Contribution of suicide and injuries to pregnancy-related mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Suicide Attempts during Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

Suicide attempts (SA) during perinatal period have the potential to adversely affect a woman's health and her developing infant. To date, little is known about perinatal SA and their risk factors. This study aimed to synthetize the evidence on risk factors of SA in pregnant and postpartum women.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed studies retrieved from PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, following the PRISMA guidelines for reporting. A meta-analysis was conducted only for risk factors examined in at least three distinct samples.

RESULTS

A total of ten studies were eligible for inclusion. All the studies found significant associations in regression models between perinatal SA and other variables (sociodemographic, clinical factors obstetric, neonatal, and psychosocial). The meta-analysis showed that unmarried women (pooled OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.26-2.78), with no higher education (pooled OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.31-2.74) and affected by a mood disorder (pooled OR = 11.43, 95% CI = 1.56-83.87) have a higher risk of postpartum SA; women who smoke during pregnancy (pooled OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.35-11.11) have a higher risk of SA in pregnancy; and women with previous suicidal behavior(pooled OR = 38.04, 95% CI = 3.36-431.17) have a higher risk of perinatal SA, whether during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. The type of sample, whether community or clinical, is a relevant moderating factor.

CONCLUSION

Our study extends prior reviews about suicidal behaviors in women by studying perinatal suicide attempts independently, as well as it synthesized data on some sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric/neonatal risk factors. Further studies about specific risk factors for perinatal SA are needed in order to improve early detection and intervention of women at risk.

Exploring the return-on-investment for scaling screening and psychosocial treatment for women with common perinatal mental health problems in Malawi: Developing a cost-benefit-calculator tool

This study sought to develop a user-friendly decision-making tool to explore country-specific estimates for costs and economic consequences of different options for scaling screening and psychosocial interventions for women with common perinatal mental health problems in Malawi. We developed a simple simulation model using a structure and parameter estimates that were established iteratively with experts, based on published trials, international databases and resources, statistical data, best practice guidance and intervention manuals. The model projects annual costs and returns to investment from 2022 to 2026. The study perspective is societal, including health expenditure and productivity losses. Outcomes in the form of health-related quality of life are measured in Disability Adjusted Life Years, which were converted into monetary values. Economic consequences include those that occur in the year in which the intervention takes place. Results suggest that the net benefit is relatively small at the beginning but increases over time as learning effects lead to a higher number of women being identified and receiving (cost‑)effective treatment. For a scenario in which screening is first provided by health professionals (such as midwives) and a second screening and the intervention are provided by trained and supervised volunteers to equal proportions in group and individual sessions, as well as in clinic versus community setting, total costs in 2022 amount to US$ 0.66 million and health benefits to US$ 0.36 million. Costs increase to US$ 1.03 million and health benefits to US$ 0.93 million in 2026. Net benefits increase from US$ 35,000 in 2022 to US$ 0.52 million in 2026, and return-on-investment ratios from 1.05 to 1.45. Results from sensitivity analysis suggest that positive net benefit results are highly sensitive to an increase in staff salaries. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing an economic decision-making tool that can be used by local policy makers and influencers to inform investments in maternal mental health.

Perinatal women's views and experiences of discussing suicide in maternity care settings: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a leading global cause of maternal death in the first year after birth. Limited research has explored which factors may support or prevent women from disclosing suicidality. This is important for informing appropriate approaches to identifying perinatal women who may require support.

AIMS

(i) explore perinatal women's views and experiences regarding the barriers, facilitators, and implications of identifying and disclosing suicidality in maternity care settings; and (ii) explore their perspectives on appropriate approaches for healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to take when asking about suicide during pregnancy or after birth.

METHODS

Twenty-one semi-structured interviews with perinatal women in the UK. Of these women, 17 had experienced self-reported perinatal mental health (PMH) problems and/or suicidality. Inductive thematic analysis was used to explore the data and identify themes.

RESULTS

Four themes, comprising 11 subthemes were identified. Barriers that affected women's willingness and capacity to disclose suicidality included: stigma, social expectations of motherhood, not recognising symptoms, not being asked about PMH and/or rushed appointments, lack of care continuity, and HCPs interpersonal skills. Important facilitators were the provision of PMH information and peer support. Women also suggested providing more choice in how PMH and suicide-related questions are administered (e.g., via a form and in-person) and for HCPs to frame these discussions sensitively.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant barriers impact perinatal women's disclosure of suicidality. Appropriate approaches for identifying suicidality in maternity contexts need to be developed that take account of these barriers and support women to feel safe, comfortable, and able to answer suicide-related questions honestly.

Is there a correlation between prepartum anaemia and an increased likelihood of developing postpartum depression? A prospective observational study

PURPOSE

Postpartum depression (PPD) represents a significant challenge to maternal and child health. Early screening for PPD is essential to ensure appropriate treatment and support. The present study aimed to assess whether maternal prepartum anaemia influences the likelihood of developing PPD within 3 days after delivery.

METHODS

In collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry, a prospective observational study was carried out at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" in Naples. A total of 211 full-term pregnant women were enrolled, and their predelivery haemoglobin value was recorded. Women with gestational diabetes, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, intellectual disability, or pre-existing diagnosis of psychotic spectrum disorder were excluded. Participants provided written informed consent to fill out the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 3 days after delivery. EPDS cut-off score of ≥ 10 was used to identify women at risk of developing PPD. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test, the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, and linear regression.

RESULTS

The participants were categorized into 2 groups based on EPDS scores: EPDS < 10 (176 patients) or EPDS ≥ 10 (35 patients). The two groups showed homogeneity in terms of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. The mean haemoglobin values of anaemic pregnant women in the EPDS ≤ 10 group (11.78 ± 1.39 g/dl) and the EPDS > 10 group (11.62 ± 1.27 g/dl) were not significantly different (p = 0.52). There was no significant correlation between the predelivery haemoglobin value and the EPDS postpartum score of < 10 or ≥ 10. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and the estimated coefficients of the linear regression model did not show any statistical relationship between continuous and binary haemoglobin values.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study found that maternal prepartum anaemia did not negatively impact the likelihood of developing postpartum depressive symptoms, in the first 3 days after delivery.

Acceptability and content validity of suicidality screening items: a qualitative study with perinatal women

Background

Suicide is a leading cause of death for perinatal women. It is estimated that up to 50% of women with mental health issues during pregnancy and/or after birth are not identified, despite regular contact with healthcare services. Screening items are one way in which perinatal women needing support could be identified. However, research examining the content validity and acceptability of suicide-related screening items with perinatal women is limited.

Aims

This study sought to: (i) assess the acceptability and content validity of 16 suicide-related items that have been administered and/or validated in perinatal populations; and (ii) explore the potential barriers and facilitators that may affect how women respond to these items when administered during pregnancy and after birth.

Methods

Twenty-one cognitive and semi-structured interviews were conducted with pregnant and postnatal women in the UK. The sample included women who had experienced self-reported mental health problems and/or suicidality during the perinatal period, and those who had not. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a coding framework based on the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability was applied to explore the data using deductive and inductive approaches.

Results

Findings indicated that the acceptability and content validity of suicide-related items were largely unacceptable to perinatal women in their current form. Women found terms such as 'better off dead' or 'killing myself' uncomfortable. Most women preferred the phrase 'ending your life' as this felt less confronting. Comprehensibility was also problematic. Many women did not interpret 'harming myself' to include suicidality, nor did they feel that abstract language such as 'leave this world' was direct enough in relation to suicide. Stigma, fear, and shame was central to non-disclosure. Response options and recall periods further affected the content validity of items, which created additional barriers for identifying those needing support.

Conclusions

Existing suicide-related screening items may not be acceptable to perinatal women. Maternity practitioners and researchers should consider the phrasing, clarity, context, and framing of screening items when discussing suicidality with perinatal women to ensure potential barriers are not being reinforced. The development of specific suicidality screening measures that are acceptable, appropriate, and relevant to perinatal women are warranted.

Suicidal ideation and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals of Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a global issue. It is the third responsible for death among the reproductive age group. Pregnancy is a complicated event and crucial in the life of a woman with considerable physiological, hormonal changes, social, and mental changes. However, third-world countries like Ethiopia have not been investigated well. Therefore, the study planned to assess the magnitude and factors associated with suicidal ideation. Furthermore, it will identify the role of hyperemesis gravidarum on suicidal ideation.

METHOD

A Cross-sectional study was employed for 543 pregnant participants attending antenatal care at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital and Jugal General Hospital, Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia from June 1 to August 1, 2022. The recruited participants were selected by systematic random sampling method. Suicide was assessed using Composite International Diagnostic by interview methods data collection. Epi data and STATA version 14.1 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Candidate variables were entered into a multivariate logistic regression then those variables that have p-value < 0.05 were considered as significantly associated.

RESULTS

The magnitude of suicidal ideation in this study was found to be 11.15% at (95% CI: 8.75-14.11). Regarding the associated factor, unwanted pregnancy (AOR = 3.39: at 95% CI = 1.58-7.27), Hyperemesis gravidarum (AOR = 3.65: at 95% CI = 1.81-7.34), having depressive symptoms (AOR = 2.79: at 95% CI = 1.49-5.23), having anxiety symptoms (AOR = 3.37; at 95% CI = 1.69-6.68), experiencing intimate partner violence (AOR = 2.88: at 95% CI = 1.11-7.46), and having stress (AOR = 3.46; at 95% CI = 1.75-6.86) were significantly associated variable with suicidal ideation among pregnant women.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This study revealed that suicidal ideation is common among pregnant women. Regarding the associated factors unwanted pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, having depressive and anxiety symptoms, experiencing intimate partner violence, and stress were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Thus, giving awareness and early screening and interferences for antenatal suicide should be warranted.

Suicide Ideation within and outside the Perinatal Period: An Exploration of Interpersonal Factors from a Maternal Cohort in Rural Pakistan to Improve Intervention Targeting

OBJECTIVE

Suicide accounts for substantial mortality in low-resourced settings and contributes to nearly 20% of maternal deaths. In Asia, interpersonal conflict is a salient factor that contributes to suicidal thoughts and actions, yet limited research has been done to explore the type and timing of such conflicts and a woman's accompanying social support. Identifying such risk factors can inform improved efforts to identify who to target for psychosocial interventions.

METHODS

Using the Bachpan Cohort study of mothers in Pakistan (n = 1154), we examined the prevalence and interpersonal influences on SI within the past two weeks of pregnancy and then at 3, 6, and 24 months after birth. Using hierarchical mixed effects models, we explored the separate and combined associations of interpersonal factors [e.g., social support, interpersonal conflict, isolation, and past year intimate partner violence (IPV)] on SI at each timepoint.

RESULTS

SI prevalence was highest in pregnancy (12.2%) and dropped to 5% throughout two years postpartum. The interpersonal conflict was independently associated with increased odds of SI in pregnancy and 24 months postpartum. IPV was associated with increased SI in pregnancy and 24 months postpartum. Isolation was not associated with SI at any timepoint. Perceived social support remained a robust independent factor associated with reduced SI at all timepoints.

CONCLUSION

In addition to screening and deploying interventions for perinatal women with depression, targeting interventions for those who also experience interpersonal conflict, including intimate partner violence, may significantly reduce suicidal thoughts and related sequelae. Social support is a viable and potentially powerful target to reduce the burden of suicide among women.HIGHLIGHTSSuicidal ideation prevalence was higher in pregnancy compared to postpartum.Perceived social support was independently associated with reduced suicidal ideation.Interventions addressing suicide must attend to women's family and social context.

Conceptual framework on barriers and facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care and treatment for women: the MATRIx evidence synthesis

Background

Perinatal mental health difficulties can occur during pregnancy or after birth and mental illness is a leading cause of maternal death. It is therefore important to identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing and accessing perinatal mental health care.

Objectives

Our research objective was to develop a conceptual framework of barriers and facilitators to perinatal mental health care (defined as identification, assessment, care and treatment) to inform perinatal mental health services.

Methods

Two systematic reviews were conducted to synthesise the evidence on: Review 1 barriers and facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care; and Review 2 barriers to women accessing perinatal mental health care. Results were used to develop a conceptual framework which was then refined through consultations with stakeholders.

Data sources

Pre-planned searches were conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Review 2 also included Scopus and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

Review methods

In Review 1, studies were included if they examined barriers or facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care. In Review 2, systematic reviews were included if they examined barriers and facilitators to women seeking help, accessing help and engaging in perinatal mental health care; and they used systematic search strategies. Only qualitative papers were identified from the searches. Results were analysed using thematic synthesis and themes were mapped on to a theoretically informed multi-level model then grouped to reflect different stages of the care pathway.

Results

Review 1 included 46 studies. Most were carried out in higher income countries and evaluated as good quality with low risk of bias. Review 2 included 32 systematic reviews. Most were carried out in higher income countries and evaluated as having low confidence in the results. Barriers and facilitators to perinatal mental health care were identified at seven levels: Individual (e.g. beliefs about mental illness); Health professional (e.g. confidence addressing perinatal mental illness); Interpersonal (e.g. relationship between women and health professionals); Organisational (e.g. continuity of carer); Commissioner (e.g. referral pathways); Political (e.g. women's economic status); and Societal (e.g. stigma). These factors impacted on perinatal mental health care at different stages of the care pathway. Results from reviews were synthesised to develop two MATRIx conceptual frameworks of the (1) barriers and (2) facilitators to perinatal mental health care. These provide pictorial representations of 66 barriers and 39 facilitators that intersect across the care pathway and at different levels.

Limitations

In Review 1 only 10% of abstracts were double screened and 10% of included papers methodologically appraised by two reviewers. The majority of reviews included in Review 2 were evaluated as having low (n = 14) or critically low (n = 5) confidence in their results. Both reviews only included papers published in academic journals and written in English.

Conclusions

The MATRIx frameworks highlight the complex interplay of individual and system level factors across different stages of the care pathway that influence women accessing perinatal mental health care and effective implementation of perinatal mental health services.

Recommendations for health policy and practice

These include using the conceptual frameworks to inform comprehensive, strategic and evidence-based approaches to perinatal mental health care; ensuring care is easy to access and flexible; providing culturally sensitive care; adequate funding of services; and quality training for health professionals with protected time to do it.

Future work

Further research is needed to examine access to perinatal mental health care for specific groups, such as fathers, immigrants or those in lower income countries.

Trial registration

This trial is registered as PROSPERO: (R1) CRD42019142854; (R2) CRD42020193107.

Funding

This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR 128068) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 2. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in an urban post-partum maternity setting: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Fifteen percent of women worldwide experience depression in the perinatal period. Suicide is now one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in developed countries. Internationally, many healthcare systems screen post-natal women for depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation to facilitate early assessment and intervention. To our knowledge, no Irish data exists on the prevalence of suicidal ideation in this cohort.

AIMS

To evaluate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in post-natal women attending a large Dublin maternity hospital.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Women were randomly selected by delivery date over a 6 month period. Demographic and medical information was collected from their booking visit and discharge summary data. EPDS results at discharge post-partum were examined.

RESULTS

Data was collected on 643 women. Post-partum, 19 women (3.4%) had experienced suicidal ideation in the previous 7 days. Just over half of these women also had high EPDS scores (>12). Overall, 29 women (5.2%) screened positive for depression (EPDS score > 12).

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of suicidal ideation is in line with the published international data and emphasises the need for all clinicians to inquire about such thoughts. Training of midwifery and obstetric staff is required. Maternity units should have a policy on the management of suicidal ideation and risk. The prevalence of depressive symptoms post-partum was comparatively low in our study. This could suggest that antenatal screening and early intervention, which are integral parts of the perinatal mental health service, are effective. However, due to limitations of the study, it could also reflect an under-representation of depressive symptom burden in this cohort.

Prevalence of mental disorders in South Asia: A systematic review of reviews

Mental disorders are increasing in South Asia (SA), but their epidemiological burden is under-researched. We carried out a systematic umbrella review to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders and intentional self-harm in the region. Multiple databases were searched and systematic reviews reporting the prevalence of at least one mental disorder from countries in SA were included. Review data were narratively synthesised; primary studies of common mental disorders (CMDs) among adults were identified from a selected subset of reviews and pooled. We included 124 reviews. The majority (n = 65) reported on mood disorders, followed by anxiety disorders (n = 45). High prevalence of mental disorders and intentional self-harm was found in general adult and vulnerable populations. Two reviews met our pre-defined criteria for identifying primary studies of CMDs. Meta-analysis of 25 primary studies showed a pooled prevalence of 16.0% (95% CI = 11.0-22.0%, I 2 = 99.9%) for depression, 12.0% (5.0-21.0%, I 2 = 99.9%) for anxiety, and 14.0% (10.0-19.0, I 2 = 99.9%) for both among the general adult population; pooled estimates varied by country and assessment tool used. Overall, reviews suggest high prevalence for mental disorders in SA, but evidence is limited on conditions other than CMDs.

Incorporating early pregnancy mental health screening and management into routine maternal care: experience from the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo), Sri Lanka

Early identification of mental health problems in pregnancy in low-income and middle-income countries is scarcely reported. We present the experience of a programme assimilating screening and management of antenatal anxiety and depression in conjunction with the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort, in Sri Lanka. We adopted a two-stage screening approach to identify the symptoms and the reasons for anxiety and depression. Pregnant women (n=3074), less than 13 weeks of period of gestation underwent screening with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Scores were positive among 23% and 14% of women in the first and second trimesters, respectively. Clinical (telephone) interviews (n=78, response 56.9%) were held for women having high EPDS scores to screen for clinical depression using the 'mental health GAP' tool. Targeted interventions including counselling, financial and social support and health education were employed. The procedure was repeated in the second trimester with in-person clinical interviews and inquiry into intentional self-harm. Our findings indicated that (1) the majority of mental health problems in early pregnancy were anxiety related to early pregnancy-associated conditions manageable at the primary healthcare level, (2) coupling mental health screening using psychometric tools with clinical interviews facilitates targeted patient-centred care, (3) the majority of intentional self-harm during pregnancy is not in the routine health surveillance system and (4) promoting women to attend the psychiatry clinic in tertiary care hospital has been difficult. Following the experience, we propose a model for mental health service provision in routine pregnancy care programme starting from early pregnancy.

Risk factors for the development of postpartum depression in individuals who screened positive for antenatal depression

BACKGROUND

Women with antenatal depression often have a higher risk of developing postpartum depression (PPD) after delivery. A number of factors associated with the PDD in those previously reporting antenatal depression have been suggested, but further research is needed. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with developing subsequent postnatal depression in women who had screened positive for antenatal depression.

METHODS

This study was carried out in Hangzhou women's Hospital. 578 women who experienced antenatal depression from this cohort were enrolled in this study. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were collected and tabulated against the incidence of postnatal depression. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the principal underlying variables. The Chinese-version Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for PPD. Antenatal screening for depression was conducted at 28-34 weeks during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed at 6 weeks after childbirth in the women. Path Analysis of Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to explore the direct, indirect, and total effects of risk factors of PPD.

RESULTS

57.6% (n = 333) of the participants subsequently developed PPD in our study. The results of the logistic analysis indicated that ages ≤ 35 years old (OR = 1.852; 95%CI: 1.002-3.423), non-one-child families (OR = 1.518; 95%CI: 1.047-2.200), and rare care from partner during pregnancy (OR = 2.801; 95%CI: 1.038-7.562), the antenatal EPDS score (OR = 1.128; 95%CI: 1.052-1.209), pyrexia during pregnancy (OR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.358-4.345), fairly good (OR = 1.836; 95%CI: 1.009-3.340), fairly bad (OR = 3.919; 95%CI:2.072-7.414) and very bad postpartum sleep quality (OR = 9.18; 95%CI: 2.335-36.241) were associated with increased risk of PPD (compared to very good postpartum sleep quality). In path analysis model, antenatal EPDS score (standardized total β = 0.173) and pyrexia during pregnancy (standardized total β = 0.132) had both direct and indirect effects (the impact on outcome variables needs to be determined through other variables) on PPD. Sleep quality after delivery (standardized β = 0.226) and one-child family (standardized β = 0.088) had direct effects only on PPD.

CONCLUSION

The results from our study indicated that more than 50% of the women who experienced antepartum depression would subsequently develop PPD. Depressive symptoms and pyrexia during pregnancy increase PPD scores, and these effects were in part mediated via poor sleep quality during the postpartum period.

Meta-review of the barriers and facilitators to women accessing perinatal mental healthcare

Perinatal mental health (PMH) problems are common and can have an adverse impact on women and their families. However, research suggests that a substantial proportion of women with PMH problems do not access care.

OBJECTIVES

To synthesise the results from previous systematic reviews of barriers and facilitators to women to seeking help, accessing help, and engaging in PMH care, and to suggest recommendations for clinical practice and policy.

DESIGN

A meta-review of systematic reviews.

REVIEW METHODS

Seven databases were searched and reviewed using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses search strategy. Studies that focused on the views of women seeking help and accessing PMH care were included. Data were analysed using thematic synthesis. Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews-2 was used to assess review methodology. To improve validity of results, a qualitative sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess whether themes remained consistent across all reviews, regardless of their quality rating.

RESULTS

A total of 32 reviews were included. A wide range of barriers and facilitators to women accessing PMH care were identified. These mapped across a multilevel model of influential factors (individual, healthcare professional, interpersonal, organisational, political and societal) and across the care pathway (from decision to consult to receiving care). Evidence-based recommendations to support the design and delivery of PMH care were produced based on identified barriers and facilitators.

CONCLUSION

The identified barriers and facilitators point to a complex interplay of many factors, highlighting the need for an international effort to increase awareness of PMH problems, reduce mental health stigma, and provide woman-centred, flexible care, delivered by well trained and culturally sensitive primary care, maternity, and psychiatric health professionals.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42019142854.

Maternal suicide attempts and deaths in the first year after cesarean delivery

BACKGROUND

Cesarean delivery (CD) has been associated with postpartum psychiatric disorders, but less is known about the risk of suicidal behaviors. We estimated the incidence and risk of suicide attempts and deaths during the first postpartum year in mothers who delivered via CD v. vaginally.

METHOD

All deliveries in Sweden between 1973 and 2012 were identified. The mothers were followed since delivery for 12 months or until the date of one of the outcomes (i.e. suicide attempt or death by suicide), death by other causes or emigration. Associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

RESULTS

Of 4 016 789 identified deliveries, 514 113 (12.8%) were CDs and 3 502 676 (87.2%) were vaginal deliveries. During the 12-month follow-up, 504 (0.098%) suicide attempts were observed in the CD group and 2240 (0.064%) in the vaginal delivery group (risk difference: 0.034%), while 11 (0.0037%) deaths by suicide were registered in the CD group and 109 (0.0029%) in the vaginal delivery group (risk difference: 0.008%). Compared to vaginal delivery, CD was associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46; 95% CI 1.32-1.60], but not of deaths by suicide (HR 1.44; 95% CI 0.88-2.36).

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal suicidal behaviors during the first postpartum year were uncommon in Sweden. Compared to vaginal delivery, CD was associated with a small increased risk of suicide attempts, but not death by suicide. Improved understanding of the association between CD and maternal suicidal behaviors may promote more appropriate measures to improve maternal mental well-being and further reduce suicidal risks.

Mindfulness-based intervention for clinical and subthreshold perinatal depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

About one in four mothers will experience depression and anxiety during pregnancy and within their first year following childbirth. The meta-analysis aggregated the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the immediate post-intervention and maintenance effects of MBI on perinatal depression and anxiety.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language journal articles from the first available date until Oct 27th, 2022.

RESULTS

Twenty-five published RCTs were identified and reviewed, with a total of 2495 perinatal women. MBI was superior to controls for clinical and subthreshold perinatal depression and anxiety. The benefit for depression reduction was stable over time and sustained to the postpartum period, but the maintenance effect on perinatal anxiety was less conclusive. Moreover, MBI's post-intervention effects on depression and anxiety were moderated by perinatal women's symptom severity. The post intervention effects were significantly greater among women in Low- and Middle-Income countries, where perinatal mental health care is less available and accessible. Greater improvement in mindfulness was also associated with a significantly larger post-intervention effect on perinatal depression.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests that MBIs may complement and extend the available range of effective interventions for clinical and subthreshold perinatal depression and anxiety.

The global burden of perinatal common mental health disorders and substance use among migrant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

There are one billion migrants globally, of whom 82 million are forced migrants. Pregnant migrants face pre-migration stressors such as conflict, transit stressors including poverty, and post-migration stressors including navigating the immigration system; these stressors can make them vulnerable to mental illness. We aimed to assess the global prevalence of and risk factors for perinatal mental health disorders or substance use among women who are migrants.

METHODS

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched OVID MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from database inception until July 8, 2022. Cohort, cross-sectional, and interventional studies with prevalence data for any mental illness in pregnancy or the postnatal period (ie, up to a year after delivery) or substance use in pregnancy were included. The primary outcome was the prevalence of perinatal common mental health disorders among women who are migrants, globally. Data for study quality and risk factors were also extracted. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates, when appropriate. Sensitivity analyses were conducted according to study quality, sample representativeness, and method of outcome assessment. Risk factor data were synthesised narratively. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021226291.

FINDINGS

18 650 studies were retrieved, of which 135 studies comprising data from 621 995 participants met the inclusion criteria. 123 (91%) of 135 studies were conducted in high-income host countries. Five (4%) of 135 studies were interventional, 40 (30%) were cohort, and 90 (66%) were cross-sectional. The most common regions of origin of participants were South America, the Middle East, and north Africa. Only 26 studies presented disaggregated data for forced migrants or economic migrants. The pooled prevalence of perinatal depressive disorders was 24·2% (range 0·5-95·5%; I² 98·8%; τ² 0·01) among all women who are migrants, 32·5% (1·5-81·6; 98·7%; 0·01) among forced migrants, and 13·7% (4·7-35·1; 91·5%; 0·01) among economic migrants (p<0·001). The pooled prevalence of perinatal anxiety disorders was 19·6% (range 1·2-53·1; I² 96·8%; τ² 0·01) among all migrants. The pooled prevalence of perinatal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among all migrant women was 8·9% (range 3·2-33·3; I² 97·4%; τ² 0·18). The pooled prevalence of perinatal PTSD among forced migrants was 17·1% (range 6·5-44·3; I² 96·6%; τ² 0·32). Key risk factors for perinatal depression were being a recently arrived immigrant (ie, approximately within the past year), having poor social support, and having a poor relationship with one's partner.

INTERPRETATION

One in four women who are migrants and who are pregnant or post partum experience perinatal depression, one in five perinatal anxiety, and one in 11 perinatal PTSD. The burden of perinatal mental illness appears higher among women who are forced migrants compared with women who are economic migrants. To our knowledge, we have provided the first pooled estimate of perinatal depression and PTSD among women who are forced migrants. Interpreting the prevalence estimate should be observed with caution due to the very wide range found within the included studies. Additionally, 66% of studies were cross-sectional representing low quality evidence. These findings highlight the need for community-based routine perinatal mental health screening for migrant communities, and access to interventions that are culturally sensitive, particularly for forced migrants who might experience a higher burden of disease than economic migrants.

FUNDING

UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR); March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College; Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford.

Measures of suicidality in perinatal women: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a leading cause of death for perinatal women. Identifying women at risk of suicide is critical. Research on the validity and/or reliability of measures assessing suicidality in perinatal women is limited. This review sought to: (1) identify; and (2) evaluate the psychometric properties of suicidality measures validated in perinatal populations.

METHODS

Nine electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to January 2022. Additional articles were identified through citation tracking. Study quality was assessed using an adapted tool, and the psychometric properties of measures were reviewed and presented using a narrative synthesis.

RESULTS

A total of 208 studies were included. Thirty-five studies reported psychometric data on ten suicidality measures. Fifteen studies reported both validity and reliability data, 12 reported more than one type of validity, seven validated more than one measure and four only reported reliability. Nearly all measures primarily screened for depression, with an item or subscale assessing suicidal ideation and/or behaviours. Three measures were specifically developed for perinatal women, but only two were validated in more than one study. The Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), suicidal thoughts subscale, was validated most frequently.

LIMITATIONS

Methodological differences and variability between the measures (e.g., suicidality construct assessed, number of items and administration) precluded direct comparisons.

CONCLUSION

Further validation of suicidality measures is needed in perinatal women. Screening for perinatal suicidality often occurs in the context of depression. The development of a standalone measure specifically assessing suicidality in perinatal women may be warranted, particularly for use in maternity care settings.

Perinatal suicidal behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: A study protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Perinatal mental illnesses are predominant during gestation and continue for a year after delivery. According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), suicide is classified as a direct cause of death among the maternal population. The occurrence of suicidal behavior among perinatal women was considered the main contributor to the burden of the disorder. Hence, the current study will develop a protocol for a systematic review as well as a meta-analysis on estimating the prevalence and determinants of perinatal suicidal behavior in Sub-Saharan African countries.

METHODS

PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Web of Science electronic databases will be searched for studies reporting primary data. The second search strategy will be done with Google Scholar, using a combination of the medical subject headings and keywords as the search terms. The studies will be classified into included, excluded, and undecided categories. The studies will be judged based on the eligibility criteria. Heterogeneity will be checked by using the I2 test (Cochran Q test) at a p-value of 0.05 and assuming that the I2 value is > 50%. Publication bias will be checked using a funnel plot, Beg's rank, and Eggers linear statistical tests. A subgroup analysis and sensitivity test will be carried out. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), and the quantitative analysis will determine whether or not to proceed based on the results.

DISCUSSION

This protocol's comprehensive review is expected to generate sufficient evidence on the prevalence of suicidal behavior and its determinants among women during the perinatal period in Sub-Saharan African countries over the last two decades. Hence, this protocol will be imperative to collect and combine empirical data on suicidal behavior during the perinatal period, and doing so will help to provide essential implications or better evidence to plan different kinds of interventions considering determinants expected to impact the burden of suicidal behavior during the perinatal period.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO (CRD42022331544).

The lifetime costs of perinatal depression and anxiety in Brazil

BACKGROUND

Each year, an estimated 860,000 Brazilian women experience depression and anxiety perinatally. Despite well-known devastating impacts of these conditions on mothers and children, they remain neglected in low- and middle-income countries. Knowing the costs of untreated perinatal depression and anxiety can inform decision-making.

METHODS

Simulation modelling is used to examine lifetime costs of perinatal depression and anxiety for a hypothetical cohort of women and their children, followed until children are aged 40 years. Costs are measured from a societal perspective, including healthcare expenditure, productivity and health-related quality of life losses; 2017 data are taken from country-specific sources. Present values are calculated using a discount rate of 3 %.

RESULTS

Lifetime cost of perinatal depression and anxiety in Brazil are USD 4.86 billion or R$ 26.16 billion, including costs linked to poorer quality of life (USD 2.65 billion), productivity loss (USD 2.16 billion) and hospital care (USD 0.05 billion). When the costs associated with maternal suicide are included, total costs increase to USD 4.93 billion.

LIMITATIONS

Several costs could not be included in the analysis because of a lack of data. The study is reliant of longitudinal data on associations between perinatal depression and anxiety and impacts on mothers and children. Therefore, no causality can be inferred.

CONCLUSION

Our findings illustrate the economic rationale for investment in this area. This is the first study that estimates the costs of perinatal mental health problems in a low- or middle-income country setting.

'They Sent Me Out to School, and I Came Back with a Baby': Perinatal Women's Experiences of Biographical Disruption and Nonfatal Suicidal Behaviour

Exploring perinatal women's experience of nonfatal suicidal behaviour (NFSB) could help illuminate the contexts in which perinatal suicide occurs and new ways to conceptualise maternal suicide prevention. Our aim was to explore perinatal women's subjective experience of NFSB in South Africa. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with seven perinatal women hospitalised following NFSB. Thematic analysis showed how poverty and gender norms shape experiences of pregnancy and highlighted the need for eco-systemic interventions for perinatal women in resource scarce environments to increase social support, assist with childcare, improve educational retention, challenge gender norms and increase paternal involvement. Pregnancy can precipitate biographical disruption by disturbing women's view of themselves and their futures. An inability to reconstruct a coherent narrative and re-imagine the future impedes the transition to motherhood and provides a context for suicide. Using the concept of biographical disruption to frame perinatal suicide, could identify novel approaches to suicide prevention.

Causes of mortality among female sex workers: Results of a multi-country study

BACKGROUND

The vast majority of studies on female sex workers (FSW) focus on causes of morbidity while data on causes of mortality are scarce. In low- and middle-income countries, where civil registry and vital statistics data are often incomplete and FSW may not be identified as such in official registries, identifying causes of mortality among FSW has proven challenging.

METHODS

As part of a larger investigation on the maternal health of FSW, the current study used the Community Knowledge Approach (CKA) to identify causes of mortality among FSW in LMIC across three global regions in 2019. The CKA, validated to identify maternal, neonatal, and jaundice-associated deaths among women living in a community, was employed to identify deaths of any cause among communities of FSW. Study participants, recruited by in-country partner non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working with local FSW, provided detailed information about FSW deaths in their communities.

FINDINGS

1280 FSW participated in 165 group meetings through which 2112 FSW deaths were identified. Of these reported deaths, 57·9% occurred in 2019 and 57·2% were among women aged 20-29. Causes of death included abortion (35·5%), other maternal causes (16·6%), suicide (13·6%), murder (12·5%), unclassified causes (11·6%), HIV/AIDS (7·9%), and accidents (3·2%). A total of 3659 children lost their mothers.

INTERPRETATION

Maternal death comprised the leading cause of FSW mortality in our sample. This methodology can be used by local governments and NGOs to identify unrecognized patterns and clusters of FSW deaths in near-real time and urgently steer targeted preventative strategies.

FUNDING

New Venture Fund.

The Possible Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Postpartum Depression and Anemia

Background and Objectives: The effects of postpartum zinc supplementation are still unclear. Our purpose in this study is to investigate the association between Zn supplementation and postpartum depression, defined by an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 9, and the effect on the hematological status of postpartum women. Materials and Methods: We first investigated whether zinc supplementation affected the perioperative levels of zinc, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in 197 cases who underwent cesarean section and had postpartum anemia. Next, logistic regression analyses were performed on 148 eligible cases to determine the association between zinc supplementation and postpartum depression. Results: Postpartum zinc supplementation significantly improved the status of maternal blood zinc levels and reduced the risk of developing postpartum depression (adjusted odds ratio: 0.249; 95% confidence interval: 0.062–0.988; p = 0.048). Iron supplementation is a standard and effective strategy for treating anemia; however, the combination of oral iron plus zinc supplementation resulted in slightly significant negative effects on postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to oral iron supplementation only. Conclusions: Postpartum zinc supplementation causes a significant positive effect on postpartum depression (EPDS score ≥ 9). Zinc supplementation had a negative but transient influence on the hematological status in women with postpartum anemia treated with oral iron supplementation; however, the differences were not clinically significant. Thus, we did not regard it as an adverse effect to be considered, and postpartum zinc supplementation may be viewed as beneficial in postpartum women.

PERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH,FREQUENCY, CAUSES AND RESULTS: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Perinatal mental illnesses occur during pregnancy and up to one year after birth. It is observed that diseases with a wide spectrum such a major depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders and psychosis that are frequently recur in the early postnatal period. Although the underlying psychopatologies are not fully elucidated, multifaceted, multifactorial causes such as hormones during pregnancy, enviromental factors, social support of women and previous disease history, as well as genetic factors and the effects of all these on neurotransmitter levels in the brain are blamed. Clinically, exposure to prenatal depression and anxiety disorders has been associated with cognitive and behavioral problems in children, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism and emotional problems in early and middle childhood. Interventions for the treatment of mental ilnesses that occur in the perinatal period are in the form of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions these aimed maternal and child health, development and finally healthy families should be planned and applied seriously in the long term by considering the benefit risk balance. Early detection and effective management of perinatal mental ilnesses are critical for the quality of life and welfare of women and their children.

Maternal health expert feedback on the attributes of a predictive analytics tool to improve pregnancy-related cardiovascular and mental health outcomes in the United States

Identify pregnancy-related challenges and opportunities to improve maternal health care in the United States and understand the potential role of predictive analytics tool(s) in bridging the existing gaps, specifically, in CVD (cardiovascular disease) and depression. Experts in maternal health care, research, patient advocacy, CVD, psychiatry, and technology were interviewed during February and March of 2020. Additionally, published literature was reviewed to assess existing data, insights, and best practices that might help develop effective predictive analytics tool(s). The majority (78%) of the 18 experts interviewed were women. The feedback revealed several insights, including multiple barriers to diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-related CVD and depression. In experts' collective opinion, predictive analytics could play an important role in maternal health care and in limiting pregnancy-related CVD and depression, but it must be grounded in quality data and integrate with existing health management systems. A holistic approach to maternal health that factors in racial-ethnic, regional, and socioeconomic disparities is needed that starts with preconception counseling and continues through 1 year postpartum. Predictive analytics tool(s) that are based on diverse and high-quality data could bridge some of the existing gaps in maternal health care and potentially help limit pregnancy-related CVD and depression.

Suicidal deaths in pregnancy at an apex institute in India: A retrospective analysis of autopsy cases

OBJECTIVE

Suicidal behavior in pregnancy is a known fact worldwide. However, the published literature is still debating whether pregnancy is associated with an increase in the risk of suicide. Nonetheless, this is an important phenomenon that should not be ignored as the life of an unborn fetus is involved. The present study is a retrospective analysis of suicide death in pregnancy for the years 2011-2020 to study the different parameters.

METHODS

The cases were collected from the archives of the department with due permission from the authority. Data were analyzed according to the age of the victim, duration of pregnancy, and time and cause of death.

RESULT

The commonest age group was 21-25 years, the time of death was mostly during the daytime, and most of the deaths were due to hanging. These findings are not unusual in comparison to the general population. The pregnancy duration of most of the cases was first and second trimester, and third-trimester pregnancy accounted for far less number. In contrast, some studies showed that suicidal ideation and depression were more common during the first trimester and third trimester. Most of the pregnant women were pregnant with male fetuses.

CONCLUSION

Though suicidal ideation is more during the first and third trimester, suicide occurs mostly in the first and second trimester, with third-trimester suicide deaths being far less. Being pregnant with a male fetus might be a risk factor in comparison to having female fetuses. These are two aspects that need to be explored further.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Suicidal Ideation Among Brazilian Pregnant Women: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a leading cause of death during the perinatal period in high-income countries (HIC). There remains a lack of population-based studies about suicidal ideation (SI) during pregnancy among low and middle income countries (LMIC).

OBJECTIVES

Using the case of Brazil, we aim to estimate the prevalence of SI during pregnancy and its association with antenatal depression (AD) and sociodemographic factors in a LMIC.

METHOD

We used data from the Brazilian National Survey (PNS-2019), a population-based study, with a complex and probabilistic sampling method. Of the 27,136 women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years old) who participated in the PNS, a total of 769 women reported being pregnant at the time of the interview. All PNS participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a questionnaire with sociodemographic data. SI was defined as any answer to the PHQ-9 item 9 other than 0 (not at all). Logistic regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between explanatory variables and SI during pregnancy.

RESULTS

Among 769 women, 33 (3.9%, 95% CI: 3.0-5.1%) reported SI during pregnancy. In the adjusted analysis, higher odds of SI were associated with being 20 to 34 years old (aOR:0.24, 95% CI: 0.08-0.74) or 35 to 49 years old (aOR:0.15; 95% CI: 0.04-0.50), having 9 to 11 years of education (aOR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.61-0.86), acheiving the highest family income category (aOR:0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.58), not living in the South/Southeast regions of Brazil (aOR:5.52, 95% CI: 2.36-12.9), and having probable mild AD (aOR:10.5 95% CI: 2.3-47.9) or moderate AD (aOR:241.3, 95% CI: 58.4-996.7).

CONCLUSIONS

In Brazil, SI affects almost 4% of pregnant women and is associated with sociodemographic vulnerability. Clinically, women with mild symptoms of depression may also experience SI during pregnancy. These findings are important for designing effective perinatal mental health interventions in LMICs.

Costs of common perinatal mental health problems in South Africa

BACKGROUND

Perinatal mental health problems, defined as mental health problems occurring from the start of pregnancy to one year after birth, substantially affect women's and children's quality of life in low- and middle-income countries. In South Africa, despite high prevalence and documented negative impacts, most women do not receive any care.

METHODS

A modelling study examined the costs of perinatal mental health problems, namely depression and anxiety, for a hypothetical cohort of women and their children in South Africa over part of their life course (10 years for women, 40 years for children). In sensitivity analysis, additional impacts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and completed suicide were included. Data sources were published findings from cohort studies, as well as epidemiological and economic data from South Africa. Data from international studies were considered where no data from South Africa were available.

RESULTS

Lifetime costs of perinatal depression and anxiety in South Africa amount to USD 2.8 billion per annual cohort of births. If the impacts of PTSD and suicide are included, costs increase to USD 2.9 billion. This includes costs linked to losses in quality of life (USD 1.8 billion), losses in income (USD 1.1 billion) and public sector costs (USD 3.5 million).

CONCLUSIONS

Whilst important progress has been made in South Africa with regards to mental health policies and interventions that include assessment and management of perinatal mental health problems, substantial underinvestment prevents progress. Findings from this study strengthen the economic case for investing in perinatal mental health care.

A Scoping Review of Gender Differences in Suicide in India

INTRODUCTION

Much of the published literature on suicide comes from high income countries. In countries such as India, female suicide rates exceed the global suicide rate and suicide rates found in their male counterparts. Results from previous studies indicate that factors related to suicide among men and women in India are different from those seen in high-income countries. To date, no reviews have considered the relationship between gender and suicide in India. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of existing literature reporting gender differences in suicide rates, methods, risk factors and antecedent factors in India by reviewing published studies.

METHOD

A scoping review was conducted to map the existing literature on gender differences in suicide in India. To identify peer-reviewed publications, online databases PsycINFO and Embase were searched. The search terms were [suicid^* AND India^*]. The searches took place in November 2020 and May 2021, with no language restrictions. Articles published from 2014 onwards from India were included. Reference lists of selected studies were searched for studies that could meet the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

This review identified 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The ratio between women and men who die by suicide in India is much lower than in high-income countries. Hanging was found to be a more commonly used method of suicide among both men and women, in comparison to high-income countries where hanging is more common among men. This review also identified several gaps in the literature. There were few studies that examined suicide among transgender Indians. There was limited literature on gender differences in risk and protective factors for suicide. Limitations such as the omission of a lack of gender-based analyses in several studies and under-reporting of suicide rates were identified.

CONCLUSION

Understanding suicide within the context of individual countries is essential in designing culture-appropriate suicide prevention strategies. This review identified an urgent need to establish and evaluate suicide surveillance systems in India. Furthermore, additional research is warranted to understand suicide among individuals who identify outside the gender binary, and gender-specific risk and protective factors.

Depression moderates the association between pregnancy and suicidal ideation among pregnant and non-pregnant reproductive age women in Brazil

BACKGROUND

Maternal mental health problems are a serious public health concern. Previous data reported that pregnancy might have a protective effect against suicide. In contrast, more recent studies suggested that the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) is higher among pregnant women compared to the general population. Using a nationally representative population-based sample of Brazilian reproductive-aged women, this study aims to assess whether SI is more prevalent among pregnant women in comparison with nonpregnant woman.

METHODS

We used data from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) of 2019, a cross-sectional study that comprised a representative sample of residents in private households in Brazil. For the analysis of this study, we selected women aged between 15 and 49 years old who have answered the questionnaire of the Selected Resident of the PNS, which comprised a sample of 27,249 women. Logistic regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association between pregnancy status and SI.

RESULTS

The prevalence of SI during pregnancy was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2-7.4). The association between pregnancy status and SI was modified according to the recent clinical diagnosis of depression (interaction term: OR = 41.72, 95% CI: 5.64-308.45, p < 0.001). Our findings indicated that among nondepressed women, pregnancy status seems to decrease the probability of SI. Additionally, SI is associated with a vulnerable profile that includes being an adolescent, having an unpartnered/not married status, lower family income, lower education, and a recent clinical diagnosis of depression.

CONCLUSION

SI is a common problem for reproductive-age women. In the presence of a recent depression clinical diagnosis, pregnancy increases the risk of SI. Management of SI among pregnant women should correctly identify sociodemographic risk factors and the presence of a recent clinical diagnosis of depression.

Perinatal suicidality: prevalence and correlates in a South African birth cohort

Suicidal ideation and behaviour (SIB) in the perinatal period is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Past work has been limited by reliance on self-rated scales, and there are few data on SIB severity in such settings. We collected cross-sectional data on SIB using a clinician-administered scale and explored risk factors associated with the presence of SIB and SIB severity. Data were collected from the Drakenstein Child Health Study cohort antenatally and at 6 months postpartum. SIB was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and potential sociodemographic, psychosocial, and psychiatric risk factors were assessed. Multivariable analysis determined cross-sectional risk factors. Multinomial regressions determined predictors of SIB risk categories. Among 748 women, the antenatal SIB prevalence was 19.9% and postpartum 22.6%. SIB was associated with younger age (antepartum), PTSD (postpartum), and depression (ante- and postpartum). Depression and PTSD predicted belonging to the high-risk SIB group. The medium-risk group was more likely to have depression, alcohol use during pregnancy, and substance abuse. Depression, PTSD, food insecurity, recent intimate partner violence (IPV), and childhood trauma were associated with the low-risk group versus the no-risk group. Screening is needed for perinatal SIB. Associations of perinatal SIB with younger age and major depression are consistent with previous work. The association with PTSD is novel, and underscores the importance of assessment of trauma exposure and outcomes in this population. Different risk categories of SIB may have different causal pathways and require different interventions.

The role of personality dimensions and trait anxiety in increasing the likelihood of suicide ideation in women during the perinatal period

INTRODUCTION

Increasing amount of data reveal that suicide risk is a real phenomenon among perinatal women, determined by several other psychopathological conditions with depression being just one of them. This study aimed to investigate the role of personality dimensions on the occurrence of suicide ideation during the perinatal period.

METHODS

A longitudinal prospective study was performed in pregnant women who were monitored at university-based obstetrical care units in our county. Recruited women were reassessed between 6 and 8 weeks into their postnatal period. Trait and state anxiety, five-factor based dimensions of personality, and depressive symptoms were assessed using established psychometric measures. Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted, depending on the distribution of variables.

RESULTS

Significant levels of state anxiety (33.7% vs. 15.5%), depressive symptoms (19.8% vs. 8.5%), and suicide risk (13.9% vs. 6.3%) have halved in the postnatal period compared to the antenatal assessment. A lower level of education was associated with the presence of postnatal suicide ideation (p = .041), while an unemployed professional status was more frequent in pregnant women presenting antenatal suicide ideation (p = .021). Trait anxiety was predictive for the appearance of suicide ideation within the entire perinatal period assessed (p < .001 and p = .007, respectively). Agreeableness and conscientiousness predicted antenatal suicide ideation (p = .033 and p = .032, respectively).

DISCUSSIONS

Different dimensions of personality may play a contributing role in the development of suicide ideation in perinatal women. Consequently, personality dimensions and trait anxiety, not only depressive symptoms, should be investigated when attempting to identify perinatal women at risk of suicide.

Suicidal ideation in the perinatal period: findings from the Thailand-Myanmar border

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a leading cause of maternal death globally. Migrant and refugee populations may experience higher risk of suicide. We report data on suicidal ideation from migrant and refugee women living on the Thailand-Myanmar border.

METHODS

Women were recruited in their first trimester of pregnancy. Depression status was assessed by diagnostic interview in the first, second and third trimesters and at 1 month post-partum. We calculated prevalence of suicidal ideation and used logistic regression to identify associated socio-demographic factors.

RESULTS

During the perinatal period, 5.3% (30/568) women experienced suicidal ideation. Refugee women were more likely to experience suicidal ideation than migrant women (8.0 versus 3.1%; P = 0.01). Most women with suicidal ideation did not have severe depression. Previous trauma (OR 2.32; 95% CI: 1.70-3.15) and unplanned pregnancy (OR 2.74; 95% CI: 1.10-6.86) were significantly associated with suicidal ideation after controlling for all other variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Suicidal ideation represents an important symptom among migrant and refugee women on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Screening only those with severe depression may be insufficient to identify women at risk of suicide. Community-level interventions addressing social and gender inequalities and prioritization of family planning programmes are needed alongside targeted suicide prevention initiatives to help lower the rates of people dying by suicide.

Social Distancing in the Era of COVID-19: A Call for Maintaining Social Support for the Maternal Population

In the era of COVID-19, pregnant and postpartum women, an already vulnerable group, are facing unforeseen and compounding stressful events with reduced social protections. We argue that to prevent harmful consequences that may surpass the effects of the crisis itself for pregnant women and their families, it is imperative to prioritize maintaining formal and informal sources of social support for mothers in proposed infection control policies.

Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorder Management in Multicenter Community Practices: Clinicians' Training, Current Practices and Perceived Strategies to Improve Future Implementation

Background:

This study aimed to explore clinicians’ perspectives on the current practice of perinatal mood and anxiety disorder (PMAD) management and strategies to improve future implementation.

Methods:

This study had a cross-sectional, descriptive design. A 35-item electronic survey was sent to clinicians (N = 118) who treated perinatal women and practiced at several community clinics at an academic medical center in the United States.

Results:

Among clinicians who provided care for perinatal women, 34.7% reported never receiving PMAD management training and 66.3% had less than 10 years of experience. Out of 10 patients who reported psychiatric symptoms, 47.8% of clinicians on average reported providing PMAD management to 1 to 3 patients and 40.7% noted that they conducted screening only when patient expresses PMAD symptoms. Suggested future improvements were providing training, developing a referral list, and establishing integrated behavioral health services.

Conclusions:

Results from this study indicated that while PMAD screening and management was implemented, improvements are warranted to meet established guidelines. Additionally, clinicians endorsed providing PMAD management to a small percentage of perinatal patients. Suggested strategies to increase adoption and implementation of PMAD management should be explored to improve access to behavioral health services for perinatal women.

Contemporary management of unipolar depression in the perinatal period

Introduction: There is increasing recognition that antenatal depression and postpartum depression are highly prevalent and have significant impact on maternal and child health.Areas Covered: In the initial part of the manuscript, the authors review the epidemiology of antenatal and postpartum depression and its impact on maternal and child health. The later part of the manuscript reviews the current status of the medical management and psychosocial interventions targeting perinatal depression.Expert Opinion: Perinatal depression is the focus of several studies with increasing interest in developing effective interventions. While several psychosocial interventions targeting maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum are available, more studies are needed to address the need for safe and efficacious strategies for the use of antidepressant medication during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Prevalence and Correlates of Suicide Ideation and Attempt among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Services at Public Hospitals in Southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Suicide ideation and attempt are common among pregnant women, risk factors for completed suicide, and associated adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. It is under-recognized and has not been investigated well in low-income countries like Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with suicide ideation and attempt among pregnant women attending antenatal care services at public hospitals in southern Ethiopia.

METHODS

A group of 762 pregnant women who were attending the antenatal service at public hospitals in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia, selected by a systematic random sampling technique, took part in an interview. A Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to measure suicide ideation and attempt. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the associated factors. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used for reporting the result with a p-value<0.05 statistical significance level.

RESULTS

The prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt among pregnant women was 11.8% and 2.7%, respectively. Unplanned pregnancy (AOR=2.01, 95% CI=1.04-3.88), poor social support (AOR=3.29, 95% CI=1.62-6.68), common mental disorders (AOR=2.77, 95% CI=1.50-5.09), and lifetime suicide ideation (AOR=4.63, 95% CI=2.63-8.16) were factors significantly associated with suicide ideation. Social support was the only correlated factor with suicide attempt among pregnant mothers.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt among pregnant women was found to be high. Intervention strategies towards suicidal ideation and attempt should consider improving social support and antenatal related common mental disorders with a primary focus on women with unplanned pregnancy and prior history of suicide ideation.

Scaling Up Maternal Mental healthcare by Increasing access to Treatment (SUMMIT) through non-specialist providers and telemedicine: a study protocol for a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Depression and anxiety impact up to 1 in 5 pregnant and postpartum women worldwide. Yet, as few as 20% of these women are treated with frontline interventions such as evidence-based psychological treatments. Major barriers to uptake are the limited number of specialized mental health treatment providers in most settings, and problems with accessing in-person care, such as childcare or transportation. Task sharing of treatment to non-specialist providers with delivery on telemedicine platforms could address such barriers. However, the equivalence of these strategies to specialist and in-person models remains unproven.

METHODS

This study protocol outlines the Scaling Up Maternal Mental healthcare by Increasing access to Treatment (SUMMIT) randomized trial. SUMMIT is a pragmatic, non-inferiority test of the comparable effectiveness of two types of providers (specialist vs. non-specialist) and delivery modes (telemedicine vs. in-person) of a brief, behavioral activation (BA) treatment for perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Specialists (psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers with ≥ 5 years of therapy experience) and non-specialists (nurses and midwives with no formal training in mental health care) were trained in the BA protocol, with the latter supervised by a BA expert during treatment delivery. Consenting pregnant and postpartum women with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of ≥ 10 (N = 1368) will be randomized to one of four arms (telemedicine specialist, telemedicine non-specialist, in-person specialist, in-person non-specialist), stratified by pregnancy status (antenatal/postnatal) and study site. The primary outcome is participant-reported depressive symptoms (EPDS) at 3 months post-randomization. Secondary outcomes are maternal symptoms of anxiety and trauma symptoms, perceived social support, activation levels and quality of life at 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-randomization, and depressive symptoms at 6- and 12-month post-randomization. Primary analyses are per-protocol and intent-to-treat. The study has successfully continued despite the COVID-19 pandemic, with needed adaptations, including temporary suspension of the in-person arms and ongoing randomization to telemedicine arms.

DISCUSSION

The SUMMIT trial is expected to generate evidence on the non-inferiority of BA delivered by a non-specialist provider compared to specialist and telemedicine compared to in-person. If confirmed, results could pave the way to a dramatic increase in access to treatment for perinatal depression and anxiety.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04153864 . Registered on November 6, 2019.

Classifying maternal deaths in Suriname using WHO ICD-MM: different interpretation by Physicians, National and International Maternal Death Review Committees

Plain English summary

The World Health Organization (WHO) provides a framework (ICD-MM) to classify pregnancy-related deaths systematically, which enables global comparison among countries. We compared the classification of pregnancy-related deaths in Suriname by the attending physician and by the national maternal death review (MDR) committee and among the MDR committees of Suriname, Jamaica and the Netherlands. There were 89 possible pregnancy-related deaths in Suriname between 2010 and 2014. Nearly half (47%) were classified differently by the Surinamese MDR committee as compared to the classification of the attending physicians. All three MDR committees agreed that 18% (n = 16/89) of the cases were no maternal deaths. Out of the remaining 73 cases, there was disagreement regarding whether 15% (n = 11) were maternal deaths. The Surinamese and Jamaican MDR committees achieved greater consensus in classification than the Surinamese and the Netherlands MDR committees. The Netherlands MDR committee classified more deaths as unspecified than Surinamese and the Jamaican MDR committees. Underlying causes that achieved a high level of agreement among the three committees were abortive outcomes and obstetric hemorrhage, while little agreement was reported for unspecified and other direct causes.

The issues encountered during maternal death classification using the ICD-MM guidelines included classification of suicide during early pregnancy; when to assume pregnancy without objective evidence; how to count maternal deaths occurring outside the country of residence; the relevance of direct or indirect cause attribution; and how to select the underlying cause when direct and indirect conditions or multiple comorbidities co-occur. Addressing these classification barriers in future revisions of the ICD-MM guidelines could enhance the feasibility of maternal death classification and facilitate global comparison.

Background

Insight into the underlying causes of pregnancy-related deaths is essential to develop policies to avert preventable deaths. The WHO International Classification of Diseases-Maternal Mortality (ICD-MM) guidelines provide a framework to standardize maternal death classifications and enable comparison in and among countries over time. However, despite the implementation of these guidelines, differences in classification remain. We evaluated consensus on maternal death classification using the ICD-MM guidelines.

Methods

The classification of pregnancy-related deaths in Suriname during 2010–2014 was compared in the country (between the attending physician and the national maternal death review (MDR) committee), and among the MDR committees from Suriname, Jamaica and the Netherlands. All reviewers applied the ICD-MM guidelines. The inter-rater reliability (Fleiss kappa [κ]) was used to measure agreement.

Results

Out of the 89 cases certified by attending physicians, 47% (n = 42) were classified differently by the Surinamese MDR committee. The three MDR committees agreed that 18% (n = 16/89) of these cases were no maternal deaths, and, therefore, excluded from further analyses. However, opinions differed whether 15% (n = 11) of the remaining 73 cases were maternal deaths. The MDR committees achieved moderate agreement classifying the deaths into type (direct, indirect and unspecified) (κ = 0.53) and underlying cause group (κ = 0.52). The Netherlands MDR committee classified more maternal deaths as unspecified (19%), than the Jamaican (7%) and Surinamese (4%) committees did. The mutual agreement between the Surinamese and Jamaican MDR committees (κ = 0.69 vs κ = 0.63) was better than between the Surinamese and the Netherlands MDR committees (κ = 0.48 vs κ = 0.49) for classification into type and underlying cause group, respectively. Agreement on the underlying cause category was excellent for abortive outcomes (κ = 0.85) and obstetric hemorrhage (κ = 0.74) and fair for unspecified (κ = 0.29) and other direct causes (κ = 0.32).

Conclusions

Maternal death classification differs in Suriname and among MDR committees from different countries, despite using the ICD-MM guidelines on similar cases. Specific challenges in applying these guidelines included attribution of underlying cause when comorbidities occurred, the inclusion of deaths from suicides, and maternal deaths that occurred outside the country of residence.

Trends in maternal mortality in Suriname: 3 confidential enquiries in 3 decades

BACKGROUND

The Sustainable Development Goal target 3.1 aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. Great disparities reported in maternal mortality ratio between and within countries make this target unachievable. To gain more insight into such disparities and to monitor and describe trends, confidential enquiries into maternal deaths are crucial.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to study the trend in maternal mortality ratio, causes, delay in access and quality of care, and “lessons learned” in Suriname, over almost 3 decades with 3 confidential enquiries into maternal deaths and provide recommendations to prevent maternal deaths.

STUDY DESIGN

The third national confidential enquiry into maternal deaths was conducted between 2015 and 2019 in Suriname by prospective, population-based surveillance and multidisciplinary systematic maternal death review. Subsequently, a comparative analysis with previous confidential enquiry into maternal deaths was performed: confidential enquiry into maternal deaths I (a prospective study, 1991–1993) and confidential enquiry into maternal deaths II (a retrospective study, 2010–2014).

RESULTS

We identified 62 maternal deaths and recorded 48,881 live births (maternal mortality ratio, 127/100,000 live births) between 2015-2019. Of the women who died, 14 of 62 (23%) were in poor condition when entering a health facility, whereas 11 of 62 (18%) died at home or during transportation. The maternal mortality ratio decreased over the years, (226 [n=64]; 130 [n=65]; and 127 [n=62]), with underreporting rates of 62%, 26%, and 24%, respectively in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths I, II and III. Of the women deceased, 36 (56%), 37 (57%), and 40 (63%) were of African descent; 46 (72%), 45 (69%), and 47 (76%) died after birth; and 47 (73%), 55 (84%), and 48 (77%) died in the hospital, respectively, in confidential enquiries into maternal deaths I, II, and III. Significantly more women were uninsured in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths III (15 of 59 [25%,]) than in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths II (0%) and I (6 of 64 [9%]). Obstetrical hemorrhage was less often the underlying cause of death over the years (19 of 64 [30%], vs 13 of 65 [20%], vs 7 of 62 [11%]), whereas all other obstetrical causes occurred more often in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths III (eg, suicide [0; 1 of 65 (2%); 5 of 62 (8%)]) and unspecified deaths (1 of 64 [2%]; 3 of 65 [5%]; and 11 of 62 [18%] in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths I, II and III respectively). Maternal deaths were preventable in nearly half of the cases in confidential enquiry into maternal deaths II (28 of 65) and III (29 of 62). Delay in quality of care occurred in at least two-thirds of cases (41 of 62 [65%], 47 of 59 [80%], and 47 of 61 [77%]) over the years.

CONCLUSION

Suriname's maternal mortality rate has decreased throughout the past 3 decades, yet the trend is too slow to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3.1. Preventable maternal deaths can be reduced by ensuring high-quality facility-based obstetrical and postpartum care, universal access to care especially for vulnerable women (of African descent and low socioeconomic class), and by addressing specific underlying causes of maternal deaths.

Addressing Psychosocial Vulnerabilities Through Antenatal Care-Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Behavior: A Study Among Urban Sri Lankan Women

An absence of data persists for common perinatal mental disorders and suicidal ideation and/or behaviors (SIB), particularly from low- and middle-income countries and from the antenatal period. Capitalizing on Sri Lanka's strong antenatal platform, we identify the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptomology, lifetime- and current-pregnancy SIB and their risk factors in women in urbanizing Sri Lanka, and present opportunities for improved antenatal detection of psychosocial vulnerabilities. One thousand antenatal women in Gampaha District from all trimesters of pregnancy were screened in 2016 using a novel three-part instrument, including the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a modified Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale for first ever use among a perinatal and South Asian population, and an original Life Circumstances questionnaire (with validated subscales). Prevalence and risk factors associated with depressive symptomology and SIB were explored using univariate, bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Women ranged from 16 to 42 years; 46% were nulliparous. Past-week prevalence of antenatal depressive symptomology was high (29.6%). One in four women reported a lifetime history of SIB, while SIB during the current pregnancy was reported at 7.4%. Exposure to intimate partner violence and lifetime SIB emerged as the strongest correlates of both depressive and current-pregnancy SIB outcomes (p < 0.05). This study evidences the high prevalence of multiple psychosocial vulnerabilities in pregnant women in Sri Lanka and underscores the need for their improved comprehensive assessment. Given antenatal care's high rates of use in Sri Lanka and in low- and middle-income countries in general, this study presents it as a promising mechanism through which to effectively screen for multiple psychosocial vulnerabilities, supporting early identification and intervention for at-risk women and their families.

Perinatal mental health: a review of progress and challenges

Perinatal mental health has become a significant focus of interest in recent years, with investment in new specialist mental health services in some high-income countries, and inpatient psychiatric mother and baby units in diverse settings. In this paper, we summarize and critically examine the epidemiology and impact of perinatal mental disorders, including emerging evidence of an increase of their prevalence in young pregnant women. Perinatal mental disorders are among the commonest morbidities of pregnancy, and make an important contribution to maternal mortality, as well as to adverse neonatal, infant and child outcomes. We then review the current evidence base on interventions, including individual level and public health ones, as well as service delivery models. Randomized controlled trials provide evidence on the effectiveness of psychological and psychosocial interventions at the individual level, though it is not yet clear which women with perinatal mental disorders also need additional support for parenting. The evidence base on psychotropic use in pregnancy is almost exclusively observational. There is little research on the full range of perinatal mental disorders, on how to improve access to treatment for women with psychosocial difficulties, and on the effectiveness of different service delivery models. We conclude with research and clinical implications, which, we argue, highlight the need for an extension of generic psychiatric services to include preconception care, and further investment into public health interventions, in addition to perinatal mental health services, potentially for women and men, to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality.

Perinatal Mental Illness in the Middle East and North Africa Region-A Systematic Overview

Aims: Perinatal mental illness (PMI) is associated with a high risk of maternal and infant morbidity. Recently, several systematic reviews and primary studies have explored the prevalence and risk factors of PMI in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. To our knowledge, there has been no critical analysis of the existing systematic reviews (SRs) on this topic in the MENA region. Our systematic overview primarily aimed to synthesize evidence from the published SRs on PMI in the MENA countries focusing on a) the prevalence of PMI and b) the risk factors associated with PMI. Methods: We conducted a systematic overview of the epidemiology of PMI in the Middle East and North Africa region by searching the PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo databases for relevant publications between January 2008 and July 2019. In addition to searching the reference lists of the identified SRs for other relevant SRs and additional primary studies of relevance (those which primarily discussed the prevalence of PMI and/or risk and protective factors), between August and October 2019, we also searched Google Scholar for relevant studies. Results: After applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 systematic reviews (SRs) and 79 primary studies were included in our overview. Studies utilizing validated diagnostic tools report a PMI prevalence range from 5.6% in Morocco to 28% in Pakistan. On the other hand, studies utilizing screening tools to detect PMI report a prevalence range of 9.2% in Sudan to 85.6% in the United Arab Emirates. Wide variations were observed in studies reporting PMI risk factors. We regrouped the risk factors applying an evidence-based categorization scheme. Our study indicates that risk factors in the relational, psychological, and sociodemographic categories are the most studied in the region. Conversely, lifestyle-related risk factors were less studied. Conclusions: Our systematic overview identifies perinatal mental illness as an important public health issue in the region. Standardizing approaches for estimating, preventing, screening, and treating perinatal mental illness would be a step in the right direction for the region.

Pregnancy and burns: Guidelines for safe management

BACKGROUND

IThe incidence of burns in pregnancy is very low, therefore little is confirmed in the specific management of pregnant women who are burned.

PURPOSE

We conducted a study to survey the frequency of pregnancy in our patients and evaluate the risk factors of mortality for mother and foetus. Finally we provide recommendations about management of mother and child.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospectively, we surveyed data of our pregnant patients for an 18 year period. All demographic data, gestational age, history of previous pregnancy or miscarriage, diabetes, suicide, number of operations, presence of inhalation injury, TBSA, percentage of burn in abdomen and lower extremity, early excision and outcome of mother and foetus were gathered in a special questionnaire. Uni-variate regression and multi-variate regression were done for mortality of mother and child.

RESULTS

We treated 89 pregnant patients. Mean (SD) of mother's age and their pregnancy age were 24.08±5.56 years and 19.18±9.24 weeks, respectively. Mean TBSA (SD) was 36 (18%). Median of TBSA was 38 (IQR: 25, 70). Median of TBSA in Abdomen was 8 (IQR: 7, 9). Median of TBSA in lower extremities was 18 (IQR: 9, 34). Nine cases were due to attempted suicide. For 34 patients skin grafting was done. The main cause of death of the mothers was sepsis. The infections were due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus. In uni-variate regression model, TBSA, gestational week, and burns involving the abdomenwere related to maternal mortality. In multi-variate regression model, TBSA had high influence on maternal mortality, with every percent of burn surface area, the risk of mortality increased by 3.4% (p-value <0.005). In a uni-variate regression, TBSA and abdominal burn was associated with foetal mortality. However, in the multi-variate regression, only inhalation injury and TBSA had association with foetal mortality. Inhalation injury increased foetal mortality up to 16 times (p-value <0.05).

CONCLUSION

TBSA burned is the only major risk factor of maternal mortality. TBSA burned and inhalation injury are the main risk factors of foetal mortality.

Barriers to Seeking and Accepting Treatment for Perinatal Depression: A Qualitative Study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Few studies have investigated the reasons why pregnant and puerperal women fail to seek or accept treatment for perinatal depression in low- and middle-income countries, where there is a high prevalence of this disorder. To help fill this gap, this study investigated the factors influencing the decision not to seek or to refuse treatment for perinatal depression in a low-income community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Qualitative research was conducted in two primary health care units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2017-2018. Five focus groups were held with 26 women. Convenience sampling was used, and the sample size was determined by data saturation. A content analysis methodology was used to identify theme categories to objectively describe the group's manifest contents. Ten categories were obtained: stigma and misconception, self-image as a mother, socioeconomic stigma, lack of knowledge, lack of a health service approach to mental health, difficulty recognising depression symptoms, fear of children being removed, negative reaction to patient referral, denial of the problem and previous experience with the care unit. Perinatal depression is permeated with stigma and prejudice, and there is a belief that women with depression are unable to be good mothers. It is important to conduct programmes disseminating information about perinatal depression and implementing an approach that includes routine consultations so that women can access perinatal mental health services.

Preventing perinatal depression in Spain: a pilot evaluation of Mamás y Bebés

Objective: This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural intervention to prevent perinatal depressive symptoms in pregnant women at high risk for perinatal depression in Spain. Background: Perinatal depression (PD) can negatively affect maternal and infant outcomes. Mamás y Bebés/The Mothers and Babies Course (MBC) is an evidence-based CBT intervention aimed at teaching women at high risk for depression mood regulation skills to prevent depression in the United States, including Spanish-speaking perinatal women in the United States. However, there is limited research on preventive interventions for PD in Spain. Method: Pregnant women screened for high risk for PD were recruited in their first trimester in an obstetrics clinic at two urban hospitals in Spain. In a non-experimental design, 30 women completed eight weekly group sessions of the MBC. The Patient Health Questionnaire was the main depression outcome at four time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 3 months and 6 months postpartum. Participants completed an evaluation questionnaire at the end of each session to assess the acceptability of the intervention. Results: The MBC was effective in reducing depressive symptoms from baseline to all three time points: post-intervention, 3 and 6 months postpartum. Attendance was high (76.7% attended all eight sessions). Mothers reported positive feedback from the participating in the MBC. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that the intervention is feasible, acceptable, and provides promising evidence for reducing depressive symptoms in urban Spanish perinatal women. Larger and rigorous randomised trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between perinatal depressive symptoms and suicidal risk among low-income South African women: a longitudinal study

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to assess the association between depressive symptoms and suicidal risk over time among perinatal women at risk for depression antenatally, and assess modifying effects of age, perinatal stage and depressive symptom trajectory.

METHODS

A total of 384 adult pregnant women were recruited from two antenatal clinics in an informal settlement near Cape Town, South Africa, and followed up at eight months gestation, and at 3- and 12-month postpartum. The MINI 6.0 Suicidality module and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used to measure suicidal risk and depression, respectively. Generalised Estimating Equations were used to assess the association between change in depressive symptoms from one assessment to the next (predictor) and change in suicide score or change in suicidal risk (score ≥ 9) (outcomes).

RESULTS

HDRS scores were positively correlated with suicide score (95% CI 0.35, 0.78; p < 0.001), and with odds of being at moderate risk for suicide, after controlling for risk of suicide at the previous assessment (adjusted odds ratio = 1.15; 95% CI 1.09, 1.22; p < 0.001). Age was a significant effect modifier: change in HDRS scores was not associated with change in suicide scores among participants aged 35-45 years. Secondary analyses indicated that a decrease in HDRS score was associated with a decrease in suicide scores, but an increase in HDRS score was not associated with change in suicide score.

CONCLUSIONS

Depression and suicide are overlapping but relatively independent phenomena, especially among older or more chronically depressed perinatal women.

Wearable Digital Sensors to Identify Risks of Postpartum Depression and Personalize Psychological Treatment for Adolescent Mothers: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Exploratory Study in Rural Nepal

BACKGROUND

There is a high prevalence of untreated postpartum depression among adolescent mothers with the greatest gap in services in low- and middle-income countries. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of nonspecialists to provide mental health services for postpartum depression in these low-resource settings. However, there is inconsistency in short-term and long-term benefits from the interventions. Passive sensing data generated from wearable digital devices can be used to more accurately distinguish which mothers will benefit from psychological services. In addition, wearable digital sensors can be used to passively collect data to personalize care for mothers. Therefore, wearable passive sensing technology has the potential to improve outcomes from psychological treatments for postpartum depression.

OBJECTIVE

This study will explore the use of wearable digital sensors for two objectives: First, we will pilot test using wearable sensors to generate passive sensing data that distinguish adolescent mothers with depression from those without depression. Second, we will explore how nonspecialists can integrate data from passive sensing technologies to better personalize psychological treatment.

METHODS

This study will be conducted in rural Nepal with participatory involvement of adolescent mothers and health care stakeholders through a community advisory board. The first study objective will be addressed by comparing behavioral patterns of adolescent mothers without depression (n=20) and with depression (n=20). The behavioral patterns will be generated by wearable digital devices collecting data in 4 domains: (1) the physical activity of mothers using accelerometer data on mobile phones, (2) the geographic range and routine of mothers using GPS (Global Positioning System) data collected from mobile phones, (3) the time and routine of adolescent mothers with their infants using proximity data collected from Bluetooth beacons, and (4) the verbal stimulation and auditory environment for mothers and infants using episodic audio recordings on mobile phones. For the second objective, the same 4 domains of data will be collected and shared with nonspecialists who are delivering an evidence-based behavioral activation intervention to the depressed adolescent mothers. Over 5 weeks of the intervention, we will document how passive sensing data are used by nonspecialists to personalize the intervention. In addition, qualitative data on feasibility and acceptability of passive data collection will be collected for both objectives.

RESULTS

To date, a community advisory board comprising young women and health workers engaged with adolescent mothers has been established. The study is open for recruitment, and data collection is anticipated to be completed in November 2019.

CONCLUSIONS

Integration of passive sensing data in public health and clinical programs for mothers at risk of perinatal mental health problems has the potential to more accurately identify who will benefit from services and increase the effectiveness by personalizing psychological interventions.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/14734.