Caring for our own: deploying a systemwide second victim rapid response team

Caring for Each Other: An Evaluation of a Peer Support Program for Nurses and Health Care Workers

BACKGROUND

Human errors, workplace violence, and community events can impact nurses and other health care workers' (HCW) overall well-being. Peer support programs have shown a positive impact on care teams by focusing on second victim mitigation and support.

PURPOSE

To determine the type of events and resource needs for a peer support program.

METHODS

This program evaluation piloted a 6-month peer support program and gathered prospective data on the volume, type, and length of debriefing events.

RESULTS

During the pilot, 192 referrals were made to the peer support program. This included 102 programmatic responses. These data supported the development of a business plan for ongoing program development.

CONCLUSIONS

Peer support programs play a critical role in health care organizations by helping nurses and other HCWs manage the physical and emotional aspects of the work and the environment in which care is provided.

How does just culture reduce negative work outcomes through second victim distress and demand for support in clinical nurses? A path analysis

BACKGROUND

Second victim experiences of nurses are a critical issue in healthcare. In addition to causing psychological and emotional distress to nurses, second victim experiences can adversely affect organizational performance and overall patient safety.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to determine effects of perceived just culture of medical institutions on second victim experiences of nurses after patient safety incidents.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional correlational study. Data were collected from 183 clinical nurses in tertiary general hospitals between December 28, 2022 and January 14, 2023 using an online self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire included items from Just Culture Assessment Tool (JCAT) and Korea-Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (K-SVEST). A hypothetical model was established and tested. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 programs.

RESULTS

The hypothesized model was found to be statistically fit (normed χ2 /df = 2.53; root mean square error of approximation = 0.09; comparative fit index = 0.99; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.97; normed fit index = 0.99). Eight hypothesized pathways were tested, of which five direct effect pathways and three indirect effect pathways were statistically significant. Just culture had a significant effect on second victim distress (β = -0.29, p = 0.001) and demand for support (β = -0.65, p = 0.001). Second victim distress had a significant effect on demand for support (β = 0.14, p = 0.025) and negative work-related outcomes (β = 0.66, p = 0.001). Demand for support had a significant effect on negative work-related outcomes (β = 0.18, p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that a just culture in medical institutions could ameliorate second victim experiences of nurses involved in patient safety incidents. Implementing systemic interventions is a key imperative to establish a just culture in medical institutions, mitigate second victim experiences, and improve organizational performance.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Development of a Web-Based Intervention for Middle Managers to Enhance Resilience at the Individual, Team, and Organizational Levels in Health Care Systems: Multiphase Study

BACKGROUND

Health care institutions face high systemic risk due to the inherent uncertainty and complexity of their operations. This often leads to stressful incidents impacting the well-being of health care professionals, which can compromise the effectiveness of health care systems. Enhancing resilience among health care professionals is essential for maintaining high-quality care and ensuring patient safety. The role of middle managers is essential to ensure the response capacity of individuals and teams.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to develop a web-based intervention aimed at middle management to enhance individual, team, and organizational resilience.

METHODS

An observational study was conducted in 3 phases: design, validation, and pilot study. The study was initiated in February 2022 and concluded in June 2023. Phase 1 involved designing the content for the web-based tool based on a comprehensive review of critical elements around resilience. Phase 2 included validation by an international panel of experts who reviewed the tool and rated it according to a structured grid. They were also encouraged to highlight strengths and areas for improvement. Phase 3 involved piloting the tool with health care professionals in Ecuador to refine the platform and assess its effectiveness. A total of 458 people were invited to participate through the Institutional Course on Continuous Improvement in Health Care Quality and Safety offered by the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador.

RESULTS

The tool, eResiliencia, was structured into 2 main blocks: individual and team resilience and organizational resilience. It included videos, images, PDFs, and links to dynamic graphics and additional texts. Furthermore, 13 (65%) of the 20 experts validated the tool, rating content clarity at an average of 4.5 (SD 0.7) and utility at an average of 4.7 (SD 0.5) out of 5. The average overall satisfaction was 9.3 (SD 0.6) out of 10 points, and feedback on improvements was implemented. A total of 362 health care professionals began the intervention, of which 218 (60.2%) completed preintervention and postintervention questionnaires, with significant knowledge increases (P<.001). Of the 362 health care professionals, 146 (40.3%) completed the satisfaction questionnaire, where overall satisfaction was rated at an average of 9.4 (SD 1.1) out of 10 points.

CONCLUSIONS

The eResiliencia web-based platform provides middle managers with resources to enhance resilience among their teams and their components, promoting better well-being and performance, even under highly stressful events. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and practical applications in diverse clinical settings.

Peer Support Targeting the Second Victim Phenomenon: Implementation and Outcomes

The second victim phenomenon profoundly impacts clinicians and compromises care. Peer support is a preferred and practical resource, yet accounts of successful initiatives are scarce. Our findings revealed an urgent need: 20% of clinicians experienced emotionally distressing work events in the past month, 88% observed affected colleagues, but only 20% felt adequate support was available. In response, we quickly launched a scalable, evidence-based peer support program with peer-to-peer and online resources to safeguard clinician well-being. Over three months, trained peers facilitated 33 support encounters related to adverse events and personal issues, including bullying. An online platform designed to destigmatize mental health and normalize second victimhood received over 100 visits. Post-implementation, 77% reported timely, adequate support, and awareness of the term "second victim" doubled. This cost-effective, rapid rollout enhanced the perceptions of support and fostered a caring culture among clinicians. Our transferable approach offers a proactive solution for all healthcare disciplines to support second victims, mitigate burnout, and enhance suicide prevention efforts.

Validation of the Turkish version of the second victim experience and support tool- revised (T-SVEST-R)

BACKGROUND

Healthcare workers who find themselves entangled in unforeseen adverse patient events, medical errors, and/or patient-related injuries, experiencing trauma and victimization as a consequence of said incidents, are referred to as "second victims".

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to validate and assess the reliability of the Turkish version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool-Revised (SVEST-R).

METHODS

The methodological and cross-sectional study involved 400 physicians and nurses in an Edirne tertiary hospital of Turkey. The Turkish SVEST-R and a questionnaire were administered, assessing validity through factor analysis and content validity, and reliability through item-total score correlation, internal consistency, and test-retest methods.

RESULTS

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (0.84) and Bartlett Test (p < 0.001) indicated adequate sampling for factor analysis. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified nine factors explaining 71.58% of total variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed good fit (x2 = 976.95, x2/df = 2.3, CFI = 0.92, GFI = 0.87, RMSEA = 0.05). Cronbach's alpha was 0.85, signifying high internal consistency. Healthcare professionals' average T-SVEST-R score was 2.8 ± 0.5. Among independent variables, professional experience length significantly influenced T-SVEST-R score.

CONCLUSIONS

The Turkish version of the Second Victim Experience Support Tool-Revised (T-SVEST-R) has been validated as a reliable scale.

The Economic Implications of Psychosocial Peer Support for Health Workers in German Hospitals

Purpose

The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the nationwide establishment and institutionalization of a peer-support program, is economically justified given the potential positive effects on the Second Victim Phenomenon (SVP) among healthcare professionals in Germany.

Methods

A comprehensive methodological approach was employed, using data from the SeViD studies to assess the prevalence and duration of SVP among physicians and nurses in Germany. Economic impact assessments were conducted to estimate the potential cost savings associated with implementing a peer-support program.

Results

The economic analysis reveals significant annual costs associated with SVP-induced absenteeism: approximately 1.56 billion euros for physicians and 1.87 billion euros for nurses. Implementing comprehensive peer-support programs could reduce these costs to approximately 0.85 billion (physicians) and 1.02 billion euros (nurses), respectively, demonstrating substantial potential economic benefits.

Conclusion

Investing in a structured peer-support program could yield annual savings exceeding 1.55 billion euros while enhancing workforce resilience and improving patient care. This underscores the economic rationale for scaling up peer support initiatives in healthcare settings.

Understanding veterinary practitioners' responses to adverse events using a combined grounded theory and netnographic natural language processing approach

Support that mitigates the detrimental impact of adverse events on human healthcare practitioners is underpinned by an understanding of their experiences. This study used a mixed methods approach to understand veterinary practitioners' responses to adverse events. 12 focus groups and 20 interviews with veterinary practitioners were conducted and analysed using grounded theory principles. Experiencing stress, externalising facts and feelings, morally contextualising events and catalysing personal and professional improvements were identified as components of practitioners' response. Natural language processing content analysis of posts regarding involvement in adverse events (n = 572) written by members of a veterinary member-only Facebook group was also performed, to categorise and count words within texts based on underlying meaning. Percentile scores of four summary variables along with relative frequency of function, psychological process and time orientation words used were recorded and compared with content analysis of posts where members discussed euthanasia (n = 471) and animal health certification (n = 419). Lower authenticity scores (reflecting lower honesty), differences in clout scores (reflecting dominance) and higher frequencies of moralisation, future focus, prosocial behaviour and interpersonal conflict were observed in the adverse event group compared to either comparison group. Analytical thinking scores (reflecting logical thinking) and frequencies of total, positive and negative emotion, anxiety, anger and cognitive processing words (reflecting debate) were not significantly different between the adverse events and euthanasia groups. Integration of findings confirmed and expanded inferences made in both studies regarding the emotionally detrimental impact of adverse events and the role that peer-to-peer mediated reflection and learning plays in mitigating pathologisation of responses in the aftermath of adverse events. Discordance in findings related to practitioners' intentions and expressions of honesty suggest that work is needed to normalise open discussion about adverse events. Findings may be used to lever, and to inform, peer-to-peer support for practitioners in relation to veterinary adverse events.

Psychological Safety Competency Training During the Clinical Internship From the Perspective of Health Care Trainee Mentors in 11 Pan-European Countries: Mixed Methods Observational Study

BACKGROUND

In the field of research, psychological safety has been widely recognized as a contributing factor to improving the quality of care and patient safety. However, its consideration in the curricula and traineeship pathways of residents and health care students is scarce.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to determine the extent to which health care trainees acquire psychological safety competencies during their internships in clinical settings and identify what measures can be taken to promote their learning.

METHODS

A mixed methods observational study based on a consensus conference and an open-ended survey among a sample of health care trainee mentors from health care institutions in a pan-European context was conducted. First, we administered an ad hoc questionnaire to assess the perceived degree of acquisition or implementation and significance of competencies (knowledge, attitudes, and skills) and institutional interventions in psychological safety. Second, we asked mentors to propose measures to foster among trainees those competencies that, in the first phase of the study, obtained an average acquisition score of <3.4 (scale of 1-5). A content analysis of the information collected was carried out, and the spontaneity of each category and theme was determined.

RESULTS

In total, 173 mentors from 11 pan-European countries completed the first questionnaire (response rate: 173/256, 67.6%), of which 63 (36.4%) participated in the second consultation. The competencies with the lowest acquisition level were related to warning a professional that their behavior posed a risk to the patient, managing their possible bad reaction, and offering support to a colleague who becomes a second victim. The mentors' proposals for improvement of this competency gap referred to training in communication skills and patient safety, safety culture, work climate, individual attitudes, a reference person for trainees, formal incorporation into the curricula of health care degrees and specialization pathways, specific systems and mechanisms to give trainees a voice, institutional risk management, regulations, guidelines and standards, supervision, and resources to support trainees. In terms of teaching methodology, the mentors recommended innovative strategies, many of them based on technological tools or solutions, including videos, seminars, lectures, workshops, simulation learning or role-playing with or without professional actors, case studies, videos with practical demonstrations or model situations, panel discussions, clinical sessions for joint analysis of patient safety incidents, and debriefings to set and discuss lessons learned.

CONCLUSIONS

This study sought to promote psychological safety competencies as a formal part of the training of future health care professionals, facilitating the translation of international guidelines into practice and clinical settings in the pan-European context.

The European Researchers' Network Working on Second Victim (ERNST) Policy Statement on the Second Victim Phenomenon for Increasing Patient Safety

Background

The second victim phenomenon refers to the emotional trauma healthcare professionals experience following adverse events (AEs) in patient care, which can compromise their ability to provide safe care. This issue has significant implications for patient safety, with AEs leading to substantial human and economic costs.

Analysis

Current evidence indicates that AEs often result from systemic failures, profoundly affecting healthcare workers. While patient safety initiatives are in place, the psychological impact on healthcare professionals remains inadequately addressed. The European Researchers' Network Working on Second Victims (ERNST) emphasizes the need to support these professionals through peer support programs, systemic changes, and a shift toward a just culture in healthcare settings.

Policy Options

Key options include implementing peer support programs, revising the legal framework to decriminalize honest errors, and promoting just culture principles. These initiatives aim to mitigate the second victim phenomenon, enhance patient safety, and reduce healthcare costs.

Conclusion

Addressing the second victim phenomenon is essential for ensuring patient safety. By implementing supportive policies and fostering a just culture, healthcare systems can better manage the repercussions of AEs and support the wellbeing of healthcare professionals.

Developing Core Indicators for Evaluating Second Victim Programs: An International Consensus Approach

Objectives

To establish a consensus for evaluating second victims (SV) support interventions to facilitate comparison over time and across different organizations.

Methods

A three-phase qualitative study was conducted from June 2023 to March 2024. This consensus approach engaged members of the European Researchers Network Working on Second Victims. A nominal group technique and insights from a scoping review were used to create a questionnaire for Delphi Rounds. Indicators were rated 1-5, aiming for agreement if over 70% of participants rated an indicator as feasible and sensitive with scores above 4, followed by a consensus conference.

Results

From an initial set of 113 indicators, 59 were assessed online, with 35 advancing to the Delphi rounds. Two Delphi rounds were conducted, achieving response rates of over 60% and 80% respectively, resulting in consensus on 11 indicators for evaluating SV support programs. These indicators encompass awareness and activation, outcomes of SV support programs, as well as training offered by the institution.

Conclusion

This study presents a scoreboard for designing and monitoring SV support programs, as well as measuring standardized outcomes in future research.

Fostering Psychological Safety and Supporting Mental Health Among Cardiovascular Health Care Workers: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

The psychological safety of health care workers is an important but often overlooked aspect of the rising rates of burnout and workforce shortages. In addition, mental health conditions are prevalent among health care workers, but the associated stigma is a significant barrier to accessing adequate care. More efforts are therefore needed to foster health care work environments that are safe and supportive of self-care. The purpose of this brief document is to promote a culture of psychological safety in health care organizations. We review ways in which organizations can create a psychologically safe workplace, the benefits of a psychologically safe workplace, and strategies to promote mental health and reduce suicide risk.

Economic Value of Peer Support Program in German Hospitals

Objectives

Acknowledging peer support as the cornerstone in mitigating the psychosocial burden arising from the second victim phenomenon, this study assesses the economic benefits of a Peer Support Program (PSP), compared to data of the Resilience In Stressful Events (RISE) program in the US, within the acute inpatient care sector in Germany.

Methods

Employing a Markov model, this economic evaluation analyzes the cost benefits, including sick day and dropout costs, over a 1-year period, comparing scenarios with and without the Peer Support Program from a hospital perspective. The costs were calculated as an example based on a hospital with 1,000 employees. The estimations are considered conservative.

Results

The anticipated outcomes demonstrate an average cost saving of €6,672 per healthcare worker participating in the Peer Support Program, leading to an annual budgetary impact of approximately €6,67 Mio. for the studied hospital.

Conclusion

The integration of a PSP proves economically advantageous for German hospitals, not only preserving financial resources but also reducing absenteeism, and mitigating turnover, thereby enhancing overall patient care.

Surgeon and Surgical Trainee Experiences After Adverse Patient Events

Importance

Adverse patient events are inevitable in surgical practice.

Objectives

To characterize the impact of adverse patient events on surgeons and trainees, identify coping mechanisms, and assess whether current forms of support are sufficient.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this mixed-methods study, a validated survey instrument was adapted and distributed to surgical trainees from 7 programs, and qualitative interviews were conducted with faculty from 4 surgical departments in an urban academic health system.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The personal impact of adverse patient events, current coping mechanisms, and desired forms of support.

Results

Of 216 invited trainees, 93 (43.1%) completed the survey (49 [52.7%] male; 60 [64.5%] in third postgraduate year or higher; 23 [24.7%] Asian or Pacific Islander, 6 [6.5%] Black, 51 [54.8%] White, and 8 [8.6%] other race; 13 [14.0%] Hispanic or Latinx ethnicity). Twenty-three of 29 (79.3%) invited faculty completed interviews (13 [56.5%] male; median [IQR] years in practice, 11.0 [7.5-20.0]). Of the trainees, 77 (82.8%) endorsed involvement in at least 1 recent adverse event. Most reported embarrassment (67 of 79 trainees [84.8%]), rumination (64 of 78 trainees [82.1%]), and fear of attempting future procedures (51 of 78 trainees [65.4%]); 28 of 78 trainees (35.9%) had considered quitting. Female trainees and trainees who identified as having a race and/or ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White consistently reported more negative consequences compared with male and White trainees. The most desired form of support was the opportunity to discuss the incident with an attending physician (76 of 78 respondents [97.4%]). Similarly, faculty described feelings of guilt and shame, loss of confidence, and distraction after adverse events. Most described the utility of confiding in peers and senior colleagues, although some expressed unwillingness to reach out. Several suggested designating a departmental point person for event debriefing.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this mixed-methods study of the personal impact of adverse events on surgeons and trainees, these events were nearly universally experienced and caused significant distress. Providing formal support mechanisms for both surgical trainees and faculty may decrease stigma and restore confidence, particularly for underrepresented groups.

Intraoperative adverse events among surgeons in Singapore: a multicentre cross-sectional study on impact and support

BACKGROUND

It is known that many surgeons encounter intraoperative adverse events which can result in Second Victim Syndrome (SVS), with significant detriment to their emotional and physical health. There is, however, a paucity of Asian studies in this space. The present study thus aimed to explore the degree to which the experience of an adverse event is common among surgeons in Singapore, as well as its impact, and factors affecting their responses and perceived support systems.

METHODS

A self-administered survey was sent to surgeons at four large tertiary hospitals. The 42-item questionnaire used a systematic closed and open approach, to assess: Personal experience with intraoperative adverse events, emotional, psychological and physical impact of these events and perceived support systems.

RESULTS

The response rate was 57.5% (n = 196). Most respondents were male (54.8%), between 35 and 44 years old, and holding the senior consultant position. In the past 12 months alone, 68.9% recalled an adverse event. The emotional impact was significant, including sadness (63.1%), guilt (53.1%) and anxiety (45.4%). Speaking to colleagues was the most helpful support source (66.7%) and almost all surgeons did not receive counselling (93.3%), with the majority deeming it unnecessary (72.2%). Notably, 68.1% of the surgeons had positive takeaways, gaining new insight and improving vigilance towards errors. Both gender and surgeon experience did not affect the likelihood of errors and emotional impact, but more experienced surgeons were less likely to have positive takeaways (p = 0.035). Individuals may become advocates for patient safety, while simultaneously championing the cause of psychological support for others.

CONCLUSIONS

Intraoperative adverse events are prevalent and its emotional impact is significant, regardless of the surgeon's experience or gender. While colleagues and peer discussions are a pillar of support, healthcare institutions should do more to address the impact and ensuing consequences.

The Emotional Impact and Coping Mechanisms Following Adverse Patient Events Among Canadian Vascular Surgeons and Trainees

BACKGROUND

This study's objective is to evaluate the emotional experiences, coping mechanisms, and support resources for Canadian vascular surgeons and trainees following an adverse patient event or near miss.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional survey study of all Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery (CSVS) members from October to November 2021. We collected data on participant experiences with adverse events, their emotional responses, the coping mechanisms used, and their perceptions on available support resources.

RESULTS

The survey was sent to 233 CSVS members yielding 66 responses. The majority (77%) of respondents had experiences with adverse event causing serious patient harm. The most common negative experience following an adverse event included feelings of negativity towards oneself, general distress, and anxiety about potential for future errors. The most common coping mechanism was seeking advice from a mentor or close colleague. Peers (82%) and senior colleagues (59%) were the most preferred sources of support. Most of the respondents would reach out to a mentor if they had 1, but 30% reported no mentor or close colleague for support.

CONCLUSION

Adverse patient events and near misses have serious negative impact on the lives of Canadian vascular surgeons and trainees. Peers and senior colleagues are the most desired source for support, but this is not universally available. Organized efforts are needed to bring awareness in our vascular surgery community on the ubiquitous nature and detrimental effects of adverse events.

A toolkit for individualizing interventions to mitigate second-victim syndrome in a diverse surgery community

Adverse outcomes are an inevitable consequence of surgical care. The term "second victim" was introduced by Wu to describe the emotional trauma experienced by a clinician who feels responsibility for an adverse clinical outcome. Second victims may feel shame, guilt, sadness, and a crisis of confidence. Surgeons rarely seek professional support following an adverse event but are more likely to confide in colleagues. Surgeons who represent groups traditionally underrepresented in medicine may be less likely to seek assistance following an adverse clinical outcome. There is a need for surgeons to have sufficient training to provide peer-to-peer support for wounded colleagues. The PEARLS Toolkit provides a blueprint toward this end.

Radiologist and Radiology Practice Wellbeing: A Report of the 2023 ARRS Wellness Summit

In April 2023, the first American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) Wellness Summit was held in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Summit was a communal call to action bringing together professionals from the field of radiology to critically review our current state of wellness and reimagine the role of radiology and radiologists to further wellbeing. The in-person and virtual Summit was available free-of-cost to all meeting registrants and included 12 sessions with 44 invited moderators and panelists. The Summit aimed to move beyond simply rehashing the repeated issues and offering theoretical solutions, and instead focus on intentional practice evolution, identifying implementable strategies so that we as a field can start to walk our wellness talk. Here, we first summarize the thematic discussions from the 2023 ARRS Wellness Summit, and second, share several strategic action items that emerged.

Second Victim Phenomenon Educational Program Evaluation

Second victim phenomenon (SVP) occurs when nurses who are involved in an unanticipated adverse event become victimized and traumatized by the event. Following a needs assessment, an SVP education program was implemented, including adverse events and SVP experiences, available support, and a case study. Evaluation indicated nurses had improved knowledge and attitude and increased practice intent. Education that promotes awareness is the first step to support nurses who experience events that can precipitate SVP.

[The second victim phenomenon-What personnel in anesthesiology should know about it]

Adverse events can occur at any time during medical treatment of patients. These adverse events not only negatively impact patients but also the medical personnel involved. The impairment of medical personnel after an adverse event is known as the second victim phenomenon (SVP). Although the concept of second victims is relatively unknown, the chances to become a second victim during the course of one's professional carrier are high. Effective measures to support second victims are peer support programs within medical institutions, which also benefit economically from the implementation of these programs. Supporting second victims is also beneficial to future patients and finally healthcare systems as a whole.

A Study on Patient Safety Incidents and the Second Victim Phenomenon Among Healthcare Providers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

A second victim (SV) is a healthcare worker who is traumatized by an unexpected adverse patient case, therapeutic mistake, or patient-associated injury that has not been anticipated. Often, the second victim experiences direct guilt for the harm caused to the patients. Healthcare organizations are often unaware of the emotional toll that adverse events can have on healthcare providers (HCPs) who can be harmed by the same incidents that harm their patients. Second victims (SVs) were present in 10.4% up to 43.3% of cases following an adverse event.

AIM

This study aims to examine the second victim phenomenon among healthcare providers at Al-Ahsa hospitals, its prevalence, symptoms, associated factors, and support strategies.

METHODS

Four major public hospitals participated in this cross-sectional study. The study used the German standardized questionnaire "SeViD-I survey." The directors of the four hospitals sent invitations with links to participate to healthcare providers who had worked in their hospitals for over six months after completing their internship program.

RESULTS

More than one-quarter of the respondents (90 (28%)) have been victims of a second victim incident before; of those, 63 (70%) have had it once, 12 (13.3%) twice, and 15 (16.7) repeatedly. In our study, the risk factors for a second victim only appeared in the male gender and were statistically significant. Strong reactivation of situations outside of the workplace was reported in 36 (40%) participants. Thirty-five (38.9%) participants reported reactivating the situation on the job site. Twenty-eight (31%) participants reported aggressive psychosomatic reactions (headaches and back pain). In 28 (31.1%) participants, sleep problems or excessive sleep needs were pronounced. The median of feeling symptoms was 7.2. As for supporting strategies, 64 (71.1%) respondents considered emotional support and crisis management to be very helpful. Sixty-six (73.3%) respondents found a safe chance to be very helpful.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that healthcare providers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, suffer from second victim traumatization at high rates. Several symptoms appear in the second victim, and most do not receive enough support.

Surgical residents as "second victims" following exposure to medical errors in a tertiary health training facility in Nigeria: a phenomenology study

INTRODUCTION

The "second victim" phenomenon refers to the distress and other negative consequences that physicians experience when they commit medical error. There has been increasing awareness about this phenomenon and efforts are being made to address it. However, there is dearth of information about it in developing countries. This study explored the experiences of surgical resident doctors of the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria about the "second victim" phenomenon and the support they had following medical errors.

METHODS

This is a phenomenology study in which qualitative data were obtained from interviews with 31 resident doctors across 10 surgical units/departments. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were coded inductively. Data were analyzed using content analysis method. Themes and subthemes were generated using axial coding. The themes were then integrated using selective coding.

RESULTS

There were 31 participants and 10(32.3%) were females. All had witnessed other physicians encountering medical errors while 28(90.3%) had been directly involved in medical errors. Most of the errors were at the inter-operative stage. Prolonged work hours with inadequate sleep were identified as major causes of most medical errors. The feelings following medical errors were all negative and was described as 'stressful'. Most of the residents got support from their colleagues, mostly contemporaries following medical errors, and many viewed medical errors as a learning point to improve their practice. However, there was a general belief that the systemic support following medical errors was inadequate.

CONCLUSION

The "second victim" phenomenon was common among the study group with consequent negative effects. Normalizing discussions about medical errors, reduction of work hours and meticulous intraoperative guidance may reduce medical errors and its consequences on the surgical residents. Steps should be taken within the system to address this issue effectively.

Second Victim Phenomenon in an Austrian Hospital before the Implementation of the Systematic Collegial Help Program KoHi: A Descriptive Study

(1) Background: The Second Victim Phenomenon (SVP) is widespread throughout health care institutions worldwide. Second Victims not only suffer emotional stress themselves; the SVP can also have a great financial and reputational impact on health care institutions. Therefore, we conducted a study (Kollegiale Hilfe I/KoHi I) in the Hietzing Clinic (KHI), located in Vienna, Austria, to find out how widespread the SVP was there. (2) Methods: The SeViD (Second Victims in Deutschland) questionnaire was used and given to 2800 employees of KHI, of which 966 filled it in anonymously. (3) Results: The SVP is prevalent at KHI (43% of the participants stated they at least once suffered from SVP), although less prevalent and pronounced than expected when compared to other studies conducted in German-speaking countries. There is still a need for action, however, to ensure a psychologically safer workspace and to further prevent health care workers at KHI from becoming psychologically traumatized.

Second Victim Support at the Core of Severe Adverse Event Investigation

There is limited evidence and a lack of standard operating procedures to address the impact of serious adverse events (SAE) on healthcare workers. We aimed to share two years' experience of a second victim support intervention integrated into the SAE management program conducted in a 500-bed University Hospital in Granada, Spain. The intervention strategy, based on the "forYOU" model, was structured into three levels of support according to the degree of affliction and the emotional needs of the professionals. A semi-structured survey of all workers involved in an SAE was used to identify potential second victims. Between 2020 and 2021, the SAE operating procedure was activated 23 times. All healthcare workers involved in an SAE (n = 135) received second-level support. The majority were physicians (51.2%), followed by nurses (26.7%). Only 58 (43.0%) received first-level emotional support and 47 (34.8%) met "second victim" criteria. Seven workers (14.9%) required third-level support. A progressive increase in the notification rates was observed. Acceptance of the procedure by professionals and managers was high. This novel approach improved the number of workers reached by the trained staff; promoted the visibility of actions taken during SAE management and helped foster patient safety culture in our setting.

The psychological impact of adverse events on urology trainees

Introduction

Adverse events (AE) are an inevitable reality in healthcare, with an incidence of 7.5–14.1% worldwide. AEs are recognised to cause psychological and emotional distress in healthcare workers, with surgeons being particularly susceptible. We report the first data on the emotional impact in relation to adverse events in surgeons in the Republic of Ireland (ROI).

Methods

We distributed a web-based survey to all urology trainees in the ROI. The questionnaire focused on trainees’ personal account of AEs, their emotional response, perceived contributing factors and perceived benefit of support systems. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD-V) assessed for PTSD.

Results

A total of 16 responses were received from 12 (75%) registrars and 4 (25%) SHOs. Of the AEs reported, 12 (75%) were ≥ Clavien-Dindo 3b. Contributing factors identified included lapse of judgement (n = 6, 37.5%), risk of procedure (n = 7, 43%), lack of experience (n = 4, 25%). Anxiety (n = 8, 50%), guilt (n = 7, 44%) and sleep problems (n = 4, 25%) were the most reported emotional responses. Physical symptoms were reported in 2 (12%) trainees. A PC-PTSD-V score ≥ 3 was reported in 2 (12%) trainees. Most trainees (n = 13, 81%) reported talking to someone following the event with most (n = 12, 93%) talking to a consultant or NCHD colleague. Most respondents (n = 14, 87%) agreed that their training could better prepare them for the personal impact of AEs.

Conclusion

Surgical trainees report negative psychological and emotional responses that are consistent with second victim symptoms. Those surveyed felt that their training could better prepare them for the personal impact of such events.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11845-022-03202-8.

Healthcare Students and Medical Residents as Second Victims: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

The term second victim (SV) describes healthcare professionals who remain traumatized after being involved in a patient safety incident (PSI). They can experience various emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms. The phenomenon is quite common; it has been estimated that half of hospital workers will be an SV at least once in their career. Because recent literature has reported high prevalence (>30%) among nursing students, we studied the phenomenon among the whole population of healthcare students.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study with an online questionnaire among nursing students, medical students, and resident physicians at the teaching hospital of the University of the Piemonte Orientale located in Novara, Italy. The study included 387 individuals: 128 nursing students, 174 medical students, and 85 residents.

RESULTS

We observed an overall PSI prevalence rate of 25.58% (lowest in medical students, 14.37%; highest in residents, 43.53%). Of these, 62.63% experienced symptoms typical of an SV. The most common temporary symptom was the feeling of working badly (51.52%), whereas the most common lasting symptom was hypervigilance (51.52%). Notably, none of the resident physicians involved in a PSI spoke to the patient or the patient's relatives.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlighted the risk incurred by healthcare students of becoming an SV, with a possible significant impact on their future professional and personal lives. Therefore, we suggest that academic institutions should play a more proactive role in providing support to those involved in a PSI.

Validation of the Turkish version of the second victim experience and Support Tool (T-SVEST)

Objectives

Second victim experience defines the healthcare professionals involved in unexpected adverse patient events. The Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) is a tool used to measure the second victim experience and the desired support resources. This study aims to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the SVEST and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version (T-SVEST).

Methods

The T-SVEST was translated and adapted according to World Health Organization guidelines. 221 healthcare professionals including physicians, residents and nurses working at the emergency department, completed the survey. ​Cronbach's ​α ​values were assessed for reliability, and construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis in order to evaluate model fit.

Results

The global Cronbach's α score of the T-SVEST was 0.90. The final version of the TSVEST including 24 items was consistent with values between 0.83 and 0.89. The most consistent dimension was turnover intentions with a Cronbach's value of 0.89, it was followed by institutional support (Cronbach α = 0.88). After applying modifications suggested by ​confirmatory factor analysis, a final model including 9 factor-structure (7 dimensions and 2 outcome variables) and 24 items was significantly improved with acceptable ​comparative fit index, ​Tucker-Lewis index ​and ​root mean square error of approximation.

Conclusion

The Turkish version of the SVEST is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to identify second victims and help implement support resources.

Mental well-being and diversity, equity, and inclusiveness in the veterinary profession: Pathways to a more resilient profession

Mental well-being (MWB) and diversity, equity, and inclusiveness (DEI) continue to be critical within the veterinary profession but there is less information regarding how professional associations around the world tackle these issues. A mixed-method study including an international online survey in English (n = 137 responses via snowball sampling), fourteen interviews, and two webinars was used to identify the availability and impact of MWB and DEI support programs for veterinarians. Survey results showed that more veterinary organizations designated MWB and DEI challenges (54%, n = 43/79 and 58%, n = 45/78, respectively) as a key priority area than veterinary clinics (26%, n = 15/57 and 33%, n = 19/57, respectively). Whereas, MWB support programs were available in a moderate number of mainly English-speaking countries, DEI support programs were available in only a few countries and focused primarily on specific groups, with an unknown impact due to their recent implementation. Universally, survey respondents believed activities for specific groups, such as MWB webinars, training, and awareness campaigns, as well as MWB/DEI helplines and DEI peer-to-peer support programs had a high impact (median 3.5–4/5) yet were underemployed by both veterinary organization and veterinary clinics. Further feedback from respondents during focused interviews indicated that requiring initial and continuing training as well as tailored group activities would be most beneficial to improve MWB/DEI throughout the veterinary professional career. There are many areas of the intersection between MWB and DEI that remain to be elucidated in the future studies. Having a sufficient sample size, improving accessibility, and addressing varying cultural perceptions are the main challenges, as seen in our study. To truly address MWB and DEI disparities, change is also needed in veterinary workplace culture and environment. In conclusion, raising awareness for an inclusive profession, including increasing openness and acceptance to enhance DEI and destigmatizing MWB challenges, is needed to ensure a thriving, modern veterinary profession.

North-African doctors as second victims of medical errors: a cross sectional survey

INTRODUCTION

Physicians involved in medical errors (MEs) can experience loss of self-esteem and negative psychological experiences. They are called "second victims" of the ME.

AIMS

To i) describe the profile, the types and the severity of MEs, and ii) explore the psychological impact on "second victims" to better understand how they cope.

METHODS

It was a cross sectional retrospective study conducted from March to August 2018. All physicians working at Farhat Hached and Sahloul University hospitals were asked to complete a questionnaire about their possible MEs. The impact of MEs was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) (scoring, 0-88) (subscales ranges; intrusion, (0-32); avoidance, (0-32); hyperarousal, (0-24)). The diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was made when the total IES-R score exceeded 33. The coping strategies were evaluated using Ways of Coping Checklist Revised (WCC-R) scale (scoring, problem-focused, (10-40); emotion focused, (9-36); seeking social support, (8-32)).

RESULTS

Among 393 responders, 268(68.2%) reported MEs. Wrong diagnosis (40.5%), faulty treatment (34.6%), preventive errors (13.5%) and faulty communication (6.4%) were the main frequent types of MEs. The most common related causes of MEs were inexperience (47.3%) and job overload (40.2%). The physicians' median (range) score of the IES-R was 19(0-69). According to the IES-R score, the most frequent psychological impacts were median (range): intrusion, 7(0-28) and avoidance symptoms, 7(0-24). PTSD symptoms affected 23.5% of physicians. Female sex and serious MEs were identified as predictors of PTSD. On the WCC-R check list, coping was balanced between the three coping strategies median (range), problem focused, 28.5(10-40); emotion-focused, 24(9-36) and seeking social support 21(8-32).

CONCLUSION

There is a relatively high impact of ME within these North-African university hospital physicians. Coping was balanced within different three strategies as reported worldwide. Physicians adopted more likely constructive changes than defensive ones.

Improving Suicide Prevention in Primary Care for Differing Levels of Behavioral Health Integration: A Review

Importance

Suicide prevention implementation in primary care is needed due to the increasing rate of suicide in the past few decades, particularly for young and marginalized people. Primary care is the most likely point of contact for suicidal patients in the healthcare system. Attention to the level of medical integration with behavioral health is vital to suicide prevention and is applied throughout this review.

Methods

A narrative review was performed.

Observations

Many interventions help improve suicide prevention care. PCP education, screening, safety planning/lethal means reduction, care transitions, psychotherapy, and medication management are all evidence-based strategies. Additionally, the pragmatic topics of financing suicide prevention, supporting providers, enacting suicide postvention, and preparing for future directions in the field at each level of primary care/behavioral health integration are discussed.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings are clinically relevant for practices interested in implementing evidence-based suicide prevention strategies by attending to the behavioral health/medical interface. Leveraging the patient/provider relationship to allow for optimal suicide prevention care requires clinics to structure provider time to allow for emotionally present care. Defining clear roles for staff and giving attention to provider well being are also critical factors to supporting primary care-based suicide prevention efforts.

The Effect of Second-Victim-Related Distress and Support on Work-Related Outcomes in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia

After a patient safety incident, the involved healthcare providers may experience sustained second-victim distress and reduced professional efficacy, with subsequent negative work-related outcomes and the cultivation of resilience. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting negative work-related outcomes and resilience with a hypothetical triad of support as the mediators: colleague, supervisor, and institutional support. This cross-sectional study recruited 733 healthcare providers from three tertiary care hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. Three steps of hierarchical linear regression were developed for both outcomes (negative work-related outcomes and resilience). Four multiple mediator models of the support triad were analyzed. Second-victim distress, professional efficacy, and the support triad contributed significantly in all the regression models. Colleague support partially mediated the relationship defining the effects of professional efficacy on negative work-related outcomes and resilience, whereas colleague and supervisor support partially mediated the effects of second-victim distress on negative work-related outcomes. Similar results were found regarding resilience, with all support triads producing similar results. As mediators, the support triads ameliorated the effect of second-victim distress on negative work-related outcomes and resilience, suggesting an important role of having good support, especially after encountering patient safety incidents.

Rumination's Role in Second Victim Nurses' Recovery From Psychological Trauma: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

Background: Nurses can experience psychological trauma after adverse nursing events, making it likely for them to become second victims (SVs). This negatively impacts patient safety and nurses’ development. This study aims to understand the status of psychological trauma and recovery of nurses as SVs in domestic China and examine the influencing mechanism of cognitive rumination during their recovery from psychological damage.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey. An online questionnaire was completed by 233 nurses from across China. Data were collected using Chinese versions of the Second Victim Experience and Support Evaluation Scale, the Incident-related Rumination Meditation Questionnaire, and the post-traumatic growth (PTG) Rating Scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression, as well as mediation analysis, were used for different analyses in this study.

Results: Participants experienced apparent psychological traumas (4.65 ± 0.5583) with a certain degree of PTG (76.18 ± 16.0040); they reported a strong need for psychological support (95.7%). Psychological trauma was positively and negatively correlated with rumination and PTG (r = 0.465, p < 0.001; r = −0.155, p < 0.05) respectively. Both psychologically impaired experience and rumination had significant predictive effects on participants’ PTG (both, p < 0.001). Nurses’ active rumination significantly mediated their psychological recovery from trauma to PTG (p < 0.05), but the effect of invasive rumination was not significant (p > 0.05).

Limitation: The specific manifestations of the mechanism of invasive rumination are not clarified in this study.

Conclusion: The present study investigated the psychological trauma of SV nurses as well as their support needs, and explored the role of cognitive rumination in the psychological repair and PTG of SV nurses. Results showed that SV nurses’ active rumination on adverse nursing events could promote their recovery from psychological trauma, but invasive rumination could not. This study provides a trauma-informed approach to care at the clinical level for nurses who experience psychological trauma caused by adverse events.

Evaluation of'the Buddy Study', a peer support program for second victims in healthcare: a survey in two Danish hospital departments

Background

Healthcare professionals involved in adverse events may suffer severe physical and emotional distress in the aftermath. Adequate support is critical to an overall culture of safety for any healthcare institution. This study evaluates a formalised peer support program, ‘the Buddy Study’, in two Danish university hospital departments. The program consists of a 2-h seminar about second victims and self-selected buddies to provide peer support after adverse events.

Methods

The study design involved a cross-sectional survey comprised of two close-ended questionnaires evaluating the Buddy Study seminar (Q1) and the Buddy Study program (Q2), along with two open-ended questions and three individual interviews for more elaborate answers.

Results

Out of the 250 HCPs employed in both departments, 191 midwives, physicians, and nursing assistants completed Q1 and 156 completed Q2. The seminars were evaluated positively; 91.6% were satisfied with the overall content of the seminar, and 69.1% agreed that insight into how other people may react to adverse events has helped them contain their own reactions or emotions. Assessments of having the Buddy Study program in the department or using or being used as a buddy were more diverse, yet overall positive. Three benefits of the program were identified: the program i) has encouraged an open and compassionate culture; ii) has caused attentiveness to the wellbeing of colleagues; and iii) the self-selected buddy relationship has created a safe space for sharing. Additionally, three challenges or shortcomings were identified: i) although peer support is valuable, it should not stand alone; ii) informal peer support is already in place, hence making a formalised system redundant; and iii) the buddy system requires continuous maintenance and visibility.

Conclusions

The overall evaluation of the Buddy Study program was positive, suggesting that this type of formalised peer support may contribute to a rapid and accessible second-victim support program in healthcare institutions. A key principle for the Buddy Study program is that relationships are crucial, and all buddy relationships are based on self-selection. This seems to offer a safe space for health care professionals to share emotional vulnerability and professional insecurity after an adverse event.

Profiles of second victim symptoms and desired support strategies among Korean nurses: A latent profile analysis

AIMS

To clarify second victim symptoms subgroups, explore the factors affecting profile membership and determine how desired support strategies differ between the subgroups.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study using an online survey.

METHODS

A total of 378 Korean staff nurses directly involved in patient safety incidents were recruited between December 2019 and February 2020. Data analyses consisted of latent profile analysis, multinomial logistic regression and analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Three latent profiles were identified: 'mild symptoms', 'moderate symptoms' and 'severe symptoms'. Lower organizational support and higher non-work-related support were more likely to belong to the severe symptoms' profile. Incidents that caused temporary harm to the patient were more strongly associated with an increased likelihood of belonging to the moderate and severe symptoms profiles than no-harm events. Participants with severe symptoms agreed more with the usefulness of the support strategies than other participants; the usefulness of the psychological support strategies was rated particularly high. Participants in the mild and moderate symptoms groups agreed more strongly with the usefulness of coping strategies following patient safety incidents than psychological support. The strategy that all profiles considered the most useful was having the opportunity to take time away from clinical duties.

CONCLUSION

Tailored support should be provided to nurses with factors influencing the profile membership and subgroups of second victim symptoms.

IMPACT

This study confirmed the need to provide organizational support to nurses as second victims and provided valuable evidence for developing support programs tailored to the subgroups of second victim symptoms.

Second Victims in Intensive Care-Emotional Stress and Traumatization of Intensive Care Nurses in Western Austria after Adverse Events during the Treatment of Patients

BACKGROUND

The second victim phenomenon is common among nurses in intensive care units. Apart from quantitative studies, little is known about individual cases among those high-risk groups. This study evaluates the natural history and cause of second victim traumatization in Western Austria for the first time to tailor specific intervention.

METHODS

A total of 20 guided interviews were conducted with intensive care nurses in Western Austria. All interviews were transcribed and analyzed with MAXQDA software. Evaluation followed the structuring qualitative content analysis scheme according to Kuckartz.

RESULTS

The most frequent symptoms of the second victim phenomenon reported were feelings of guilt and problems with falling asleep. Coping with the second victim phenomenon was accomplished by conversations in private as well as among work colleagues.

CONCLUSIONS

Intensive care nurses are exposed to many exceptional situations which have a high likelihood of resulting in second victim traumatization. As proximal psychosocial support is considered to be a main source of coping, wide-spread implementation of effective psychosocial peer support programs ought to be applied by medical organizations. Patient safety measures such as proactive and reactive clinical risk management (e.g., CIRS) should be linked to second victim support.

Translation and Validation of the Malay Revised Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (M-SVEST-R) among Healthcare Workers in Kelantan, Malaysia

“Second victims” are defined as healthcare professionals who are traumatized physically, psychologically, or emotionally as a result of encountering any patient safety incidents. The Revised Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST-R) is a crucial instrument acknowledged worldwide for the assessment of the second victim phenomenon in healthcare facilities. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the SVEST-R. This was a cross-sectional study that recruited 350 healthcare professionals from a teaching hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia. After obtaining permission from the original author, the instrument underwent 10 steps of established translation process guidelines. Pretesting of 30 respondents was performed before embarking on the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate internal consistency and construct validity. The analysis was conducted using the R software environment. The final model agreed for 7 factors and 32 items per the CFA’s guidelines for good model fit. The internal consistency was determined using Raykov’s rho and showed good results, ranging from 0.77 to 0.93, with a total rho of 0.83. The M-SVEST-R demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and adequate validity and reliability. This instrument can be used by Malaysian healthcare organizations to assess second victim experiences among healthcare professionals and later accommodate their needs with the desired support programs.

Collaborative Approach to Supporting Staff in a Mental Healthcare Setting: "Always There" Peer Support Program

This paper describes the development and implementation of a peer-support program Always There in a large public mental health service in Queensland, Australia. The program is modelled on Scott's three tier model of peer support, with trained responders providing emotional support to staff following a traumatic adverse event, or when experiencing acute or cumulative stress. Support is provided in complete confidentiality. Main lessons learned in the 2 years since the launch of the program are shared in this paper, outlining successes such as improvements in staff's perception of organisational culture, and challenges related to embedding the program to "business as usual".

[Health worker safety as an essential condition for patient safety]

El mayor activo de cualquier sistema sanitario son sus profesionales, y estos deben ser cuidados para poder cuidar. Es necesario resaltar que son clave para la resiliencia de nuestros sistemas de salud. Esto es particularmente importante en momentos de crisis, y especialmente trascendente para la atención primaria de salud.

Durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, las condiciones de trabajo han sido el principal factor latente común para los incidentes de seguridad del paciente. Los profesionales de atención primaria han trabajado en condiciones laborales inseguras, con escasez de medios de protección, gran incertidumbre, falta de conocimiento científico y protocolos de trabajo rápidamente cambiantes para el abordaje de los casos y contactos de infección por la COVID-19, con una alta presión asistencial, largas jornadas de trabajo, suspensión de permisos y vacaciones, e incluso cambios de sus puestos de trabajo. Todo ello ha contribuido a que se conviertan, no solo en primeras víctimas de la pandemia, sino también en segundas víctimas de los eventos adversos sucedidos durante la misma.

Por ello, en este artículo analizamos los principales riesgos y daños sufridos por los profesionales en atención primaria y aportamos claves para contribuir a su protección en futuras situaciones parecidas.

Support opportunities for second victims lessons learned: a qualitative study of the top 20 US News and World Report Honor Roll Hospitals

Background

Second Victim Programs (SVPs) provide support for healthcare providers involved in a near-miss, medical error, or adverse patient outcomes. Little is known about existence and structure of SVPs in top performing US hospitals.

Methods

We performed a prospective study and interviewed individuals representing SVPs from 20 US News and World Report (USNWR) Honor Roll Hospitals. Telephone interviews were recorded, transcribed, and de-identified. To allow identification of both quantitative and qualitative themes that unified or distinguished programs with SVPs from each other, a content analysis approach was used.

Results

Of the Top 20 UNSWR hospitals, nineteen individuals with knowledge of or involvement in SVPs were identified. One individual represented two hospital systems for the same institution. Thirteen representatives agreed to participate, 12 declined, and 5 did not respond. One individual who initially agreed to participate did not attend the interview. Among twelve representatives interviewed, 10 reported establishment of SVPs at their hospitals between 2011 and 2016. Most program representatives reported that participants sought support voluntarily. Four domains were identified in the qualitative analysis: (a) identification of need for Second Victim Program (SVP); (b) challenges to program viability; (c) structural changes following SVP creation, and (d) insights for success. Driving SVP creation was the need support medical providers following a traumatic patient event. Poor physician participation due to the stigma associated with seeking support was commonly reported as a challenge. However, acceptance of the mission of SVPs, growing recognition of the value of the program across hospital departments, and systematic safety enhancements were cited as key advantages. To ensure success, participants suggested training a variety of volunteers and incorporating SVPs within quality improvement processes.

Conclusions

In this convenience sample, programs for healthcare providers that experience psychosocial or emotional trauma from clinical care were uncommon. Variation in structure, performance, and measures of success among SVPs was observed. A systematic approach to evaluating SVPs is needed to help inform institutions of how to best serve their second victims.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07315-1.

The combined effect of psychological and social capital in registered nurses experiencing second victimization: A structural equation model

PURPOSE

This study examined the combined role psychological capital and social capital play in the severity of second victim syndrome experienced by registered nurses.

DESIGN

This research study was an ex post facto, cross-sectional, non-experimental survey design. Data were collected from October to December 2018. The study sample was composed of 1167 nurses recruited through 12 professional nursing associations in the United States.

METHODS

Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure psychological capital (Psychological Capital Questionnaire), social capital (Social Capital Outcomes for Nurses) and second victim syndrome (Second Victim Experience and Support Tool). Data cleaning and analysis of 1167 cases were conducted via SPSS v25 and structural equation modeling of 999 cases was conducted with AMOS v25.

FINDINGS

The SEM analysis demonstrated that psychological capital, on its own, had no effect on the severity of the second victim experience. Social capital, on its own, had a statistically significant relationship with second victim severity. The combined impact of social capital and psychological capital had a statistically significant effect on second victim severity.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study have practical implications that include unit-based peer support programs and an increased focus on supportive workplace cultures. Programmatic efforts should also focus on social capital at the team level as well as the importance of building self-efficacy through increasing mastery experiences, modeling of behavior, social persuasion and monitoring one's physiological responses.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These findings demonstrate the importance of social capital to mitigation of second victim experiences, while also demonstrating that psychological capital has no effect on second victim severity. Building social capital and collective efficacy are critical to mitigation of second victim syndrome.

Burnout in clinicians

Burnout is a response to sustained job stressors manifesting as a classic triad of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of reduced accomplishment. With 42% of physicians demonstrating some symptoms of burnout, this has already reached epidemic proportions. The COVID-19 pandemic has only worsened this phenomenon.

Evaluation of a Second Victim Peer Support Program on Perceptions of Second Victim Experiences and Supportive Resources in Pediatric Clinical Specialties Using the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST)

PURPOSE

Pediatric healthcare professionals (HCPs) may experience events that lead to psychological distress or second victim experiences (SVEs). This project evaluates the impact of a newly implemented peer support program on SVEs and perceptions of supportive resources among pediatric HCPs.

DESIGN AND METHODS

A second victim (SV) peer support program was implemented in the pediatric inpatient and intensive care units in September 2019. Multidisciplinary HCPs in these units were invited to participate in an anonymous survey that included the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool before and one-year after implementation. The survey assessed HCPs' SVEs, desired support, and perceptions of the peer support program.

RESULTS

52.0% (194/373) completed the pre-implementation survey, and 43.9% (177/403) completed the post-implementation survey. At both timepoints, participants reported SV-related psychosocial distress, physical distress, or low professional self-efficacy; the most desired support was 'a respected peer to discuss the details of what happened'. Following implementation of the peer support program, HCPs were significantly more likely to have heard of the term 'second victim' (51.8 vs. 74.0%; p < 0.001) and to have felt like there were adequate resources to support SVs (35.8% vs. 89.1%; p < 0.001). In the post-implementation survey, most respondents indicated a likelihood to use the program for themselves (65.7%) or colleagues (84.6%) after involvement in future traumatic clinical events.

CONCLUSIONS

Implementation of a peer support program significantly influenced awareness and perceptions of support available for SV-related distress.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Peer support programs should be implemented to help HCPs navigate SVEs and decrease SV-related turnover intentions.

I Am a Nurse, Not a Martyr: Qualitative Investigation of Nurses' Experiences During Onset of the Coronavirus Pandemic

Nurses have always played an essential role during epidemics, risking their lives caring for sick and dying patients. However, the unprecedented nature of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has left organizations and healthcare professionals ill-prepared and under-equipped to manage the severity, manifestations, and acute and long-term implications. While COVID-19 has presented profound physical and mental health implications for nurses, we know little about nurses' professional experiences within their organizational context. Thus, this qualitative descriptive study fills that gap through in-depth exploration of nurses' shared professional experiences working in hospitals during the first surge of COVID-19 in the United States. Twenty-two nurses were interviewed via telephone during April and May 2020. Through thematic analysis four main themes emerged: (1) fear, (2) collective resilience through shared trauma, (3) uncharted territory, and (4) perceived disposability. Nurses felt ill-praepared for the rapid changes wrought by COVID-19; yet they also felt proud with a renewed sense of meaning in their work. While unit colleagues were a great source of strength, nurses still reported disappointment, even feeling abandoned by their organizations. Our study indicates that nurses relied on one another to cope and find meaning. These findings are invaluable for policy development and the establishment of preventive and early intervention strategies. Done right, such efforts could better support nurses by encouraging team building, protection, and rewards to maintain nurses' wellbeing during such outbreaks and in their aftermath. Organizations also ought to make nurses' health and wellbeing a priority by streamlining communication, transparency, and leadership visibility.

[Effects of Second Victim Experiences after Patient Safety Incidents on Nursing Practice Changes in Korean Clinical Nurses: The Mediating Effects of Coping Behaviors]

PURPOSE

This study was investigated the mediating effect of coping behaviors in the relationship between the second victim experiences after patient safety incidents and the nursing practice changes.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was performed using structured questionnaires. Participants were 218 clinical nurses in general tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected through an online survey and snowball sampling from August 11 to September 6 2020. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 program. A mediation analysis was performed using multiple regression and a simple mediation model applying the PROCESS macro with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval.

RESULTS

The mean scores of second victim experiences was 3.41/5. Approach coping (β = .55, p < .001) and the avoidant coping (β = - .23, p = .001) showed mediation effects in the relationship between second victim experiences and constructive change in nursing practice. Avoidant coping (β = .29, p < .001) showed a mediation effect in the relationship between second victim experiences and defensive change in nursing practice.

CONCLUSION

Coping behaviors has a mediating effect on the relationship between second victim experiences and nursing practice changes. To ensure that nurses do not experience second victim, medical institutions should have a culture of patient safety that employs a systematic approach rather than blame individuals. They also need to develop strategies that enhance approach coping and reducing avoidant coping to induce nurses' constructive practice changes in clinical nurses in experiencing second victims due to patient safety incidents.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on ICU Healthcare Professionals: A Mixed Methods Study

The large numbers of patients admitted to intensive care units due to COVID-19 has had a major impact on healthcare professionals. The incidence of mental health disorders among these professionals has increased considerably and their professional quality of life has suffered during the pandemic. This study aims to explore the impact of the provision of COVID-19 patient care on ICU healthcare professionals. A mixed methods study with an exploratory concurrent design was conducted between June and November 2020 in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Data were collected using a self-report online survey (n = 122) based on three validated questionnaires, and individual semi-structured in-depth online interviews (n = 11). Respondents scored 2.5 out of 5 on the moral distress scale, moderate/high on the compassion satisfaction scale, and moderate on the burnout and compassion fatigue subscales. Age was significantly and negatively related to professional quality of life but was positively related to workload and unavailability of protective equipment. Three main groups of themes relating to the impact of the pandemic emerged from the in-depth interviews: (a) clinical, (b) professional, and (c) personal and family impacts in the two waves. ICU healthcare professionals should be viewed as second victims of the COVID-19 pandemic as they have suffered significant psychological, professional, and moral harm.

The second victim requires more than Medice Cura Te Ipsum

Burnout has attained epidemic proportions in all reaches of society. Only recently, has its impact in healthcare become a burning platform. Second victim syndrome, a consequence of an unforeseen adverse event, often precipitated by an error, can lead to a post-traumatic stress-like reaction, that is unique to healthcare workers. Often, the second victim suffers in silence, forced to rely on resilience. Peer support has been demonstrated to be beneficial in assisting healthcare workers in recovering from both burnout and second victim syndrome. Institutions and organizations must be more influential and responsive in supporting physicians and other healthcare workers in need.

As the Pandemic Recedes, Will Moral Distress Continue to Surge?

Palliative care practitioners have encountered morally distressing situations during the COVID-19 pandemic, and have supported their colleagues experiencing moral distress. Familiarity with the concept of moral distress and with COVID-specific causes of moral distress may help palliative care practitioners recognize moral distress in themselves and in their colleagues. This essay provides a brief review of the concept of moral distress, a list of potential COVID-19 specific causes of moral distress, and a list of organizational, team, and individual interventions to promote resilience.

The psychosocial impact of surgical complications on the operating surgeon: A scoping review

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Surgical complications are common, and their management is an integral part of surgical care. The impact on the surgeon, the "second victim" is significant, particularly in terms of psychological health. The aim of this review is to describe the nature of psychosocial consequences of surgical complications on the surgeons involved.

METHOD

Following scoping review protocols, we set out to identify the evidence-base for psychosocial consequences on the operating surgeon, predominantly general surgeons, following surgical complications.

RESULTS

This scoping review identified 19 articles, mainly survey and interview based (n = 8), with all but one article from first world countries. Seven articles reported on negative emotions or depressive behavioural responses. All original studies reported on difficulty in coping (37.5%), and a range of behaviours. There was little evidence for support structures or active interventions to aid the surgeon post complication.

CONCLUSIONS

The review suggests that the psychosocial impact, following a complication, is variable but affects every surgeon irrespective of the level of impact on the patient. The main variables differentiating impact are severity, and outcome of the complication and seniority of the surgeon. Reported emotions and behaviours were generally negative and persist across the surgeon's journey towards recovery. Surgeons who manage stress well exhibit largely constructive behaviours and actively work to recover. Identification of variables underpinning complications, and affected surgeons is paramount, as is the provision of services to support recovery. Efforts should be made to proactively prevent complications, via education, awareness and to formalise support processes.