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Cardoso LT, Alexandre B, Cacciatore FA, Magedans YVDS, Fett-Neto AG, Contri RV, Malheiros PDS. Carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsions produced with a natural emulsifier for lettuce sanitization. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112748. [PMID: 37120202 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is an antimicrobial agent that shows potential for eliminating microorganisms in vegetables, increasing food safety. However, intense odor and low water solubility of carvacrol are limiting factors for its application for fresh vegetables sanitization, which can be overcome by nanotechnology. Two different nanoemulsions containing carvacrol (11 mg/mL) were developed by probe sonication: carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS) and carvacrol-polysorbate 80 nanoemulsion (CNP). Formulations presented appropriate droplet sizes (from 74.7 nm to 168.2 nm) and high carvacrol encapsulation efficiency (EE) (from 89.5 % to 91.5 %). CNS showed adequate droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.22) and high zeta potential values (around -30 mV) compared to CNP, with saponin chosen for the following experiments. Carvacrol nanoemulsions presented Bacterial Inactivation Concentration (BIC) against the Salmonella cocktail from 5.51 to 0.69 mg/mL and for the E. coli cocktail from 1.84 to 0.69 mg/mL. Among all tested nanoemulsions, CNS1 presented the lowest BIC (0.69 mg/mL) against both bacterial cocktails. Damage to bacterial cells in lettuce treated with nanoemulsion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. For lettuce sanitization, CNS1 showed a similar effect to unencapsulated carvacrol, with a high bacterial reduction (>3 log CFU/g) after lettuce immersion for 15 min at 2 × BIC. Using the same immersion time, the CNS1 (2 × BIC) demonstrated equal or better efficacy in reducing both tested bacterial cocktails (>3 log CFU/g) when compared to acetic acid (6.25 mg/mL), citric acid (25 mg/mL), and sodium hypochlorite solution (150 ppm). Lettuce immersed in CNS1 at both concentrations (BIC and 2 × BIC) did not change the color and texture of leaves, while the unencapsulated carvacrol at 2 × BIC darkened them and reduced their firmness. Consequently, carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS1) proved to be a potential sanitizer for lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Thomé Cardoso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Bibiana Alexandre
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Fabiola Ayres Cacciatore
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Yve Verônica da Silva Magedans
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Instituto de Biociências (Departamento de Botânica), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Instituto de Biociências (Departamento de Botânica), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Higiene dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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Hanif S, Bilal M, Nasreen S, Latif M, Zia M. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doping on the surface of CuO-NPs reduces the toxic effects of NPs on Lactuca sativa. J Biotechnol 2023; 367:53-61. [PMID: 36990354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
CuO Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) retard the plant growth but at appropriate concentration boosts shoot growth and therefore may function as nano-carrier or nano-fertilizer. To overcome the toxic effects, NPs can be capped with plant growth regulators. In this work, CuO-NPs (30 nm) were synthesized as the carrier and capped with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to generate CuO-IAA NPs (30.4 nm) as toxicity mitigant molecules. Seedlings of dicots, Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) were exposed to 5, 10 mg Kg-1/ of NPs in the soil to analyze shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoots, phytochemicals, and antioxidant response. Toxicity to shoot length was recorded at higher concentrations of CuO-NPs, however, a reduction in toxicity was observed for CuO-IAA nanocomposite. Concentration-dependent decrease in the biomass of plants was also observed at higher concentrations of CuO-NPs (10 mg/kg). The antioxidative phytochemicals (phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidative response increased in plants when exposed to CuO-NPs. However, the presence of CuO-IAA NPs combats the toxic response and a significant decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidants and total antioxidative response and total reducing power potential was observed. The results demonstrate that CuO-NPs can be used as a carrier of hormones for the enhancement of plant biomass and IAA on the surface of NPs reduces the toxic effects on NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Hanif
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Nasreen
- Ibadat International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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3
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Yang X, Gil MI, Yang Q, Tomás-Barberán FA. Bioactive compounds in lettuce: Highlighting the benefits to human health and impacts of preharvest and postharvest practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4-45. [PMID: 34935264 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lettuce is one of the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables worldwide and is available throughout the entire year. Lettuce is also a significant source of natural phytochemicals. These compounds, including glycosylated flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, the vitamin B groups, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and sesquiterpene lactones, are essential nutritional bioactive compounds. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the composition of health-promoting compounds in different types of lettuce, the potential health benefits of lettuce in reducing the risks of chronic diseases, and the effect of preharvest and postharvest practices on the biosynthesis and accumulation of health-promoting compounds in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - María I Gil
- Centre for Applied Biology and Soil Science of Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Centre for Applied Biology and Soil Science of Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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4
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Nikzad N, Parastar H. Evaluation of the effect of organic pollutants exposure on the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using UV–Vis spectrophotometry and chemometrics. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Phenolic and Carotenoid Profile of Lamb's Lettuce and Improvement of the Bioactive Content by Preharvest Conditions. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010188. [PMID: 33477681 PMCID: PMC7831921 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes the phenolic, carotenoid and chlorophyll profile of lamb's lettuce, a vegetable whose consumption in salads and ready-to-eat products is constantly growing. The MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of thirty-five phenolic compounds including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavanols and flavanones, many of which are reported here in lamb's lettuce for the first time. Chlorogenic acid was the principal phenolic compound found (57.1% of the total phenolic concentration) followed by its isomer cis-5-caffeoylquinic. Other major phenolic compounds were also hydroxycinnamic acids (coumaroylquinic, dicaffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids) as well as the flavones luteolin-7-rutinoside, diosmetin-apiosylglucoside and diosmin. Regarding carotenoids, seven xanthophyll and four carotenes, among which β-carotene and lutein were the major compounds, were detected from their UV-Vis absorption spectrum. In addition, chlorophylls a and b, their isomers and derivatives (pheophytin) were identified. Preharvest factors such as reduced fertilization levels or salinity increased some secondary metabolites, highlighting the importance of these factors on the final nutritional value of plant foods. Lamb's lettuce was seen to be a good potential source of bioactive compounds, and fertilization management might be considered a useful tool for increasing its nutritional interest.
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Pelegrino MT, Kohatsu MY, Seabra AB, Monteiro LR, Gomes DG, Oliveira HC, Rolim WR, de Jesus TA, Batista BL, Lange CN. Effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings and possible implications of nitric oxide in their antioxidative defense. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:232. [PMID: 32166379 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been extensively explored for use in agriculture. Previous studies have indicated that application of CuO NPs might be promising for development and conservation of plants, pest control, and for the recovery of degraded soils. However, depending on the applied concentration copper can cause phytotoxic effects. In this work, biosynthesized CuO NPs (using green tea extract) were evaluated on their effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedling growth, which were exposed at concentrations ranged between 0.2 and 300 μg mL-1. From the biosynthesized were obtained ultra-small CuO NPs (~ 6.6 nm), with high stability in aqueous suspension. Toxicity bioassays have shown that at low concentrations (up to 40 μg mL-1), CuO NPs did not affect or even enhanced the seed germination. At higher concentrations (higher than 40 μg mL-1), inhibition of seed germination and radicle growth ranging from 35 to 75% was observed. With the increase of CuO NPs concentrations, nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in radicles increased, whereas superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant activities decreased. The nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in lettuce radicles showed a direct dose response to CuO NP application, which may indicate nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways in the plant responses. Therefore, the results demonstrated that at low concentrations (≤ 20 μg mL-1) of CuO NPs, beneficial effects are obtained from seedlings, enhancing plant growth, and the involvement of nitric oxide signaling in the phytotoxic effects induced by high concentration of this formulation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Yukihiro Kohatsu
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Amedea Barozzi Seabra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro
- Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Ipen/CNEN-SP - Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Genuário Gomes
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wallace Rosado Rolim
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Araújo de Jesus
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Neves Lange
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
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Grown to be Blue-Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects of Colored Vegetables. Part II: Leafy, Fruit, and Other Vegetables. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020097. [PMID: 31979214 PMCID: PMC7070715 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current trend for substituting synthetic compounds with natural ones in the design and production of functional and healthy foods has increased the research interest about natural colorants. Although coloring agents from plant origin are already used in the food and beverage industry, the market and consumer demands for novel and diverse food products are increasing and new plant sources are explored. Fresh vegetables are considered a good source of such compounds, especially when considering the great color diversity that exists among the various species or even the cultivars within the same species. In the present review we aim to present the most common species of colored vegetables, focusing on leafy and fruit vegetables, as well as on vegetables where other plant parts are commercially used, with special attention to blue color. The compounds that are responsible for the uncommon colors will be also presented and their beneficial health effects and antioxidant properties will be unraveled.
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Gurdon C, Poulev A, Armas I, Satorov S, Tsai M, Raskin I. Genetic and Phytochemical Characterization of Lettuce Flavonoid Biosynthesis Mutants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3305. [PMID: 30824720 PMCID: PMC6397293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars with high flavonoid and phenolic acid content and demonstrated their anti-diabetic effect. Here we report on developing three fertile and true-breeding lettuce lines enriched with flavonoids with reported beneficial health effects. These lines were identified in a segregating population of EMS-mutagenized red lettuce and characterized biochemically and genetically. Change in red coloration was used as a visual indicator of a mutation in a flavonoid pathway gene, leading to accumulation of flavonoid precursors of red anthocyanins. Pink-green kaempferol overproducing kfoA and kfoB mutants accumulated kaempferol to 0.6-1% of their dry weight, higher than in any vegetable reported. The yellow-green naringenin chalcone overproducing mutant (nco) accumulated naringenin chalcone, not previously reported in lettuce, to 1% dry weight, a level only observed in tomato peel. Kfo plants carried a mutation in the FLAVONOID-3' HYDROXYLASE (F3'H) gene, nco in CHALCONE ISOMERASE (CHI). This work demonstrates how non-GMO approaches can transform a common crop plant into a functional food with possible health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csanad Gurdon
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Isabel Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Shukhratdzhon Satorov
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Meg Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
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9
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Kim MJ, Moon Y, Tou JC, Mou B, Waterland NL. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and health benefits of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Singh A, Verma S, Singh V, jappa C, Roopa N, Raju P, Singh S. Beetroot Juice Supplementation Increases High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Physically Active Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.6000/1927-5951.2015.05.03.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Du CN, Min AY, Kim HJ, Shin SK, Yu HN, Sohn EJ, Ahn CW, Jung SU, Park SH, Kim MR. Deer bone extract prevents against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. J Med Food 2014; 18:157-65. [PMID: 25546299 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer bone has been used as a health-enhancing food as well as an antiaging agent in traditional Oriental medicine. Recently, the water extract of deer bone (DBE) showed a neuroprotective action against glutamate or Aβ1-42-induced cell death of mouse hippocampal cells by exerting antioxidant activity through the suppression of MAP kinases. The present study is to examine whether DBE improves memory impairment induced by scopolamine. DBE (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for 14 days, and then scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered together with DBE for another 7 days. Memory performance was evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and passive avoidance test. Also, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, biomarkers of oxidative stress and the loss of neuronal cells in the hippocampus, was evaluated by histological examinations. Administration of DBE significantly restored memory impairments induced by scopolamine in the MWM test (escape latency and number of crossing platform area), and in the passive avoidance test. Treatment with DBE inhibited the AChE activity and increased the ChAT activity in the brain of memory-impaired mice induced by scopolamine. Additionally, the administration of DBE significantly prevented the increase of lipid peroxidation and the decrease of glutathione level in the brain of mice treated with scopolamine. Also, the DBE treatment restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase to control the level. Furthermore, scopolamine-induced oxidative damage of neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions were prevented by DBE treatment. It is suggested that DBE may be useful for memory improvement through the regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activities and the suppression of oxidative damage of neurons in the brain of mice treated with scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Nan Du
- 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University , Daejon, Korea
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Cheng DM, Pogrebnyak N, Kuhn P, Poulev A, Waterman C, Rojas-Silva P, Johnson WD, Raskin I. Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce improves glucose metabolism and liver lipid accumulation in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition 2014; 30:S52-8. [PMID: 24985107 PMCID: PMC4082798 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the following experiments were to characterize antidiabetic in vitro and in vivo activity of the polyphenol-rich aqueous extract of Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce (RSL). METHODS RSL extract (RSLE) and isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effects on glucose production as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent inhibition of insulin activity in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. Additionally, high-fat diet-induced obese mice were treated with RSLE (100 or 300 mg/kg), metformin (250 mg/kg), or vehicle (water) for 28 d by oral administration and insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted. Tissues were harvested at the end of the study and evaluated for biochemical and physiological improvements in metabolic syndrome conditions. RESULTS A polyphenol-rich RSLE, containing chlorogenic acid, cyanidin malonyl-glucoside, and quercetin malonyl-glucoside, was produced by simple boiling water extraction at pH 2.0. In vitro, RSLE and chlorogenic acid demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of glucose production. In vivo, RSLE treatment improved glucose metabolism measured by oral glucose tolerance tests, but not insulin tolerance tests. RSLE treated groups had a lower ratio of liver weight to body weight as well as decreased total liver lipids compared with the control group after 28 d of treatment. No significant differences in plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed with RSLE-treated groups compared with vehicle control. CONCLUSION RSLE demonstrated antidiabetic effects in vitro and in vivo and may improve metabolic syndrome conditions of fatty liver and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Cheng
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Natalia Pogrebnyak
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carrie Waterman
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - William D Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Cheng DM, Pogrebnyak N, Kuhn P, Krueger CG, Johnson WD, Raskin I. Development and phytochemical characterization of high polyphenol red lettuce with anti-diabetic properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91571. [PMID: 24637790 PMCID: PMC3956610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce (RSL) (Lactuca sativa L.) was developed through somaclonal variation and selection in tissue culture. RSL may contain among the highest reported contents of polyphenols and antioxidants in the category of common fruits and vegetables (95.6 mg/g dry weight and 8.7 mg/g fresh weight gallic acid equivalents and 2721 µmol/g dry weight and 223 µmol/g fresh weight Trolox equivalents). Three main compounds accumulate at particularly high levels in RSL: chlorogenic acid, up to 27.6 mg/g dry weight, cyanidin malonyl-glucoside, up to 20.5 mg/g dry weight, and quercetin malonyl-glucoside, up to 35.7 mg/g dry weight. Major polyphenolic constituents of RSL have been associated with health promotion as well as anti-diabetic and/or anti-inflammatory activities. Daily oral administration of RSL (100 or 300 mg/kg) for up to eight days acutely reduced hyperglycemia and improved insulin sensitivity in high fat diet-induced obese hyperglycemic mice compared to vehicle (water) control. Data presented here support possible use of RSL as a functional food for the dietary management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Cheng
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Natalia Pogrebnyak
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christian G. Krueger
- Complete Phytochemical Solutions, Cambridge, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William D. Johnson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Lee JH, Son CW, Kim MY, Kim MH, Kim HR, Kwak ES, Kim S, Kim MR. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf supplementation improves antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat high cholesterol diet. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:114-21. [PMID: 20016711 PMCID: PMC2788172 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of diet supplemented with red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf on antioxidant status of plasma and tissue was investigated in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into two groups after one-week acclimation, and fed a high fat (20%) and high cholesterol (1%) diet without (control group) or with 8% freeze-dried red beet leaf (RBL group) for 4 weeks. In RBL mice, lipid peroxidation determined as 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS value) was significantly reduced in the plasma and selected organs (liver, heart, and kidney). Levels of antioxidants (glutathione and β-carotene) and the activities of antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) in plasma and liver were considerably increased, suggesting that antioxidant defenses were improved by RBL diet. Comet parameters such as tail DNA (%), tail extent moment, olive tail moment and tail length were significantly reduced by 25.1%, 49.4%, 35.4%, and 23.7%, respectively, in plasma lymphocyte DNA of RBL mice compared with control mice, and indicated the increased resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage. In addition, the RBL diet controlled body weight together with a significant reduction of fat pad (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal fat, and total fat). Therefore, the present study suggested that the supplementation of 8% red beet leaf in high fat high cholesterol diet could prevent lipid peroxidation and improve antioxidant defense system in the plasma and tissue of C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung Hee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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