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Qi C, Qian C, Steijvers E, Colvin RA, Lee D. Single dopaminergic neuron DAN-c1 in Drosophila larval brain mediates aversive olfactory learning through D2-like receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575767. [PMID: 38293177 PMCID: PMC10827047 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The intricate relationship between the dopaminergic system and olfactory associative learning in Drosophila has been an intense scientific inquiry. Leveraging the formidable genetic tools, we conducted a screening of 57 dopaminergic drivers, leading to the discovery of DAN-c1 driver, uniquely targeting the single dopaminergic neuron (DAN) in each brain hemisphere. While the involvement of excitatory D1-like receptors is well-established, the role of D2-like receptors (D2Rs) remains underexplored. Our investigation reveals the expression of D2Rs in both DANs and the mushroom body (MB) of third instar larval brains. Silencing D2Rs in DAN-c1 via microRNA disrupts aversive learning, further supported by optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training, affirming the inhibitory role of D2R autoreceptor. Intriguingly, D2R knockdown in the MB impairs both appetitive and aversive learning. These findings elucidate the distinct contributions of D2Rs in diverse brain structures, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing associative learning in Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A. Colvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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2
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Nordio S, Kaiser M, Adams ME, Libersat F. Parasitoid wasp venom manipulates host innate behavior via subtype-specific dopamine receptor activation. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274808. [PMID: 35320357 PMCID: PMC8996814 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The subjugation strategy employed by the jewel wasp is unique in that it manipulates the behavior of its host, the American cockroach, rather than inducing outright paralysis. Upon envenomation directly into the central complex (CX), a command center in the brain for motor behavior, the stung cockroach initially engages in intense grooming behavior, then falls into a lethargic sleep-like state referred to as hypokinesia. Behavioral changes evoked by the sting are due at least in part to the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the venom. In insects, dopamine receptors are classified as two families, the D1-like and the D2-like receptors. However, specific roles played by dopamine receptor subtypes in venom-induced behavioral manipulation by the jewel wasp remain largely unknown. In the present study, we used a pharmacological approach to investigate roles of D1-like and D2-like receptors in behaviors exhibited by stung cockroaches, focusing on grooming. Specifically, we assessed behavioral outcomes of focal CX injections of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Both specific and non-specific compounds were used. Our results strongly implicate D1-like dopamine receptors in venom-induced grooming. Regarding induction of hypokinesia, our findings demonstrate that dopamine signaling is necessary for induction of long-lasting hypokinesia caused by brain envenomation. Highlighted Article: Subtype-specific dopamine receptors are involved in the manipulation of host behavior by the parasitoid jewel wasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nordio
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Maayan Kaiser
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael E Adams
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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3
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Non-Neuronal Transmitter Systems in Bacteria, Non-Nervous Eukaryotes, and Invertebrate Embryos. Biomolecules 2022; 12:271. [PMID: 35204771 PMCID: PMC8961645 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1921, Otto Loewi published his report that ushered in the era of chemical transmission of biological signals. January 2021 marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of Professor Gennady A. Buznikov, who was the first to study the functions of transmitters in embryogenesis. A year earlier it was 60 years since his first publication in this field. These data are a venerable occasion for a review of current knowledge on the mechanisms related to classical transmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, catecholamines, etc., in animals lacking neural elements and prenervous invertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B. Shmukler
- Lab of the Problems of Regeneration, N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia;
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4
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Botzer A, Finkelstein Y, Unger R. Blood Pressure Regulation Evolved from Basic Homeostatic Components. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050469. [PMID: 33923023 PMCID: PMC8145682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is determined by several physiological factors that are regulated by a range of complex neural, endocrine, and paracrine mechanisms. This study examined a collection of 198 human genes related to BP regulation, in the biological processes and functional prisms, as well as gene expression in organs and tissues. This was made in conjunction with an orthology analysis performed in 19 target organisms along the phylogenetic tree. We have demonstrated that transport and signaling, as well as homeostasis in general, are the most prevalent biological processes associated with BP gene orthologs across the examined species. We showed that these genes and their orthologs are expressed primarily in the kidney and adrenals of complex organisms (e.g., high order vertebrates) and in the nervous system of low complexity organisms (e.g., flies, nematodes). Furthermore, we have determined that basic functions such as ion transport are ancient and appear in all organisms, while more complex regulatory functions, such as control of extracellular volume emerged in high order organisms. Thus, we conclude that the complex system of BP regulation evolved from simpler components that were utilized to maintain specific homeostatic functions that play key roles in existence and survival of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Botzer
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Yoram Finkelstein
- Neurology and Toxicology Service and Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel;
| | - Ron Unger
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Drosophila Middle-Term Memory: Amnesiac is Required for PKA Activation in the Mushroom Bodies, a Function Modulated by Neprilysin 1. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4219-4229. [PMID: 32303647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2311-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the mushroom bodies (MB) constitute the central brain structure for olfactory associative memory. As in mammals, the cAMP/PKA pathway plays a key role in memory formation. In the MB, Rutabaga (Rut) adenylate cyclase acts as a coincidence detector during associative conditioning to integrate calcium influx resulting from acetylcholine stimulation and G-protein activation resulting from dopaminergic stimulation. Amnesiac encodes a secreted neuropeptide required in the MB for two phases of aversive olfactory memory. Previous sequence analysis has revealed strong homology with the mammalian pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Here, we examined whether amnesiac is involved in cAMP/PKA dynamics in response to dopamine and acetylcholine co-stimulation in living flies. Experiments were conducted with both sexes, or with either sex. Our data show that amnesiac is necessary for the PKA activation process that results from coincidence detection in the MB. Since PACAP peptide is cleaved by the human membrane neprilysin hNEP, we searched for an interaction between Amnesiac and Neprilysin 1 (Nep1), a fly neprilysin involved in memory. We show that when Nep1 expression is acutely knocked down in adult MB, memory deficits displayed by amn hypomorphic mutants are rescued. Consistently, Nep1 inhibition also restores normal PKA activation in amn mutant flies. Taken together, the results suggest that Nep1 targets Amnesiac degradation to terminate its signaling function. Our work thus highlights a key role for Amnesiac in establishing within the MB the PKA dynamics that sustain middle-term memory (MTM) formation, a function modulated by Nep1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The Drosophila amnesiac gene encodes a secreted neuropeptide whose expression is required for specific memory phases in the mushroom bodies (MB), the olfactory memory center. Here, we show that Amnesiac is required for PKA activation resulting from coincidence detection, a mechanism by which the MB integrate two spatially distinct stimuli to encode associative memory. Furthermore, our results uncover a functional relationship between Amnesiac and Neprilysin 1 (Nep1), a membrane peptidase involved in memory and expressed in the MB. These results suggest that Nep1 modulates Amnesiac levels. We propose that on conditioning, Amnesiac release from the MB allows, via an autocrine process, the sustaining of PKA activation-mediating memory, which subsequently is inactivated by Nep1 degradation.
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6
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Concerted Actions of Octopamine and Dopamine Receptors Drive Olfactory Learning. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4240-4250. [PMID: 32277043 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1756-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminergic signaling modulates associative learning and memory. Substantial advance has been made in Drosophila on the dopamine receptors and circuits mediating olfactory learning; however, our knowledge of other aminergic modulation lags behind. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the role of octopamine in olfactory conditioning. Here, we report that octopamine activity through the β-adrenergic-like receptor Octβ1R drives aversive and appetitive learning: Octβ1R in the mushroom body αβ neurons processes aversive learning, whereas Octβ1R in the projection neurons mediates appetitive learning. Our genetic interaction and imaging studies pinpoint cAMP signaling as a key downstream effector for Octβ1R function. The rutabaga-adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cAMP in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner, serving as a coincidence detector for associative learning and likely representing a downstream target for Octβ1R. Supporting this notion, the double heterozygous rutabaga/+;octβ1r/+ flies perform poorly in both aversive and appetitive conditioning, while individual heterozygous rutabaga/+ and octβ1r/+ flies behave like the wild-type control. Consistently, the mushroom body and projection neurons in the octβ1r brain exhibit blunted responses to octopamine when cAMP levels are monitored through the cAMP sensor. We previously demonstrated the pivotal functions of the D1 receptor dDA1 in aversive and appetitive learning, and the α1 adrenergic-like receptor OAMB in appetitive learning. As expected, octβ1r genetically interacts with dumb (dDA1 mutant) in aversive and appetitive learning, but it interacts with oamb only in appetitive learning. This study uncovers the indispensable contributions of dopamine and octopamine signaling to aversive and appetitive learning. All experiments were performed on mixed sex unless otherwise noted.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animals make flexible behavioral choices that are constantly shaped by experience. This plasticity is vital for animals to appropriately respond to the cues predicting benefit or harm. In Drosophila, dopamine is known to mediate both reward-based and punishment-based learning while octopamine function is important only for reward. Here, we demonstrate that the octopamine-Octβ1R-cAMP pathway processes both aversive and appetitive learning in distinct neural sites of the olfactory circuit. Furthermore, we show that the octopamine-Octβ1R and dopamine-dDA1 signals together drive both aversive and appetitive learning, whereas the octopamine-Octβ1R and octopamine-OAMB pathways jointly facilitate appetitive, but not aversive, learning. This study identifies the cognate actions of octopamine and dopamine signaling as a key neural mechanism for associative learning.
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7
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Silva B, Hidalgo S, Campusano JM. Dop1R1, a type 1 dopaminergic receptor expressed in Mushroom Bodies, modulates Drosophila larval locomotion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229671. [PMID: 32101569 PMCID: PMC7043742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As in vertebrates, dopaminergic neural systems are key regulators of motor programs in insects, including the fly Drosophila melanogaster. Dopaminergic systems innervate the Mushroom Bodies (MB), an important association area in the insect brain primarily associated to olfactory learning and memory, but that has been also implicated with the execution of motor programs. The main objectives of this work is to assess the idea that dopaminergic systems contribute to the execution of motor programs in Drosophila larvae, and then, to evaluate the contribution of specific dopaminergic receptors expressed in MB to these programs. Our results show that animals bearing a mutation in the dopamine transporter show reduced locomotion, while mutants for the dopaminergic biosynthetic enzymes or the dopamine receptor Dop1R1 exhibit increased locomotion. Pan-neuronal expression of an RNAi for the Dop1R1 confirmed these results. Further studies show that animals expressing the RNAi for Dop1R1 in the entire MB neuronal population or only in the MB γ-lobe forming neurons, exhibit an increased motor output, as well. Interestingly, our results also suggest that other dopaminergic receptors do not contribute to larval motor behavior. Thus, our data support the proposition that CNS dopamine systems innervating MB neurons modulate larval locomotion and that Dop1R1 mediates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Silva
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Hidalgo
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge M. Campusano
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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8
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Neurochemical Organization of the Drosophila Brain Visualized by Endogenously Tagged Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cell Rep 2020; 30:284-297.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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9
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Karam CS, Jones SK, Javitch JA. Come Fly with Me: An overview of dopamine receptors in Drosophila melanogaster. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:56-65. [PMID: 31219669 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptors play critical roles in a wide range of behaviours, including sensory processing, motor function, reward and arousal. As such, aberrant DA signalling is associated with numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which DA neurotransmission drives intracellular signalling pathways that modulate behaviour can provide critical insights to guide the development of targeted therapeutics. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful model with unique advantages to study the mechanisms underlying DA neurotransmission and associated behaviours in a controlled and systematic manner. Many regions in the fly brain innervated by dopaminergic neurons have been mapped and linked to specific behaviours, including associative learning and arousal. Here, we provide an overview of the homology between human and Drosophila dopaminergic systems and review the current literature on the pharmacology, molecular signalling mechanisms and behavioural outcome of DA receptor activation in the Drosophila brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caline S Karam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sandra K Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York, USA
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10
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Kottler B, Faville R, Bridi JC, Hirth F. Inverse Control of Turning Behavior by Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in Columnar and Ring Neurons of the Central Complex in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:567-577.e6. [PMID: 30713106 PMCID: PMC6384123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Action selection is a prerequisite for decision-making and a fundamental aspect to any goal-directed locomotion; it requires integration of sensory signals and internal states to translate them into action sequences. Here, we introduce a novel behavioral analysis to study neural circuits and mechanisms underlying action selection and decision-making in freely moving Drosophila. We discovered preferred patterns of motor activity and turning behavior. These patterns are impaired in FoxP mutant flies, which present an altered temporal organization of motor actions and turning behavior, reminiscent of indecisiveness. Then, focusing on central complex (CX) circuits known to integrate different sensory modalities and controlling premotor regions, we show that action sequences and turning behavior are regulated by dopamine D1-like receptor (Dop1R1) signaling. Dop1R1 inputs onto CX columnar ellipsoid body-protocerebral bridge gall (E-PG) neuron and ellipsoid body (EB) R2/R4m ring neuron circuits both negatively gate motor activity but inversely control turning behavior. Although flies deficient of D1 receptor signaling present normal turning behavior despite decreased activity, restoring Dop1R1 level in R2/R4m-specific circuitry affects the temporal organization of motor actions and turning. We finally show EB R2/R4m neurons are in contact with E-PG neurons that are thought to encode body orientation and heading direction of the fly. These findings suggest that Dop1R1 signaling in E-PG and EB R2/4 m circuits are compared against each other, thereby modulating patterns of activity and turning behavior for goal-directed locomotion. Freely moving Drosophila present preferred patterns of activity and turning behavior FoxP mutations affect temporal distribution of motor actions and turning behavior Central complex columnar E-PG and R2/4 m ring neurons inversely regulate turning Dopamine D1-like receptor signaling in R2/R4m ring neurons modulates behavior
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kottler
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Richard Faville
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessika Cristina Bridi
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
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11
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Himmelreich S, Masuho I, Berry JA, MacMullen C, Skamangas NK, Martemyanov KA, Davis RL. Dopamine Receptor DAMB Signals via Gq to Mediate Forgetting in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2074-2081. [PMID: 29166600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that aversive olfactory memory is acquired by dopamine acting on a specific receptor, dDA1, expressed by mushroom body neurons. Active forgetting is mediated by dopamine acting on another receptor, Damb, expressed by the same neurons. Surprisingly, prior studies have shown that both receptors stimulate cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation, presenting an enigma of how mushroom body neurons distinguish between acquisition and forgetting signals. Here, we surveyed the spectrum of G protein coupling of dDA1 and Damb, and we confirmed that both receptors can couple to Gs to stimulate cAMP synthesis. However, the Damb receptor uniquely activates Gq to mobilize Ca2+ signaling with greater efficiency and dopamine sensitivity. The knockdown of Gαq with RNAi in the mushroom bodies inhibits forgetting but has no effect on acquisition. Our findings identify a Damb/Gq-signaling pathway that stimulates forgetting and resolves the opposing effects of dopamine on acquisition and forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Himmelreich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jacob A Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Courtney MacMullen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nickolas K Skamangas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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12
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Tsao CH, Chen CC, Lin CH, Yang HY, Lin S. Drosophila mushroom bodies integrate hunger and satiety signals to control innate food-seeking behavior. eLife 2018; 7:35264. [PMID: 29547121 PMCID: PMC5910021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues. Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to control food-seeking behavior. We have discovered five pathways in the MB essential for hungry flies to locate and approach food. Blocking the MB-intrinsic Kenyon cells (KCs) and the MB output neurons (MBONs) in these pathways impairs food-seeking behavior. Starvation bi-directionally modulates MBON responses to a food odor, suggesting that hunger and satiety controls occur at the KC-to-MBON synapses. These controls are mediated by six types of dopaminergic neurons (DANs). By manipulating these DANs, we could inhibit food-seeking behavior in hungry flies or promote food seeking in fed flies. Finally, we show that the DANs potentially receive multiple inputs of hunger and satiety signals. This work demonstrates an information-rich central circuit in the fly brain that controls hunger-driven food-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hui Tsao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Han Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suewei Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Scaplen KM, Kaun KR. Reward from bugs to bipeds: a comparative approach to understanding how reward circuits function. J Neurogenet 2017; 30:133-48. [PMID: 27328845 PMCID: PMC4926782 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1180385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In a complex environment, animals learn from their responses to stimuli and events. Appropriate response to reward and punishment can promote survival, reproduction and increase evolutionary fitness. Interestingly, the neural processes underlying these responses are remarkably similar across phyla. In all species, dopamine is central to encoding reward and directing motivated behaviors, however, a comprehensive understanding of how circuits encode reward and direct motivated behaviors is still lacking. In part, this is a result of the sheer diversity of neurons, the heterogeneity of their responses and the complexity of neural circuits within which they are found. We argue that general features of reward circuitry are common across model organisms, and thus principles learned from invertebrate model organisms can inform research across species. In particular, we discuss circuit motifs that appear to be functionally equivalent from flies to primates. We argue that a comparative approach to studying and understanding reward circuit function provides a more comprehensive understanding of reward circuitry, and informs disorders that affect the brain’s reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- a Department of Neuroscience , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- a Department of Neuroscience , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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14
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Figueira FH, de Quadros Oliveira N, de Aguiar LM, Escarrone AL, Primel EG, Barros DM, da Rosa CE. Exposure to atrazine alters behaviour and disrupts the dopaminergic system in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 202:94-102. [PMID: 28847529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is an extensively used herbicide, and has become a common environmental contaminant. Effects on dopaminergic neurotransmission in mammals following exposure to atrazine have been previously demonstrated. Here, the effects of atrazine regarding behavioural and dopaminergic neurotransmission parameters were assessed in the fruit fly D. melanogaster, exposed during embryonic and larval development. Embryos (newly fertilized eggs) were exposed to two atrazine concentrations (10μM and 100μM) in the diet until the adult fly emerged. Negative geotaxis assay, as well as exploratory behaviour, immobility time and number of grooming episodes in an open field system were assessed. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and gene expression of the dopaminergic system were also evaluated in newly emerged male and female flies. All analyzed parameters in male flies were not significantly affected by atrazine exposure. However female flies exposed to atrazine at 10μM presented an increase in immobility time and a reduction in exploratory activity in the open field test, which was offset by an increase in the number of grooming episodes. Also, female flies exposed to 100μM of atrazine presented an increase in immobility time. Gene expression of DOPA decarboxylase and dopamine (DA) receptors were also increased only in females. The behavioural effects of atrazine exposure observed in female flies were due to a disturbance in the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hernandes Figueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália de Quadros Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lais Mattos de Aguiar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura Escarrone
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Lim J, Fernandez AI, Hinojos SJ, Aranda GP, James J, Seong CS, Han KA. The mushroom body D1 dopamine receptor controls innate courtship drive. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:158-167. [PMID: 28902472 PMCID: PMC5820115 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mating is critical for species survival and is profoundly regulated by neuromodulators and neurohormones to accommodate internal states and external factors. To identify the underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms, we investigated the roles of dopamine receptors in various aspects of courtship behavior in Drosophila. Here, we report that the D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 regulates courtship drive in naïve males. The wild‐type naïve males actively courted females regardless their appearance or mating status. On the contrary, the dDA1 mutant (dumb) males exhibited substantially reduced courtship toward less appealing females including decapitated, leg‐less and mated females. The dumb male's reduced courtship activity was due to delay in courtship initiation and prolonged intervals between courtship bouts. The dampened courtship drive of dumb males was rescued by reinstated dDA1 expression in the mushroom body α/β and γ neurons but not α/β or γ neurons alone, which is distinct from the previously characterized dDA1 functions in experience‐dependent courtship or other learning and memory processes. We also found that the dopamine receptors dDA1, DAMB and dD2R are dispensable for associative memory formation and short‐term memory of conditioned courtship, thus courtship motivation and associative courtship learning and memory are regulated by distinct neuromodulatory mechanisms. Taken together, our study narrows the gap in the knowledge of the mechanism that dopamine regulates male courtship behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lim
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - A I Fernandez
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - S J Hinojos
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - G P Aranda
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - J James
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - C-S Seong
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - K-A Han
- Neuromodulation Disorders Cluster at Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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16
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Takemura SY, Aso Y, Hige T, Wong A, Lu Z, Xu CS, Rivlin PK, Hess H, Zhao T, Parag T, Berg S, Huang G, Katz W, Olbris DJ, Plaza S, Umayam L, Aniceto R, Chang LA, Lauchie S, Ogundeyi O, Ordish C, Shinomiya A, Sigmund C, Takemura S, Tran J, Turner GC, Rubin GM, Scheffer LK. A connectome of a learning and memory center in the adult Drosophila brain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28718765 PMCID: PMC5550281 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of associative learning. We reconstructed the morphologies and synaptic connections of all 983 neurons within the three functional units, or compartments, that compose the adult MB’s α lobe, using a dataset of isotropic 8 nm voxels collected by focused ion-beam milling scanning electron microscopy. We found that Kenyon cells (KCs), whose sparse activity encodes sensory information, each make multiple en passant synapses to MB output neurons (MBONs) in each compartment. Some MBONs have inputs from all KCs, while others differentially sample sensory modalities. Only 6% of KC>MBON synapses receive a direct synapse from a dopaminergic neuron (DAN). We identified two unanticipated classes of synapses, KC>DAN and DAN>MBON. DAN activation produces a slow depolarization of the MBON in these DAN>MBON synapses and can weaken memory recall. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26975.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Takemura
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Toshihide Hige
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Allan Wong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Patricia K Rivlin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Harald Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Ting Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Toufiq Parag
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Stuart Berg
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Gary Huang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - William Katz
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Donald J Olbris
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Stephen Plaza
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Lowell Umayam
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Roxanne Aniceto
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Lei-Ann Chang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Shirley Lauchie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Omotara Ogundeyi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Christopher Ordish
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Aya Shinomiya
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Christopher Sigmund
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Satoko Takemura
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Julie Tran
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Glenn C Turner
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Louis K Scheffer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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17
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Circuit Analysis of a Drosophila Dopamine Type 2 Receptor That Supports Anesthesia-Resistant Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7936-45. [PMID: 27466338 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4475-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dopamine is central to reinforcement processing and exerts this function in species ranging from humans to fruit flies. It can do so via two different types of receptors (i.e., D1 or D2) that mediate either augmentation or abatement of cellular cAMP levels. Whereas D1 receptors are known to contribute to Drosophila aversive odor learning per se, we here show that D2 receptors are specific for support of a consolidated form of odor memory known as anesthesia-resistant memory. By means of genetic mosaicism, we localize this function to Kenyon cells, the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, as well as GABAergic APL neurons and local interneurons of the antennal lobes, suggesting that consolidated anesthesia-resistant memory requires widespread dopaminergic modulation within the olfactory circuit. Additionally, dopaminergic neurons themselves require D2R, suggesting a critical role in dopamine release via its recognized autoreceptor function. Considering the dual role of dopamine in balancing memory acquisition (proactive function of dopamine) and its "forgetting" (retroactive function of dopamine), our analysis suggests D2R as central player of either process. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine provides different information; while it mediates reinforcement during the learning act (proactive function), it balances memory performance between two antithetic processes thereafter (retroactive function) (i.e., forgetting and augmentation). Such bidirectional design can also be found at level of dopamine receptors, where augmenting D1 and abating D2 receptors are engaged to balance cellular cAMP levels. Here, we report that consolidated anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM), but not other concomitant memory phases, are sensitive to bidirectional dopaminergic signals. By means of genetic mosaicism, we identified widespread dopaminergic modulation within the olfactory circuit that suggests nonredundant and reiterating functions of D2R in support of ARM. Our results oppose ARM to its concomitant memory phases that localize to mushroom bodies and propose a decentralized organization of consolidated ARM.
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18
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Upregulated energy metabolism in the Drosophila mushroom body is the trigger for long-term memory. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15510. [PMID: 28580949 PMCID: PMC5465319 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient energy use has constrained the evolution of nervous systems. However, it is unresolved whether energy metabolism may resultantly regulate major brain functions. Our observation that Drosophila flies double their sucrose intake at an early stage of long-term memory formation initiated the investigation of how energy metabolism intervenes in this process. Cellular-resolution imaging of energy metabolism reveals a concurrent elevation of energy consumption in neurons of the mushroom body, the fly's major memory centre. Strikingly, upregulation of mushroom body energy flux is both necessary and sufficient to drive long-term memory formation. This effect is triggered by a specific pair of dopaminergic neurons afferent to the mushroom bodies, via the D5-like DAMB dopamine receptor. Hence, dopamine signalling mediates an energy switch in the mushroom body that controls long-term memory encoding. Our data thus point to an instructional role for energy flux in the execution of demanding higher brain functions. Energy consumption in the brain is thought to respond to changes in neuronal activity, without informational role. Here the authors show that increased energy flux in the mushroom body, driven by a pair of input dopaminergic neurons, is a command for the formation of long-term memory in Drosophila.
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19
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Modulation of neuronal activity in the Drosophila mushroom body by DopEcR, a unique dual receptor for ecdysone and dopamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1578-1588. [PMID: 28554773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for steroid hormones mediate unconventional steroid signaling and play a significant role in the rapid actions of steroids in a variety of biological processes, including those in the nervous system. However, the effects of these GPCRs on overall neuronal activity remain largely elusive. Drosophila DopEcR is a GPCR that responds to both ecdysone (the major steroid hormone in insects) and dopamine, regulating multiple second messenger systems. Recent studies have revealed that DopEcR is preferentially expressed in the nervous system and involved in behavioral regulation. Here we utilized the bioluminescent Ca2+-indicator GFP-aequorin to monitor the nicotine-induced Ca2+-response within the mushroom bodies (MB), a higher-order brain center in flies, and examined how DopEcR modulates these Ca2+-dynamics. Our results show that in DopEcR knockdown flies, the nicotine-induced Ca2+-response in the MB was significantly enhanced selectively in the medial lobes. We then reveal that application of DopEcR's ligands, ecdysone and dopamine, had different effects on nicotine-induced Ca2+-responses in the MB: ecdysone enhanced activity in the calyx and cell body region in a DopEcR-dependent manner, whereas dopamine reduced activity in the medial lobes independently of DopEcR. Finally, we show that flies with reduced DopEcR function in the MB display decreased locomotor activity. This behavioral phenotype of DopEcR-deficient flies may be partly due to their enhanced MB activity, since the MB have been implicated in the suppression of locomotor activity. Overall, these data suggest that DopEcR is involved in region-specific modulation of Ca2+ dynamics within the MB, which may play a role in behavioral modulation.
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20
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Hattori D, Aso Y, Swartz KJ, Rubin GM, Abbott LF, Axel R. Representations of Novelty and Familiarity in a Mushroom Body Compartment. Cell 2017; 169:956-969.e17. [PMID: 28502772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Animals exhibit a behavioral response to novel sensory stimuli about which they have no prior knowledge. We have examined the neural and behavioral correlates of novelty and familiarity in the olfactory system of Drosophila. Novel odors elicit strong activity in output neurons (MBONs) of the α'3 compartment of the mushroom body that is rapidly suppressed upon repeated exposure to the same odor. This transition in neural activity upon familiarization requires odor-evoked activity in the dopaminergic neuron innervating this compartment. Moreover, exposure of a fly to novel odors evokes an alerting response that can also be elicited by optogenetic activation of α'3 MBONs. Silencing these MBONs eliminates the alerting behavior. These data suggest that the α'3 compartment plays a causal role in the behavioral response to novel and familiar stimuli as a consequence of dopamine-mediated plasticity at the Kenyon cell-MBONα'3 synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hattori
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kurtis J Swartz
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - L F Abbott
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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A Genetic Screen To Assess Dopamine Receptor (DopR1) Dependent Sleep Regulation in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:4217-4226. [PMID: 27760793 PMCID: PMC5144989 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.032136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential behavioral state of rest that is regulated by homeostatic drives to ensure a balance of sleep and activity, as well as independent arousal mechanisms in the central brain. Dopamine has been identified as a critical regulator of both sleep behavior and arousal. Here, we present results of a genetic screen that selectively restored the Dopamine Receptor (DopR/DopR1/dumb) to specific neuroanatomical regions of the adult Drosophila brain to assess requirements for DopR in sleep behavior. We have identified subsets of the mushroom body that utilizes DopR in daytime sleep regulation. These data are supported by multiple examples of spatially restricted genetic rescue data in discrete circuits of the mushroom body, as well as immunohistochemistry that corroborates the localization of DopR protein within mushroom body circuits. Independent loss of function data using an inducible RNAi construct in the same specific circuits also supports a requirement for DopR in daytime sleep. Additional circuit activation of discrete DopR+ mushroom body neurons also suggests roles for these subpopulations in sleep behavior. These conclusions support a new separable function for DopR in daytime sleep regulation within the mushroom body. This daytime regulation is independent of the known role of DopR in nighttime sleep, which is regulated within the Fan-Shaped Body (FSB). This study provides new neuroanatomical loci for exploration of dopaminergic sleep functions in Drosophila, and expands our understanding of sleep regulation during the day vs. night.
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22
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Koenig S, Wolf R, Heisenberg M. Visual Attention in Flies-Dopamine in the Mushroom Bodies Mediates the After-Effect of Cueing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161412. [PMID: 27571359 PMCID: PMC5003349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual environments may simultaneously comprise stimuli of different significance. Often such stimuli require incompatible responses. Selective visual attention allows an animal to respond exclusively to the stimuli at a certain location in the visual field. In the process of establishing its focus of attention the animal can be influenced by external cues. Here we characterize the behavioral properties and neural mechanism of cueing in the fly Drosophila melanogaster. A cue can be attractive, repulsive or ineffective depending upon (e.g.) its visual properties and location in the visual field. Dopamine signaling in the brain is required to maintain the effect of cueing once the cue has disappeared. Raising or lowering dopamine at the synapse abolishes this after-effect. Specifically, dopamine is necessary and sufficient in the αβ-lobes of the mushroom bodies. Evidence is provided for an involvement of the αβposterior Kenyon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Koenig
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Joseph-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wolf
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Joseph-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Heisenberg
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Joseph-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Pitmon E, Stephens G, Parkhurst SJ, Wolf FW, Kehne G, Taylor M, Lebestky T. The D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR, potentiates hind leg grooming behavior in Drosophila. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:327-34. [PMID: 26749475 PMCID: PMC5021212 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila groom away debris and pathogens from the body using their legs in a stereotyped sequence of innate motor behaviors. Here, we investigated one aspect of the grooming repertoire by characterizing the D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR. Removal of DopR results in decreased hind leg grooming, as substantiated by quantitation of dye remaining on mutant and RNAi animals vs. controls and direct scoring of behavioral events. These data are also supported by pharmacological results that D1 receptor agonists fail to potentiate grooming behaviors in headless DopR flies. DopR protein is broadly expressed in the neuropil of the thoracic ganglion and overlaps with TH‐positive dopaminergic neurons. Broad neuronal expression of dopamine receptor in mutant animals restored normal grooming behaviors. These data provide evidence for the role of DopR in potentiating hind leg grooming behaviors in the thoracic ganglion of adult Drosophila. This is a remarkable juxtaposition to the considerable role of D1 family dopamine receptors in rodent grooming, and future investigations of evolutionary relationships of circuitry may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pitmon
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
| | - G Stephens
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
| | - S J Parkhurst
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA
| | - F W Wolf
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA
| | - G Kehne
- Bronfmann Science Center, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - M Taylor
- Bronfmann Science Center, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - T Lebestky
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
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24
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Krüttner S, Traunmüller L, Dag U, Jandrasits K, Stepien B, Iyer N, Fradkin LG, Noordermeer JN, Mensh BD, Keleman K. Synaptic Orb2A Bridges Memory Acquisition and Late Memory Consolidation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1953-65. [PMID: 26095367 PMCID: PMC4508346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To adapt to an ever-changing environment, animals consolidate some, but not all, learning experiences to long-term memory. In mammals, long-term memory consolidation often involves neural pathway reactivation hours after memory acquisition. It is not known whether this delayed-reactivation schema is common across the animal kingdom or how information is stored during the delay period. Here, we show that, during courtship suppression learning, Drosophila exhibits delayed long-term memory consolidation. We also show that the same class of dopaminergic neurons engaged earlier in memory acquisition is also both necessary and sufficient for delayed long-term memory consolidation. Furthermore, we present evidence that, during learning, the translational regulator Orb2A tags specific synapses of mushroom body neurons for later consolidation. Consolidation involves the subsequent recruitment of Orb2B and the activity-dependent synthesis of CaMKII. Thus, our results provide evidence for the role of a neuromodulated, synapse-restricted molecule bridging memory acquisition and long-term memory consolidation in a learning animal. Drosophila exhibits late long-term memory consolidation DA-aSP13 neurons mediate both memory acquisition and memory consolidation Drosophila CPEB, Orb2, acts downstream of DopR1 in the MB γ neurons Synaptic Orb2A is required during memory acquisition and Orb2B during consolidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krüttner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Traunmüller
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ugur Dag
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Katharina Jandrasits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Stepien
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; The Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nirmala Iyer
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Lee G Fradkin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jasprina N Noordermeer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brett D Mensh
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Krystyna Keleman
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Tschida K, Bhandawat V. Activity in descending dopaminergic neurons represents but is not required for leg movements in the fruit fly Drosophila. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/3/e12322. [PMID: 25742959 PMCID: PMC4393157 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulatory descending neurons (DNs) that link the brain to body motor circuits, including dopaminergic DNs (DA-DNs), are thought to contribute to the flexible control of behavior. Dopamine elicits locomotor-like outputs and influences neuronal excitability in isolated body motor circuits over tens of seconds to minutes, but it remains unknown how and over what time scale DA-DN activity relates to movement in behaving animals. To address this question, we identified DA-DNs in the Drosophila brain and developed an electrophysiological preparation to record and manipulate the activity of these cells during behavior. We find that DA-DN spike rates are rapidly modulated during a subset of leg movements and scale with the total speed of ongoing leg movements, whether occurring spontaneously or in response to stimuli. However, activating DA-DNs does not elicit leg movements in intact flies, nor do acute bidirectional manipulations of DA-DN activity affect the probability or speed of leg movements over a time scale of seconds to minutes. Our findings indicate that in the context of intact descending control, changes in DA-DN activity are not sufficient to influence ongoing leg movements and open the door to studies investigating how these cells interact with other descending and local neuromodulatory inputs to influence body motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Bhandawat
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
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26
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Pre- and Postsynaptic Role of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Drosophila Olfactory Associative Learning. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:831-45. [PMID: 25422852 PMCID: PMC4280513 DOI: 10.3390/biology3040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila play critical roles in diverse brain functions such as motor control, arousal, learning, and memory. Using genetic and behavioral approaches, it has been firmly established that proper dopamine signaling is required for olfactory classical conditioning (e.g., aversive and appetitive learning). Dopamine mediates its functions through interaction with its receptors. There are two different types of dopamine receptors in Drosophila: D1-like (dDA1, DAMB) and D2-like receptors (DD2R). Currently, no study has attempted to characterize the role of DD2R in Drosophila learning and memory. Using a DD2R-RNAi transgenic line, we have examined the role of DD2R, expressed in dopamine neurons (i.e., the presynaptic DD2R autoreceptor), in larval olfactory learning. The function of postsynaptic DD2R expressed in mushroom body (MB) was also studied as MB is the center for Drosophila learning, with a function analogous to that of the mammalian hippocampus. Our results showed that suppression of presynaptic DD2R autoreceptors impairs both appetitive and aversive learning. Similarly, postsynaptic DD2R in MB neurons appears to be involved in both appetitive and aversive learning. The data confirm, for the first time, that DD2R plays an important role in Drosophila olfactory learning.
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Abstract
New approaches, techniques and tools invented over the last decade and a half have revolutionized the functional dissection of neural circuitry underlying Drosophila learning. The new methodologies have been used aggressively by researchers attempting to answer three critical questions about olfactory memories formed with appetitive and aversive reinforcers: (1) Which neurons within the olfactory nervous system mediate the acquisition of memory? (2) What is the complete neural circuitry extending from the site(s) of acquisition to the site(s) controlling memory expression? (3) How is information processed across this circuit to consolidate early-forming, disruptable memories to stable, late memories? Much progress has been made and a few strong conclusions have emerged: (1) Acquisition occurs at multiple sites within the olfactory nervous system but is mediated predominantly by the γ mushroom body neurons. (2) The expression of long-term memory is completely dependent on the synaptic output of α/β mushroom body neurons. (3) Consolidation occurs, in part, through circuit interactions between mushroom body and dorsal paired medial neurons. Despite this progress, a complete and unified model that details the pathway from acquisition to memory expression remains elusive.
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Donlea JM, Ramanan N, Silverman N, Shaw PJ. Genetic rescue of functional senescence in synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Sleep 2014; 37:1427-37. [PMID: 25142573 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Aging has been linked with decreased neural plasticity and memory formation in humans and in laboratory model species such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we examine plastic responses following social experience in Drosophila as a high-throughput method to identify interventions that prevent these impairments. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Wild-type and transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS Young (5-day old) or aged (20-day old) adult female Drosophila were housed in socially enriched (n = 35-40) or isolated environments, then assayed for changes in sleep and for structural markers of synaptic terminal growth in the ventral lateral neurons (LNVs) of the circadian clock. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS When young flies are housed in a socially enriched environment, they exhibit synaptic elaboration within a component of the circadian circuitry, the LNVs, which is followed by increased sleep. Aged flies, however, no longer exhibit either of these plastic changes. Because of the tight correlation between neural plasticity and ensuing increases in sleep, we use sleep after enrichment as a high-throughput marker for neural plasticity to identify interventions that prolong youthful plasticity in aged flies. To validate this strategy, we find three independent genetic manipulations that delay age-related losses in plasticity: (1) elevation of dopaminergic signaling, (2) over-expression of the transcription factor blistered (bs) in the LNVs, and (3) reduction of the Imd immune signaling pathway. These findings provide proof-of-principle evidence that measuring changes in sleep in flies after social enrichment may provide a highly scalable assay for the study of age-related deficits in synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that Drosophila provides a promising model for the study of age-related loss of neural plasticity and begin to identify genes that might be manipulated to delay the onset of functional senescence.
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Luo J, Lushchak OV, Goergen P, Williams MJ, Nässel DR. Drosophila insulin-producing cells are differentially modulated by serotonin and octopamine receptors and affect social behavior. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99732. [PMID: 24923784 PMCID: PMC4055686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 14 insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the Drosophila brain produces three insulin-like peptides (DILP2, 3 and 5). Activity in IPCs and release of DILPs is nutrient dependent and controlled by multiple factors such as fat body-derived proteins, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides. Two monoamine receptors, the octopamine receptor OAMB and the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A, are expressed by the IPCs. These receptors may act antagonistically on adenylate cyclase. Here we investigate the action of the two receptors on activity in and output from the IPCs. Knockdown of OAMB by targeted RNAi led to elevated Dilp3 transcript levels in the brain, whereas 5-HT1A knockdown resulted in increases of Dilp2 and 5. OAMB-RNAi in IPCs leads to extended survival of starved flies and increased food intake, whereas 5-HT1A-RNAi produces the opposite phenotypes. However, knockdown of either OAMB or 5-HT1A in IPCs both lead to increased resistance to oxidative stress. In assays of carbohydrate levels we found that 5-HT1A knockdown in IPCs resulted in elevated hemolymph glucose, body glycogen and body trehalose levels, while no effects were seen after OAMB knockdown. We also found that manipulations of the two receptors in IPCs affected male aggressive behavior in different ways and 5-HT1A-RNAi reduced courtship latency. Our observations suggest that activation of 5-HT1A and OAMB signaling in IPCs generates differential effects on Dilp transcription, fly physiology, metabolism and social interactions. However the findings do not support an antagonistic action of the two monoamines and their receptors in this particular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Luo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Philip Goergen
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Gerber B, Yarali A, Diegelmann S, Wotjak CT, Pauli P, Fendt M. Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectives. Learn Mem 2014; 21:232-52. [PMID: 24643725 PMCID: PMC3966540 DOI: 10.1101/lm.032995.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Memories relating to a painful, negative event are adaptive and can be stored for a lifetime to support preemptive avoidance, escape, or attack behavior. However, under unfavorable circumstances such memories can become overwhelmingly powerful. They may trigger excessively negative psychological states and uncontrollable avoidance of locations, objects, or social interactions. It is therefore obvious that any process to counteract such effects will be of value. In this context, we stress from a basic-research perspective that painful, negative events are "Janus-faced" in the sense that there are actually two aspects about them that are worth remembering: What made them happen and what made them cease. We review published findings from fruit flies, rats, and man showing that both aspects, respectively related to the onset and the offset of the negative event, induce distinct and oppositely valenced memories: Stimuli experienced before an electric shock acquire negative valence as they signal upcoming punishment, whereas stimuli experienced after an electric shock acquire positive valence because of their association with the relieving cessation of pain. We discuss how memories for such punishment- and relief-learning are organized, how this organization fits into the threat-imminence model of defensive behavior, and what perspectives these considerations offer for applied psychology in the context of trauma, panic, and nonsuicidal self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Gerber
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Failure to remember, or forgetting, is a phenomenon familiar to everyone and despite more than a century of scientific inquiry, why we forget what we once knew remains unclear. If the brain marshals significant resources to form and store memories, why is it that these memories become lost? In the last century, psychological studies have divided forgetting into decay theory, in which memory simply dissipates with time, and interference theory, in which additional learning or mental activity hinders memory by reducing its stability or retrieval (for review, Dewar et al., 2007; Wixted, 2004). Importantly, these psychological models of forgetting posit that forgetting is a passive property of the brain and thus a failure of the brain to retain memories. However, recent neuroscience research on olfactory memory in Drosophila has offered evidence for an alternative conclusion that forgetting is an "active" process, with specific, biologically regulated mechanisms that remove existing memories (Berry et al., 2012; Shuai et al., 2010). Similar to the bidirectional regulation of cell number by mitosis and apoptosis, protein concentration by translation and lysosomal or proteomal degradation, and protein phosphate modification by kinases and phosphatases, biologically regulated memory formation and removal would be yet another example in biological systems where distinct and separate pathways regulate the creation and destruction of biological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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Leyton V, Goles NI, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Campusano JM. Octopamine and Dopamine differentially modulate the nicotine-induced calcium response in Drosophila Mushroom Body Kenyon Cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 560:16-20. [PMID: 24334164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila associative olfactory learning, an odor, the conditioned stimulus (CS), is paired to an unconditioned stimulus (US). The CS and US information arrive at the Mushroom Bodies (MB), a Drosophila brain region that processes the information to generate new memories. It has been shown that olfactory information is conveyed through cholinergic inputs that activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the MB, while the US is coded by biogenic amine (BA) systems that innervate the MB. In this regard, the MB acts as a coincidence detector. A better understanding of the properties of the responses gated by nicotinic and BA receptors is required to get insights on the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for memory formation. In recent years, information has become available on the properties of the responses induced by nAChR activation in Kenyon Cells (KCs), the main neuronal MB population. However, very little information exists on the responses induced by aminergic systems in fly MB. Here we have evaluated some of the properties of the calcium responses gated by Dopamine (DA) and Octopamine (Oct) in identified KCs in culture. We report that exposure to BAs induces a fast but rather modest increase in intracellular calcium levels in cultured KCs. The responses to Oct and DA are fully blocked by a VGCC blocker, while they are differentially modulated by cAMP. Moreover, co-application of BAs and nicotine has different effects on intracellular calcium levels: while DA and nicotine effects are additive, Oct and nicotine induce a synergistic increase in calcium levels. These results suggest that a differential modulation of nicotine-induced calcium increase by DA and Oct could contribute to the events leading to learning and memory in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Leyton
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N I Goles
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Fuenzalida-Uribe
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J M Campusano
- Laboratorio Neurogenética de la Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Involvement of the G-protein-coupled dopamine/ecdysteroid receptor DopEcR in the behavioral response to sex pheromone in an insect. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72785. [PMID: 24023771 PMCID: PMC3762930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals including insects rely on olfaction to find their mating partners. In moths, males are attracted by female-produced sex pheromones inducing stereotyped sexual behavior. The behaviorally relevant olfactory information is processed in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe (AL). Evidence is now accumulating that modulation of sex-linked behavioral output occurs through neuronal plasticity via the action of hormones and/or catecholamines. A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) binding to 20-hydroxyecdysone, the main insect steroid hormone, and dopamine, has been identified in Drosophila (DmDopEcR), and was suggested to modulate neuronal signaling. In the male moth Agrotis ipsilon, the behavioral and central nervous responses to pheromone are age-dependent. To further unveil the mechanisms of this olfactory plasticity, we searched for DopEcR and tested its potential role in the behavioral response to sex pheromone in A. ipsilon males. Our results show that A. ipsilon DopEcR (named AipsDopEcR) is predominantly expressed in the nervous system. The corresponding protein was detected immunohistochemically in the ALs and higher brain centers including the mushroom bodies. Moreover, AipsDopEcR expression increased with age. Using a strategy of RNA interference, we also show that silencing of AipsDopEcR inhibited the behavioral response to sex pheromone in wind tunnel experiments. Altogether our results indicate that this GPCR is involved in the expression of sexual behavior in the male moth, probably by modulating the central nervous processing of sex pheromone through the action of one or both of its ligands.
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Abstract
A new study examining the neural circuitry regulating sleep in Drosophila has identified a pair of dopamine neurons that signal to the fan-shaped body to suppress sleep. These neurons are separate from the dopamine neurons that regulate motivation, memory, and feeding, suggesting that independent populations of dopamine neurons regulate distinct behaviors.
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35
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Strausfeld NJ, Hirth F. Deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. Science 2013; 340:157-61. [PMID: 23580521 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia derive from embryonic basal forebrain lineages that are specified by an evolutionarily conserved genetic program leading to interconnected neuropils and nuclei that populate the midline of the forebrain-midbrain boundary region. In the substructures of both the central complex and basal ganglia, network connectivity and neuronal activity mediate control mechanisms in which inhibitory (GABAergic) and modulatory (dopaminergic) circuits facilitate the regulation and release of adaptive behaviors. Both basal ganglia and central complex dysfunction result in behavioral defects including motor abnormalities, impaired memory formation, attention deficits, affective disorders, and sleep disturbances. The observed multitude of similarities suggests deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia circuitries underlying the selection and maintenance of behavioral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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36
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Ueno K, Naganos S, Hirano Y, Horiuchi J, Saitoe M. Long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission between antennal lobe and mushroom body in cultured Drosophila brain. J Physiol 2012; 591:287-302. [PMID: 23027817 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is a critical brain structure for olfactory associative learning. During aversive conditioning, the MBs are thought to associate odour signals, conveyed by projection neurons (PNs) from the antennal lobe (AL), with shock signals conveyed through ascending fibres of the ventral nerve cord (AFV). Although synaptic transmission between AL and MB might play a crucial role for olfactory associative learning, its physiological properties have not been examined directly. Using a cultured Drosophila brain expressing a Ca(2+) indicator in the MBs, we investigated synaptic transmission and plasticity at the AL-MB synapse. Following stimulation with a glass micro-electrode, AL-induced Ca(2+) responses in the MBs were mediated through Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (dnAChRs), while AFV-induced Ca(2+) responses were mediated through Drosophila NMDA receptors (dNRs). AL-MB synaptic transmission was enhanced more than 2 h after the simultaneous 'associative-stimulation' of AL and AFV, and such long-term enhancement (LTE) was specifically formed at the AL-MB synapses but not at the AFV-MB synapses. AL-MB LTE was not induced by intense stimulation of the AL alone, and the LTE decays within 60 min after subsequent repetitive AL stimulation. These phenotypes of associativity, input specificity and persistence of AL-MB LTE are highly reminiscent of olfactory memory. Furthermore, similar to olfactory aversive memory, AL-MB LTE formation required activation of the Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor, DopR, along with dnAChR and dNR during associative stimulations. These physiological and genetic analogies indicate that AL-MB LTE might be a relevant cellular model for olfactory memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ueno
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1568506, Japan.
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Berry JA, Cervantes-Sandoval I, Nicholas EP, Davis RL. Dopamine is required for learning and forgetting in Drosophila. Neuron 2012; 74:530-42. [PMID: 22578504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychological studies in humans and behavioral studies of model organisms suggest that forgetting is a common and biologically regulated process, but the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying forgetting are poorly understood. Here we show that the bidirectional modulation of a small subset of dopamine neurons (DANs) after olfactory learning regulates the rate of forgetting of both punishing (aversive) and rewarding (appetitive) memories. Two of these DANs, MP1 and MV1, exhibit synchronized ongoing activity in the mushroom body neuropil in alive and awake flies before and after learning, as revealed by functional cellular imaging. Furthermore, while the mushroom-body-expressed dDA1 dopamine receptor is essential for the acquisition of memory, we show that the dopamine receptor DAMB, also highly expressed in mushroom body neurons, is required for forgetting. We propose a dual role for dopamine: memory acquisition through dDA1 signaling and forgetting through DAMB signaling in the mushroom body neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33410, USA
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38
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Chen B, Liu H, Ren J, Guo A. Mutation of Drosophila dopamine receptor DopR leads to male–male courtship behavior. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:557-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Qin H, Cressy M, Li W, Coravos JS, Izzi SA, Dubnau J. Gamma neurons mediate dopaminergic input during aversive olfactory memory formation in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2012; 22:608-14. [PMID: 22425153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom body (MB)-dependent olfactory learning in Drosophila provides a powerful model to investigate memory mechanisms. MBs integrate olfactory conditioned stimulus (CS) inputs with neuromodulatory reinforcement (unconditioned stimuli, US), which for aversive learning is thought to rely on dopaminergic (DA) signaling to DopR, a D1-like dopamine receptor expressed in MBs. A wealth of evidence suggests the conclusion that parallel and independent signaling occurs downstream of DopR within two MB neuron cell types, with each supporting half of memory performance. For instance, expression of the Rutabaga (Rut) adenylyl cyclase in γ neurons is sufficient to restore normal learning to rut mutants, whereas expression of Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) in α/β neurons is sufficient to rescue NF1 mutants. DopR mutations are the only case where memory performance is fully eliminated, consistent with the hypothesis that DopR receives the US inputs for both γ and α/β lobe traces. We demonstrate, however, that DopR expression in γ neurons is sufficient to fully support short- and long-term memory. We argue that DA-mediated CS-US association is formed in γ neurons followed by communication between γ and α/β neurons to drive consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Qin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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McQuillan HJ, Nakagawa S, Mercer AR. Mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain show cell population-specific plasticity in expression of amine-receptor genes. Learn Mem 2012; 19:151-8. [PMID: 22411422 DOI: 10.1101/lm.025353.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine and octopamine released in the mushroom bodies of the insect brain play a critical role in the formation of aversive and appetitive memories, respectively. As recent evidence suggests a complex relationship between the effects of these two amines on the output of mushroom body circuits, we compared the expression of dopamine- and octopamine-receptor genes in three major subpopulations of mushroom body intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells). Using the brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, we found that expression of amine-receptor genes differs markedly across Kenyon cell subpopulations. We found, in addition, that levels of expression of these genes change dramatically during the lifetime of the bee and that shifts in expression are cell population-specific. Differential expression of amine-receptor genes in mushroom body neurons and the plasticity that exists at this level are features largely ignored in current models of mushroom body function. However, our results are consistent with the growing body of evidence that short- and long-term olfactory memories form in different regions of the mushroom bodies of the brain and that there is functional compartmentalization of the modulatory inputs to this multifunctional brain center.
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Affiliation(s)
- H James McQuillan
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Distribution of metabotropic receptors of serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and short neuropeptide F in the central complex of Drosophila. Neuroscience 2012; 208:11-26. [PMID: 22361394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The central complex is a prominent set of midline neuropils in the insect brain, known to be a higher locomotor control center that integrates visual inputs and modulates motor outputs. It is composed of four major neuropil structures, the ellipsoid body (EB), fan-shaped body (FB), noduli (NO), and protocerebral bridge (PB). In Drosophila different types of central complex neurons have been shown to express multiple neuropeptides and neurotransmitters; however, the distribution of corresponding receptors is not known. Here, we have mapped metabotropic, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of several neurotransmitters to neurons of the central complex. By combining immunocytochemistry with GAL4 driven green fluorescent protein, we examined the distribution patterns of six different GPCRs: two serotonin receptor subtypes (5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(7)), a dopamine receptor (DopR), the metabotropic GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R), the metabotropic glutamate receptor (DmGluR(A)) and a short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR1). Five of the six GPCRs were mapped to different neurons in the EB (sNPFR1 was not seen). Different layers of the FB express DopR, GABA(B)R, DmGluR(A,) and sNPFR1, whereas only GABA(B)R and DmGluR(A) were localized to the PB. Finally, strong expression of DopR and DmGluR(A) was detected in the NO. In most cases the distribution patterns of the GPCRs matched the expression of markers for their respective ligands. In some nonmatching regions it is likely that other types of dopamine and serotonin receptors or ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptors are expressed. Our data suggest that chemical signaling and signal modulation are diverse and highly complex in the different compartments and circuits of the Drosophila central complex. The information provided here, on receptor distribution, will be very useful for future analysis of functional circuits in the central complex, based on targeted interference with receptor expression.
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A "genome-to-lead" approach for insecticide discovery: pharmacological characterization and screening of Aedes aegypti D(1)-like dopamine receptors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1478. [PMID: 22292096 PMCID: PMC3265452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neglected tropical infectious diseases affecting humans are transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. New mode-of-action chemistries are urgently sought to enhance vector management practices in countries where arthropod-borne diseases are endemic, especially where vector populations have acquired widespread resistance to insecticides. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We describe a "genome-to-lead" approach for insecticide discovery that incorporates the first reported chemical screen of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mined from a mosquito genome. A combination of molecular and pharmacological studies was used to functionally characterize two dopamine receptors (AaDOP1 and AaDOP2) from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Sequence analyses indicated that these receptors are orthologous to arthropod D(1)-like (Gα(s)-coupled) receptors, but share less than 55% amino acid identity in conserved domains with mammalian dopamine receptors. Heterologous expression of AaDOP1 and AaDOP2 in HEK293 cells revealed dose-dependent responses to dopamine (EC(50): AaDOP1 = 3.1±1.1 nM; AaDOP2 = 240±16 nM). Interestingly, only AaDOP1 exhibited sensitivity to epinephrine (EC(50) = 5.8±1.5 nM) and norepinephrine (EC(50) = 760±180 nM), while neither receptor was activated by other biogenic amines tested. Differential responses were observed between these receptors regarding their sensitivity to dopamine agonists and antagonists, level of maximal stimulation, and constitutive activity. Subsequently, a chemical library screen was implemented to discover lead chemistries active at AaDOP2. Fifty-one compounds were identified as "hits," and follow-up validation assays confirmed the antagonistic effect of selected compounds at AaDOP2. In vitro comparison studies between AaDOP2 and the human D(1) dopamine receptor (hD(1)) revealed markedly different pharmacological profiles and identified amitriptyline and doxepin as AaDOP2-selective compounds. In subsequent Ae. aegypti larval bioassays, significant mortality was observed for amitriptyline (93%) and doxepin (72%), confirming these chemistries as "leads" for insecticide discovery. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This research provides a "proof-of-concept" for a novel approach toward insecticide discovery, in which genome sequence data are utilized for functional characterization and chemical compound screening of GPCRs. We provide a pipeline useful for future prioritization, pharmacological characterization, and expanded chemical screening of additional GPCRs in disease-vector arthropods. The differential molecular and pharmacological properties of the mosquito dopamine receptors highlight the potential for the identification of target-specific chemistries for vector-borne disease management, and we report the first study to identify dopamine receptor antagonists with in vivo toxicity toward mosquitoes.
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Madalan A, Yang X, Ferris J, Zhang S, Roman G. G(o) activation is required for both appetitive and aversive memory acquisition in Drosophila. Learn Mem 2011; 19:26-34. [PMID: 22190729 DOI: 10.1101/lm.024802.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G(o) is an abundant brain protein required for negatively reinforced short-term associative olfactory memory in Drosophila. G(o) is the only known substrate of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin (PTX) in fly, and acute expression of PTX within the mushroom body neurons (MB) induces a reversible deficit in associative olfactory memory. We demonstrate here that the induction of PTX within the α/β and γ lobe MB neurons leads to impaired memory acquisition without affecting memory stability. The induction of PTX within these MB neurons also leads to a significant defect in an optimized positively reinforced short-term memory paradigm; however, this PTX-induced learning deficit is noticeably less severe than found with the negatively reinforced paradigm. Both negatively and positively reinforced memory phenotypes are rescued by the constitutive expression of G(o)α transgenes bearing the Cys(351)Ile mutation. Since this mutation renders the G(o) molecule insensitive to PTX, the results isolate the effect of PTX on both forms of olfactory associative learning to the inhibition of the G(o) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Madalan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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Pan-neuronal knockdown of calcineurin reduces sleep in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurosci 2011; 31:13137-46. [PMID: 21917797 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5860-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a unique physiological state, which is behaviorally defined, and is broadly conserved across species from mammals to invertebrates such as insects. Because of the experimental accessibility provided by various novel animal models including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, there have been significant advances in the understanding of sleep. Although the physiological functions of sleep have not been fully elucidated, accumulating evidence indicates that sleep is necessary to maintain the plasticity of neuronal circuits and, hence, is essential in learning and memory. Calcineurin (Cn) is a heterodimeric phosphatase composed of CnA and CnB subunits and known to function in memory consolidation in the mammalian brain, but its neurological functions in the fruit fly are largely unknown. Here, we show that Cn is an important regulator of sleep in Drosophila. A pan-neuronal RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Cn expression resulted in sleep loss, whereas misexpression of the constitutively active form of a CnA protein led to increased sleep. Furthermore, CnA knockdown also impaired the retention of aversive olfactory memory. These results indicate a role for Cn and calcium-dependent signal transduction in sleep and memory regulation and may bring insight into the relationship between them.
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Allen JM, Van Kummer BH, Cohen RW. Dopamine as an anorectic neuromodulator in the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3843-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.062430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Insects, including cockroaches, self-select a balanced diet when faced with different nutrient choices. For self-selection to be carried out effectively, insects possess neuroregulatory systems to control their food intake. In the present study, we examined the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the feeding regulation of the Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae). When R. maderae nymphs were injected with 20 μl of 100 mmol l–1 DA, they showed an 83.3% reduction in sucrose intake and a 78.9% reduction in total intake compared with saline-injected controls. The DA agonist, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant reduction in sucrose feeding, reducing feeding by 47.3% compared with saline-injected controls. Protein feeding was also significantly reduced by 6,7-ADTN to 62%. Rhyparobia maderae nymphs injected with the DA antagonist chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl) did not differ significantly from control nymphs in their feeding behavior. Interestingly, R. maderae nymphs injected with 2 μl or 5 μl chlorpromazine (100 mmol l–1) showed significantly increased mortality rates of 47.5% or 66.7%, respectively. The DA antagonist, spiperone (100 mmol l–1 in 1 μl), caused a significant feeding response, showing an increase in feeding in both sucrose (310.6%) and total intake (236.3%). Casein feeding in R. maderae nymphs was also elevated (70.8%) but this was not statistically significant. The experiments with DA, the DA agonist 6,7-ADTN and the DA antagonist spiperone strongly suggest that the neurotransmitter DA is involved in regulating feeding in the cockroach R. maderae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Allen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Brooke H. Van Kummer
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Randy W. Cohen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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46
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Abstract
Studies of olfactory learning in Drosophila have provided key insights into the brain mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One type of olfactory learning, olfactory classical conditioning, consists of learning the contingency between an odor with an aversive or appetitive stimulus. This conditioning requires the activity of molecules that can integrate the two types of sensory information, the odorant as the conditioned stimulus and the aversive or appetitive stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus, in brain regions where the neural pathways for the two stimuli intersect. Compelling data indicate that a particular form of adenylyl cyclase functions as a molecular integrator of the sensory information in the mushroom body neurons. The neuronal pathway carrying the olfactory information from the antennal lobes to the mushroom body is well described. Accumulating data now show that some dopaminergic neurons provide information about aversive stimuli and octopaminergic neurons about appetitive stimuli to the mushroom body neurons. Inhibitory inputs from the GABAergic system appear to gate olfactory information to the mushroom bodies and thus control the ability to learn about odors. Emerging data obtained by functional imaging procedures indicate that distinct memory traces form in different brain regions and correlate with different phases of memory. The results from these and other experiments also indicate that cross talk between mushroom bodies and several other brain regions is critical for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain U Busto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Bang S, Hyun S, Hong ST, Kang J, Jeong K, Park JJ, Choe J, Chung J. Dopamine signalling in mushroom bodies regulates temperature-preference behaviour in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001346. [PMID: 21455291 PMCID: PMC3063753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to environmental temperature variation is essential for survival in animals. Flies show robust temperature-preference behaviour (TPB) to find optimal temperatures. Recently, we have shown that Drosophila mushroom body (MB) functions as a center controlling TPB. However, neuromodulators that control the TPB in MB remain unknown. To identify the functions of dopamine in TPB, we have conducted various genetic studies in Drosophila. Inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis by genetic mutations or treatment with chemical inhibitors caused flies to prefer temperatures colder than normal. We also found that dopaminergic neurons are involved in TPB regulation, as the targeted inactivation of dopaminergic neurons by expression of a potassium channel (Kir2.1) induced flies with the loss of cold avoidance. Consistently, the mutant flies for dopamine receptor gene (DopR) also showed a cold temperature preference, which was rescued by MB–specific expression of DopR. Based on these results, we concluded that dopamine in MB is a key component in the homeostatic temperature control of Drosophila. The current findings will provide important bases to understand the logic of thermosensation and temperature preference decision in Drosophila. Temperature affects almost all aspects of animal development and physiological processes. The dependence of the body temperature of small insects on ambient temperature and other heat sources makes it plausible that neuronal mechanisms for sensing temperature and behavioral responses for maintaining body temperature in a permissive range must exist. By using the fruit fly model system and previously settled paradigms of temperature-preference test, we find that dopamine regulates temperature-preference behaviours. Wild-type flies show a strong temperature preference for 25°C, but inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis by genetic mutations or treatment with chemical inhibitors causes animals to prefer temperatures colder than normal. We also show that dopaminergic neurons are involved in the regulation of temperature-preference behaviours and that dopamine signalling in mushroom body neurons plays a critical role in regulating the behaviours. These results suggest that dopamine is a key component in the homeostatic temperature control of fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhoe Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea
| | - Seogang Hyun
- School of Biological Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea
| | - Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea
| | - Joong-Jean Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonho Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea
- * E-mail: (J. Chung); (J. Choe)
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (J. Chung); (J. Choe)
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48
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Wu Z, Guo A. A model study on the circuit mechanism underlying decision-making in Drosophila. Neural Netw 2011; 24:333-44. [PMID: 21310589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous elegant experiments in a flight simulator showed that conditioned Drosophila is able to make a clear-cut decision to avoid potential danger. When confronted with conflicting visual cues, the relative saliency of two competing cues is found to be a sensory ruler for flies to judge which cue should be used for decision-making. Further genetic manipulations and immunohistological analysis revealed that the dopamine system and mushroom bodies are indispensable for such a clear-cut or nonlinear decision. The neural circuit mechanism, however, is far from being clear. In this paper, we adopt a computational modeling approach to investigate how different brain areas and the dopamine system work together to drive a fly to make a decision. By developing a systems-level neural network, a two-pathway circuit is proposed. Besides a direct pathway from a feature binding area to the motor center, another connects two areas via the mushroom body, a target of dopamine release. A raised dopamine level is hypothesized to be induced by complex choice tasks and to enhance lateral inhibition and steepen the units' response gain in the mushroom body. Simulations show that training helps to assign values to formerly neutral features. For a circuit model with a blocked mushroom body, the direct pathway passes all alternatives to the motor center without changing original values, giving rise to a simple choice characterized by a linear choice curve. With respect to an intact circuit, enhanced lateral inhibition dependent on dopamine critically promotes competition between alternatives, turning the linear- into nonlinear choice behavior. Results account well for experimental data, supporting the reasonableness of model working hypotheses. Several testable predictions are made for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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Kim J, Lee S, Ko S, Kim-Ha J. dGIPC is required for the locomotive activity and longevity in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:565-70. [PMID: 21029723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes that function in the adult neural system, we screened pools of P element-mediated mutants and tested locomotor activity of homozygous flies. Of 1014 P element-mutagenized lines, 638 were homozygous viable. These lines were tested for climbing ability and lifespan. We isolated dGIPC, a Drosophila homolog of GIPC, that produced a 50% premature loss of locomotor activity and a 30% reduction in life span. We found that dGIPC is expressed in the central brain of adult flies, especially in glia and dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Inhibition of dGIPC expression in DA neurons significantly affected climbing ability and survival. In vertebrates, interactions between GIPC with dopamine receptors have been reported. Our findings, together with those obtained from vertebrate models, suggest that DrosophiladGIPC acts in the adult central nervous system and may be required to regulate the trafficking of dopamine receptors needed for proper functioning of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Barron AB, Søvik E, Cornish JL. The roles of dopamine and related compounds in reward-seeking behavior across animal phyla. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:163. [PMID: 21048897 PMCID: PMC2967375 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile animals actively seek out and gather resources they find rewarding, and this is an extremely powerful organizer and motivator of animal behavior. Mammalian studies have revealed interconnected neurobiological systems for reward learning, reward assessment, reinforcement and reward-seeking; all involving the biogenic amine dopamine. The neurobiology of reward-seeking behavioral systems is less well understood in invertebrates, but in many diverse invertebrate groups, reward learning and responses to food rewards also involve dopamine. The obvious exceptions are the arthropods in which the chemically related biogenic amine octopamine has a greater effect on reward learning and reinforcement than dopamine. Here we review the functions of these biogenic amines in behavioral responses to rewards in different animal groups, and discuss these findings in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biology, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
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