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K K H, Ajmera P, Agarwal A, Dahiya A, Parripati VK. Maple Syrup Urine Disease: An Uncommon Cause of Neonatal Febrile Seizures. Cureus 2023; 15:e40826. [PMID: 37489218 PMCID: PMC10363028 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder. An enzyme complex called branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) metabolizes branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine, in the body. The deficiency of this enzyme causes the accumulation of BCAAs in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urine. This metabolic illness is defined by abnormal levels of BCAAs. The pathognomonic illness marker alloisoleucine is produced in the absence of the BCKAD enzyme, which is part of a metabolic pathway involving three BCAAs and gets accumulated in the body. Classically, affected neonates present with feeding problems, vomiting, lethargy, and irritability, leading to seizures, coma, and death if left untreated. Blood and urine analysis reveals an accumulation of BCAAs in the plasma and urine. Here, we report the case of a neonate on day 10 of life with febrile seizures and non-acceptance of feeds, who was diagnosed with the classical form of MSUD. This is a classic case of MSUD which was evaluated exhaustively and revealed all classic features clinically and on investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshyenee K K
- Radiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Pranav Ajmera
- Radiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Aastha Agarwal
- Radiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Ajay Dahiya
- Radiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
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2
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Taheri H, Khayatian G. PMMA/paper hybrid microfluidic chip for simultaneous determination of arginine and valine in human plasma. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:370. [PMID: 36063237 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination is reported of arginine (Arg) and valine (Val) amino acids in plasma using flower-shaped μPADs and PMMA/paper hybrid microfluidic chip based on AuNPs capped with R-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (THP). In this article, the evaluation procedure is based on the smartphone colorimetric detection mechanism that results from the aggregation of the THP-AuNPs with the addition of amino acids and visual color change from red to blue. Arg and Val were selectively determined with good reproducibility and an acceptable linearity range. The flower-shaped (μPADs) provides many advantages, including low cost, reasonable sensitivity, simple and fast performance, simultaneous detection, disposable use, and high sample throughput compared with conventional colorimetric method using cuvette cells. The ratios between the absorbance wavelength at (A650/A525) and (A685/A525) are linearly proportional to the concentration of Arg and Val. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration range in aqueous solutions is 0.0068-100.0 and 0.0056-75.0 µM with a limit of detection of 2.25 and 1.86 nM for Arg and Val at pH 7.0, respectively. In the case of μPADs, the calibration curves for Arg and Val showed good linearity in the concentration range 0.01-75.0 µM. The detection limits for the analytes were 3.51 nM and 3.44 nM for Arg and Val, respectively. In addition, a PMMA/paper hybrid microfluidic chip was successfully employed to determine Arg and Val in plasma samples with a relative error below 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Taheri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Khayatian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
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Fuenzalida K, Valiente A, Faundez A, Guerrero P, Soto V, Leal-Witt M, Cabello J, Cornejo V. Quantitative Determination of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Dried Blood Spot Samples by LC-MSMS and its Application in Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Chilean Patients with Maple Syrup Urine Disease. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Wang HJ, Zhang Y, Kato S, Nakagawa K, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Wang JY. HPLC-MS/MS: A potential method to track the in vivo degradation of zein-based biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:606-613. [PMID: 28960906 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the inadequacies of existing clinic tracking strategies, such as isotopic tracer techniques, one of the major thrusts in protein-based tissue engineering substitutes prior to use in clinic is to develop a safe technique that can effectively track their degradation in vivo. Keeping in view the possible application of a natural polymer, zein as a novel bone substitute, with the advantages of good bio-compatibility, bio-degradability and outstanding mechanical properties, we attempted here to construct a HPLC-MS/MS method to track the in vivo degradation of zein porous scaffold. Histological observation and immunohistochemistry analysis using the intramuscular implantation model of rats clearly indicated that zein porous scaffold has certain osteoinductive ability. More importantly, HPLC-MS/MS detected the changes of amino acids levels in plasma and different organs after the implantation of scaffolds. With these findings, it could be concluded that HPLC-MS/MS might be a potential method to track the in vivo degradation of protein-based tissue engineering substitutes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 606-613, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Food Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe) at Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shunji Kato
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe) at Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.,Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Jin-Ye Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Technological Journey From Colorimetric to Tandem Mass Spectrometric Measurements in the Diagnostic Investigation for Phenylketonuria. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409816671733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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6
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Li J, Hu X, Guan P, Zhang X, Qian L, Zhang N, Du C, Song R. Preparation ofl-phenylalanine-imprinted solid-phase extraction sorbent by Pickering emulsion polymerization and the selective enrichment ofl-phenylalanine from human urine. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1863-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Ping Guan
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Liwei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Du
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Renyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an P. R. China
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Method development for the determination of D- and L-isomers of leucine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to animal plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7889-98. [PMID: 26345443 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with an electrospray ionization for the determination of D- and L-isomers of leucine in human plasma. Phosphate-buffered saline was used as the surrogate matrix for preparation of calibration curves and quality control samples. The extraction of D- and L-leucine in plasma samples (100 μL) was performed using cationic exchange solid-phase extraction. The enantiomer separation of D- and L-leucine was successfully achieved without derivatization using a CHIRALPAK ZWIX(-) with an isocratic mobile phase comprised of methanol/acetonitrile/1 mol/L ammonium formate/formic acid (500:500:25:2, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. In addition, the discrimination of DL-leucine from structural isomers DL-isoleucine and DL-allo-isoleucine was performed using the unique precursor and product ion pair transition of DL-leucine (m/z 132.1 > 43.0) and DL-leucine-d 7 (m/z 139.2 > 93.0) in positive electrospray ionization mode. The standard curves were linear throughout the calibration range from 0.001 to 1 μg/mL for D-leucine and from 1 to 1000 μg/mL for L-leucine, respectively, with acceptable intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy. The stability of D- and L-leucine in human plasma and solvents was confirmed. The endogenous level of D- and L-leucine in human plasma was 0.00197~0.00591 and 9.63~24.7 μg/mL, respectively. This method was also successfully applied to investigate the species difference in the ratios of D-leucine to total leucine from individual plasma concentrations in humans and various animals. The plasma D-leucine concentrations or their ratio to total leucine in rodents was much higher than that in humans.
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Godzien J, Armitage EG, Angulo S, Martinez-Alcazar MP, Alonso-Herranz V, Otero A, Lopez-Gonzalvez A, Barbas C. In-source fragmentation and correlation analysis as tools for metabolite identification exemplified with CE-TOF untargeted metabolomics. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2188-2195. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Godzien
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Emily G. Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Santiago Angulo
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Mari Paz Martinez-Alcazar
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Abraham Otero
- Department of Information and Communications Systems Engineering; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Angeles Lopez-Gonzalvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO); Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe; Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
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10
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Kim MI, Park TJ, Heo NS, Woo MA, Cho D, Lee SY, Park HG. Cell-based method utilizing fluorescent Escherichia coli auxotrophs for quantification of multiple amino acids. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2489-96. [PMID: 24475885 DOI: 10.1021/ac403429s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cell-based assay system for simultaneous quantification of the three amino acids, phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), and leucine (Leu) in a single biological sample, was developed and applied in the multiplex diagnosis of three key metabolic diseases of newborn babies. The assay utilizes three Escherichia coli auxotrophs, which grow only in the presence of the corresponding target amino acids and which contain three different fluorescent reporter plasmids that produce distinguishable fluorescence signals (red, green, and cyan) in concert with cell growth. To mixtures of the three auxotrophs, immobilized on agarose gels arrayed on a well plate, is added a test sample. Following incubation, the concentrations of the three amino acids in the sample are simultaneously determined by measuring the intensities of three fluorescence signals that correspond to the reporter plasmids. The clinical utility of this assay system was demonstrated by employing it to identify metabolic diseases of newborn babies through the quantification of Phe, Met, and Leu in clinically derived dried blood spot specimens. The general strategy developed in this effort should be applicable to the design of new assay systems for the quantification of multiple amino acids derived from complex biological samples and, as such, to expand the utilization of cell-based analytical systems that replace conventional, yet laborious methods currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Il Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Labroo P, Cui Y. Amperometric bienzyme screen-printed biosensor for the determination of leucine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:367-72. [PMID: 24220759 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leucine plays an important role in protein synthesis, brain functions, building muscle mass, and helping the body when it undergoes stress. Here, we report a new amperometric bienzyme screen-printed biosensor for the determination of leucine, by coimmobilizing p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (HBH) and leucine dehydrogenase (LDH) on a screen-printed electrode with NADP(+) and p-hydroxybenzoate as the cofactors. The detection principle of the sensor is that LDH catalyzes the specific dehydrogenation of leucine by using NADP(+) as a cofactor. The product, NADPH, triggers the hydroxylation of p-hydroxybenzoate by HBH in the presence of oxygen to produce 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, which results in a change in electron concentration at the working carbon electrode, which is detected by the potentiostat. The sensor shows a linear detection range between 10 and 600 μM with a detection limit of 2 μM. The response is reproducible and has a fast measuring time of 5-10 s after the addition of a given concentration of leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Labroo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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12
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Gouveia MJ, Brindley PJ, Santos LL, da Costa JMC, Gomes P, Vale N. Mass spectrometry techniques in the survey of steroid metabolites as potential disease biomarkers: a review. Metabolism 2013; 62:1206-17. [PMID: 23664145 PMCID: PMC3755027 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric approaches have been fundamental to the identification of metabolites associated with steroid hormones, yet this topic has not been reviewed in depth in recent years. To this end, and given the increasing relevance of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) studies on steroid hormones and their metabolites, the present review addresses this subject. This review provides a timely summary of the use of various mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques during the evaluation of steroidal biomarkers in a range of human disease settings. The sensitivity and specificity of these technologies are clearly providing valuable new insights into breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. We aim to contribute to an enhanced understanding of steroid metabolism and how it can be profiled by LC-MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto
- INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences – Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Ross Hali, 20037 Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathology Research Group - IPO-Porto, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto
- INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author: CIQUP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal Tel.: +351 220402567; fax: + 351 220402563,
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Jeong JS, Sim HJ, Lee YM, Yoon HR, Kwon HJ, Hong SP. Chromatographic diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease by measuring the l-alloisoleucine/l-phenylalanine ratio in dried blood spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2171-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sowell J, Pollard L, Wood T. Quantification of branched-chain amino acids in blood spots and plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:631-9. [PMID: 21328532 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) have an inherited metabolic disorder resulting in a deficiency in the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase complex. As a result, these individuals have elevated concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoluecine, allo-isoleucine, and leucine. MSUD presents in the first few days of life and progression may lead to irreversible intellectual disability, coma, cerebral edema, and death. However, early diagnosis and intervention can mitigate or eliminate many of the potential adverse effects. Consequently, it is important to develop techniques to screen for MSUD. We have developed an LC-MS/MS assay for the diagnosis of MSUD. The method is amenable to high-throughput formats due to the minimal sample prep required. The assay was shown to be robust, precise, and accurate. Finally, we identified and addressed some of the problems associated with working with bloodspots and implemented satisfactory approaches to overcoming these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sowell
- Biochemical Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
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Arakawa T, Koshida T, Gessei T, Miyajima K, Takahashi D, Kudo H, Yano K, Mitsubayashi K. Biosensor for L-phenylalanine based on the optical detection of NADH using a UV light emitting diode. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Simple and rapid analytical method for detection of amino acids in blood using blood spot on filter paper, fast-GC/MS and isotope dilution technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Kim MI, Yu BJ, Woo MA, Cho D, Dordick JS, Cho JH, Choi BO, Park HG. Multiplexed Amino Acid Array Utilizing Bioluminescent Escherichia coli Auxotrophs. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4072-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100087r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Il Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Byung Jo Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Min-Ah Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Daeyeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - June Hyoung Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, MD Science Inc., 258-1 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea, LabGenomics Co., Ltd., #1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine
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18
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Cheng J, Feng F, Zhuang B. Development of a New Pre-Derivatization LC Method for Analysis of Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids in Rat Plasma and to Monitor their Dynamic Variation as a Result of Acute Hepatic Injury. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Kand'ár R, Žáková P, Jirošová J, Sladká M. Determination of branched chain amino acids, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and α-keto acids in plasma and dried blood samples using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:565-72. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Darvish M, Ebrahimi SA, Ghadam P. Development of micellar electro kinetic chromatography for the separation and quantitation of L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucin and L-phenylalanine in human plasma and comparison with HPLC. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:2436-2441. [PMID: 19070110 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2436.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) are two inborn metabolic diseases which are carried by autosomal recessive genes in man. These genetic errors result in accumulation of phenylalanine (in PKU) or valine, leucine and isoluecin (in MSUD). At high concentrations, amongst other problems, these amino acids cause mental retardation. However if detected early after birth, using special diets and other forms of therapy, mental abnormalities can be prevented. As a result in many countries screening of infants for MSUD and PKU, by measuring plasma amino acids has become a routine neonatal test. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) assays have a number of advantages over the traditional chromatography techniques (such as GC or HPLC). These include low cost, high speed of analysis and high resolution. These characteristics, make CE an ideal method for the screening of inborn errors of metabolism. We developed a CE assay based on pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with phenylisothiocyanate. This conjugate has strong absorbance at 254 nm. CE was carried out using a Spectraphoresis 1000 instrument, fitted with 40 cm of a 25 microm capillary, at 17 degrees C. A running voltage of 18KV was used to separate the amino acid mixture in an electrophoretic buffer containing 45 mM imidazole, 6 mM borate and 208 mM SDS, fixed at pH 9 with 2-N-morpholino ethane sulfonic acid. The assay was calibrated using various concentrations of amino acid standards. LOD, LOQ, recovery, inter-day and intra-day variations of the assay were determined. Also, levels of the 4 amino acids in normal and abnormal plasma were determined and compared with HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Darvish
- Department of Biochemistry, Alzahra University, Iran
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21
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Armstrong M, Jonscher K, Reisdorph NA. Analysis of 25 underivatized amino acids in human plasma using ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2717-26. [PMID: 17659659 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids in biological fluids have previously been shown to be detectable using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) with perfluorinated acids as ion-pairing agents. To date, these studies have used precursor mass, retention time and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify and quantify amino acids. While this is a potentially powerful technique, we sought to adapt the method to time-of-flight (TOF)MS. A new application of a recently described liquid chromatographic separation method was coupled with TOFMS to employ accurate mass for qualitative identification; resulting in additional qualitative data not available with standard single quadrupole data. In the current study, we evaluated 25 physiological amino acids and one dipeptide that are routinely quantified in human plasma. Accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated by spiking human plasma with a mix of the 25 amino acids; in addition, the inclusion of a cation-exchange cleanup step was evaluated. The calibration curves were linear over a range from 1.56 to 400 microM. The dynamic range was found to be within physiological levels for all amino acids analyzed. Accuracy and precision for most of the amino acids was between 80-120% spike recovery and <10% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LC/MS technique described in this study relies on mass accuracy and is suitable for the quantitation of free amino acids in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Armstrong
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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22
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Bishop MJ, Crow B, Norton D, Kovalcik K, George J, Bralley JA. A simple and selective method for the measurement of leucine and isoleucine from plasma using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1920-4. [PMID: 17510935 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the rapid and accurate quantification of leucine (LEU) and isoleucine (ILE) from plasma using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The two isomeric amino acids were selectively detected using fragment ions unique to each compound. As a result, the need for chromatographic separation was avoided allowing for faster analysis (3 min). The possibility of any considerable interference between the two transitions was closely monitored, with no significant interference being observed. The presence of interfering compounds in plasma was also evaluated and found to minimal. The method was evaluated based upon linearity, with r2>or=0.995 for both compounds, and accuracy, with no more than 8% deviation from the theoretical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bishop
- Metametrix Clinical Laboratory, R&D 201, 4855 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross, GA 30092, USA.
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23
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Want EJ, Cravatt BF, Siuzdak G. The expanding role of mass spectrometry in metabolite profiling and characterization. Chembiochem 2006; 6:1941-51. [PMID: 16206229 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has a strong history in drug-metabolite analysis and has recently emerged as the foremost technology in endogenous metabolite research. The advantages of mass spectrometry include a wide dynamic range, the ability to observe a diverse number of molecular species, and reproducible quantitative analysis. These attributes are important in addressing the issue of metabolite profiling, as the dynamic range easily exceeds nine orders of magnitude in biofluids, and the diversity of species ranges from simple amino acids to lipids to complex carbohydrates. The goals of the application of mass spectrometry range from basic biochemistry to clinical biomarker discovery with challenges in generating a comprehensive profile, data analysis, and structurally characterizing physiologically important metabolites. The precedent for this work has already been set in neonatal screening, as blood samples from millions of neonates are tested routinely by mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool for inborn errors of metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the background from which contemporary metabolite research emerged, the techniques involved in this exciting area, and the current and future applications of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Shen X, Deng C, Wang B, Dong L. Quantification of trimethylsilyl derivatives of amino acid disease biomarkers in neonatal blood samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:931-8. [PMID: 16385411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical procedure was developed for the rapid determination of disease biomarkers of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine in dried blood spots. Amino acids extracted from neonatal dried blood spots were rapidly derivatized with bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Derivatization conditions and the method validation were studied: optimal derivatization conditions were acetonitrile as reaction solvent, a temperature of 100 degrees C, and a reaction time of 30 min. The proposed method provided a detection limit lower than 2.0 microM, recovery between 92% and 106%, and relative standard deviation less than 8.0%. The method was further tested in screening for neonatal MSUD by determination of L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine in blood samples. The experimental results show that GC-MS following BSTFA derivatization is a rapid, simple, and sensitive method for the determination of amino acid disease biomarkers in blood samples, and is a potential tool for fast screening of MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Shen
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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25
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Deng C, Wang B, Liu L. Fast Diagnosis of Neonatal Phenylketonuria by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Following Microwave-Assisted Silylation. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Deng C, Yin X, Zhang L, Zhang X. Development of microwave-assisted derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for fast determination of amino acids in neonatal blood samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2227-34. [PMID: 16015674 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of amino acids in blood samples is an important tool for the diagnosis of neonatal amino acid metabolism disorders. In the work, a novel, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of amino acids in neonatal blood samples, which was based on microwave-assisted silylation followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The amino acids were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) under microwave irradiation. The controlled reaction was carried out employing BSTFA under conventional heating at 120 degrees C for 30 min. Experimental results show that microwave irradiation can accelerate the derivatization reaction of amino acids with BSFTA, and much shorten analysis time. The method validations (linear range, detection limit, precision and recovery) were studied. Finally, the method was tested by determination of amino acids in neonatal blood by the measurement of their trimethylsilyl derivatives by GC/MS in electron impact (EI) mode. Two biomarkers of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine in phenylketonuria (PKU)-positive blood and control blood were quantitatively analyzed by the proposed method. The results demonstrated that microwave-assisted silylation followed by GC/MS is a rapid, simple and sensitive method for amino acid analysis and is also a potential tool for fast screening of neonatal aminoacidurias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Deng C, Ji J, Zhang L, Zhang X. Diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by rapid determination of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in dried blood spots by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following microwave-assisted silylation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2974-8. [PMID: 16178052 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) is considered to be the biomarker of congential adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Screening for CAH in newborns by measuring levels of the biomarker of 17OHP has become routine. In the work, a rapid, simple and sensitive technique was developed for the diagnosis of neonatal CAH by the quantitative analysis of 17OHP in neonatal blood spots. The technique was based on microwave-assisted silylation (MAS) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the method, fast derivatization of 17OHP with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was performed by using microwave irradiation, and the trimethylsilyl derivative thus formed was analyzed by GC/MS. The results of the experiment indicate that MAS followed by GC/MS analysis is a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the determination of 17OHP in blood samples. The proposed technique has been shown to have potential as a powerful tool for the rapid diagnosis of neonatal CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China
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Deng C, Li N, Zhang X. Rapid determination of amino acids in neonatal blood samples based on derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate followed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2558-2564. [PMID: 15468143 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method for determination of amino acids in neonatal blood samples. The developed method involves the employment of derivatization and a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique together with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Amino acids in blood samples were derivatized by a mixture of isobutyl chloroformate, methanol and pyridine, and the N(O,S)-alkoxycarbonyl alkyl esters thus formed were headspace extracted by a SPME fiber. Finally, the extracted analytes on the fiber were desorbed and detected by GC/MS in electron impact (EI) mode. L-Valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylanaline and L-tyrosine in blood samples were quantitatively analyzed by measurement of the corresponding N(O,S)-alkoxycarbonyl alkyl esters using an external standard method. SPME conditions were optimized, and the method was validated. The method was applied to diagnosis of neonatal phenylkenuria (PKU) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) by the analyses of five amino acids in blood samples. The results showed that the proposed method is a potentially powerful tool for simultaneous screening for neonatal PKU and MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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