1
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Wang J, Li Z, Tu Y, Gao F. The Dopaminergic System in the Ventral Tegmental Area Contributes to Morphine Analgesia and Tolerance. Neuroscience 2023; 527:74-83. [PMID: 37286162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphine has a strong analgesic effect and is suitable for various types of pain, so it is widely used. But long-term usage of morphine can lead to drug tolerance, which limits its clinical application. The complex mechanisms underlying the development of morphine analgesia into tolerance involve multiple nuclei in the brain. Recent studies reveal the signaling at the cellular and molecular levels as well as neural circuits contributing to morphine analgesia and tolerance in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is traditionally considered a critical center of opioid reward and addiction. Existing studies show that dopamine receptors and μ-opioid receptors participate in morphine tolerance through the altered activities of dopaminergic and/or non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. Several neural circuits related to the VTA are also involved in the regulation of morphine analgesia and the development of drug tolerance. Reviewing specific cellular and molecular targets and related neural circuits may provide novel precautionary strategies for morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Lambert DG. Opioids and opioid receptors; understanding pharmacological mechanisms as a key to therapeutic advances and mitigation of the misuse crisis. BJA OPEN 2023; 6:100141. [PMID: 37588171 PMCID: PMC10430815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjao.2023.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are a mainstay in acute pain management and produce their effects and side effects (e.g., tolerance, opioid-use disorder and immune suppression) by interaction with opioid receptors. I will discuss opioid pharmacology in some controversial areas of enquiry of anaesthetic relevance. The main opioid target is the µ (mu,MOP) receptor but other members of the opioid receptor family, δ (delta; DOP) and κ (kappa; KOP) opioid receptors also produce analgesic actions. These are naloxone-sensitive. There is important clinical development relating to the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor, an opioid receptor that is not naloxone-sensitive. Better understanding of the drivers for opioid effects and side effects may facilitate separation of side effects and production of safer drugs. Opioids bind to the receptor orthosteric site to produce their effects and can engage monomer or homo-, heterodimer receptors. Some ligands can drive one intracellular pathway over another. This is the basis of biased agonism (or functional selectivity). Opioid actions at the orthosteric site can be modulated allosterically and positive allosteric modulators that enhance opioid action are in development. As well as targeting ligand-receptor interaction and transduction, modulating receptor expression and hence function is also tractable. There is evidence for epigenetic associations with different types of pain and also substance misuse. As long as the opioid narrative is defined by the 'opioid crisis' the drive to remove them could gather pace. This will deny use where they are effective, and access to morphine for pain relief in low income countries.
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3
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Role for μ-opioid receptor in antidepressant effects of δ-opioid receptor agonist KNT-127. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:135-141. [PMID: 36828615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous pharmacological data have shown the possible existence of functional interactions between μ- (MOP), κ- (KOP), and δ-opioid receptors (DOP) in pain and mood disorders. We previously reported that MOP knockout (KO) mice exhibit a lower stress response compared with wildtype (WT) mice. Moreover, DOP agonists have been shown to exert antidepressant-like effects in numerous animal models. In the present study, the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) were used to examine the roles of MOP and DOP in behavioral despair. MOP-KO mice and WT mice were treated with KNT-127 (10 mg/kg), a selective DOP agonist. The results indicated a significant decrease in immobility time in the KNT-127 group compared with the saline group in all genotypes in both tests. In the saline groups, immobility time significantly decreased in MOP-KO mice compared with WT mice in both tests. In female MOP-KO mice, KNT-127 significantly decreased immobility time in the TST compared with WT mice. In male MOP-KO mice, however, no genotypic differences were found in the TST after either KNT-127 or saline treatment. Thus, at least in the FST and TST, the activation of DOP and absence of MOP had additive effects in reducing measures of behavioral despair, suggesting that effects on this behavior by DOP activation occur independently of MOP.
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4
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Schiedel AC, Moreira IS. Class A and C GPCR Dimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2081-2141. [PMID: 35339177 PMCID: PMC9886835 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220327221830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect over 30 million people worldwide with an ascending trend. Most individuals suffering from these irreversible brain damages belong to the elderly population, with onset between 50 and 60 years. Although the pathophysiology of such diseases is partially known, it remains unclear upon which point a disease turns degenerative. Moreover, current therapeutics can treat some of the symptoms but often have severe side effects and become less effective in long-term treatment. For many neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), which are key players of neuronal transmission and plasticity, has become clearer and holds great promise in elucidating their biological mechanism. With this review, we introduce and summarize class A and class C GPCRs, known to form heterodimers or oligomers to increase their signalling repertoire. Additionally, the examples discussed here were shown to display relevant alterations in brain signalling and had already been associated with the pathophysiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we classified the heterodimers into two categories of crosstalk, positive or negative, for which there is known evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; ,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,Address correspondence to this author at the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; E-mail:
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5
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Limeira RRT, Dantas NV, Tomaz-Morais JF, Costa TKVLD, Braga RM, Sousa FB, Scotti L, Salvadori MGDSS, Almeida RND, Castro RD. Orofacial antinociceptive effects of perillyl alcohol associated with codeine and its possible modes of action. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e109. [PMID: 35946737 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the orofacial antinociceptive effect of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol (PA) associated with codeine (C) and investigated the possible molecular anchorage mechanisms of PA. Mice (n = 5 per group) were treated with PA alone and associated with codeine and assigned to the following groups: 75.0 mg/kg PA; 75.0 mg/kg PA + C 30 mg/kg; PA 37.5 mg/kg + C 15.0 mg/kg; C 30.0 mg/kg; and control. Nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate, and was quantified based on the duration (in seconds) of face grooming. The possible mechanisms of action were evaluated by molecular docking study. In the formalin test, PA75/C30 presented an effect in the neurogenic (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory (p < 0.005) phases. Mice treated with PA75 (p < 0.0001) and PA75/C30 (p < 0.0005) showed a reduced nociceptive behavior in the capsaicin test. Glutamate-induced nociception also was blocked by PA75 (p < 0.0005) and C30 (p < 0.0005). The molecular anchorage analysis indicated high negative binding energy values for the evaluated receptors, especially glutamate receptors (AMPA -79.57 Kcal/mol, mGLUR6 -71.25, and NMDA -66.33 Kcal/mol). PA associated with codeine showed orofacial antinociceptive activity, with theoretical evidence of interaction with glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natália Viana Dantas
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry , João Pessoa , PB , Brazil
| | | | | | - Renan Marinho Braga
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products , João Pessoa , PB , Brazil
| | - Frederico Barbosa Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Dentistry , João Pessoa , PB , Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products , João Pessoa , PB , Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Dias Castro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry , João Pessoa , PB , Brazil
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6
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Quirion B, Beaulieu C, Côté L, Parent JL, Gendron L. Distribution of delta and mu opioid receptor mRNA in rodent dorsal root ganglia neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4031-4044. [PMID: 35674691 PMCID: PMC9543299 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary afferents are responsible for transmitting signals produced by noxious stimuli from the periphery to the spinal cord. Mu and delta opioid receptors (MOP and DOP) have analgesic properties and are highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. In humans, spinal DOP is almost exclusively located on central terminals of DRG neurons, whereas in rodents, it is expressed both on presynaptic terminals and spinal neurons. In this study, we aimed to assess the distribution of MOP and DOP in the DRGs of mice and rats. Using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we visualized MOP and DOP mRNA together with various neuronal markers. In rats and mice, we show that both receptors are expressed, albeit to different extents, in all types of neurons, namely, large and medium myelinated neurons (NF200-positive), small nonpeptidergic (IB4- or P2X3R-positive) and peptidergic C fibres (Tac1-positive). Overall, DOP mRNA was found to be mainly expressed in large and medium myelinated neurons, whereas MOP mRNA was mainly found in C fibres. The distribution of MOP and DOP, however, slightly differs between rats and mice, with a higher proportion of small nonpeptidergic C fibres expressing DOP mRNA in mice than in rats. We further found that neither morphine nor inflammation affected the distribution of the receptor mRNA. Because of their location, our results confirm that MOP and DOP have the potential to alleviate similar types of pain and that this effect could slightly differ between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quirion
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudie Beaulieu
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurie Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Quebec Pain Research Network
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7
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Mu and Delta Opioid Receptor Targeting Reduces Connexin 43-Based Heterocellular Coupling during Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115864. [PMID: 35682543 PMCID: PMC9180638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain emerges from either central or peripheral lesions inducing spontaneous or amplified responses to non-noxious stimuli. Despite different pharmacological approaches to treat such a chronic disease, neuropathic pain still represents an unmet clinical need, due to long-term therapeutic regimens and severe side effects that limit application of currently available drugs. A critical phenomenon involved in central sensitization is the exchange of signalling molecules and cytokines, between glia and neurons, driving the chronicization process. Herein, using a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain, we evaluated the efficacy of the mu (M-) and delta (D-) opioid receptor (-OR) targeting agent LP2 in modulating connexin-based heterocellular coupling and cytokine levels. We found that long-term efficacy of LP2 is consequent to MOR-DOR targeting resulting in the reduction of CCI-induced astrocyte-to-microglia heterocellular coupling mediated by connexin 43. We also found that single targeting of DOR reduces TNF and IL-6 levels in the chronic phase of the disease, but the peripheral and central discharge as the primary source of excitotoxic stimulation in the spinal cord requires a simultaneous MOR-DOR targeting to reduce CCI-induced neuropathic pain.
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8
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Drakopoulos A, Moianos D, Prifti GM, Zoidis G, Decker M. Opioid ligands addressing unconventional binding sites and more than one opioid receptor subtype. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200169. [PMID: 35560796 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (ORs) represent one of the most significant groups of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) drug targets and also act as prototypical models for GPCR function. In a constant effort to develop drugs with less side effects, and tools to explore the ORs nature and function, various (poly)pharmacological ligand design approaches have been performed. That is, besides classical ligands, a great number of bivalent ligands (i.e. aiming on two distinct OR subtypes), univalent heteromer-selective ligands and bitopic and allosteric ligands have been synthesized for the ORs. The scope of our review is to present the most important of the aforementioned ligands, highlight their properties and exhibit the current state-of-the-art pallet of promising drug candidates or useful molecular tools for the ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Drakopoulos
- University of Gothenburg: Goteborgs Universitet, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Kemigåden 4, 431 45, Göteborg, SWEDEN
| | - Dimitrios Moianos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens: Ethniko kai Kapodistriako Panepistemio Athenon, Department of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, GREECE
| | - Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens: Ethniko kai Kapodistriako Panepistemio Athenon, Department of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, GREECE
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, GREECE
| | - Michael Decker
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GERMANY
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9
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Wei XY, Long JD, Chai JR, Chen J, Gao JP, Wang YJ, Liu JG. Antinociceptive activities and mechanism of action of Cepharanthine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:219-224. [PMID: 35636221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cepharanthine is an alkaloid that isolated from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, however,its analgesic properties are unclear and the molecular targets that mediating Cepharanthine-induced analgesia are not explored yet. In the current study, mice pain models including hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests were conducted to evaluate the antinociceptive actions of Cepharanthine. [3H]-ligand competitive binding assay was applied to determine the binding affinity and selectivity of Cepharanthine at κ, μ and δ opioid receptors. Cepharanthine-induced constipation was investigated using the small intestinal transit test. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of Cepharanthine produced potent antinociception with an ED50 value of 24.5 mg/kg in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the formalin test, Cepharanthine produced moderate antinociception with the maximum analgesic activity of 42.6 ± 11.3% in phase I and 60.1 ± 7.7% in phase Ⅱ, respectively. Cepharanthine had no effects in the hot plate test. In vitro radioligand binding assay, Cepharanthine exhibited a high affinity for μ opioid receptors with a Ki value of 80 nM, without binding to κ and δ opioid receptors. Correspondingly, Cepharanthine-mediated antinociceptive effects were antagonized by pretreatment with opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Cepharanthine also decreased the small intestine propulsion rates in the small intestinal transit test. Together, this study firstly demonstrates that Cepharanthine produces potent antinociception in acetic acid-induced visceral pain and moderate antinociception in formalin-induced inflammatory pain, and its mechanism of action may be through activation of μ opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Dong Long
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing-Rui Chai
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jing-Gen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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10
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Karasawa Y, Miyano K, Fujii H, Mizuguchi T, Kuroda Y, Nonaka M, Komatsu A, Ohshima K, Yamaguchi M, Yamaguchi K, Iseki M, Uezono Y, Hayashida M. In Vitro Analyses of Spinach-Derived Opioid Peptides, Rubiscolins: Receptor Selectivity and Intracellular Activities through G Protein- and β-Arrestin-Mediated Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196079. [PMID: 34641621 PMCID: PMC8513079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated opioid receptors transmit internal signals through two major pathways: the G-protein-mediated pathway, which exerts analgesia, and the β-arrestin-mediated pathway, which leads to unfavorable side effects. Hence, G-protein-biased opioid agonists are preferable as opioid analgesics. Rubiscolins, the spinach-derived naturally occurring opioid peptides, are selective δ opioid receptor agonists, and their p.o. administration exhibits antinociceptive effects. Although the potency and effect of rubiscolins as G-protein-biased molecules are partially confirmed, their in vitro profiles remain unclear. We, therefore, evaluated the properties of rubiscolins, in detail, through several analyses, including the CellKeyTM assay, cADDis® cAMP assay, and PathHunter® β-arrestin recruitment assay, using cells stably expressing µ, δ, κ, or µ/δ heteromer opioid receptors. In the CellKeyTM assay, rubiscolins showed selective agonistic effects for δ opioid receptor and little agonistic or antagonistic effects for µ and κ opioid receptors. Furthermore, rubiscolins were found to be G-protein-biased δ opioid receptor agonists based on the results obtained in cADDis® cAMP and PathHunter® β-arrestin recruitment assays. Finally, we found, for the first time, that they are also partially agonistic for the µ/δ dimers. In conclusion, rubiscolins could serve as attractive seeds, as δ opioid receptor-specific agonists, for the development of novel opioid analgesics with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Karasawa
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
- Medical Affairs, Viatris Pharmaceuticals Japan Inc., 5-11-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Hideaki Fujii
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (H.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Takaaki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (H.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Yui Kuroda
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miki Nonaka
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Akane Komatsu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kaori Ohshima
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masako Iseki
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; (M.N.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Masakazu Hayashida
- Department of Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (A.K.); (M.Y.); (K.Y.); (M.I.); (M.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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11
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Inyang KE, George SR, Laumet G. The µ-δ opioid heteromer masks latent pain sensitization in neuropathic and inflammatory pain in male and female mice. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147298. [PMID: 33516809 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The episodic nature of chronic pain can be studied in the rodent model of latent pain sensitization. After remission, central sensitization is opposed by activation of opioid receptors. At the behavioral level, latent pain sensitization is unmasked when pain hypersensitivity is reinstated by opioid receptor (OR) antagonism. Previous studies have focused on inflammatory pain and male rodents. Whether latent pain sensitization occurs in models of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in female and male mice is unknown. The first aim of this study was to investigate whether μ- and δ-OR suppress latent pain sensitization in our model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in both sexes. Mounting evidence suggests that μ-and δ-ORs form a heteromer and that the heteromer modulates pain sensitivity. Potential implications of the μ-δ OR heteromer in latent pain sensitization have not been fully explored due to a lack of tools to effectively modulate the heteromer. To specifically target the μ-δ OR heteromer, we used a specific interfering peptide blocking the heteromerization. The second aim of this study was to investigate whether disruption of the μ-δOR heteromer, after remission, reinstates pain hypersensitivity. After remission from cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain, antagonism of µ-OR and δOR reinstates pain hypersensitivity in both sexes. After remission from cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain and postoperative pain, disruption of the μ-δOR heteromer reinstates pain hypersensitivity in both sexes. Taken together our findings suggest that the μ-δOR heteromer plays a crucial role in remission in various pain models and may represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent the relapse to pain and the transition to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan R George
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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12
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Xu Y, Zhi F, Mao J, Peng Y, Shao N, Balboni G, Yang Y, Xia Y. δ-opioid receptor activation protects against Parkinson's disease-related mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25035-25059. [PMID: 33197884 PMCID: PMC7803568 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is an important neuroprotector via the regulation of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondria-related molecule, under hypoxic and MPP+ insults. Since mitochondrial dysfunctions are observed in both hypoxia and MPP+ insults, this study further investigated whether DOR is cytoprotective against these insults by targeting mitochondria. Through comparing DOR-induced responses to hypoxia versus MPP+-induced parkinsonian insult in PC12 cells, we found that both hypoxia and MPP+ caused a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and severe mitochondrial dysfunction. In sharp contrast to its inappreciable effect on mitochondria in hypoxic conditions, DOR activation with UFP-512, a specific agonist, significantly attenuated the MPP+-induced mitochondrial injury. Mechanistically, DOR activation effectively upregulated PINK1 expression and promoted Parkin's mitochondrial translocation and modification, thus enhancing the PINK1-Parkin mediated mitophagy. Either PINK1 knockdown or DOR knockdown largely interfered with the DOR-mediated mitoprotection in MPP+ conditions. Moreover, there was a major difference between hypoxia versus MPP+ in terms of the regulation of mitophagy with hypoxia-induced mitophagy being independent from DOR-PINK1 signaling. Taken together, our novel data suggest that DOR activation is neuroprotective against parkinsonian injury by specifically promoting mitophagy in a PINK1-dependent pathway and thus attenuating mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahao Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Naiyuan Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Uhelski ML, Bruce D, Speltz R, Wilcox GL, Simone DA. Topical Application of Loperamide/Oxymorphindole, Mu and Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists, Reduces Sensitization of C-fiber Nociceptors that Possess Na V1.8. Neuroscience 2020; 446:102-112. [PMID: 32858141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It was recently shown that local injection, systemic administration or topical application of the peripherally-restricted mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist loperamide (Lo) and the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist oxymorphindole (OMI) synergized to produce highly potent anti-hyperalgesia that was dependent on both MOR and DOR located in the periphery. We assessed peripheral mechanisms by which this Lo/OMI combination produces analgesia in mice expressing the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) in neurons that express NaV1.8 voltage-gated sodium channels. These mice (NaV1.8-ChR2+) enabled us to selectively target and record electrophysiological activity from these neurons (the majority of which are nociceptive) using blue light stimulation of the hind paw. We assessed the effect of Lo/OMI on nociceptor activity in both naïve mice and mice treated with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to induce chronic inflammation of the hind paw. Teased fiber recording of tibial nerve fibers innervating the plantar hind paw revealed that the Lo/OMI combination reduced responses to light stimulation in naïve mice and attenuated spontaneous activity (SA) as well as responses to light and mechanical stimuli in CFA-treated mice. These results show that Lo/OMI reduces activity of C-fiber nociceptors that express NaV1.8 and corroborate recent behavioral studies demonstrating the potent analgesic effects of this drug combination. Because of its peripheral site of action, Lo/OMI might produce effective analgesia without the side effects associated with activation of opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Uhelski
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Bruce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca Speltz
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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14
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Costa TKVLD, Barros MS, Braga RM, Viana JDO, Sousa FBD, Scotti L, Scotti MT, Batista AUD, Almeida RND, Castro RDD. Orofacial antinociceptive activity and anchorage molecular mechanism in silico of geraniol. Braz Oral Res 2020; 34:e094. [PMID: 32785475 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the orofacial antinociceptive effect of geraniol in mice and its molecular anchorage mechanism. Seven mice per group (probabilistic sample) were treated with geraniol (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), morphine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and vehicle (saline + Tween 80 at 0.2%, i.p.) 30 minutes prior to the beginning of the experiment. Injecting glutamate (25 μM), capsaicin (2.5 μg) and formalin (2%) into the right upper lip (perinasal) of the mouse induced nociception. Behavioral analysis of the animals considered the friction time (in seconds) of the mentioned region using hind or front paws by a researcher blinded to the treatment groups. The statistical analysis was performed blindly, considering α = 5%. The results showed that in the glutamate and capsaicin tests, concentrations of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg presented antinociceptive activity (p < 0.005, power> 80%). In the formalin test, geraniol was able to reduce nociception at a concentration of 50 mg/kg (p < 0.005, power> 80%). In the molecular anchorage study, high values of binding between the evaluated substance and receptors of glutamate were observed (metabotropic glutamate receptor, -87.8501 Kcal/mol; N-methyl-D-aspartate, -86.4451 Kcal/mol; α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, -85.6755 Kcal/mol). Geraniol presented orofacial antinociceptive activity, probably by interacting with glutamate-related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Silva Barros
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Renan Marrinho Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Frederico Barbosa de Sousa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - André Ulisses Dantas Batista
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang JT, Hang L, Liu T. Mu Opioid Receptor Heterodimers Emerge as Novel Therapeutic Targets: Recent Progress and Future Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1078. [PMID: 32760281 PMCID: PMC7373791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective analgesics used in the clinical management of cancer pain or non-cancer pain. However, chronic opioids therapy can cause many side effects including respiratory depression, nausea, sedation, itch, constipation, analgesic tolerance, hyperalgesia, high addictive potential, and abuse liability. Opioids exert their effects through binding to the opioid receptors belonging to the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) family, including mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Among them, MOR is essential for opioid-induced analgesia and also responsible for adverse effects of opioids. Importantly, MOR can form heterodimers with other opioid receptors and non-opioid receptors in vitro and in vivo, and has distinct pharmacological properties, different binding affinities for ligands, downstream signaling, and receptor trafficking. This mini review summarized recent progress on the function of Mu opioid receptor heterodimers, and we proposed that targeting mu opioid receptor heterodimers may represent an opportunity to develop new therapeutics, especially for chronic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lihua Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Yanan University, Yanan, China
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16
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Shueb SS, Erb SJ, Lunzer MM, Speltz R, Harding-Rose C, Akgün E, Simone DA, Portoghese PS. Targeting MOR-mGluR 5 heteromers reduces bone cancer pain by activating MOR and inhibiting mGluR5. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107690. [PMID: 31271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain is among the most common symptoms in cancer and approximately 90% of patients experience end-stage cancer pain. The management of cancer pain is challenging due to the significant side effects associated with opioids, and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. MMG22 is a bivalent ligand containing MOR agonist and mGluR5 antagonist pharmacophores joined by a 22-atom spacer. MMG22 exhibited extraordinary analgesia following intrathecal administration in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of systemic administration of MMG22 in reducing cancer pain and evaluated whether MMG22 displays side effects associated with opioids. Fibrosarcoma cells were injected into and around the calcaneus bone in C3H mice. Mechanical hyperalgesia was defined as an increase in the paw withdrawal frequencies (PWFs) evoked by application of a von Frey monofilament (3.9 mN bending force) applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw Subcutaneous (s.c.), intramuscular (i.m.), and oral (p.o.) administration of MMG22 produced robust dose-dependent antihyperalgesia, whose ED50 was orders of magnitude lower than morphine. Moreover, the ED50 for MMG22 decreased with disease progression. Importantly, s.c. administration of MMG22 did not produce acute (24 h) or long-term (9 days) tolerance, was not rewarding (conditioned place preference test), and did not produce naloxone-induced precipitated withdrawal or alter motor function. A possible mechanism of action of MMG22 is discussed in terms of inhibition of spinal NMDAR via antagonism of its co-receptor, mGluR5, and concomitant activation of neuronal MOR. We suggest that MMG22 may be a powerful alternative to traditional opioids for managing cancer pain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Shueb
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mary M Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca Speltz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Catherine Harding-Rose
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Philip S Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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17
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Bobeck EN, Schoo SM, Ingram SL, Morgan MM. Lack of Antinociceptive Cross-Tolerance With Co-Administration of Morphine and Fentanyl Into the Periaqueductal Gray of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1040-1047. [PMID: 30853505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of mu-opioid receptor agonists, such as morphine and fentanyl, greatly limits their effectiveness for long-term use to treat pain. Clinical studies have shown that combination therapy and opioid rotation can be used to enhance opioid-induced antinociception once tolerance has developed. The mechanism and brain regions involved in these processes are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to antinociceptive tolerance and cross-tolerance between administration and co-administration of morphine and fentanyl. Tolerance was induced by pretreating rats with morphine or fentanyl or low-dose combination of morphine and fentanyl into the vlPAG followed by an assessment of the cross-tolerance to the other opioid. In addition, tolerance to the combined treatment was assessed. Cross-tolerance did not develop between repeated vlPAG microinjections of morphine and fentanyl. Likewise, there was no evidence of cross-tolerance from morphine or fentanyl to the co-administration of morphine and fentanyl. Co-administration did not cause cross-tolerance to fentanyl. Cross-tolerance was only evident to morphine or morphine and fentanyl combined in rats pretreated with co-administration of low doses of morphine and fentanyl. This finding is consistent with the functionally selective signaling that has been reported for antinociception and tolerance after morphine and fentanyl binding to the mu-opioid receptor. This research supports the notion that combination therapy and opioid rotation may be useful clinical practices to decrease opioid tolerance and other side effects. PERSPECTIVE: This preclinical study shows that there is a decrease in cross-tolerance between morphine and fentanyl within the periaqueductal gray, which is a key brain region in opioid antinociception and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Bobeck
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
| | - Shauna M Schoo
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael M Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jeevendra Martyn
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Jianren Mao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Edward A Bittner
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
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19
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Liu D, DiMeglio M, DiMartino M, Hajj J, Mukhanova M, Rai K, Winikor M, Laudanski K. Implications of Chronic Opioid Therapy on Perioperative Complications and Long-Term Surgical Recovery. TRANSLATIONAL PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 6:120-128. [PMID: 31528664 PMCID: PMC6746432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With chronic opioid use becoming an increasingly common occurrenceamong the general population, perioperative specialties must adapt to the physiologic changes caused by long-term opioids. However, data on the clinicalanesthetics implications of long-term opioid use is scarce. This review intends to survey the literature addressing the molecular mechanisms of long-term opioid use as well as their interaction with various organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew DiMeglio
- DO/MBA Student, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael DiMartino
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jihane Hajj
- Department of Cardiology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Nursing, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA
| | - Maria Mukhanova
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karima Rai
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mazell Winikor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Bivalent ligand that activates mu opioid receptor and antagonizes mGluR5 receptor reduces neuropathic pain in mice. Pain 2018; 158:2431-2441. [PMID: 28891868 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor (MOR) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) are well-established pharmacological targets in the management of chronic pain. Both receptors are expressed in the spinal cord. MMG22, a bivalent ligand containing 2 pharmacophores separated by 22 atoms, which simultaneously activates MOR and antagonizes mGluR5, has been shown to produce potent reversal of tactile hypersensitivity in rodent models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-and bone cancer-induced chronic pain. This study assessed whether intrathecal MMG22 also is effective in reducing pain of neuropathic origin. Furthermore, we theorized that MMG22 should reduce hyperalgesia in nerve-injured mice in a manner consistent with a synergistic interaction between MOR and mGluR5. Several weeks after spared nerve injury, tactile hypersensitivity was reversed in mice by the intrathecal injection of MMG22 (0.01-10 nmol) but also by its shorter spacer analog, MMG10, with similar potency. The potencies of the bivalent ligands were 10- to 14-fold higher than those of the compounds upon which the bivalent structure was based, the MOR agonist oxymorphone and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP. Coadministration of oxymorphone and MPEP demonstrated analgesic synergism, an interaction confirmed by isobolographic analysis. This study indicates that in the spared nerve injury-induced model of neuropathic pain, the 2 pharmacophores of the bivalent ligands MMG22 and MMG10 target MOR and mGluR5 as separate receptor monomers. The observed increase in the potency of MMG22 and MMG10, compared with oxymorphone and MPEP, may reflect the synergistic interaction of the 2 pharmacophores of the bivalent ligand acting at their respective separate receptor monomers.
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21
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Dietis N, Niwa H, Tose R, McDonald J, Ruggieri V, Filaferro M, Vitale G, Micheli L, Ghelardini C, Salvadori S, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. In vitro and in vivo characterization of the bifunctional μ and δ opioid receptor ligand UFP-505. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2881-2896. [PMID: 29524334 PMCID: PMC6016625 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Targeting more than one opioid receptor type simultaneously may have analgesic advantages in reducing side-effects. We have evaluated the mixed μ opioid receptor agonist/ δ opioid receptor antagonist UFP-505 in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured receptor density and function in single μ, δ and μ /δ receptor double expression systems. GTPγ35 S binding, cAMP formation and arrestin recruitment were measured. Antinociceptive activity was measured in vivo using tail withdrawal and paw pressure tests following acute and chronic treatment. In some experiments, we collected tissues to measure receptor densities. KEY RESULTS UFP-505 bound to μ receptors with full agonist activity and to δ receptors as a low efficacy partial agonist At μ, but not δ receptors, UFP-505 binding recruited arrestin. Unlike morphine, UFP-505 treatment internalized μ receptors and there was some evidence for internalization of δ receptors. Similar data were obtained in a μ /δ receptor double expression system. In rats, acute UFP-505 or morphine, injected intrathecally, was antinociceptive. In tissues harvested from these experiments, μ and δ receptor density was decreased after UFP-505 but not morphine treatment, in agreement with in vitro data. Both morphine and UFP-505 induced significant tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this study, UFP-505 behaved as a full agonist at μ receptors with variable activity at δ receptors. This bifunctional compound was antinociceptive in rats after intrathecal administration. In this model, dual targeting provided no advantages in terms of tolerance liability. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dietis
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - H Niwa
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - R Tose
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - J McDonald
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - V Ruggieri
- Department of Oncology Haematology and Respiratory DiseasesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - M Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neuro‐SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - G Vitale
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - L Micheli
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - C Ghelardini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - S Salvadori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - G Calo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - R Guerrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - D J Rowbotham
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - D G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
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22
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Ansari MI, Healy JR, Hom K, Deschamps JR, Matsumoto RR, Coop A. Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of a Pyranomorphinan Opioid and in Vitro Studies. Org Lett 2018; 20:2984-2987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jason R. Healy
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Kellie Hom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Touro University California, College of Pharmacy 1310 Club Drive, Vallejo, California 94592, United States
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Delta/mu opioid receptor interactions in operant conditioning assays of pain-depressed responding and drug-induced rate suppression: assessment of therapeutic index in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1609-1618. [PMID: 29572653 PMCID: PMC5924452 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Although delta/mu receptor interactions vary as a function of behavioral endpoint, there have been no assessments of these interactions using assays of pain-depressed responding. This is the first report of delta/mu interactions using an assay of pain-depressed behavior. METHODS A mult-cycle FR10 operant schedule was utilized in the presence of (nociception) and in the absence of (rate suppression) a lactic acid inflammatory pain-like manipulation. SNC80 and methadone were used as selective/high efficacy delta and mu agonists, respectively. Both SNC80 and methadone alone produced a dose-dependent restoration of pain-depressed responding and dose-dependent response rate suppression. Three fixed ratio mixtures, based on the relative potencies of the drugs in the nociception assay, also produced dose-dependent antinociception and sedation. Isobolographic analysis indicated that all three mixtures produced supra-additive antinociceptive effects and simply additive sedation effects. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic index (TI) inversely varied as a function of amount of SNC80 in the mixture, such that lower amounts of SNC80 produced a higher TI, and larger amounts produced a lower TI. Compared to literature using standard pain-elicited assays, the orderly relationship between SNC80 and TI reported here may be a unique function of assessing pain-depressed behavior.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Opioid use and abuse has led to a worldwide opioid epidemic. And while opioids are clinically useful when appropriately indicated, they are associated with a wide range of dangerous side effects and whether they are effective at treating or eliminating chronic pain is controversial. There has long been a need for the development of nonopioid alternative treatments for patients that live in pain, and until recently, only a few effective treatments were available. Today, there are a wide range of nonopioid treatments available including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, corticosteroids, nerve blocks, SSRIs, neurostimulators, and anticonvulsants. However, these treatments are still not entirely effective at treating pain, which has sparked a new exploration of novel nonopioid pharmacotherapies. RECENT FINDINGS This manuscript will outline the most recent trends in novel nonopioid pharmacotherapy development including tramadol/dexketoprofen, TrkA inhibitors, tapentadol, opioid agonists, Nektar 181, TRV 130, ßarrestin2, bisphosphonates, antibodies, sodium channel blockers, NMDA antagonists, TRP receptors, transdermal vitamin D, AAK1 kinase inhibition, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), TRPV4 antagonists, cholecystokinin, delta opioid receptor, neurokinin, and gene therapy. The pharmacotherapies discussed in this manuscript outline promising opioid alternatives which can change the future of chronic pain treatment.
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Abstract
Opioid receptors are the sites of action for morphine and most other clinically used opioid drugs. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that different opioid receptor types can physically associate to form heteromers. Owing to their constituent monomers' involvement in analgesia, mu/delta opioid receptor (M/DOR) heteromers have been a particular focus of attention. Understandings of the physiological relevance and indisputable proof of M/DOR formation in vivo are still evolving. This aspect of the field has been slow to progress in large part by the limitations of most available experimental models; recently however, promising progress is being made. As a result, the long-repeated promise of opioid receptor heteromers as selective therapeutic targets is now being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Edmund Ong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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26
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Knezevic NN, Yekkirala A, Yaksh TL. Basic/Translational Development of Forthcoming Opioid- and Nonopioid-Targeted Pain Therapeutics. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1714-1732. [PMID: 29049116 PMCID: PMC5679134 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids represent an efficacious therapeutic modality for some, but not all pain states. Singular reliance on opioid therapy for pain management has limitations, and abuse potential has deleterious consequences for patient and society. Our understanding of pain biology has yielded insights and opportunities for alternatives to conventional opioid agonists. The aim is to have efficacious therapies, with acceptable side effect profiles and minimal abuse potential, which is to say an absence of reinforcing activity in the absence of a pain state. The present work provides a nonexclusive overview of current drug targets and potential future directions of research and development. We discuss channel activators and blockers, including sodium channel blockers, potassium channel activators, and calcium channel blockers; glutamate receptor-targeted agents, including N-methyl-D-aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, and metabotropic receptors. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutics targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid, α2-adrenergic, and opioid receptors. We also considered antagonists of angiotensin 2 and Toll receptors and agonists/antagonists of adenosine, purine receptors, and cannabinoids. Novel targets considered are those focusing on lipid mediators and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Of interest is development of novel targeting strategies, which produce long-term alterations in pain signaling, including viral transfection and toxins. We consider issues in the development of druggable molecules, including preclinical screening. While there are examples of successful translation, mechanistically promising preclinical candidates may unexpectedly fail during clinical trials because the preclinical models may not recapitulate the particular human pain condition being addressed. Molecular target characterization can diminish the disconnect between preclinical and humans' targets, which should assist in developing nonaddictive analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center Chicago, Illinois; Departments of †Anesthesiology and ‡Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; §Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Blue Therapeutics, Harvard Innovation Launch Lab, Allston, Massachusetts; and Departments of ¶Anesthesiology and #Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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27
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Remesic M, Hruby VJ, Porreca F, Lee YS. Recent Advances in the Realm of Allosteric Modulators for Opioid Receptors for Future Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1147-1158. [PMID: 28368571 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, and more specifically μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine, have long been clinically used as therapeutics for severe pain states but often come with serious side effects such as addiction and tolerance. Many studies have focused on bringing about analgesia from the MOR with attenuated side effects, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, focus has been geared toward the design and elucidation of the orthosteric site with ligands of various biological profiles and mixed subtype opioid activities and selectivities, but targeting the allosteric site is an area of increasing interest. It has been shown that allosteric modulators play key roles in influencing receptor function such as its tolerance to a ligand and affect downstream pathways. There has been a high variance of chemical structures that provide allosteric modulation at a given receptor, but recent studies and reviews tend to focus on the altered cellular mechanisms instead of providing a more rigorous description of the allosteric ligand's structure-function relationship. In this review, we aim to explore recent developments in the structural motifs that potentiate orthosteric binding and their influences on cellular pathways in an effort to present novel approaches to opioid therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Remesic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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28
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Gendron L, Cahill CM, von Zastrow M, Schiller PW, Pineyro G. Molecular Pharmacology of δ-Opioid Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:631-700. [PMID: 27343248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance, and a host of ill-tolerated side effects make clinically available opioids less effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes. Given that most therapeutic opioids produce their actions via µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs), other targets are constantly being explored, among which δ-opioid receptors (DOPrs) are being increasingly considered as promising alternatives. This review addresses DOPrs from the perspective of cellular and molecular determinants of their pharmacological diversity. Thus, DOPr ligands are examined in terms of structural and functional variety, DOPrs' capacity to engage a multiplicity of canonical and noncanonical G protein-dependent responses is surveyed, and evidence supporting ligand-specific signaling and regulation is analyzed. Pharmacological DOPr subtypes are examined in light of the ability of DOPr to organize into multimeric arrays and to adopt multiple active conformations as well as differences in ligand kinetics. Current knowledge on DOPr targeting to the membrane is examined as a means of understanding how these receptors are especially active in chronic pain management. Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological diversity should guide the rational design of more effective, longer-lasting, and better-tolerated opioid analgesics for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
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Morrone LA, Scuteri D, Rombolà L, Mizoguchi H, Bagetta G. Opioids Resistance in Chronic Pain Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:444-456. [PMID: 28503117 PMCID: PMC5405610 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161101092822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain management represents a serious healthcare problem worldwide. Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the adult European population and is more frequent in women and older people. Unfortunately, its management in the community remains generally unsatisfactory and rarely under the control of currently available analgesics. Opioids have been used as analgesics for a long history and are among the most used drugs; however, while there is no debate over their short term use for pain management, limited evidence supports their efficacy of long-term treatment for chronic non-cancer pain. Therapy with opioids is hampered by inter-individual variability and serious side effects and some opioids often result ineffective in the treatment of chronic pain and their use is controversial. Accordingly, for a better control of chronic pain a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to opiates is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi A. Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCADH), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Hirokazu Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCADH), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Komatsu T. [Study of Supplementary Analgesics Capable of Reducing the Dosage of Morphine]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:329-35. [PMID: 26831810 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphine with its potent analgesic property has been widely used for the treatment of various types of pain. However, the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine at doses far higher than those required for antinociception exhibited nociceptive-related behaviors consisting of scratching, biting and licking, hyperalgesia, and allodynia in mice. Morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), one of the major metabolites of morphine, has been found to evoke nociceptive behaviors similar to those after high-dose i.t. morphine. It is plausible that M3G may be responsible for nociception seen after high-dose i.t. morphine treatment. This article reviews the potential mechanism of spinally mediated nociceptive behaviors evoked by i.t. M3G in mice. We discuss the possible presynaptic release of nociceptive neurotransmitters/neuromodulators such as substance P, glutamate, dynorphin, and Leu-enkephalin in the primary afferent fibers following i.t. M3G administration. It is possible to speculate that i.t. M3G could indirectly activate NK1, NMDA, and δ2-opioid receptors that lead to the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the dorsal spinal cord. The major function of NO is the production of cGMP and the activation of protein kinase G (PKG). The NO-cGMP-PKG pathway plays an important role in M3G-induced nociceptive behavior. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) in the dorsal spinal cord was also evoked via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway through the activation of δ2-opioid, NK1, and NMDA receptors, contributing to M3G-induced nociceptive behaviors. The demonstration of a neural mechanism underlying M3G-induced nociception provides a pharmacological basis for improved pain management with morphine at high doses.
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Inhibition of Reinforcing, Hyperalgesic, and Motor Effects of Morphine by Buspirone in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 18:19-28. [PMID: 27742411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphine and other opioids are among the most effective prescription medications for the treatment of pain. Addiction and hyperalgesia associated with their long-term use limits the clinical utility of these drugs. In view of a role of somatodendritic serotonin-1A receptors in addiction and analgesic effects of morphine, the present study concerns effects of co-use of buspirone, a partial agonist at the serotonin-1A receptor, on reinforcing, hyperalgesic, and motor effects of morphine in rats. A dose of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) producing moderate effects on motor activity and analgesia, and buspirone (doses of 0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. Reinforcing effects were monitored in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and associated changes in motor activity were monitored during a drug conditioning phase. The hot plate test was used to monitor nociceptive response. Acute administration of morphine decreased motor activity and reduced pain perception. Repeated administration was reinforcing in the CPP paradigm and was associated with hyperalgesia and tolerance in motor depressant effects of morphine. These effects of repeated morphine administration were blocked in rats cotreated with buspirone. Pain perception was also slightly reduced in rats repeatedly treated with higher doses of buspirone. The findings are important for improving and extending therapeutic medications for pain. PERSPECTIVE The present study shows an important role of serotonin-1A receptors in morphine-induced hyperalgesia and addiction. It shows that buspirone, a prescription medicine for anxiety and depression can block addictive and hyperalgesic effects of morphine. Clinicians should consider buspirone as adjunctive therapy with morphine to improve therapeutic medications in pain.
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32
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Yang PP, Yeh GC, Yeh TK, Xi J, Loh HH, Law PY, Tao PL. Activation of delta-opioid receptor contributes to the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone in mice. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:867-876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview on drug targets and emerging pharmacological treatment options for chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic pain poses an enormous socioeconomic burden for the more than 30% of people who suffer from it, costing over $600 billion per year in the USA. In recent years, there has been a surge in preclinical and clinical research endeavors to try to stem this epidemic. Preclinical studies have identified a wide array of potential targets, with some of the most promising translational research being performed on novel opioid receptors, cannabinoid receptors, selective ion channel blockers, cytokine inhibitors, nerve growth factor inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, glial cell inhibitors, and bisphosphonates. SUMMARY There are many obstacles for the development of effective medications to treat chronic pain, including the inherent challenges in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms, the overlap and multiplicity of pain pathways, and off-target adverse effects stemming from the ubiquity of drug target receptor sites and the lack of highly selective receptor ligands. Despite these barriers, the number and diversity of potential therapies have continued to grow, to include disease-modifying and individualized drug treatments.
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Rivkin A, Rybalov S. Update on the Management of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Focus on Rifaximin and Eluxadoline. Pharmacotherapy 2016; 36:300-16. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Rivkin
- Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy; Florham Park New Jersey
| | - Sergey Rybalov
- Division of Gastroenterology; Saint Clare's Hospital Dover/General; Dover New Jersey
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Szűcs E, Büki A, Kékesi G, Horváth G, Benyhe S. Mu-Opioid (MOP) receptor mediated G-protein signaling is impaired in specific brain regions in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:29-33. [PMID: 26946106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder. Clinical reports suggest that many patients with schizophrenia are less sensitive to pain than other individuals. Animal models do not interpret schizophrenia completely, but they can model a number of symptoms of the disease, including decreased pain sensitivities and increased pain thresholds of various modalities. Opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides have a substantial role in analgesia. In this biochemical study we investigated changes in the signaling properties of the mu-opioid (MOP) receptor in different brain regions, which are involved in the pain transmission, i.e., thalamus, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Our goal was to compare the transmembrane signaling mediated by MOP receptors in control rats and in a recently developed rat model of schizophrenia. Regulatory G-protein activation via MOP receptors were measured in [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays in the presence of a highly selective MOP receptor peptide agonist, DAMGO. It was found that the MOP receptor mediated activation of G-proteins was substantially lower in membranes prepared from the 'schizophrenic' model rats than in control animals. The potency of DAMGO to activate MOP receptor was also decreased in all brain regions studied. Taken together in our rat model of schizophrenia, MOP receptor mediated G-proteins have a reduced stimulatory activity compared to membrane preparations taken from control animals. The observed distinct changes of opioid receptor functions in different areas of the brain do not explain the augmented nociceptive threshold described in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kékesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Hungary
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62., Hungary.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Monodrug therapy has been used with success to fight various pathologies. When one medicine fails, co-administration of two or more drugs at the same time may be successfully applied in the treatment of infections, hypertension, HIV and in many other fields. DISCUSSION This approach has some weakness related to the pharmacokinetic of the two different substances administered, side effects, possible drug-drug interaction. Bivalent ligand approach would maintain the strength of the multidrug therapy (synergistic effect, lower doses, and little side effects) and overcome the weakness of a co-administration. CONCLUSION In this review we have described the state-of-the-art of the multitarget approach for the control of pain. Several approaches adopted by different research groups and future perspectives have been discussed.
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37
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Peppin JF, Raffa RB. Delta opioid agonists: a concise update on potential therapeutic applications. J Clin Pharm Ther 2015; 40:155-66. [PMID: 25726896 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The endogenous opioid system co-evolved with chemical defences, or at times symbiotic relationships, between plants and other autotrophs and heterotrophic predators - thus, it is not surprising that endogenous opioid ligands and exogenous mimetic ligands produce diverse physiological effects. Among the endogenous opioid peptides (endomorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins and nociception/orphanin FQ) derived from the precursors encoded by four genes (PNOC, PENK, PDYN and POMC) are the pentapeptides Met-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) and Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu). The physiological effects of the enkephalins are mediated via 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, including delta opioid receptor (DOR). We present a concise update on the status of progress and opportunities of this approach. METHODS A literature search of the PUBMED database and a combination of keywords including delta opioid receptor, analgesia, mood and individual compounds identified therein, from industry and other source, and from www.clinicaltrials.com. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DOR agonist and antagonist ligands have been developed with ever increasing affinity and selectivity for DOR over other opioid receptor subtypes and studied for therapeutic utility, primarily for pain relief, but also for other clinical endpoints. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Selective DOR agonists have been designed with a large increase in therapeutic window for a variety of potential CNS applications including pain, depression, and learning and memory among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Peppin
- Center for Bioethics, Pain Management and Medicine, University City, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Hazelwood, MO, USA
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38
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Ligand-biased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 leads to differences in opioid induced antinociception and tolerance. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:17-24. [PMID: 26497105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioids produce antinociception by activation of G protein signaling linked to the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr). However, opioid binding to the MOPr also activates β-arrestin signaling. Opioids such as DAMGO and fentanyl differ in their relative efficacy for activation of these signaling cascades, but the behavioral consequences of this differential signaling are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavioral significance of G protein and internalization dependent signaling within ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Antinociception induced by microinjecting DAMGO into the vlPAG was attenuated by blocking Gαi/o protein signaling with administration of pertussis toxin (PTX), preventing internalization with administration of dynamin dominant-negative inhibitory peptide (dyn-DN) or direct inhibition of ERK1/2 with administration of the MEK inhibitor, U0126. In contrast, the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting fentanyl into the vlPAG was not altered by administration of PTX or U0126, and was enhanced by administration of dyn-DN. Microinjection of DAMGO, but not fentanyl, into the vlPAG induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which was blocked by inhibiting receptor internalization with administration of dyn-DN, but not by inhibition of Gαi/o proteins. ERK1/2 inhibition also prevented the development and expression of tolerance to repeated DAMGO microinjections, but had no effect on fentanyl tolerance. These data reveal that ERK1/2 activation following MOPr internalization contributes to the antinociceptive effect of some (e.g., DAMGO), but not all opioids (e.g., fentanyl) despite the known similarities for these agonists to induce β-arrestin recruitment and internalization.
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39
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Stockton SD, Gomes I, Liu T, Moraje C, Hipólito L, Jones MR, Ma'ayan A, Morón JA, Li H, Devi LA. Morphine Regulated Synaptic Networks Revealed by Integrated Proteomics and Network Analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2564-76. [PMID: 26149443 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.047977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its efficacy, the use of morphine for the treatment of chronic pain remains limited because of the rapid development of tolerance, dependence and ultimately addiction. These undesired effects are thought to be because of alterations in synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity within the reward circuitry including the striatum. In this study we used subcellular fractionation and quantitative proteomics combined with computational approaches to investigate the morphine-induced protein profile changes at the striatal postsynaptic density. Over 2,600 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis of subcellular fractions enriched in postsynaptic density associated proteins from saline or morphine-treated striata. Among these, the levels of 34 proteins were differentially altered in response to morphine. These include proteins involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling, regulation of transcription and translation, chaperones, and protein degradation pathways. The altered expression levels of several of these proteins was validated by Western blotting analysis. Using Genes2Fans software suite we connected the differentially expressed proteins with proteins identified within the known background protein-protein interaction network. This led to the generation of a network consisting of 116 proteins with 40 significant intermediates. To validate this, we confirmed the presence of three proteins predicted to be significant intermediates: caspase-3, receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 and NEDD4 (an E3-ubiquitin ligase identified as a neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4). Because this morphine-regulated network predicted alterations in proteasomal degradation, we examined the global ubiquitination state of postsynaptic density proteins and found it to be substantially altered. Together, these findings suggest a role for protein degradation and for the ubiquitin/proteasomal system in the etiology of opiate dependence and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Stockton
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, §Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
| | - Ivone Gomes
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics
| | - Tong Liu
- ¶Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07103
| | | | - Lucia Hipólito
- ‖Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Matthew R Jones
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics
| | - Jose A Morón
- ‖Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Hong Li
- ¶Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07103
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, §Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029;
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40
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Beaudry H, Gendron L, Morón JA. Implication of delta opioid receptor subtype 2 but not delta opioid receptor subtype 1 in the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:901--7. [PMID: 25639561 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are well known for their robust analgesic effects. Chronic activation of mu opioid receptors (MOPs) is, however, accompanied by various unwanted effects such as analgesic tolerance. Among other mechanisms, interactions between MOPs and delta opioid receptors (DOPs) are thought to play an important role in morphine-induced behavioral adaptations. Interestingly, certain conditions such as inflammation enhance the function of the DOP through a MOP-dependent mechanism. Here, we investigated the role of DOPs during the development of morphine tolerance in an animal model of chronic inflammatory pain. Using behavioral approaches, we first established that repeated systemic morphine treatment induced morphine analgesic tolerance in rats coping with chronic inflammatory pain. We then observed that blockade of DOPs with subcutaneous naltrindole (NTI), a selective DOP antagonist, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that this effect was DOP mediated by showing that an acute injection of NTI had no effect on morphine-induced analgesia in naive animals. Previous pharmacological characterizations revealed the existence of DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2. As opposed to NTI, 7-benzylidenenaltrexone and naltriben were reported to be selective DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2 antagonists, respectively. Interestingly, naltriben but not 7-benzylidenenaltrexone was able to attenuate the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in inflamed rats. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting of DOP subtype 2 with antagonists provides a valuable strategy to attenuate the analgesic tolerance that develops after repeated morphine administration in the setting of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beaudry
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, P&S Box 46, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain is commonly experienced by patients with cancer, particularly those with advanced disease. Alleviating pain is an important goal of cancer treatment. Opioids are the cornerstone of the analgesic treatment. AREAS COVERED Pharmacology, characteristics, and use of opioids in clinical practice are presented. EXPERT OPINION Although the use of opioids is largely accepted as a fundamental step for controlling cancer pain, existing data supporting this statement are poor. All opioids provide analgesia and are effective in controlling cancer pain. New drugs have been developed and experience is accumulating among clinicians. Despite these drugs having different pharmacokinetic and chemical properties, there is no proof that one opioid is better than another one. Thus, the optimum benefit depends on the experience of the users. Clinicians should weight evidence, clinical experience, patient preferences, and treatment costs when choosing the optimal treatment for an individual patient with cancer pain. New opioids with specific receptor activities are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Mercadante
- La Maddalena Cancer Center - Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit , Via san lorenzo 312, Palermo 90145 , Italy
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42
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Schuster DJ, Metcalf MD, Kitto KF, Messing RO, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Ligand requirements for involvement of PKCε in synergistic analgesic interactions between spinal μ and δ opioid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:642-53. [PMID: 24827408 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently found that PKCε was required for spinal analgesic synergy between two GPCRs, δ opioid receptors and α2 A adrenoceptors, co-located in the same cellular subpopulation. We sought to determine if co-delivery of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists would similarly result in synergy requiring PKCε. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Combinations of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists were co-administered intrathecally by direct lumbar puncture to PKCε-wild-type (PKCε-WT) and -knockout (PKCε-KO) mice. Antinociception was assessed using the hot-water tail-flick assay. Drug interactions were evaluated by isobolographic analysis. KEY RESULTS All agonists produced comparable antinociception in both PKCε-WT and PKCε-KO mice. Of 19 agonist combinations that produced analgesic synergy, only 3 required PKCε for a synergistic interaction. In these three combinations, one of the agonists was morphine, although not all combinations involving morphine required PKCε. Morphine + deltorphin II and morphine + deltorphin I required PKCε for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + deltorphin, did not. Additionally, morphine + oxymorphindole required PKCε for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + oxycodindole, did not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We discovered biased agonism for a specific signalling pathway at the level of spinally co-delivered opioid agonists. As the bias is only revealed by an appropriate ligand combination and cannot be accounted for by a single drug, it is likely that the receptors these agonists act on are interacting with each other. Our results support the existence of μ and δ opioid receptor heteromers at the spinal level in vivo. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Hughes PA, Moretta M, Lim A, Grasby DJ, Bird D, Brierley SM, Liebregts T, Adam B, Blackshaw LA, Holtmann G, Bampton P, Hoffmann P, Andrews JM, Zola H, Krumbiegel D. Immune derived opioidergic inhibition of viscerosensory afferents is decreased in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:191-203. [PMID: 25063707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the neuro-immune axis contribute toward viscerosensory nerve sensitivity and symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Inhibitory factors secreted from immune cells inhibit colo-rectal afferents in health, and loss of this inhibition may lead to hypersensitivity and symptoms. We aimed to determine the immune cell type(s) responsible for opioid secretion in humans and whether this is altered in patients with IBS. The β-endorphin content of specific immune cell lineages in peripheral blood and colonic mucosal biopsies were compared between healthy subjects (HS) and IBS patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants from HS and IBS patients were applied to colo-rectal sensory afferent endings in mice with post-inflammatory chronic visceral hypersensitivity (CVH). β-Endorphin was identified predominantly in monocyte/macrophages relative to T or B cells in human PBMC and colonic lamina propria. Monocyte derived β-endorphin levels and colonic macrophage numbers were lower in IBS patients than healthy subjects. PBMC supernatants from healthy subjects had greater inhibitory effects on colo-rectal afferent mechanosensitivity than those from IBS patients. The inhibitory effects of PBMC supernatants were more prominent in CVH mice compared to healthy mice due to an increase in μ-opioid receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia neurons in CVH mice. Monocyte/macrophages are the predominant immune cell type responsible for β-endorphin secretion in humans. IBS patients have lower monocyte derived β-endorphin levels than healthy subjects, causing less inhibition of colonic afferent endings. Consequently, altered immune function contributes toward visceral hypersensitivity in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Hughes
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
| | - Melissa Moretta
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda Lim
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Dallas J Grasby
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel Bird
- Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tobias Liebregts
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Birgit Adam
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Molecular Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Heddy Zola
- Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Doreen Krumbiegel
- Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Le Naour M, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Kalyuzhny AE, Benneyworth MA, Thomas MJ, Portoghese PS. Putative kappa opioid heteromers as targets for developing analgesics free of adverse effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6383-92. [PMID: 24978316 PMCID: PMC4136663 DOI: 10.1021/jm500159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is now generally recognized that upon activation by an agonist, β-arrestin associates with G protein-coupled receptors and acts as a scaffold in creating a diverse signaling network that could lead to adverse effects. As an approach to reducing side effects associated with κ opioid agonists, a series of β-naltrexamides 3-10 was synthesized in an effort to selectively target putative κ opioid heteromers without recruiting β-arrestin upon activation. The most potent derivative 3 (INTA) strongly activated KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers in HEK293 cells. In vivo studies revealed 3 to produce potent antinociception, which, when taken together with antagonism data, was consistent with the activation of both heteromers. 3 was devoid of tolerance, dependence, and showed no aversive effect in the conditioned place preference assay. As immunofluorescence studies indicated no recruitment of β-arrestin2 to membranes in coexpressed KOR-DOR cells, this study suggests that targeting of specific putative heteromers has the potential to identify leads for analgesics devoid of adverse effects.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/adverse effects
- Analgesics/chemistry
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Calcium/metabolism
- Drug Tolerance
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Naltrexone/adverse effects
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
- beta-Arrestins
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Le Naour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , WDH 8-114, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Burford NT, Wehrman T, Bassoni D, O'Connell J, Banks M, Zhang L, Alt A. Identification of selective agonists and positive allosteric modulators for µ- and δ-opioid receptors from a single high-throughput screen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1255-65. [PMID: 25047277 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114542975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hetero-oligomeric complexes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may represent novel therapeutic targets exhibiting different pharmacology and tissue- or cell-specific site of action compared with receptor monomers or homo-oligomers. An ideal tool for validating this concept pharmacologically would be a hetero-oligomer selective ligand. We set out to develop and execute a 1536-well high-throughput screen of over 1 million compounds to detect potential hetero-oligomer selective ligands using a β-arrestin recruitment assay in U2OS cells coexpressing recombinant µ- and δ-opioid receptors. Hetero-oligomer selective ligands may bind to orthosteric or allosteric sites, and we might anticipate that the formation of hetero-oligomers may provide novel allosteric binding pockets for ligand binding. Therefore, our goal was to execute the screen in such a way as to identify positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) as well as agonists for µ, δ, and hetero-oligomeric receptors. While no hetero-oligomer selective ligands were identified (based on our selection criteria), this single screen did identify numerous µ- and δ-selective agonists and PAMs as well as nonselective agonists and PAMs. To our knowledge, these are the first µ- and δ-opioid receptor PAMs described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Burford
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Martyn Banks
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | - Litao Zhang
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Alt
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
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46
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Burford NT, Traynor JR, Alt A. Positive allosteric modulators of the μ-opioid receptor: a novel approach for future pain medications. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:277-86. [PMID: 24460691 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Morphine and other agonists of the μ-opioid receptor are used clinically for acute and chronic pain relief and are considered to be the gold standard for pain medication. However, these opioids also have significant side effects, which are also mediated via activation of the μ-opioid receptor. Since the latter half of the twentieth century, researchers have sought to tease apart the mechanisms underlying analgesia, tolerance and dependence, with the hope of designing drugs with fewer side effects. These efforts have revolved around the design of orthosteric agonists with differing pharmacokinetic properties and/or selectivity profiles for the different opioid receptor types. Recently, μ-opioid receptor-positive allosteric modulators (μ-PAMs) were identified, which bind to a (allosteric) site on the μ-opioid receptor separate from the orthosteric site that binds an endogenous agonist. These allosteric modulators have little or no detectable functional activity when bound to the receptor in the absence of orthosteric agonist, but can potentiate the activity of bound orthosteric agonist, seen as an increase in apparent potency and/or efficacy of the orthosteric agonist. In this review, we describe the potential advantages that a μ-PAM approach might bring to the design of novel therapeutics for pain that may lack the side effects currently associated with opioid therapy. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Burford
- GPCR Lead Discovery & Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
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47
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Chabot-Doré AJ, Schuster DJ, Stone LS, Wilcox GL. Analgesic synergy between opioid and α2 -adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:388-402. [PMID: 24641506 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Opioid and α2 -adrenoceptor agonists are potent analgesic drugs and their analgesic effects can synergize when co-administered. These supra-additive interactions are potentially beneficial clinically; by increasing efficacy and/or reducing the total drug required to produce sufficient pain relief, undesired side effects can be minimized. However, combination therapies of opioids and α2 -adrenoceptor agonists remain underutilized clinically, in spite of a large body of preclinical evidence describing their synergistic interaction. One possible obstacle to the translation of preclinical findings to clinical applications is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic interactions between these two drug classes. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the interactions between different opioid and α2 -adrenoceptor agonist combinations in preclinical studies. These studies have identified the spinal cord as an important site of action of synergistic interactions, provided insights into which receptors mediate these interactions and explored downstream signalling events enabling synergy. It is now well documented that the activation of both μ and δ opioid receptors can produce synergy with α2 -adrenoceptor agonists and that α2 -adrenoceptor agonists can mediate synergy through either the α2A or the α2C adrenoceptor subtypes. Current hypotheses surrounding the cellular mechanisms mediating opioid-adrenoceptor synergy, including PKC signalling and receptor oligomerization, and the evidence supporting them are presented. Finally, the implications of these findings for clinical applications and drug discovery are discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Chabot-Doré
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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48
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Fujita W, Gomes I, Devi LA. Heteromers of μ-δ opioid receptors: new pharmacology and novel therapeutic possibilities. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:375-87. [PMID: 24571499 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies suggest that heteromerization between μ (MOP) and δ (DOP) opioid receptors modulates the signalling properties of the individual receptors. For example, whereas activation of MOP receptors by an agonist induces G protein-mediated signalling, the same agonist induces β-arrestin-mediated signalling in the context of the MOP-DOP receptor heteromer. Moreover, heteromer-mediated signalling is allosterically modulated by a combination of MOP and DOP receptor ligands. This has implications in analgesia given that morphine-induced antinociception can be potentiated by DOP receptor ligands. Recently reagents selectively targeting the MOP-DOP receptor heteromer such as bivalent ligands, antibodies or membrane permeable peptides have been generated; these reagents are enabling studies to elucidate the contribution of endogenously expressed heteromers to analgesia as well as to the development of side-effects associated with chronic opioid use. Recent advances in drug screening technology have led to the identification of a MOP-DOP receptor heteromer-biased agonist that activates both G protein-mediated and β-arrestin-mediated signalling. Moreover, this heteromer-biased agonist exhibits potent antinociceptive activity but with reduced side-effects, suggesting that ligands targeting the MOP-DOP receptor heteromer form a basis for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of pain. In this review, we summarize findings regarding the biological and functional characteristics of the MOP-DOP receptor heteromer and the in vitro and in vivo properties of heteromer-selective ligands. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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49
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Detection of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 within basal ganglia output neurons in macaques: changes following experimental parkinsonism. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2721-38. [PMID: 24972960 PMCID: PMC4549378 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed abundantly throughout the brain, the presence of type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2Rs) in neurons is still somewhat controversial. Taking advantage of newly designed CB1R and CB2R mRNA riboprobes, we demonstrate by PCR and in situ hybridization that transcripts for both cannabinoid receptors are present within labeled pallidothalamic-projecting neurons of control and MPTP-treated macaques, whereas the expression is markedly reduced in dyskinetic animals. Moreover, an in situ proximity ligation assay was used to qualitatively assess the presence of CB1Rs and CB2Rs, as well as CB1R–CB2R heteromers within basal ganglia output neurons in all animal groups (control, parkinsonian and dyskinetic macaques). A marked reduction in the number of CB1Rs, CB2Rs and CB1R–CB2R heteromers was found in dyskinetic animals, mimicking the observed reduction in CB1R and CB2R mRNA expression levels. The fact that chronic levodopa treatment disrupted CB1R–CB2R heteromeric complexes should be taken into consideration when designing new drugs acting on cannabinoid receptor heteromers.
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50
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Ong EW, Cahill CM. Molecular Perspectives for mu/delta Opioid Receptor Heteromers as Distinct, Functional Receptors. Cells 2014; 3:152-79. [PMID: 24709907 PMCID: PMC3980742 DOI: 10.3390/cells3010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are the sites of action for morphine and the other opioid drugs. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that different opioid receptor types can physically associate to form heteromers. Understandings of the nature, behavior, and role of these opioid receptor heteromers are developing. Owing to their constituent monomers’ involvement in analgesia, mu/delta opioid receptor (M/DOR) heteromers have been a particular focus of attention. There is now considerable evidence demonstrating M/DOR to be an extant and physiologically relevant receptor species. Participating in the cellular environment as a distinct receptor type, M/DOR availability is complexly regulated and M/DOR exhibits unique pharmacology from that of other opioid receptors (ORs), including its constituents. M/DOR appears to have a range of actions that vary in a ligand- (or ligands-) dependent manner. These actions can meaningfully affect the clinical effects of opioid drugs: strategies targeting M/DOR may be therapeutically useful. This review presents and discusses developments in these understandings with a focus on the molecular nature and activity of M/DOR in the context of therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund W Ong
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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