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Prins BP, Mead TJ, Brody JA, Sveinbjornsson G, Ntalla I, Bihlmeyer NA, van den Berg M, Bork-Jensen J, Cappellani S, Van Duijvenboden S, Klena NT, Gabriel GC, Liu X, Gulec C, Grarup N, Haessler J, Hall LM, Iorio A, Isaacs A, Li-Gao R, Lin H, Liu CT, Lyytikäinen LP, Marten J, Mei H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Orini M, Padmanabhan S, Radmanesh F, Ramirez J, Robino A, Schwartz M, van Setten J, Smith AV, Verweij N, Warren HR, Weiss S, Alonso A, Arnar DO, Bots ML, de Boer RA, Dominiczak AF, Eijgelsheim M, Ellinor PT, Guo X, Felix SB, Harris TB, Hayward C, Heckbert SR, Huang PL, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kors JA, Lambiase PD, Launer LJ, Li M, Linneberg A, Nelson CP, Pedersen O, Perez M, Peters A, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Raitakari OT, Rice KM, Rotter JI, Sinner MF, Soliman EZ, Spector TD, Strauch K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tinker A, Trompet S, Uitterlinden A, Vaartjes I, van der Meer P, Völker U, Völzke H, Waldenberger M, Wilson JG, Xie Z, Asselbergs FW, Dörr M, van Duijn CM, Gasparini P, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Kääb S, Kanters JK, Kooperberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lin HJ, Lubitz SA, Mook-Kanamori DO, Conti FJ, Newton-Cheh CH, Rosand J, Rudan I, Samani NJ, Sinagra G, Smith BH, Holm H, Stricker BH, Ulivi S, Sotoodehnia N, Apte SS, van der Harst P, Stefansson K, Munroe PB, Arking DE, Lo CW, Jamshidi Y. Exome-chip meta-analysis identifies novel loci associated with cardiac conduction, including ADAMTS6. Genome Biol 2018; 19:87. [PMID: 30012220 PMCID: PMC6048820 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies conducted on QRS duration, an electrocardiographic measurement associated with heart failure and sudden cardiac death, have led to novel biological insights into cardiac function. However, the variants identified fall predominantly in non-coding regions and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS Here, we identify putative functional coding variation associated with changes in the QRS interval duration by combining Illumina HumanExome BeadChip genotype data from 77,898 participants of European ancestry and 7695 of African descent in our discovery cohort, followed by replication in 111,874 individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank and deCODE cohorts. We identify ten novel loci, seven within coding regions, including ADAMTS6, significantly associated with QRS duration in gene-based analyses. ADAMTS6 encodes a secreted metalloprotease of currently unknown function. In vitro validation analysis shows that the QRS-associated variants lead to impaired ADAMTS6 secretion and loss-of function analysis in mice demonstrates a previously unappreciated role for ADAMTS6 in connexin 43 gap junction expression, which is essential for myocardial conduction. CONCLUSIONS Our approach identifies novel coding and non-coding variants underlying ventricular depolarization and provides a possible mechanism for the ADAMTS6-associated conduction changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram P Prins
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Nathan A Bihlmeyer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marten van den Berg
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000, CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Van Duijvenboden
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Annamaria Iorio
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, 34100, Trieste, Italy
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Center for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 60, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Biostatistics Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jonathan Marten
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michele Orini
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF GCRC, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Farid Radmanesh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Julia Ramirez
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Molly Schwartz
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Niek Verweij
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 2114.0, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Eijgelsheim
- Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Division of Genomic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Stephan B Felix
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Paul L Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jan A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Man Li
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200.0, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Perez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Human Genotyping Facility Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Zhijun Xie
- TCM Clinical Basis Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research); Partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henry J Lin
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Division of Genomic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco J Conti
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christopher H Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, 34100, Trieste, Italy
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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