1
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Conley M, Barden A, Viecelli AK, Irish AB, Cass A, Hawley CM, Voss D, Pascoe EM, Lenhoff K, Polkinghorne KR, Hooi LS, Ong LM, Paul-Brent PA, Kerr PG, Mori TA. Dietary habits in Australian, New Zealand and Malaysian patients with end stage kidney failure: A pre-specified cross-sectional study of the FAVOURED trial participants. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:1178-1191. [PMID: 34921448 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary management plays an important role in patients with kidney failure. Current dietary habits of Australians and New Zealanders (ANZ) and Malaysians with chronic kidney disease (CKD Stage 4-5) have not been adequately investigated. We report the dietary habits of people with advanced CKD and their adherence to country-specific dietary guidelines. METHODS Participants with CKD Stage 4-5, enrolled in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish oils) and Aspirin in Vascular access Outcomes in Renal Disease (FAVOURED) trial, completed a lifestyle questionnaire at baseline on their dietary intake. RESULTS Of 567 participants, 538 (ANZ, n = 386; Malaysian, n = 152; mean ± SD age 54.8 ± 14.3 years, 64% male) completed the questionnaire. Dietary fruit and vegetable intakes were higher in ANZ participants; 49% (n = 189) consumed ≥2 serves day-1 of fruit and 61% (n = 235) ate ≥2 serves day-1 of vegetables compared to 24% (n = 36) and 34% (n = 52) of Malaysians, respectively (p < 0.0001). Only 4% (n = 15) of ANZ participants met Australian Dietary recommendations of two fruit and five vegetable serves day-1 . Fish consumption was higher in Malaysians with 83% (n = 126) consuming ≥2 serves week-1 compared to 21% (n = 81) of ANZ participants (p < 0.001). Red meat intake was higher in ANZ participants; however, chicken consumption was similar; 48% (n = 185) consumed >2 chicken serves week-1 and 65% (n = 251) ate >2 serves week-1 of red meat compared to 43% (n = 65) and 15% (n = 23) of Malaysians, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Significant regional variation in dietary intake for fruit, vegetables and animal protein is described that likely reflects cultural and economic differences. Barriers to meeting recommended dietary intakes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Conley
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Barden
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrea K Viecelli
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australasian Kidney Trials Network University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashley B Irish
- Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Cass
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Carmel M Hawley
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australasian Kidney Trials Network University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Voss
- Middlemore Renal Services, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elaine M Pascoe
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie Lenhoff
- Department of Dietetics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevan R Polkinghorne
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lai-Seong Hooi
- Department of Medicine and Haemodialysis Unit, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | | | - Peta-Anne Paul-Brent
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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2
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A Paradigm Shift in Understanding the Pathological Basis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From the Womb to the Tomb. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101622. [PMID: 36294761 PMCID: PMC9604761 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Zhang X, Ritonja JA, Zhou N, Chen BE, Li X. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025071. [PMID: 35647665 PMCID: PMC9238708 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Current evidence might support the use of omega‐3 fatty acids (preferably docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) for lowering blood pressure (BP), but the strength and shape of the dose‐response relationship remains unclear. Methods and Results This study included randomized controlled trials published before May 7, 2021, that involved participants aged ≥18 years, and examined an association between omega‐3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or both) and BP. A random‐effects 1‐stage cubic spline regression model was used to predict the average dose‐response association between daily omega‐3 fatty acid intake and changes in BP. We also conducted stratified analyses to examine differences by prespecified subgroups. Seventy‐one trials were included, involving 4973 individuals with a combined docosahexaenoic acid+eicosapentaenoic acid dose of 2.8 g/d (interquartile range, 1.3 g/d to 3.6 g/d). A nonlinear association was found overall or in most subgroups, depicted as J‐shaped dose‐response curves. The optimal intake in both systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions (mm Hg) were obtained by moderate doses between 2 g/d (systolic BP, −2.61 [95% CI, −3.57 to −1.65]; diastolic BP, −1.64 [95% CI, −2.29 to −0.99]) and 3 g/d (systolic BP, −2.61 [95% CI, −3.52 to −1.69]; diastolic BP, −1.80 [95% CI, −2.38 to −1.23]). Subgroup studies revealed stronger and approximately linear dose‐response relations among hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and older populations. Conclusions This dose‐response meta‐analysis demonstrates that the optimal combined intake of omega‐3 fatty acids for BP lowering is likely between 2 g/d and 3 g/d. Doses of omega‐3 fatty acid intake above the recommended 3 g/d may be associated with additional benefits in lowering BP among groups at high risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Jennifer A Ritonja
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials Group Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials Group Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Xinzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
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4
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The Omega-3 Index is Higher in People from a Coastal Town versus Five Inland US Cities: An Observational Study. Nutr Res 2022; 104:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Schuchardt JP, Cerrato M, Ceseri M, DeFina LF, Delgado GE, Gellert S, Hahn A, Howard BV, Kadota A, Kleber ME, Latini R, Maerz W, Manson JE, Mora S, Park Y, Sala-Vila A, von Schacky C, Sekikawa A, Tintle N, Tucker KL, Vasan RS, Harris WS. Red blood cell fatty acid patterns from 7 countries: Focus on the Omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 179:102418. [PMID: 35366625 PMCID: PMC10440636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns are becoming recognized as long-term biomarkers of tissue FA composition, but different analytical methods have complicated inter-study and international comparisons. Here we report RBC FA data, with a focus on the Omega-3 Index (EPA + DHA in% of total FAs in RBC), from samples of seven countries (USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, South Korea, and Japan) including 167,347 individuals (93% of all samples were from the US). FA data were generated by a uniform methodology from a variety of interventional and observational studies and from clinical laboratories. The cohorts differed in size, demographics, health status, and year of collection. Only the Canadian cohort was a formal, representative population-based survey. The mean Omega-3 Index of each country was categorized as desirable (>8%), moderate (>6% to 8%), low (>4% to 6%), or very low (≤4%). Only cohorts from Alaska (treated separately from the US), South Korea and Japan showed a desirable Omega-3 Index. The Spanish cohort had a moderate Omega-3 Index, while cohorts from the US, Canada, Italy, and Germany were all classified as low. This study is limited by the use of cohorts of convenience and small sample sizes in some countries. Countries undertaking national health status studies should utilize a uniform method to measure Omega-3 FA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany; The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Marianna Cerrato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ceseri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Gellert
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | | | - Aya Kadota
- NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongsoon Park
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Cardiovascular risk and nutrition group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Tintle
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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6
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Panisi C, Marini M. Dynamic and Systemic Perspective in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Change of Gaze in Research Opens to A New Landscape of Needs and Solutions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:250. [PMID: 35204013 PMCID: PMC8870276 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step for a harmonious bio-psycho-social framework in approaching autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is overcoming the conflict between the biological and the psychosocial perspective. Biological research can provide clues for a correct approach to clinical practice, assuming that it would lead to the conceptualization of a pathogenetic paradigm able to account for epidemiologic and clinical findings. The upward trajectory in ASD prevalence and the systemic involvement of other organs besides the brain suggest that the epigenetic paradigm is the most plausible one. The embryo-fetal period is the crucial window of opportunity for keeping neurodevelopment on the right tracks, suggesting that women's health in pregnancy should be a priority. Maladaptive molecular pathways beginning in utero, in particular, a vicious circle between the immune response, oxidative stress/mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysbiosis-impact neurodevelopment and brain functioning across the lifespan and are the basis for progressive multisystemic disorders that account for the substantial health loss and the increased mortality in ASD. Therefore, the biological complexity of ASD and its implications for health requires the enhancement of clinical skills on these topics, to achieve an effective multi-disciplinary healthcare model. Well-balanced training courses could be a promising starting point to make a change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panisi
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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7
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Ajabnoor SM, Thorpe G, Abdelhamid A, Hooper L. Long-term effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on inflammatory bowel disease and markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2293-2316. [PMID: 33084958 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Effects of long-chain omega-3 (LCn3) and omega-6 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD, including Crohn's Disease, CD and ulcerative colitis, UC), and inflammation are unclear. We systematically reviewed long-term effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) on IBD diagnosis, relapse, severity, pharmacotherapy, quality of life and key inflammatory markers. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and trials registries, including RCTs in adults with or without IBD comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 and/or total PUFA intake for ≥ 24 weeks that assessed IBD-specific outcomes or inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS We included 83 RCTs (41,751 participants), of which 13 recruited participants with IBD. Increasing LCn3 may reduce risk of IBD relapse (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72-1.01) and IBD worsening (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.71-1.03), and reduce erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, SMD - 0.23, 95% CI - 0.44 to - 0.01), but may increase IBD diagnosis risk (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.63-1.92), and faecal calprotectin, a specific inflammatory marker for IBD (MD 16.1 μg/g, 95% CI - 37.6 to 69.8, all low-quality evidence). Outcomes for alpha-linolenic acid, omega-6 and total PUFA were sparse, but suggested little or no effect where data were available. CONCLUSION This is the most comprehensive meta-analysis of RCTs investigating long-term effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total PUFA on IBD and inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that supplementation with PUFAs has little or no effect on prevention or treatment of IBD and provides little support for modification of long-term inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ajabnoor
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gabrielle Thorpe
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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8
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Meyer BJ, Sparkes C, Sinclair AJ, Gibson RA, Else PL. Fingertip Whole Blood as an Indicator of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Changes during Dose-Response Supplementation in Women: Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051419. [PMID: 33922507 PMCID: PMC8147031 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of fingertip whole blood to reflect habitual dietary and dose-dependent supplemental omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) intake in premenopausal women was compared to that of venous erythrocytes and plasma fatty acids. Samples were obtained from women in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which premenopausal women (n = 53) were supplemented with DHA-rich tuna oil capsules and/or placebo (Sunola oil) capsules (6 capsules per day) for 8 weeks to achieve doses of either 0, 0.35, 0.7 or 1.05 g/day n-3 LCPUFA. All blood biomarkers were very similar in their ability to reflect dietary n-3 LCPUFA intake (r = 0.38–0.46 for EPA and DHA intake), and in their dose-dependent increases in n-3 LCPUFA levels after supplementation (R2 = 0.41–0.51 for dose effect on biomarker EPA and DHA levels (mol %)). Fingertip whole blood is an effective alternative to erythrocytes and plasma as a biomarker n-3 LCPUFA intake in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Meyer
- School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (C.S.); (P.L.E.)
- Illawarra Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4221-3459
| | - Cassandra Sparkes
- School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (C.S.); (P.L.E.)
- Illawarra Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Sinclair
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Robert A. Gibson
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Paul L. Else
- School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (C.S.); (P.L.E.)
- Illawarra Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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9
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Panisi C, Guerini FR, Abruzzo PM, Balzola F, Biava PM, Bolotta A, Brunero M, Burgio E, Chiara A, Clerici M, Croce L, Ferreri C, Giovannini N, Ghezzo A, Grossi E, Keller R, Manzotti A, Marini M, Migliore L, Moderato L, Moscone D, Mussap M, Parmeggiani A, Pasin V, Perotti M, Piras C, Saresella M, Stoccoro A, Toso T, Vacca RA, Vagni D, Vendemmia S, Villa L, Politi P, Fanos V. Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift. J Pers Med 2021; 11:70. [PMID: 33504019 PMCID: PMC7912683 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenge for the worldwide healthcare system. With the plethora of information from research, a common thread is required to conceptualize an exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm. The epidemiological and clinical findings in ASD cannot be explained by the traditional linear genetic model, hence the need to move towards a more fluid conception, integrating genetics, environment, and epigenetics as a whole. The embryo-fetal period and the first two years of life (the so-called 'First 1000 Days') are the crucial time window for neurodevelopment. In particular, the interplay and the vicious loop between immune activation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial impairment/oxidative stress significantly affects neurodevelopment during pregnancy and undermines the health of ASD people throughout life. Consequently, the most effective intervention in ASD is expected by primary prevention aimed at pregnancy and at early control of the main effector molecular pathways. We will reason here on a comprehensive and exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm in ASD, viewed not just as a theoretical issue, but as a tool to provide suggestions for effective preventive strategies and personalized, dynamic (from womb to adulthood), systemic, and interdisciplinary healthcare approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panisi
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Federico Balzola
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bolotta
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Marco Brunero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- ECERI—European Cancer and Environment Research Institute, Square de Meeus 38-40, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Alberto Chiara
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile ASST, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Croce
- Centro Domino per l’Autismo, Universita’ Cattolica Brescia, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carla Ferreri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Giovannini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, 22038 Tavernerio, Italy;
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Centre DSM ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy;
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- RAISE Lab, Foundation COME Collaboration, 65121 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Marina Marini
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Lucio Moderato
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Davide Moscone
- Associazione Spazio Asperger ONLUS, Centro Clinico CuoreMenteLab, 00141 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Mussap
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS ISNB, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Pasin
- Milan Institute for health Care and Advanced Learning, 20124 Milano, Italy;
| | | | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Stoccoro
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiziana Toso
- Unione Italiana Lotta alla Distrofia Muscolare UILDM, 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - David Vagni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Laura Villa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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10
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Wei Y, Meng Y, Li N, Wang Q, Chen L. The effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2020; 12:30-40. [PMID: 33232407 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01976c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if low-ratio n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation affects serum inflammation markers based on the current studies. METHODS PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane library databases were systematically searched to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA intervention on inflammation markers up to July 2020. Data were pooled using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), with P value ≦ 0.05 as statistical significance. RESULTS Thirty-one RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis indicated that increasing low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD = -0.270; 95% CI: -0.433, -0.106; P = 0.001) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (SMD = -0.153; 95% CI: -0.260, -0.045; P = 0.005). There were no significant effects on C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = -0.027; 95% CI: -0.189: 0.135; P = 0.741). Subgroup analysis indicated that there was a significant reduction in TNF-α serum concentration in subjects from Asia (SMD: -0.367; 95% CI: -0.579, -0.155; P = 0.001) and in subjects with diseases (SMD: -0.281; 95% CI: -0.436, -0.127; P < 0.001). In the subgroup of the n-6/n-3 ratio ≦5, low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation could decrease the level of TNF-α (SMD: -0.335; 95% CI: -0.552, -0.119; P = 0.002). Serum IL-6 decreased significantly in patients from the Europe subgroup (SMD: -0.451; 95% CI: -0.688, -0.214; P < 0.001), but not in Asia (SMD: -0.034; 95% CI: -0.226, 0.157; P = 0.724), North America (SMD: -0.115; 95% CI: -0.274, 0.044; P = 0.157) and Oceania (SMD: 0.142; 95% CI: -0.557, 0.842; P = 0.690). CONCLUSION Low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation could decrease significantly the concentration of serum TNF-α and IL-6, but not decrease CRP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Liyong Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. and Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acid have favorable effects on blood pressure (BP). However, data on the association of long-term dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acid or fish with risk of hypertension in healthy subjects are sparse. We examined whether fish or omega-3 fatty acid consumption was associated with incident hypertension in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS). METHODS In a prospective cohort study, we analyzed data on 12 279 PHS participants (mean age: 53.0 ± 8.7 years) free of hypertension at baseline. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption were assessed from a baseline semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Incident hypertension was ascertained via self-reports on annual follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 15.8 years, 6299 men (51.3%) developed hypertension. In a multivariable model controlling for established risk factors for hypertension, fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption was not significantly associated with incident hypertension. The hazard ratio (95% CI) of hypertension was 1.10 (0.93-1.30) for men who consumed at least five servings per week of fish compared with those who did not consume any fish (P for trend = 0.29). For the highest versus lowest quintile of omega-3 fatty acid intake, the hazard ratio of hypertension was 1.02 (0.94-1.11) (P for trend = 0.34). The associations did not vary by type of fish. There was also no evidence of effect modification by baseline BP, BMI, or history of hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSION Overall, long-term dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acid was not associated with incident hypertension in a cohort of middle-aged and older US men.
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12
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Rahmawaty S, Meyer BJ. Stunting is a recognized problem: Evidence for the potential benefits of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2020; 73:110564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Mayer C, Côme M, Ulmann L, Chini Zittelli G, Faraloni C, Nazih H, Ouguerram K, Chénais B, Mimouni V. Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Used as a Food Supplement, on Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051069. [PMID: 31091691 PMCID: PMC6566425 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA), are known for their preventive effects against cardiovascular disease. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of n-3 LC-PUFA and are of interest for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. tricornutum, a microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and used as a food supplement, on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity development. Three male Wistar rat groups (n = 6) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat diet (HF) with 10% fructose in drinking water, supplemented or not with 12% of P. tricornutum (HF-Phaeo). Supplementation led to n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment of lipids in the liver, plasma and erythrocytes. Plasma transaminases showed no difference between the HF and HF-Phaeo groups. Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers and insulinemia decreased in HF-Phaeo rats versus the HF group. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and leptine diminished in HF-Phaeo rats, while HDL-cholesterol increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the beneficial effects of P. tricornutum in reducing the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Martine Côme
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Graziella Chini Zittelli
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Hassan Nazih
- Université de Nantes, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Pharmacie, 44035 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 PhAN, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Benoît Chénais
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
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14
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Abstract
Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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15
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Gao Q, Yu Y, Su X, Tao Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Leng J, Sepulcre J, Chen H. Adaptation of brain functional stream architecture in athletes with fast demands of sensorimotor integration. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:420-431. [PMID: 30277624 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Training-induced neuroplasticity has been described in athletes' population. However, it remains largely unknown how regular training and sports proficiency modifies neuronal circuits in the human brain. In this study, we used voxel-based morphometry and stepwise functional connectivity (SFC) analyses to uncover connectivity changes in the functional stream architecture in student-athletes at early stages of sensorimotor skill training. Thirty-two second-year student-athletes whose major was little-ball sports and thirty-four nonathlete controls were recruited for the study. We found that athletes showed greater gray matter volume in the right sensorimotor area, the limbic lobe, and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Furthermore, SFC analysis demonstrated that athletes displayed significantly smaller optimal connectivity distance from those seed regions to the dorsal attention network (DAN) and larger optimal connectivity distance to the default mode network (DMN) compared to controls. The Attention Network Test showed that the reaction time of the orienting attention subnetwork was positively correlated with SFC between the seeds and the DAN, while negatively correlated with SFC between the seeds and the DMN. Our findings suggest that neuroplastic adaptations on functional connectivity streams after motor skill training may enable novel information flow from specific areas of the cortex toward distributed networks such as the DAN and the DMN. This could potentially regulate the focus of external and internal attention synchronously in athletes, and consequently accelerate the reaction time of orienting attention in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Su
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Tao
- Information Technology Center, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Information Technology Center, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jorge Sepulcre
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Huafu Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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16
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Evidence-based nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting chronic low-grade inflammation in middle-age and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:42-59. [PMID: 29803716 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) as a possible mechanism underlying the aging process. Some biological and pharmaceutical compounds may reduce systemic inflammation and potentially avert functional decline occurring with aging. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to examine the association of pre-selected interventions on two established biomarkers of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in middle-age and older adults with chronic LGI. We reviewed the literature on potential anti-inflammatory compounds, selecting them based on safety, tolerability, acceptability, innovation, affordability, and evidence from randomized controlled trials. Six compounds met all five inclusion criteria for our systematic review and meta-analysis: angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), metformin, omega-3, probiotics, resveratrol and vitamin D. We searched in MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE database until January 2017. A total of 49 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. Effect size of each study and pooled effect size for each compound were measured by the standardized mean difference. I2 was computed to measure heterogeneity of effects across studies. The following compounds showed a significant small to large effect in reducing IL-6 levels: probiotics (-0.68 pg/ml), ARBs (-0.37 pg/ml) and omega-3 (-0.19 pg/ml). For CRP, a significant small to medium effect was observed with probiotics (-0.43 mg/L), ARBs (-0.2 mg/L), omega-3 (-0.17 mg/L) and metformin (-0.16 mg/L). Resveratrol and vitamin D were not associated with any significant reductions in either biomarker. These results suggest that nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds can significantly reduce established biomarkers of systemic inflammation in middle-age and older adults. The findings should be interpreted with caution, however, due to the evidence of heterogeneity across the studies.
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17
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Integrated Immunomodulatory Mechanisms through which Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Obese Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121289. [PMID: 29186929 PMCID: PMC5748740 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern with rising prevalence that increases the risk of developing other chronic diseases. A causal link connecting overnutrition, the development of obesity and obesity-associated co-morbidities is visceral adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, characterized by changes in the cellularity of various immune cell populations, altered production of inflammatory adipokines that sustain a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and, ultimately, dysregulated AT metabolic function. Therefore, dietary intervention strategies aimed to halt the progression of obese AT dysfunction through any of the aforementioned processes represent an important active area of research. In this connection, fish oil-derived dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been demonstrated to attenuate obese AT dysfunction through multiple mechanisms, ultimately affecting AT immune cellularity and function, adipokine production, and metabolic signaling pathways, all of which will be discussed herein.
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18
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Phospholipids of Animal and Marine Origin: Structure, Function, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E1964. [PMID: 29135918 PMCID: PMC6150200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, the latest literature on the functional properties of phospholipids in relation to inflammation and inflammation-related disorders has been critically appraised and evaluated. The paper is divided into three sections: Section 1 presents an overview of the relationship between structures and biological activities (pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory) of several phospholipids with respect to inflammation. Section 2 and Section 3 are dedicated to the structures, functions, compositions and anti-inflammatory properties of dietary phospholipids from animal and marine sources. Most of the dietary phospholipids of animal origin come from meat, egg and dairy products. To date, there is very limited work published on meat phospholipids, undoubtedly due to the negative perception that meat consumption is an unhealthy option because of its putative associations with several chronic diseases. These assumptions are addressed with respect to the phospholipid composition of meat products. Recent research trends indicate that dairy phospholipids possess anti-inflammatory properties, which has led to an increased interest into their molecular structures and reputed health benefits. Finally, the structural composition of phospholipids of marine origin is discussed. Extensive research has been published in relation to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammation, however this research has recently come under scrutiny and has proved to be unreliable and controversial in terms of the therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFA, which are generally in the form of triglycerides and esters. Therefore, this review focuses on recent publications concerning marine phospholipids and their structural composition and related health benefits. Finally, the strong nutritional value of dietary phospholipids are highlighted with respect to marine and animal origin and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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19
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Calder PC, Bosco N, Bourdet-Sicard R, Capuron L, Delzenne N, Doré J, Franceschi C, Lehtinen MJ, Recker T, Salvioli S, Visioli F. Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:95-119. [PMID: 28899766 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ageing of the global population has become a public health concern with an important socio-economic dimension. Ageing is characterized by an increase in the concentration of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream, a phenomenon that has been termed "inflammageing". The inflammatory response is beneficial as an acute, transient reaction to harmful conditions, facilitating the defense, repair, turnover and adaptation of many tissues. However, chronic and low grade inflammation is likely to be detrimental for many tissues and for normal functions. We provide an overview of low grade inflammation (LGI) and determine the potential drivers and the effects of the "inflamed" phenotype observed in the elderly. We discuss the role of gut microbiota and immune system crosstalk and the gut-brain axis. Then, we focus on major health complications associated with LGI in the elderly, including mental health and wellbeing, metabolic abnormalities and infections. Finally, we discuss the possibility of manipulating LGI in the elderly by nutritional interventions. We provide an overview of the evidence that exists in the elderly for omega-3 fatty acid, probiotic, prebiotic, antioxidant and polyphenol interventions as a means to influence LGI. We conclude that slowing, controlling or reversing LGI is likely to be an important way to prevent, or reduce the severity of, age-related functional decline and the onset of conditions affecting health and well-being; that there is evidence to support specific dietary interventions as a strategy to control LGI; and that a continued research focus on this field is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research Center Asia, 21 Biopolis Road, 138567, Singapore
| | | | - Lucile Capuron
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), UMR 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joel Doré
- MetaGénoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna 40124, Italy
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Global Health and Nutrition Science, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Tao F, Ngadi M. Recent advances in rapid and nondestructive determination of fat content and fatty acids composition of muscle foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1565-1593. [PMID: 28118034 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1261332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for determining fat content and fatty acids (FAs) composition are generally based on the solvent extraction and gas chromatography techniques, respectively, which are time consuming, laborious, destructive to samples and require use of hazard solvents. These disadvantages make them impossible for large-scale detection or being applied to the production line of meat factories. In this context, the great necessity of developing rapid and nondestructive techniques for fat and FAs analyses has been highlighted. Measurement techniques based on near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperspectral imaging have provided interesting and promising results for fat and FAs prediction in varieties of foods. Thus, the goal of this article is to give an overview of the current research progress in application of the four important techniques for fat and FAs analyses of muscle foods, which consist of pork, beef, lamb, chicken meat, fish and fish oil. The measurement techniques are described in terms of their working principles, features, and application advantages. Research advances for these techniques for specific food are summarized in detail and the factors influencing their modeling results are discussed. Perspectives on the current situation, future trends and challenges associated with the measurement techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tao
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
| | - Michael Ngadi
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
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21
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AbuMweis S, Jew S, Tayyem R, Agraib L. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid containing supplements modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-control human clinical trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 31:67-84. [PMID: 28675488 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 clinical trials have examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements on risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. However, an updated analysis of the evidence is lacking. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify the effect of supplements containing EPA and DHA on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS An analysis was carried on 171 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥3) that were identified from a comprehensive electronic search strategy of two databases (Pubmed and Cochrane Library). A random effect model was used to obtain an overall estimate on outcomes of interest. Heterogeneity between trial results was tested for using a standard chi-squared test. RESULTS Compared with control, EPA and DHA supplements produced significant reductions of triglycerides of 0.368 mmol L-1 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.427 to -0.309], systolic blood pressure of 2.195 mmHg (95% CI = -3.172 to -1.217), diastolic blood pressure of 1.08 mmHg (95% CI = -1.716 to -0.444), heart rate of 1.37 bpm (95% CI = -2.41 to -0.325) and C-reactive protein of 0.343 mg L-1 (95% CI = -0.454 to -0.232). This analysis indicates an increase in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.039 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.024-0.054). The triglyceride-lowering effect was dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-lowering, hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA supplements were confirmed in this analysis of randomised placebo-control blinded clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - S Jew
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - L Agraib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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22
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Changes in dietary pattern when including 700 g of salmon per week to patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Godziszewska J, Guzek D, Głąbska D, Jóźwik A, Brodowska M, Głąbski K, Zarodkiewicz M, Gantner M, Wierzbicka A. Nutrient oxidation in pork loin is influenced by feed supplementation and packing methods. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rahmawaty S, Charlton K, Lyons-Wall P, Meyer BJ. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in Australian children aged 9-13 years. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 30:429-438. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rahmawaty
- Department of Nutrition Science; Faculty of Health Science; Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; Surakarta Central Java Indonesia
| | - K. Charlton
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - P. Lyons-Wall
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Joondalup WA USA
| | - B. J. Meyer
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
- Metabolic Research Centre; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
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Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, Salem N. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:132-52. [PMID: 27216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc., 10350 Macedonia St., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | - M Roberta Higgins
- MEDetect Clinical Information Associates, Inc., PO Box 152, Skippack, PA 19474, USA.
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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The development of vegetarian omega-3 oil in water nanoemulsions suitable for integration into functional food products. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Street SJ, Parletta N, Milte C, Sullivan K, Hills AP, Buckley J, Howe P. Interaction of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid and physical activity predicts reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19:885-91. [PMID: 25374153 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.971705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate relationships between self-reported physical activity, proportions of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3) in erythrocyte content (percentage of total fatty acids) and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted. Community-dwelling male and female (n = 84) participants over the age of 65 years with and without MCI were tested for erythrocyte proportions of the LCn3s eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Physical activity was measured using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS The interaction between erythrocyte EPA, but not DHA, and increased physical activity was associated with increased odds of a non-MCI classification. CONCLUSION An interaction between physical activity and erythrocyte EPA content (percentage of fatty acids) significantly predicted MCI status in older adults. Randomised control trials are needed to examine the potential for supplementation with EPA in combination with increased physical activity to mitigate the risk of MCI in ageing adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven John Street
- a School of Psychology and Counselling , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid blood biomarkers increase linearly in men and women after tightly controlled intakes of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/d of EPA + DHA. Nutr Res 2015; 35:1040-51. [PMID: 26500082 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been related to coronary heart disease risk. Understanding the response of EPA + DHA in blood to dietary intake of EPA + DHA would facilitate the use of blood measures as markers of adherence and enable the development of dietary recommendations. The objective of this study is examine the blood response to intakes of EPA + DHA ≤1 g/d with an intervention designed for dietary adherence. It was hypothesized this relationship would be linear and that intakes of EPA + DHA <1 g/d would result in blood levels below those associated with the highest level of protection for cardiovascular events. Background EPA + DHA intake of men and women (n = 20) was determined by food frequency questionnaire and adherence was monitored by weekly fingertip blood sampling for fatty acid determinations. Participants consumed nutraceuticals to achieve intakes of 0.25 g/d and 0.5 g/d EPA + DHA for successive four-week periods. A subgroup (n = 5) had intakes of 1.0 g/d EPA + DHA for an additional 4 weeks. Fatty acid composition of whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma phospholipids were determined at each time point. Blood levels of EPA and DHA increased linearly in these pools. A comprehensive review of the literature was used to verify the blood-intake relationship. Blood levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reached blood levels associated with the highest levels of primary cardiac arrest reduction and sudden cardiac death risk only with intakes of 1.0 g/d of EPA + DHA. The blood biomarker response to intakes of EPA + DHA ≤1 g/d is linear in a small but highly adherent study sample and this information can assist in determining adherence in clinical studies and help identify dietary intake targets from associations between blood and disease.
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Fayet-Moore F, Baghurst K, Meyer BJ. Four Models Including Fish, Seafood, Red Meat and Enriched Foods to Achieve Australian Dietary Recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA for All Life-Stages. Nutrients 2015; 7:8602-14. [PMID: 26492269 PMCID: PMC4632433 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations are not meeting recommended intakes of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA). The aim was (i) to develop a database on n-3 LCPUFA enriched products; (ii) to undertake dietary modelling exercise using four dietary approaches to meet the recommendations and (iii) to determine the cost of the models. Six n-3 LCPUFA enriched foods were identified. Fish was categorised by n-3 LCPUFA content (mg/100 g categories as “excellent” “good” and “moderate”). The four models to meet recommended n-3 LCPUFA intakes were (i) fish only; (ii) moderate fish (with red meat and enriched foods); (iii) fish avoiders (red meat and enriched foods only); and (iv) lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (enriched foods only). Diets were modelled using the NUTTAB2010 database and n-3 LCPUFA were calculated and compared to the Suggested Dietary Targets (SDT). The cost of meeting these recommendations was calculated per 100 mg n-3 LCPUFA. The SDT were achieved for all life-stages with all four models. The weekly food intake in number of serves to meet the n-3 LCPUFA SDT for all life-stages for each dietary model were: (i) 2 “excellent” fish; (ii) 1 “excellent” and 1 “good” fish, and depending on life-stage, 3–4 lean red meat, 0–2 eggs and 3–26 enriched foods; (iii) 4 lean red meat, and 20–59 enriched foods; (iv) 37–66 enriched foods. Recommended intakes of n-3 LCPUFA were easily met by the consumption of fish, which was the cheapest source of n-3 LCPUFA. Other strategies may be required to achieve the recommendations including modifying the current food supply through feeding practices, novel plant sources and more enriched foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fayet-Moore
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13/167 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(2)-8667-3072; Fax: +61-(2)-8667-3200
| | | | - Barbara J. Meyer
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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Probst Y, Zammit G. Predictors for Reporting of Dietary Assessment Methods in Food-based Randomized Controlled Trials over a Ten-year Period. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.816653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Braeckman RA, Stirtan WG, Doyle RT, Philip S, Soni PN, Juliano RA. Icosapent Ethyl (Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester): Effects Upon High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13:239-47. [PMID: 25893544 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this analysis was to examine the effects of icosapent ethyl (eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, IPE) on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lipid parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome, with and without stable statin therapy. METHODS This post hoc exploratory analysis evaluated patients with metabolic syndrome treated with IPE 4 grams/day, IPE 2 grams/day, or placebo in phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled studies entitled: MARINE [triglyceride (TG) levels ≥500 and ≤2000 mg/dL] and ANCHOR [TG levels ≥200 and <500 mg/dL, despite low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control with stable statin therapy]. RESULTS Compared with placebo in patients with metabolic syndrome in MARINE (n=204) and ANCHOR (n=645), at the approved dose of 4 grams/day, IPE significantly lowered hsCRP levels 40.0% (P=0.0007) in MARINE and 23.0% (P=0.0003) in ANCHOR. Compared with placebo in MARINE, which included patients with and without statin therapy, IPE 4 grams/day significantly reduced hsCRP levels 78.0% in statin-treated patients (P=0.0035, n=16). Compared with placebo in MARINE, IPE 4 grams/day significantly reduced TG levels (35.0%; P<0.0001), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C; 19.9%; P<0.0001), and apolipoprotein B levels (ApoB) (9.1%; P=0.0015) without raising LDL-C levels. Compared with placebo in ANCHOR, IPE 4 grams/day significantly reduced TG (21.7%; P<0.0001), non-HDL-C (13.5%; P<0.0001), ApoB (8.8%; P<0.0001), LDL-C (5.2%; P=0.0236), and HDL-C levels (4.0%; P=0.0053). CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo, IPE 4 grams/day significantly lowered hsCRP levels and improved lipids without raising LDL-C levels in patients with metabolic syndrome and high (≥200 and <500 mg/dL) or very high (≥500 and ≤2000 mg/dL) TG levels, with or without stable statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- 1 Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- 2 Baylor College of Medicine and the Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center , Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Sephy Philip
- 4 Amarin Pharma Inc. , Bedminster, New Jersey.,5 Chilton Medical Center , Pompton Plains, New Jersey
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Fleming JA, Kris-Etherton PM. The evidence for α-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease benefits: Comparisons with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:863S-76S. [PMID: 25398754 PMCID: PMC4224228 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) has advanced markedly during the past decade. It is now evident that ALA benefits CVD risk. The expansion of the ALA evidence base has occurred in parallel with ongoing research on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and CVD. The available evidence enables comparisons to be made for ALA vs. EPA + DHA for CVD risk reduction. The epidemiologic evidence suggests comparable benefits of plant-based and marine-derived n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs. The clinical trial evidence for ALA is not as extensive; however, there have been CVD event benefits reported. Those that have been reported for EPA + DHA are stronger because only EPA + DHA differed between the treatment and control groups, whereas in the ALA studies there were diet differences beyond ALA between the treatment and control groups. Despite this, the evidence suggests many comparable CVD benefits of ALA vs. EPA + DHA. Thus, we believe that it is time to revisit what the contemporary dietary recommendation should be for ALA to decrease the risk of CVD. Our perspective is that increasing dietary ALA will decrease CVD risk; however, randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to confirm this and to determine what the recommendation should be. With a stronger evidence base, the nutrition community will be better positioned to revise the dietary recommendation for ALA for CVD risk reduction.
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Rahmawaty S, Lyons-Wall P, Charlton K, Batterham M, Meyer BJ. Effect of replacing bread, egg, milk, and yogurt with equivalent ω-3 enriched foods on ω-3 LCPUFA intake of Australian children. Nutrition 2014; 30:1337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:885-96. [PMID: 24610882 PMCID: PMC4054797 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a large body of literature has been devoted to examining the relationship between eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA+DHA) and blood pressure, past systematic reviews have been hampered by narrow inclusion criteria and a limited scope of analytical subgroups. In addition, no meta-analysis to date has captured the substantial volume of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the past 2 years. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of EPA+DHA, without upper dose limits and including food sources, on blood pressure in RCTs. METHODS Random-effects meta-analyses were used to generate weighted group mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the EPA+DHA group and the placebo group. Analyses were conducted for subgroups defined by key subject or study characteristics. RESULTS Seventy RCTs were included. Compared with placebo, EPA+DHA provision reduced systolic blood pressure (−1.52mm Hg; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −2.25 to −0.79) and diastolic blood pressure (−0.99mm Hg; 95% CI = −1.54 to −0.44) in the meta-analyses of all studies combined. The strongest effects of EPA+DHA were observed among untreated hypertensive subjects (systolic blood pressure = −4.51mm Hg, 95% CI = −6.12 to −2.83; diastolic blood pressure = −3.05mm Hg, 95% CI = −4.35 to −1.74), although blood pressure also was lowered among normotensive subjects (systolic blood pressure = −1.25mm Hg, 95% CI = −2.05 to −0.46; diastolic blood pressure = −0.62mm Hg, 95% CI = −1.22 to −0.02). CONCLUSIONS Overall, available evidence from RCTs indicates that provision of EPA+DHA reduces systolic blood pressure, while provision of ≥2 grams reduces diastolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Miller
- Center for Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Computational Biology, Exponent, Inc, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | - Dominik D Alexander
- Center for Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Computational Biology, Exponent, Inc, Boulder, Colorado
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Tapsell LC, Dunning A, Warensjo E, Lyons-Wall P, Dehlsen K. Effects of Vegetable Consumption on Weight Loss: A Review of the Evidence with Implications for Design of Randomized Controlled Trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1529-38. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.642029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88103. [PMID: 24505395 PMCID: PMC3914936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies did not draw a consistent conclusion about the effects of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on fasting blood level of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Methods and Findings A comprehensive search of Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Medline (from 1950 to 2013) and bibliographies of relevant articles was undertaken. Sixty-eight RCTs with a total of 4601 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation showed a lowering effect on Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation had a significant lowering effect on TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in three groups of subjects (subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease, subjects with chronic autoimmune disease and healthy subjects). A significant negative linear relationship between duration and effect size of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation on fasting blood levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease was observed, indicating that longer duration of supplementation could lead to a greater lowering effect. A similar linear relationship was also observed for IL-6 levels in healthy subjects. Restricted cubic spline analysis and subgroup analysis showed that the lowering effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs on CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease became weakened when body mass index was greater than 30 kg/m2. The effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs from dietary intake was only assessed in subjects with chronic non-autoimmune disease, and a significant lowering effect was observed on IL-6, but not on CRP and TNF-α. Conclusions Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs supplementation had a significant lowering effect on CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α level. The lowering effect was most effective in non-obese subjects and consecutive long-term supplementation was recommended.
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Rahmawaty S, Lyons-Wall P, Batterham M, Charlton K, Meyer BJ. Food patterns of Australian children ages 9 to 13 y in relation to ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated intake. Nutrition 2014; 30:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nutritional properties of dietary omega-3-enriched phospholipids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:965417. [PMID: 23984423 PMCID: PMC3747496 DOI: 10.1155/2013/965417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids regulate several physiological functions. However, to exert their properties, they have to be present in the diet in an optimal balance. Particular attention has been focused on tissue highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (HPUFAs) n-6/n-3 ratio, influenced by the type and the esterified form of dietary fatty acids. Dietary EPA and DHA when esterified to phospholipids (PLs) are more efficiently incorporated into tissue PLs and seem to possess peculiar properties through specific mechanism(s) of action, such as the capacity to affect endocannabinoid biosynthesis at much lower doses than EPA and DHA in triglyceride form, probably because of the above mentioned higher incorporation into tissue PLs. Downregulation of the endocannabinoid system seems to mediate the positive effects exerted by omega-3-enriched PLs on several parameters of metabolic syndrome. PLs are one of the major dietary forms of EPA and DHA we are exposed to with the everyday diet; therefore, it is not surprising that it guarantees an effective EPA and DHA nutritional activity. Future studies should address whether EPA and DHA in PL form are also more effective than other formulations in ameliorating other pathological conditions where n-3 HPUFAs seem to exert beneficial activities such as cancer and psychiatric disorders.
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Hoogeveen EK, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D, Giltay EJ. No effect of n-3 fatty acids on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after myocardial infarction: the Alpha Omega Trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 21:1429-36. [PMID: 23774275 DOI: 10.1177/2047487313494295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. n-3 Fatty acids may have anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined the effect of plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and marine n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a systemic marker of (low-grade) inflammation. DESIGN/METHODS A supplementary study in the Alpha Omega Trial: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose n-3 fatty acids. Patients were enrolled from 2002 to 2006 and followed for 40 months. A total of 2425 patients, aged 60-80 years (79% men), with a history of myocardial infarction, were randomly assigned to margarines supplemented with a targeted additional intake of 400 mg/day EPA and DHA, 2 g/day ALA, EPA-DHA plus ALA, or placebo for 40 months. RESULTS Patients consumed on average 19.8 g margarine/day, providing an additional amount of 238 mg/day EPA with 158 mg/day DHA, 1.98 g/day ALA, or both, in the active treatment groups. In the placebo group, the geometric mean hsCRP (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 1.84 mg/l (95% CI: +1.70 to +2.00) at baseline and 1.98 mg/l (95% CI: 1.82 to 2.15) after 40 months (p < 0.0001). hsCRP levels were not affected by ALA (-5% versus placebo; 95% CI: -14% to +6%, p = 0.37), EPA-DHA (-8% versus placebo; 95% CI: -17% to +2%, p = 0.13), or EPA-DHA plus ALA (-3% versus placebo; 95% CI: -12% to +8%, p = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS Long-term supplementation with modest amounts of EPA-DHA, whether or not in combination with ALA, did not affect hsCRP levels in patients with a history of myocardial infarction. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALSGOV NUMBER NCT00127452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Hoogeveen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Kromhout
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Giltay
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Baldacci E, Lercker G. Health-related lipids components of sardine muscle as affected by photooxidation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:32-8. [PMID: 23500769 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stability of sardine muscle lipids as related to the storage conditions. Whole sardines were stored at 4 °C for 4h under light exposure and at dark. The lowest levels of peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content, especially PUFA n-3, were found in the untreated sardines (time zero). After light exposure, PUFA dramatically dropped (up to a 19% decrease) and a marked increase of PV (11.8 meq O₂/kg fat), TBARs (3.7 mg MDA/kg meat) and COPs (3.7 μg/g muscle) was observed; under darkness, the values of the oxidation parameters were similar to those found in untreated sardines. Although cholesterol oxidation rate did not exceed 0.9%, further research is required about toxicity levels of the single COPs, to better understand if the COPs levels found in untreated and photoxidized muscle (0.62-3.72 μg/g of muscle) do not represent a risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiro Cardenia
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome. Lipids 2013; 48:319-32. [PMID: 23456976 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, therefore, research has been directed at reducing various components that contribute to MetS and associated metabolic impairments, including chronic low-grade inflammation. Epidemiological, human, animal and cell culture studies provide evidence that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) may improve some of the components associated with MetS. The current review will discuss recent evidence from human observational and intervention studies that focused on the effects of ALA, EPA or DHA on inflammatory markers in healthy adults and those with one or more features of MetS. Observational studies in healthy adults support the recommendation that a diet rich in n-3 fatty acids may play a role in preventing and reducing inflammation, whereas intervention studies in healthy adults have yielded inconsistent results. The majority of intervention studies in adults with features of MetS have reported a benefit for some inflammatory measures; however, other studies using high n-3 fatty acid doses and long supplementation periods have reported no effect. Overall, the data reviewed herein support recommendations for regular fatty fish consumption and point toward health benefits in terms of lowering inflammation in adults with one or more features of MetS.
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Meyer BJ, Swierk M, Russell KG. Assessing long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: A tailored food-frequency questionnaire is better. Nutrition 2013; 29:491-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rahmawaty S, Charlton K, Lyons-Wall P, Meyer BJ. Factors that influence consumption of fish and omega-3-enriched foods: A survey of Australian families with young children. Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Setyaningrum Rahmawaty
- Metabolic Research Centre; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behaviour Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Karen Charlton
- Metabolic Research Centre; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Philippa Lyons-Wall
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences; Faculty of Computing, Health and Science; Edith Cowan University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Barbara J. Meyer
- Metabolic Research Centre; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behaviour Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Khandelwal S, Shidhaye R, Demonty I, Lakshmy R, Gupta R, Prabhakaran D, Reddy S. Impact of omega-3 fatty acids and/or plant sterol supplementation on non-HDL cholesterol levels of dyslipidemic Indian adults. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that consumption of omega (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contributes to the reduction of cardiovascular mortality through different mechanisms including modulation of cellular metabolic functions, gene expression and beneficial effects on lipid profile or blood pressure. The aim of the study is to review the effects of ω-3 PUFA supplemented as fish oil or blue fish in blood pressure. The analysis of different studies suggests that high doses ω-3 PUFA ( ≥ 3 g/day) produces a small but significant decrease in blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure, in older and hypertensive subjects; however, the evidence is not consistent among different studies. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption might have a place in the control of patients with mild hypertension before starting drug treatment and of those who prefer changes of lifestyles like diet.
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Murphy KJ, Thomson RL, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Effects of eating fresh lean pork on cardiometabolic health parameters. Nutrients 2012; 4:711-23. [PMID: 22852059 PMCID: PMC3407990 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High protein meat-based diets are commonly promoted for weight loss, supposedly by increasing satiety and energy expenditure. Pork is a good source of protein however little information on the metabolic effects of pork consumption exists. This pilot study aimed to examine whether regular consumption of fresh lean pork could improve body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in a 6 month parallel intervention trial. 164 overweight adults (mean BMI 32) were randomly assigned to incorporate up to 1 kg pork/week by substituting for other foods or maintain their habitual diet (control). Plasma levels of lipids, glucose and insulin, BMI, waist/hip circumference, blood pressure, heart rate and arterial compliance were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months. Body composition was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A total of 144 volunteers completed and volunteers in the pork group increased their intake 10 fold by substituting pork for mainly beef and chicken. After 3 months, there were significant (p ≤ 0.01) reductions in weight, BMI, waist circumference, % body fat, fat mass and abdominal fat in the pork group relative to controls, which persisted for 6 months. There was no change in lean mass, indicating that the reduction in weight was due to loss of fat mass. There were no significant effects on other metabolic parameters. Regular consumption of lean fresh pork may improve body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Murphy
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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The effect of EPA and DHA on metabolic syndrome patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S185-94. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterised by accumulation of CVD risk factors. The use of very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC n3 PUFA) could potentially benefit MS by reducing risk factors. To better understand the possible VLC n3 PUFA benefits, the literature was systematically reviewed for randomised controlled trials (RCT) that published effects of VLC n3 PUFA on MS patients. 17 RCT fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analysed for relevance to the research question. The available RCT convincingly show that the administration of VLC n3 PUFA doses > 1 g for at least 3 months produces a significant reduction of triglycerides ranging from 7 % to 25 %. These results confirm the hypotriglyceridemic effect of VLC n3 PUFA in MS patients. The triglyceride lowering may produce further benefits by reducing the % of pro-atherogenic small dense LDL particles (sdLDL) and also perhaps by ameliorating the inflammatory process associated with MS. High doses of VLC n3 PUFA ( ≥ 3 g/day) may produce further TAG reductions but could raise other risk factors such as LDL-C. No clear effects were found on other MS markers. The combination of VLC n3 PUFA plus a statin may be useful to prevent the occurrence of coronary events. More studies are needed using different amounts of VLC n3 PUFA, time lengths, dietary backgrounds and different profiles of MS patients before clear recommendations can be made.
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Abstract
The aims of the present study were to review the validity of dietary methods used to measure the usual long chain (LC) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake of a population and to assess the usefulness of different biomarkers of n-3 PUFA in healthy humans. Two systematic literature searches were conducted until May 2011 to update previous systematic reviews. The first literature search aimed to find studies validating the methodology used for measuring the dietary intake of n-3 PUFA. The second search aimed to find human intervention studies in which n-3 PUFA status changed after 2 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation. Sixteen studies were identified for inclusion in the first review. Correlation coefficients between fatty acids in subcutaneous fat or blood lipids and dietary intake of n-3 PUFA from different questionnaires were similar. Subcutaneous fat has been reported as the best reference method for some authors, and these studies showed moderate correlation coefficients with no dietary intake method being superior to any other. As for the evaluation of biomarkers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5n-3) status in response to supplementation, the new search reaffirmed and reinforced the evidence supporting that plasma phospholipid DHA, erythrocyte DHA, and platelet DHA were all effective and robust biomarkers of DHA status. Our findings only confirmed earlier studies and did not provide evidence for reaching new conclusions.
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