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Carneiro KDS, Franchi LP, Rocha TL. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers seen as emerging threat to fish: Historical review and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169483. [PMID: 38151128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the third allotropic carbon form, carbon-based one-dimensional nanomaterials (1D-CNMs) became an attractive and new technology with different applications that range from electronics to biomedical and environmental technologies. Despite their broad application, data on environmental risks remain limited. Fish are widely used in ecotoxicological studies and biomonitoring programs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to summarize and critically analyze the literature focused on investigating the bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological impacts of 1D-CNMs (carbon nanotubes and nanofibers) on different fish species. In total, 93 articles were summarized and analyzed by taking into consideration the following aspects: bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, organ-specific toxicity, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and behavioral changes. Results have evidenced that the analyzed studies were mainly carried out with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which were followed by single-walled nanotubes and nanofibers. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the main fish species used as model system. CNMs' ecotoxicity in fish depends on their physicochemical features, functionalization, experimental design (e.g. exposure time, concentration, exposure type), as well as on fish species and developmental stage. CNMs' action mechanism and toxicity in fish are associated with oxidative stress, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Overall, fish are a suitable model system to assess the ecotoxicity of, and the environmental risk posed by, CNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla da Silva Carneiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Franchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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2
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Shuang L, Su XL, Zheng GD, Zou SM. Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on gill remodeling, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in hypoxia-tolerant new variety blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:263-274. [PMID: 35099685 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blunt snout bream plays an important role in freshwater aquaculture in China, but the development of its culture industry has been restricted by increasing hypoxia problem. Through the breeding of wild blunt snout bream populations (F0), a hypoxia-tolerant new variety (F6) was obtained. In this study, the new variety was stressed under low oxygen concentration (2.0 mg·L-1) for 4 and 7 days, the morphological structure of the gill tissue showed a striking change, the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) volume reduced significantly (P < 0.05), and the lamellar respiratory surface area enlarged significantly (P < 0.05), compared to normoxic controls. After 7 days of oxygen recovery, gill remodeling was completely reversed. Additionally, the TUNEL-positive apoptotic fluorescence signals increased in the gills exposed to hypoxia up to 4 and 7 days; the apoptosis rate also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Under 4 and 7 days of hypoxia stress, the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the gills downregulated significantly (P < 0.05), with the significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bad. Furthermore, under hypoxia stress, the activity or content of oxidative stress-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH)) in gill tissue increased to varying degrees compared to normoxic controls. These results offer a new perspective into the cellular and molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced gill remodeling in blunt snout bream and a theoretical basis for its hypoxia adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shuang
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Su
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zheng
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Genetics and Breeding Center for Blunt Snout Bream, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Huchenghuan Road 999, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Lyu F, Xu K, Mu W. Histopathological, hematological, and biochemical changes in high-latitude fish Phoxinus lagowskii exposed to hypoxia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:919-938. [PMID: 33860915 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most significant threats to biodiversity in aquatic systems. The ability of high-latitude fish to tolerate hypoxia with histological and physiological responses is mostly unknown. We address this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of exposures to different oxygen levels using Phoxinus lagowskii (a high-latitude, cold-water fish) as a model. Fish were exposed to different oxygen levels (0.5 mg/L and 3 mg/L) for 24 h. The loss of equilibrium (LOE), an indicator of acute hypoxia tolerance, was 0.21 ± 0.01 mg/L, revealing the ability of fish to tolerate low-oxygen conditions. We sought to determine if, in P. lagowskii, the histology of gills and liver, blood indicators, enzyme activities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and antioxidants changed to relieve stress in response to acute hypoxia. Notably, changes in vigorous jumping behavior under low oxygen revealed the exceptional hypoxia acclimation response compared with other low-latitude fish. A decrease in blood parameters, including RBC, WBC, and Hb, as well as an increase in MCV was observed compared to the controls. The increased total area in lamella and decreased ILCM volume in P. lagowskii gills were detected in the present study. Our results also showed the size of vacuoles in the livers of the hypoxic fish shrunk. Interestingly, an increase in the enzyme activity of lipid metabolism but not glucose metabolism was observed in the groups exposed to hypoxia at 6 h and 24 h. After combining histology and physiology results, our findings provide evidence that lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in enhancing hypoxia acclimation in P. lagowskii. Additionally, SOD activity significantly increased during hypoxia, suggesting the presence of an antioxidant response of P. lagowskii during hypoxia. High expression levels of lipogenesis and lipolysis-related genes were detected in the 6 h 3 mg/L and 24 h 3 mg/L hypoxia group. Enhanced expression of lipid-metabolism genes (ALS4, PGC-1, and FASN) was detected during hypoxia exposure. Together, these data suggest that P. lagowskii's ability to tolerate hypoxic events is likely mediated by a comprehensive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Fengming Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Weijie Mu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity of Aquatic Organisms, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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4
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Fernandes CE, da Silveira AW, do Nascimento Silva AL, de Souza AI, Povh JA, Dos Santos Jaques JA, Dos Santos EDA, Koshi A Yonekawa M, de Barros Penteadoall B, Franco-Belussi L. Osmoregulatory profiles and gill histological changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 227:105612. [PMID: 32911328 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid that mimics the structure and insecticidal properties of pyrethrin, a natural insecticide derived from chrysanthemums. In fish, it disrupts the nervous system, causing motor paralysis and several other alterations associated with varying levels of mortality. This study aimed to evaluate osmoregulatory responses and histological changes in the gills of Oreochromis niloticus chronically exposed to a sublethal dosage (0.86 μg/L) of lambda-cyhalothrin. The mean serum values for Na2+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, pH, lactate, H+, HCO3, and glucose along to degree of tissue change (DTC) at 24, 96, 168, and 240 h post-exposure (hpe) were evaluated. Lambda-cyhalothrin affected the neuronal motor function at 24 hpe, followed by the increase of the K+, Ca2+, H+, and glucose levels in the exposed group, compared to the control group. Lactate and H+ levels in the exposed group were higher than those in the control group at 168 and 240 hpe respectively. HCO3, and Cl- levels increased at 240 hpe, although there was no change in the pH values. DTC was higher in treated fish than in control fish, but there were no significant differences among time-exposure. The changes detected ranged from hyperemia of the branchial vasculature, eosinophilic granulocytic cell infiltration, mucous cell hyperplasia, and partial fusion of secondary lamellae at 24 hpe to vascular aneurysm formation, and necrosis of the lamellar epithelium at 240 hpe. Thus, a sublethal dosage of lambda-cyhalothrin in the long-term is toxic for Nile tilapia, characterized by hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, and respiratory alkalosis, followed by time-dependent histological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eurico Fernandes
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology - LAPEx, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Welzel da Silveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - André Luiz do Nascimento Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Alda Izabel de Souza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jayme A Povh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jeandre Augusto Dos Santos Jaques
- Biochemistry Sector, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Edson Dos Anjos Dos Santos
- Biochemistry Sector, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Koshi A Yonekawa
- Biochemistry Sector, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Bruna de Barros Penteadoall
- Biochemistry Sector, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology - LAPEx, Institute of Bioscience - Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79002-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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5
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Somo DA, Onukwufor JO, Wood CM, Richards JG. Interactive effects of temperature and hypoxia on diffusive water flux and oxygen uptake rate in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 250:110781. [PMID: 32763468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The osmorespiratory compromise hypothesis posits that respiratory epithelial characteristics and physiological regulatory mechanisms which promote gas permeability also increase permeability to ions and water. The hypothesis therefore predicts that physiological responses which increase effective gas permeability will result in increased effective ion and water permeabilities. Though analyses of water and gas effective permeabilities using high temperature have generally supported the hypothesis, water permeability responses to hypoxia remain equivocal and the combination of high temperature and hypoxia untested. We measured diffusive water flux (DWF) and oxygen uptake rate (Ṁo2) in response to acute temperature change, hypoxia, and the combination of high temperature and hypoxia in a hypoxia-tolerant intertidal fish, the tidepool sculpin (Oligocottus maculosus). In support of the osmorespiratory compromise hypothesis, Ṁo2 and DWF increased with temperature. In contrast, DWF decreased with hypoxia at a constant temperature, a result consistent with previously observed decoupling of water and gas effective permeabilities during hypoxia exposure in some hypoxia tolerant fishes. However, DWF levels during simultaneous high temperature and hypoxia exposure were not different from fish exposed to high temperature in normoxia, possibly suggesting a failure of the mechanism responsible for down-regulating DWF in hypoxia. These results, together with time-course analysis of hypoxia exposure and normoxic recovery, suggest that tidepool sculpins actively downregulate effective water permeability in hypoxia but the mechanism fails with multi-stressor exposure. Future investigations of the mechanistic basis of the regulation of gill permeability will be key to understanding the role of this regulatory ability in the persistence of this species in the dynamic intertidal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Somo
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - John O Onukwufor
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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6
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Machado M, Arenas F, Svendsen JC, Azeredo R, Pfeifer LJ, Wilson JM, Costas B. Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use. Front Physiol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32082190 PMCID: PMC7005922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing water CO2, aquatic hypercapnia, leads to higher physiological pCO2 levels in fish, resulting in an acidosis and compensatory acid-base regulatory response. Senegalese sole is currently farmed in super-intensive recirculating water systems where significant accumulation of CO2 in the water may occur. Moreover, anthropogenic releases of CO2 into the atmosphere are linked to ocean acidification. The present study was designed to assess the effects of acute (4 and 24 h) and prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to CO2 driven acidification (i.e., pH 7.9, 7.6, and 7.3) from normocapnic seawater (pH 8.1) on the innate immune status, gill acid-base ion transporter expression and metabolic rate of juvenile Senegalese sole. The acute exposure to severe hypercapnia clearly affected gill physiology as observed by an increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes and a decrease of cell shape factor. Nonetheless only small physiological adjustments were observed at the systemic level with (1) a modulation of both plasma and skin humoral parameters and (2) an increased expression of HIF-1 expression pointing to an adjustment to the acidic environment even after a short period (i.e., hours). On the other hand, upon prolonged exposure, the expression of several pro-inflammatory and stress related genes was amplified and gill cell shape factor was aggravated with the continued increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes, ultimately impacting fish growth. While these findings indicate limited effects on energy use, deteriorating immune system conditions suggest that Senegalese sole is vulnerable to changes in CO2 and may be affected in aquaculture where a pH drop is more prominent. Further studies are required to investigate how larval and adult Senegalese sole are affected by changes in CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Arenas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.,National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Louis J Pfeifer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Hess S, Prescott LJ, Hoey AS, McMahon SA, Wenger AS, Rummer JL. Species-specific impacts of suspended sediments on gill structure and function in coral reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1279. [PMID: 29093217 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced water quality, in particular increases in suspended sediments, has been linked to declines in fish abundance on coral reefs. Changes in gill structure induced by suspended sediments have been hypothesized to impair gill function and may provide a mechanistic basis for the observed declines; yet, evidence for this is lacking. We exposed juveniles of three reef fish species (Amphiprion melanopus, Amphiprion percula and Acanthochromis polyacanthus) to suspended sediments (0-180 mg l-1) for 7 days and examined changes in gill structure and metabolic performance (i.e. oxygen consumption). Exposure to suspended sediments led to shorter gill lamellae in A. melanopus and A. polyacanthus and reduced oxygen diffusion distances in all three species. While A. melanopus exhibited impaired oxygen uptake after suspended sediment exposure, i.e. decreased maximum and increased resting oxygen consumption rates resulting in decreased aerobic scope, the oxygen consumption rates of the other two species remained unaffected. These findings imply that species sensitive to changes in gill structure such as A. melanopus may decline in abundance as reefs become more turbid, whereas species that are able to maintain metabolic performance despite suspended sediment exposure, such as A. polyacanthus or A. percula, may be able to persist or gain a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Hess
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia .,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Leteisha J Prescott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon A McMahon
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia S Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
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8
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The osmorespiratory compromise in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): The effects of fish size, hypoxia, temperature and strenuous exercise on gill diffusive water fluxes and sodium net loss rates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 219-220:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Bertucci JI, Unniappan S. Why goldfish? Merits and challenges in employing goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:13-28. [PMID: 28185936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish has been used as an unconventional model organism to study a number of biological processes. For example, goldfish is a well-characterized and widely used model in comparative endocrinology, especially in neuroendocrinology. Several decades of research has established and validated an array of tools to study hormones in goldfish. The detailed brain atlas of goldfish, together with the stereotaxic apparatus, are invaluable tools for the neuroanatomic localization and central administration of endocrine factors. In vitro techniques, such as organ and primary cell cultures, have been developed using goldfish. In vivo approaches using goldfish were used to measure endogenous hormonal milieu, feeding, behaviour and stress. While there are many benefits in using goldfish as a model organism in research, there are also challenges associated with it. One example is its tetraploid genome that results in the existence of multiple isoforms of endocrine factors. The presence of extra endogenous forms of peptides and its receptors adds further complexity to the already redundant multifactorial endocrine milieu. This review will attempt to discuss the importance of goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology. It will highlight some of the merits and challenges in employing goldfish as an animal model for hormone research in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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10
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Saroglia M, Caricato G, Frittella F, Brambilla F, Terova G. Dissolved oxygen regimen (PO2) may affect osmo respiratory compromise in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Saroglia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari. Università dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caricato
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Animali. Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Frittella
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari. Università dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari. Università dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
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11
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Fish Welfare in Aquaponic Systems: Its Relation to Water Quality with an Emphasis on Feed and Faeces—A Review. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Bowden AJ, Gardiner NM, Couturier CS, Stecyk JAW, Nilsson GE, Munday PL, Rummer JL. Alterations in gill structure in tropical reef fishes as a result of elevated temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 175:64-71. [PMID: 24862962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tropical regions are expected to be some of the most affected by rising sea surface temperatures (SSTs) because seasonal temperature variations are minimal. As temperatures rise, less oxygen dissolves in water, but metabolic requirements of fish and thus, the demand for effective oxygen uptake, increase. Gill remodelling is an acclimation strategy well documented in freshwater cyprinids experiencing large seasonal variations in temperature and oxygen as well as an amphibious killifish upon air exposure. However, no study has investigated whether tropical reef fishes remodel their gills to allow for increased oxygen demands at elevated temperatures. We tested for gill remodelling in five coral reef species (Acanthochromis polyacanthus, Chromis atripectoralis, Pomacentrus moluccensis, Dascyllus melanurus and Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus) from populations in northern Papua New Guinea (2° 35.765' S; 150° 46.193' E). Fishes were acclimated for 12-14 days to 29 and 31°C (representing their seasonal range) and 33 and 34°C to account for end-of-century predicted temperatures. We measured lamellar perimeter, cross-sectional area, base thickness, and length for five filaments on the 2nd gill arches and qualitatively assessed 3rd gill arches via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All species exhibited significant differences in the quantitative measurements made on the lamellae, but no consistent trends with temperature were observed. SEM only revealed alterations in gill morphology in P. moluccensis. The overall lack of changes in gill morphology with increasing temperature suggests that these near-equatorial reef fishes may fail to maintain adequate O2 uptake under future climate scenarios unless other adaptive mechanisms are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bowden
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - N M Gardiner
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - C S Couturier
- Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J A W Stecyk
- Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - G E Nilsson
- Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - P L Munday
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - J L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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13
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Dragun Z, Filipović Marijić V, Kapetanović D, Valić D, Vardić Smrzlić I, Krasnići N, Strižak Ž, Kurtović B, Teskeredžić E, Raspor B. Assessment of general condition of fish inhabiting a moderately contaminated aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4954-4968. [PMID: 23322414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of general condition of fish in the moderately contaminated aquatic environment was performed on the European chub (Squalius cephalus) caught in September 2009 in the Sutla River in Croatia. Although increases of the contaminants in this river (trace and macro elements, bacteria), as well as physico-chemical changes (decreased oxygen saturation, increased conductivity), were still within the environmentally acceptable limits, their concurrent presence in the river water possibly could have induced stress in aquatic organisms. Several biometric parameters, metallothionein (MT), and total cytosolic protein concentrations in chub liver and gills were determined as indicators of chub condition. Microbiological and parasitological analyses were performed with the aim to evaluate chub predisposition for bacterial bioconcentration and parasitic infections. At upstream river sections with decreased oxygen saturation (~50%), decreased Fulton condition indices were observed (FCI: 0.94 g cm(-3)), whereas gonadosomatic (GSI: 2.4%), hepatosomatic (HSI: 1.31%), and gill indices (1.3%) were increased compared to oxygen rich downstream river sections (dissolved oxygen ~90%; FCI: 1.02 g cm(-3); GSI: 0.6%; HIS: ~1.08%; gill index: 1.0%). Slight increase of MT concentrations in both organs at upstream (gills: 1.67 mg g(-1); liver: 1.63 mg g(-1)) compared to downstream sites (gills: 1.56 mg g(-1); liver: 1.23 mg g(-1)), could not be explained by induction caused by increased metal levels in the river water, but presumably by physiological changes caused by general stress due to low oxygen saturation. In addition, at the sampling site characterized by inorganic and fecal contamination, increased incidence of bacterial bioconcentration in internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney) was observed, as well as decrease of intestinal parasitic infections, which is a common finding for metal-contaminated waters. Based on our results, it could be concluded that even moderate contamination of river water by multiple contaminants could result in unfavourable living conditions and cause detectable stress for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Dragun
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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14
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Mechanisms and consequences of carbon dioxide sensing in fish. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Respiratory responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia in goldfish (Carassius auratus) experiencing gill remodelling. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 175:112-20. [PMID: 20934539 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) on the gills of goldfish significantly decreases the functional lamellar surface area and increases the diffusion distance for gas transfer and thus may impose a serious challenge for the transfer of respiratory gases (O₂ and CO₂). Here we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the ILCM in goldfish acclimated to 7°C impedes the uptake of O2 and excretion of CO₂. While Pa(O₂) remained unaltered, the baseline values of Pa(CO)₂ were significantly higher in goldfish at 7°C with ILCM present (5.55 ± 0.54 mmHg; mean ± SEM) than in goldfish at 25°C without the ILCM (3.98 ± 0.18 mmHg). Carbonic anhydrase (CA) injections relieved the apparent diffusion limitation imposed by the presence of the ILCM on CO₂ excretion (Pw(CO₂) levels dropped to 3.07 ± 0.32 mmHg). Interestingly, the exposure of fish to acute hypoxia evoked similar changes in Pa(O₂) at the two acclimation temperatures. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure was also used as a tool to further investigate the potential effects of the ILCM on branchial solute transfer. The results showed that the ILCM does not impede EtOH uptake in 7°C goldfish. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the remodelling of the goldfish gill associated with acclimation to 7°C water, while increasing Pw(CO₂) , has minimal impact on branchial O2 transfer.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- JOEL L. PLAWSKY
- a Howard P.Department of Chemical Engineering Isermann , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
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17
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Cooper CA, Whittamore JM, Wilson RW. Ca2+-driven intestinal HCO(3)(-) secretion and CaCO3 precipitation in the European flounder in vivo: influences on acid-base regulation and blood gas transport. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R870-6. [PMID: 20130227 PMCID: PMC2853387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00513.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine teleost fish continuously ingest seawater to prevent dehydration and their intestines absorb fluid by mechanisms linked to three separate driving forces: 1) cotransport of NaCl from the gut fluid; 2) bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) secretion and Cl(-) absorption via Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange fueled by metabolic CO(2); and 3) alkaline precipitation of Ca(2+) as insoluble CaCO(3), which aids H(2)O absorption). The latter two processes involve high rates of epithelial HCO(3)(-) secretion stimulated by intestinal Ca(2+) and can drive a major portion of water absorption. At higher salinities and ambient Ca(2+) concentrations the osmoregulatory role of intestinal HCO(3)(-) secretion is amplified, but this has repercussions for other physiological processes, in particular, respiratory gas transport (as it is fueled by metabolic CO(2)) and acid-base regulation (as intestinal cells must export H(+) into the blood to balance apical HCO(3)(-) secretion). The flounder intestine was perfused in vivo with salines containing 10, 40, or 90 mM Ca(2+). Increasing the luminal Ca(2+) concentration caused a large elevation in intestinal HCO(3)(-) production and excretion. Additionally, blood pH decreased (-0.13 pH units) and plasma partial pressure of CO(2) (Pco(2)) levels were elevated (+1.16 mmHg) at the highest Ca perfusate level after 3 days of perfusion. Increasing the perfusate [Ca(2+)] also produced proportional increases in net acid excretion via the gills. When the net intestinal flux of all ions across the intestine was calculated, there was a greater absorption of anions than cations. This missing cation flux was assumed to be protons, which vary with an almost 1:1 relationship with net acid excretion via the gill. This study illustrates the intimate link between intestinal HCO(3)(-) production and osmoregulation with acid-base balance and respiratory gas exchange and the specific controlling role of ingested Ca(2+) independent of any other ion or overall osmolality in marine teleost fish.
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18
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McKenzie DJ, Skov PV, Taylor ET, Wang T, Steffensen JF. Abolition of reflex bradycardia by cardiac vagotomy has no effect on the regulation of oxygen uptake by Atlantic cod in progressive hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:332-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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King HR. Fish transport in the aquaculture sector: An overview of the road transport of Atlantic salmon in Tasmania. J Vet Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Mitrovic D, Perry SF. The effects of thermally induced gill remodeling on ionocyte distribution and branchial chloride fluxes in goldfish (Carassius auratus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:843-52. [PMID: 19252001 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.025999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of temperature-induced changes in functional gill lamellar surface area on the distribution of ionocytes and branchial chloride fluxes in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In fish acclimated to warm water (25 degrees C), the ionocytes were scattered along the lamellae and within the interlamellar regions of the filament. In cold water (7 degrees C), the ionocytes were largely absent from the lamellae and filaments but instead were mostly confined to the outer regions of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) that formed within the interlamellar channels. Using a ;time-differential double fluorescent staining' technique, it was determined that in fish transferred from 25 degrees to 7 degrees C, the ionocytes on the outer edge of (and within) the ILCM originated predominantly from the migration of pre-existing ionocytes and to a lesser extent from the differentiation of progenitor cells. Despite the greater functional lamellar surface area in the warm-water-acclimated fish, there was no associated statistically significant increase in passive branchial Cl(-) efflux. Because the paracellular efflux of polyethylene glycol was increased 2.5-fold at the warmer temperature, it would suggest that goldfish specifically regulate (minimize) Cl(-) loss that otherwise would accompany the increasing functional lamellar surface area. In contrast to predictions, the numbers and sizes of individual ionocytes was inversely related to functional lamellar surface area resulting in a markedly greater ionocyte surface area in fish acclimated to cold water (5219+/-438 compared with 2103+/-180 microm(2) mm(-1) of filament). Paradoxically, the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (as measured at room temperature) also was lower in the cold-water fish (0.43+/-0.06 compared with 1.28+/-0.15 micromol mg(-1) protein h(-1)) despite the greater numbers of ionocytes. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of Cl(-) uptake in the two groups of fish despite the differences in ionocyte abundance. It is possible that to maintain normal rates of Cl(-) uptake, a greater ionocyte surface area is required in the cold-water fish that possess an ILCM because of the unfavorable positioning of the ionocytes on and within the ILCM, a structure lacking any obvious blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mitrovic
- Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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21
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Perry S, Jonz M, Gilmour K. Chapter 5 Oxygen Sensing And The Hypoxic Ventilatory Response. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Behrens JW, Stahl HJ, Steffensen JF, Glud RN. Oxygen dynamics around buried lesser sandeels Ammodytes tobianus (Linnaeus 1785): mode of ventilation and oxygen requirements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:1006-14. [PMID: 17337713 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen environment around buried sandeels (Ammodytes tobianus) was monitored by planar optodes. The oxygen penetration depth at the sediment interface was only a few mm. Thus fish, typically buried at 1-4 cm depth, were generally in anoxic sediment. However, they induced an advective transport through the permeable interstice and formed an inverted cone of porewater with 93% air saturation in front of the mouth. From dye experiments the mean ventilatory flow rate was estimated at 0.26+/-0.02 ml min(-1) (86.9+/-7.3 ml min(-1) kg(-1)) (N=3). Expelled water from the gills induced a 1 cm circular plume with <15% air saturation around the gills. During this quasi-steady ventilation mode, fish extracted 86.2+/-4.8% (N=7) of the oxygen from the inspired water. However, 13% of the investigated fish (2 of 15) occasionally wriggled their bodies and thereby transported almost fully air-saturated water down along the body, referred to as ;plume ventilation'. Yet, within approximately 30 min the oxic plume was replenished by oxygen-depleted water from the gills. The potential for cutaneous respiration by the buried fish was thus of no quantitative importance. Calculations derived by three independent methods (each with N=3) revealed that the oxygen uptake of sandeel buried for 6-7 h was 40-50% of previous estimates on resting respirometry of non-buried fish, indicating lower O(2) requirements during burial on a diurnal timescale. Buried fish exposed to decreasing oxygen tensions gradually approached the sediment surface, but remained in the sediment until the inspired water reached 5-10% air saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane W Behrens
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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23
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Perry SF, Desforges PR. Does bradycardia or hypertension enhance gas transfer in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:163-72. [PMID: 16574450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that branchial gas transfer is enhanced in rainbow trout during hypoxia or hypercarbia by bradycardia and systemic vasoconstriction. Gas transfer was indirectly assessed by continuous monitoring of arterial blood gases, PaO2 and PaCO2. Cardiac frequency was maximally decreased by 34.9+/-4.3 and 8.6+/-3.2 bpm in hypoxic and hypercarbic fish, respectively. Pre-treating fish with atropine (1micromol kg(-1)) attenuated or abolished the bradycardia during hypoxia and hypercarbia, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the arterial blood gases between the control and atropinized fish. Dorsal aortic blood pressure was increased maximally by 11.3+/-2.8 and 17.7+/-2.0mm Hg in the hypoxic and hypercarbic fish. Pre-treatment of fish with prazosin (2.4micromol kg(-1)) prevented these increases in blood pressure. Blood gases were unaltered by prazosin treatment in the hypercarbic fish. However, in the hypoxic fish, gas transfer appeared to be impaired by prazosin on the basis of lowered PaO2 (by approximately 35 mm Hg compared to control fish) and increased PaCO2 (by approximately 0.3mm Hg). Because the normal hyperventilatory response to hypoxia was prevented by prazosin, it is possible that the impairment of gas transfer was related to inadequate ventilation rather than to any differences in the pressor response. The present results provide no evidence that gas transfer in rainbow trout is enhanced by bradycardia nor do they reveal any obvious benefit associated with the increases in blood pressure that accompany hypoxia and hypercarbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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24
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Ragg NLC, Taylor HH. Heterogeneous perfusion of the paired gills of the abaloneHaliotis irisMartyn 1784: an unusual mechanism for respiratory control. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:475-83. [PMID: 16424097 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe abalone Haliotis iris retains the ancestral gastropod arrangement of a pair of bipectinate gills (ctenidia). The gills share a single branchial chamber, are supplied from a common haemolymph sinus and effectively support the whole of oxygen uptake by the animal. Using chronic indwelling cannulae and pulsed Doppler probes, post-branchial haemolymph oxygen partial pressures (PaO2) and haemolymph flow rates were measured in the left and right efferent ctenidial veins. During periods of internal hypoxia following emersion and handling, total branchial haemolymph flow (24.4±3.6 ml kg-1min-1) was partitioned nearly equally between the left and right gills (13.3±2.6 and 10.8±1.4 ml kg-1min-1, respectively) and their PaO2values were similar (81.9±6.1 and 87.3±4.7 mmHg, respectively). In animals settled for >24 h, branchial haemolymph flow decreased to 9.1±2.1 ml kg-1 min-1, primarily resulting from a virtual shutdown of the left gill flow to only 4.6% of total flow (left,0.41±0.34 ml kg-1 min-1; right, 8.6±2.0 ml kg-1 min-1). At rest, right gill PaO2 (85.5±6.8 mmHg) was essentially unchanged while PaO2 of the slowly perfused left gill rose to 105.3±10.2 mmHg, close to the PO2 of the exhalant seawater (104.5±3.1 mmHg). The aerobic metabolic scope of H. iris therefore appears to be met primarily by circulatory adjustments at the left gill, which at rest is highly perfusion limited (left Ldiff, 0.14±0.07;right Ldiff, 0.44±0.08).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L C Ragg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
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25
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Ragg NLC, Taylor HH. Oxygen uptake, diffusion limitation, and diffusing capacity of the bipectinate gills of the abalone, Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Prosobranchia). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 143:299-306. [PMID: 16448833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extant abalone retain an ancestral system of gas exchange consisting of paired bipectinate gills. This paper examines the hypothesis that fundamental inefficiencies of this arrangement led to the extensive radiation observed in prosobranch gas exchange organs. Oxygen uptake at 15 degrees C was examined in the right gill of resting adult blackfoot abalone, Haliotis iris Martyn 1784. Pre- and post-branchial haemolymph and water were sampled and oxygen content, partial pressure (Po2), pH, and haemocyanin content measured; in vivo haemolymph flow rate was determined by an acoustic pulsed-Doppler flowmeter. During a single pass across the gills, mean seawater Po2 fell from 138.7 Torr to 83.4 Torr, while haemolymph Po2 rose from 37.2 Torr to 77.0 Torr raising total O2 content from 0.226 to 0.346 mmol L(-1). Haemolymph flowed through the right gill at a mean rate of 9.6 mL min(-1) and carried 0.151 to 0.355 mmol L(-1) of haemocyanin (mean body mass 421 g). Only 34.7% of the oxygen carried in the arterial haemolymph was taken up by the tissues and less than half of this was contributed by haemocyanin. A diffusion limitation index (Ldiff) of 0.47-0.52, a well-matched ventilation-perfusion ratio (1.2-1.4) and a diffusing capacity (D) of 0.174 micromol O2 kg(-1) Torr(-1) indicate that the gills operate efficiently and are able to meet the oxygen requirements of the resting abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L C Ragg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 2400 Christchurch, New Zealand.
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26
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Respiratory Systems and Metabolic Rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(04)22005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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27
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Arashisar S, Hisar O, Yanık T, Aras SM. Inhibitory effects of ammonia and urea on gill carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 17:125-128. [PMID: 21782723 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ammonia and urea on branchial carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme which plays a key role in ionoregulation, osmoregulation and acid-base balance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. CA activity of the control group for ammonia and urea was determined as 1285.7 ± 67.9 and 1261.7 ± 60.8EU/mg protein, respectively. The CA enzyme activities of the other groups were measured at 1, 2 and 3h after ammonia and urea applications. The corresponding activities of ammonia were 774.9 ± 68.8, 732.1 ± 48.6 and 768.1 ± 59.5EU/mg protein, respectively and that of urea were 769.3 ± 58.9, 638.2 ± 47.7 and 1108.1 ± 61.1EU/mg protein, respectively. The differences between the initial CA activities for the controls was not significantly (P > 0.01). The CA activities were significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited both in ammonia and urea group. However, the ammonia inhibited more than urea since there was significant differences between final values of gill CA activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sükriye Arashisar
- Department of Aquaculture, Agriculture Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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28
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Olson KR. Gill circulation: regulation of perfusion distribution and metabolism of regulatory molecules. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2002; 293:320-35. [PMID: 12115904 DOI: 10.1002/jez.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fish gill is the primary regulatory interface between internal and external milieu and a variety of neurocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signals coordinate and control gill functions. Many of these messengers also affect gill vascular resistance, and they, in turn, may be inactivated (or activated) by branchial vessels. Few studies have critically addressed how flow is distributed within the gill filament, the physiological consequences thereof, or the impact of gill hormone metabolism on gill and systemic homeostasis. In most fish, the entire cardiac output perfuses the arterioarterial pathway, and this network probably accounts for the majority of passive- and stimulus-induced changes in vascular resistance. The in-series arrangement of the extensive gill microcirculation with systemic vessels is also indicative of a high capacity for metabolism of plasma-borne messengers as well as xenobiotics. Adenosine, arginine vasotocin (AVT), and endothelin (ET) are the most potent gill constrictors identified to date, and all decrease lamellar perfusion. Perhaps not surprising, they are also inactivated by gill vessels. Acetylcholine favors perfusion of the alamellar filamental vasculature, although the physiological relevance of acetylcholine-mediated responses remains unclear. Angiotensin, bradykinin, urotensin, natriuretic peptides, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide are vasoactive to varying degrees, but their effects on intrafilamental blood flow are unknown. If form befits function, then the complex vascular anatomy of the gill suggests a level of regulatory sophistication unparalleled in other vertebrate organs. Resolution of these issues will be technically challenging but unquestionably rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Center for Medical Education, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Abstract
Hypoxia affects thousands of km2 of marine waters all over the world, and has caused mass mortality of marine animals, benthic defaunation and decline in fisheries production in many places. The severity, frequency occurrence and spatial scale of hypoxia have increased in the last few decades. Due to rapid human population growth and global warming, the problem of hypoxia is likely to become worse in the coming years. Molecular responses of marine animals to hypoxia are poorly known. In many animals, a haem protein probably serves as the cellular sensor for oxygen, and reactive oxygen species are generated as signaling molecules. In mammal and fish, a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has been identified. HIF-1 receives signals from the molecular oxygen senor through redox reactions and/or phosphorylation, and in turn, regulates the transcription of a number of hypoxia-inducible genes, including genes involved in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and glycolysis. These molecular responses then cascade into a series of biochemical and physiological adjustments, enabling the animal to survive better under hypoxic conditions. Marine animals respond to hypoxia by first attempting to maintain oxygen delivery (e.g. increases in respiration rate, number of red blood cells, or oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin), then by conserving energy (e.g. metabolic depression, down regulation of protein synthesis and down regulation/modification of certain regulatory enzymes). Upon exposure to prolonged hypoxia, animals must eventually resort to anaerobic respiration. Hypoxia reduces growth and feeding, which may eventually affect individual fitness. Effects of hypoxia on reproduction and development of marine animals, albeit important in affecting species survival, remain almost unknown. Many fish and marine organisms can detect, and actively avoid hypoxia. Some benthos may leave their burrows and move to sediment surface during hypoxia. These behaviorial changes may render the animals more vulnerable to predation. Hypoxia may eliminate sensitive species, thereby causing major changes in species composition of benthic, fish and phytoplankton communities. Decreases in species diversity and species richness are well documented, and changes in trophodynamics and functional groups have also been reported. Under hypoxic conditions, there is a general tendency for suspended feeders to be replaced by deposit feeders; demersal fish by pelagic fish; and macrobenthos by meiobenthos. Microflagellates and nanoplankton also tend to dominate in the phytoplankton community in hypoxic environments. Existing evidence suggest that recovery of benthic communities in temperate region take two to several years. Recovery however, appears to be much quicker in subtropical environments. In natural conditions, hypoxia is often associated with increases in ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and particulate organic materials. The inability to isolate effects of hypoxia from interactions of these compounding factors makes it difficult to attribute many of the observed ecological effects to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf S S Wu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon.
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Maffia M, Rizzello A, Acierno R, Rollo M, Chiloiro R, Storelli C. Carbonic anhydrase activity in tissues of the icefish Chionodraco hamatus and of the red-blooded teleosts Trematomus bernacchii and Anguilla anguilla. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3983-92. [PMID: 11807116 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.22.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was measured in blood, intestine, kidney and gill of two Antarctic teleosts, the haemoglobinless Chionodraco hamatus and the red-blooded Trematomus bernacchii, and of the temperate teleost Anguilla anguilla. In all species, the highest CA activity was in the gills, with the greatest activity in C. hamatus. CA activity in the blood was highest in A. anguilla, but none was detected in the blood of C. hamatus despite the presence of plasma CA inhibitors. The enzyme was present but its activity was low in the intestine and kidney of all three species.
The existence of very high CA activity in C. hamatus gills compared with the red-blooded species was investigated further by isolating and characterising the branchial cytosolic CA isoforms. The turnover rate of the C. hamatus isoform was significantly higher than that of T. bernacchii and A. anguilla. The isoforms from both the Antarctic species exhibited lower apparent Km (Km,app) and heat stability than those from A. anguilla. Sensitivity to sulphonamides was similar in all species and was within the range of the mammalian CA II isoform. The branchial CA isoforms of C. hamatus, T. bernacchii and A. anguilla displayed relative molecular masses of 28.9, 29.9 and 31.2 kDa, respectively.
The results suggest that the hemoglobinless teleost possesses a different branchial cytosolic CA isoform from that of red-blooded teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maffia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Lecce, via Prov.le Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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Abstract
Gas transfer in fish gills is simulated by a simple counter-current model, with ventilation, water-blood transfer and blood flow characterized by conductances. The ventilation and perfusion conductances are products of flow rate and effective solubility. The diffusion conductance of water-blood transfer (diffusing capacity) is considered to depend on diffusion properties of both the water-blood tissue barrier and of interlamellar water. In the gills of the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris, more than half of the total resistance to O2 diffusion was located into interlamellar water. Complicating factors like water shunt, blood shunt, ventilation-perfusion maldistribution, pulsatile flow, diffusion in blood and reaction of O2 with hemoglobin may reduce the O2 transfer efficacy predicted by the simple model. In S. stellaris, the effect of such complicating factors appeared to be minor in most conditions, but in other species and/or conditions, more complex models might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Püper
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Perry SF. Relationships between branchial chloride cells and gas transfer in freshwater fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 119:9-16. [PMID: 11253823 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(97)00411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The gill lamellar epithelium is composed of two predominant cell types, pavement cells and mitochondria-rich chloride cells. The chloride cells play a vital role in ionic regulation because they are the sites of Ca2+ and Cl- uptake from water. Consequently, lamellar chloride cell proliferation occurs in response to ionoregulatory challenges so as to increase the ion-transporting capacity of the gill. It has been argued that such chloride cell proliferation might increase the thickness of the blood-to-water diffusion barrier and thereby impede gas diffusion. This review focuses on the potential negative consequences of chloride cell proliferation on gas transfer and possible compensatory mechanisms that might minimise the extent of respiratory impairment. Two approaches were used to evoke chloride cell proliferation in rainbow trout, hormone treatment (growth hormone/cortisol) and exposure to soft water. In all cases, chloride cell proliferation was associated with a pronounced thickening of the lamellar diffusion barrier. The thickening of the diffusion barrier was associated with a significant impairment of gas transfer. Subsequent studies revealed that several compensatory physiological responses occurred concurrently with the chloride cell proliferation to alleviate or reduce the detrimental consequences of the thickened diffusion barrier. These included hyperventilation, an increased affinity of haemoglobin-oxygen binding and earlier onset of catecholamine release during acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
We review the literature on the way the structure of icefish gills relates the physiology of these haemoglobin-less fishes. Vascular casting confirmed earlier reports that the only special feature of the gills is the large size of the blood vessels, especially the prominent and continuous marginal channels Isolated perfused gill arches were used to study the effects of changes in afferent and efferent pressure on gill resistance and tritiated water influx in Chionobathyscus dewitti. Increasing perfusion rate did not change gill resistance, but there were moderate proportional increases in water influx. Reducing efferent pressure increased gill resistance but did not affect water influx. In both C. dewitti and Cryodraco antarcticus gills perfused at constant flow rate, noradrenaline produced concentration-dependent decreases in gill resistance and, with high concentrations, increases in water influx. Fixation while perfusion continued was used to compare blood space dimensions in control, noradrenaline-treated and unperfused gills. Noradrenaline caused large increases in the thickness of the lamellar blood space and increased lamellar height, despite a greatly reduced afferent pressure. This suggests that modulation of pillar cell active tension might be involved in control of lamellar perfusion. The possible relationship between gill water fluxes and lamellar recruitment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rankin
- Biologisk Institut, Odense Universitet, Denmark.
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Currie S, Tufts BL. An analysis of carbon dioxide transport in arterial and venous blood of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, following exhaustive exercise. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 12:183-192. [PMID: 24202776 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arterial and venous cannulations were used to examine the characteristics of CO2 transport in pre and post branchial blood both at rest and during recovery from exercise. As in previous studies, exercise caused a marked decrease in the extracellular pH (pHe) in both arterial and venous blood. Except for a transient increase in venous blood immediately following exercise, plasma total CO2 ([CCO 2]pl) and whole blood total CO2 ([CCO 2]wb) decreased in both arterial and venous blood during recovery. Exercise also resulted in an increase in red blood cell total CO2 concentration ([CCO 2]i) and in the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO 2) in both arterial and venous blood. Activation of the adrenergic mechanism at the level of the red blood cell likely contributed to the increases observed in ([CCO 2]i) following exercise. At rest, the majority of the total [CCO 2] carried in arterial and venous blood could be attributed to the plasma, with 2 and 9% carried in the red blood cells, respectively. However, exercise resulted in an increase in the percentage of C02 carried within the red blood cell to 13.5 and 20% in arterial and venous blood, respectively. The total CO2 difference between pre and post branchial blood also increased following exercise suggesting an increase in CO2 excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Currie
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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WALSH PATRICKJ, HENRY RAYMONDP. Carbon dioxide and ammonia metabolism and exchange. PHYLOGENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89124-2.50012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Elger M. The branchial circulation and the gill epithelia in the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1987; 175:489-504. [PMID: 3578827 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vessels of the branchial circulation of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, and their relationship with the gill epithelia have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The inner surface of the pouch wall (containing the interconnected radial arteries) and the afferent and efferent unbranched portions (cavernous tissues) of the radially oriented gill folds are covered by a multilayered epithelium. The lamellar portion that is characterized by pillar cells is lined by a thin bilayered epithelium. The thin-walled sinusoid system is part of an arterio-venous circulation. This is demonstrated by the presence of arterio-venous anastomoses and by the connection to the peribranchial sinus. The sinusoid system has a close spatial relationship to the multilayered epithelium. The multilayered epithelium consists of pavement cells, cells of the medial layer and basal cells. Granulated cells are often found in the basal half of the epithelium. The pavement cells are characterized by large vesicles in close apposition to the apical plasma membrane. Ionocytes, which display a cytoplasmic tubular system that is continuous with the intercellular space, a high number of mitochondria, and small apical vesicles, are present. The occurence of the ionocytes in the afferent multilayered epithelium as well as the bilayered lamellar epithelium, the morphology of the ionocyte, and the absence of accessory cells is reminiscent of the freshwater teleost gill, and in part the elasmobranch gill, and is discussed in relation to osmo- and ion regulation.
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Wood CM, Perry SF. Respiratory, Circulatory, and Metabolic Adjustments to Exercise in Fish. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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