8(+) T(CM) (CD4(-)CD62L(+)CD45RA(-)) from a single patient. The highly enriched T cell subsets can be efficiently transduced and expanded to large cell numbers, sufficient for clinical applications and equivalent to or better than current cell and gene therapy approaches with unselected lymphocyte populations. The GMP protocols for selection of T(N) and T(CM) we reported here will be the basis for clinical trials analyzing safety, in vivo persistence and clinical efficacy in cancer patients and will help to generate a more reliable and efficacious cellular product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Casati
- Research and Development, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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43
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Engels B, Engelhard VH, Sidney J, Sette A, Binder DC, Liu RB, Kranz DM, Meredith SC, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Relapse or eradication of cancer is predicted by peptide-major histocompatibility complex affinity. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:516-26. [PMID: 23597565 PMCID: PMC3658176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancers often relapse after adoptive therapy, even though specific T cells kill cells from the same cancer efficiently in vitro. We found that tumor eradication by T cells required high affinities of the targeted peptides for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Affinities of at least 10 nM were required for relapse-free regression. Only high-affinity peptide-MHC interactions led to efficient cross-presentation of antigen, thereby stimulating cognate T cells to secrete cytokines. These findings highlight the importance of targeting peptides with high affinity for MHC class I when designing T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Engels
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology and Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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44
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Sadelain M, Brentjens R, Rivière I. The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:388-98. [PMID: 23550147 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 984] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are recombinant receptors that provide both antigen-binding and T-cell-activating functions. A multitude of CARs has been reported over the past decade, targeting an array of cell surface tumor antigens. Their biologic functions have dramatically changed following the introduction of tripartite receptors comprising a costimulatory domain, termed second-generation CARs. These have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-targeted autologous T cells. CARs may be combined with costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, or cytokines to further enhance T-cell potency, specificity, and safety. CARs represent a new class of drugs with exciting potential for cancer immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE CARs are a new class of drugs with great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Upon their expression in T lymphocytes, CARs direct potent, targeted immune responses that have recently shown encouraging clinical outcomes in a subset of patients with B-cell malignancies. This review focuses on the design of CARs, including the requirements for optimal antigen recognition and different modalities to provide costimulatory support to targeted T cells, which include the use of second- and third generation CARs, costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Zhang T, Sentman CL. Mouse Tumor Vasculature Expresses NKG2D Ligands and Can Be Targeted by Chimeric NKG2D-Modified T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2455-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Combinatorial antigen recognition with balanced signaling promotes selective tumor eradication by engineered T cells. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 31:71-5. [PMID: 23242161 PMCID: PMC5505184 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Current T-cell engineering approaches redirect patient T cells to tumors by transducing them with antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target a single antigen. However, few truly tumor-specific antigens have been identified, and healthy tissues that express the targeted antigen may undergo T cell-mediated damage. Here we present a strategy to render T cells specific for a tumor in the absence of a truly tumor-restricted antigen. T cells are transduced with both a CAR that provides suboptimal activation upon binding of one antigen and a chimeric costimulatory receptor (CCR) that recognizes a second antigen. Using the prostate tumor antigens PSMA and PSCA, we show that co-transduced T cells destroy tumors that express both antigens but do not affect tumors expressing either antigen alone. This 'tumor-sensing' strategy may help broaden the applicability and avoid some of the side effects of targeted T-cell therapies.
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Chou CK, Schietinger A, Liggitt HD, Tan X, Funk S, Freeman GJ, Ratliff TL, Greenberg NM, Greenberg PD. Cell-intrinsic abrogation of TGF-β signaling delays but does not prevent dysfunction of self/tumor-specific CD8 T cells in a murine model of autochthonous prostate cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3936-46. [PMID: 22984076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) for the treatment of established cancers is actively being pursued in clinical trials. However, poor in vivo persistence and maintenance of antitumor activity of transferred T cells remain major problems. TGF-β is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine that is often expressed at high levels within the tumor microenvironment, potentially limiting T cell-mediated antitumor activity. In this study, we used a model of autochthonous murine prostate cancer to evaluate the effect of cell-intrinsic abrogation of TGF-β signaling in self/tumor-specific CD8 T cells used in ACT to target the tumor in situ. We found that persistence and antitumor activity of adoptively transferred effector T cells deficient in TGF-β signaling were significantly improved in the cancerous prostate. However, over time, despite persistence in peripheral lymphoid organs, the numbers of transferred cells in the prostate decreased and the residual prostate-infiltrating T cells were no longer functional. These findings reveal that TGF-β negatively regulates the accumulation and effector function of transferred self/tumor-specific CD8 T cells and highlight that, when targeting a tumor Ag that is also expressed as a self-protein, additional substantive obstacles are operative within the tumor microenvironment, potentially hampering the success of ACT for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie K Chou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Zhang T, Wu MR, Sentman CL. An NKp30-based chimeric antigen receptor promotes T cell effector functions and antitumor efficacy in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2290-9. [PMID: 22851709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKp30 is a natural cytotoxicity receptor that is expressed on NK cells and recognizes B7-H6, which is expressed on several types of tumors but few normal cells. To target effector T cells against B7-H6+ tumors, we developed several chimeric AgRs (CARs) based on NKp30, which contain the CD28- and/or CD3ζ-signaling domains with the transmembrane domains from CD3ζ, CD28, or CD8α. The data show that chimeric NKp30-expressing T cells responded to B7-H6+ tumor cells. The NKp30 CAR-expressing T cells produced IFN-γ and killed B7-H6 ligand-expressing tumor cells; this response was dependent upon ligand expression on target cells but not on MHC expression. PBMC-derived dendritic cells also express NKp30 ligands, including immature dendritic cells, and they can stimulate NKp30 CAR-bearing T cells to produce IFN-γ, but to a lesser extent. The addition of a CD28-signaling domain significantly enhanced the activity of the NKp30 CAR in a PI3K-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing a chimeric NKp30 receptor containing a CD28-signaling domain inhibited the growth of a B7-H6-expressing murine lymphoma (RMA/B7-H6) in vivo. Moreover, mice that remained tumor-free were resistant to a subsequent challenge with the wild-type RMA tumor cells, suggesting the generation of immunity against other tumor Ags. Overall, this study demonstrates the specificity and therapeutic potential of adoptive immunotherapy with NKp30 CAR-expressing T cells against B7-H6+ tumor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Stromnes IM, Fowler C, Casamina CC, Georgopolos CM, McAfee MS, Schmitt TM, Tan X, Kim TD, Choi I, Blattman JN, Greenberg PD. Abrogation of SRC homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 in tumor-specific T cells improves efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy by enhancing the effector function and accumulation of short-lived effector T cells in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1812-25. [PMID: 22798667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T cell expression of inhibitory proteins can be a critical component for the regulation of immunopathology owing to self-reactivity or potentially exuberant responses to pathogens, but it may also limit T cell responses to some malignancies, particularly if the tumor Ag being targeted is a self-protein. We found that the abrogation of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) in tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells improves the therapeutic outcome of adoptive immunotherapy in a mouse model of disseminated leukemia, with benefit observed in therapy employing transfer of CD8(+) T cells alone or in the context of also providing supplemental IL-2. SHP-1(-/-) and SHP-1(+/+) effector T cells were expanded in vitro for immunotherapy. Following transfer in vivo, the SHP-1(-/-) effector T cells exhibited enhanced short-term accumulation, followed by greater contraction, and they ultimately formed similar numbers of long-lived, functional memory cells. The increased therapeutic effectiveness of SHP-1(-/-) effector cells was also observed in recipients that expressed the tumor Ag as a self-antigen in the liver, without evidence of inducing autoimmune toxicity. SHP-1(-/-) effector CD8(+) T cells expressed higher levels of eomesodermin, which correlated with enhanced lysis of tumor cells. Furthermore, reduction of SHP-1 expression in tumor-reactive effector T cells by retroviral transduction with vectors that express SHP-1-specific small interfering RNA, a translatable strategy, also exhibited enhanced antitumor activity in vivo. These studies suggest that abrogating SHP-1 in effector T cells may improve the efficacy of tumor elimination by T cell therapy without affecting the ability of the effector cells to persist and provide a long-term response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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