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Fakhari S, Waszkiewicz N. Old and New Biomarkers of Alcohol Abuse: Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062124. [PMID: 36983134 PMCID: PMC10054673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.1% of the global burden of disease, and the early detection of alcohol problems may prevent its development and progression. Therefore, the aim of the study is to review traditional and new biomarkers associated with alcohol use. The nature and practical application and limitations of alcohol biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of drinking are reviewed. Despite the limited specificity and sensitivity in alcohol drinking detection, traditional biomarkers are useful in clinical practice, and new generations of biomarkers, e.g., proteomic markers, are in need of further investigation. Traditional biomarkers are broadly available and cost-efficient, providing valuable data on the complications of drinking and prognosis, as well as on concurrent conditions affected by drinking. The most important challenge in the future will be to translate methodically advanced methods of detecting alcohol markers into simpler and cheaper methods. Larger population studies are also needed to test the usefulness of these potential markers of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fakhari
- Department of Psychiatry, Mazowieckie Specjalistyczne Centrum Zdrowia w Pruszkowie, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-69-6963901
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Li MJ, Ren J, Zhang WS, Jiang CQ, Jin YL, Lam TH, Cheng KK, Thomas GN, Xu L. Association of alcohol drinking with incident type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3548. [PMID: 35585795 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We examined associations of baseline alcohol drinking with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and explore whether the associations were modified by genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B). MATERIALS AND METHODS All participants were aged 50+ (mean = 60.45; standard deviation = 6.88) years. Information of alcohol consumption was collected at baseline from 2003 to 2008. Incident T2D was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or post-load glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L at follow-up examination (2008-2012), self-reported T2D and/or initiation of hypoglycaemia medication or insulin during follow-up. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L and <7 mmol/L. RESULTS Of 15,716 participants without diabetes and 11,232 participants without diabetes and IFG at baseline, 1624 (10.33%) developed incident T2D and 1004 (8.94%) developed incident IFG during an average 4 years of follow-up. After multivariable adjustments, compared with never drinking, occasional or moderate alcohol drinking was not associated with risk of incident hyperglycaemia (T2D + IFG) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-1.27, and 0.90 (0.69-1.18), respectively), whereas heavy alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of incident hyperglycaemia (T2D + IFG) (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.24-2.68). No interactions of sex, overweight/obesity and genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B/ALDH2 genes with alcohol drinking on incident T2D and/or IFG were found (P for interaction from 0.12 to 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our results support a detrimental effect of heavy alcohol use on IFG and T2D. No protective effect was found for those carrying lower risk alleles for ADH1B/ALDH2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiao Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sen Zhang
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ya Li Jin
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G Neil Thomas
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hagino T, Okazaki S, Serizawa N, Suzuki K, Kaga M, Otsuka Y, Mikami E, Hoashi T, Saeki H, Matsuda H, Mitsui H, Kanda N. Dietary Habits in Japanese Patients with Alopecia Areata. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1579-1591. [PMID: 34737597 PMCID: PMC8560057 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s335440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Alopecia areata (AA) is characterized by non-scarring, patchy hair loss caused by autoimmune reactions to anagen hair follicles. The pathogenesis of AA may be affected by the diet. However, the dietary habits of patients with AA have not been precisely examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of patients with AA in comparison to those of healthy controls. Patients and Methods We evaluated the dietary habits of 70 adult Japanese patients with AA using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire and compared them to the habits of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results Japanese patients with AA had a higher body mass index (BMI) and higher intakes of vitamin C and fruit than the controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that AA was associated with BMI. Retinol intake was positively correlated with severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score, and linear regression analysis revealed that retinol intake was a predictor of SALT score. Retinol intake among patients with moderate to severe AA (ie, a SALT score >25) was higher than that in patients with mild AA (a SALT score ≤25). The mean age of AA patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) was lower than that of AA patients without AD; however, there were no differences in nutrient or food intake between these two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the comorbidity AD was negatively associated with age. Conclusion AA was associated with a high BMI, and high retinol intake was a predictor of SALT score. Further studies should be conducted to clarify whether dietary intervention to reduce BMI or limit retinol intake can alter the development or severity of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Hagino
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Okazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naotaka Serizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mio Kaga
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Mikami
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitsui
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Alopecia Areata: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:901-911. [PMID: 32761499 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of alopecia areata (AA) are unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the association of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with AA. METHODS We collected participants from four rounds (2001, 2005, 2009, and 2013) of the Taiwan National Health Interview Survey. Incident AA cases were identified from the National Health Insurance database. RESULTS Of the 60,055 participants, 154 developed AA during the 647,902 person-years of follow-up. After controlling for confounders, current smokers had a higher risk of incident AA than never smokers [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.88]. There was a trend toward an increased risk of AA with increasing numbers of years of smoking and cumulative pack-years of smoking among current smokers. The aHRs (95% CIs) of current smokers of > 5 and ≤ 15 cigarettes per day, > 10 and ≤ 20 years of smoking, ≤ 10, and > 10 and ≤ 20 pack-years of smoking were 2.03 (1.17-3.51), 2.25 (1.21-4.18), 1.86 (1.12-3.09), and 2.04 (1.04-4.01), respectively. Conversely, social and regular drinkers had significantly lower risks of AA than never drinkers [aHRs (95% CIs) 0.65 (0.43-0.98) and 0.49 (0.26-0.93), respectively]. CONCLUSION Current smokers had an increased risk of developing AA, while alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased risk of AA.
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Wotherspoon A, Elshahat S, McAlinden N, Dean K, Young IS, Sharpe PC, Blankenburg S, Patterson CC, McKinley MC, Evans A, Woodside JV. Effect of Moderate Red Wine versus Vodka Consumption on Inflammatory Markers Related to Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Randomized Crossover Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:495-500. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1695234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wotherspoon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah Elshahat
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Nicholas McAlinden
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Katrina Dean
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian S. Young
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter C. Sharpe
- Clinical Biochemistry, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, UK
| | | | - Chris C. Patterson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Michelle C. McKinley
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Alun Evans
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
| | - Jayne V. Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences B, Belfast, UK
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Kany S, Janicova A, Relja B. Innate Immunity and Alcohol. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111981. [PMID: 31739600 PMCID: PMC6912266 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immunity has evolved during millions of years, and thus, equivalent or comparable components are found in most vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. It constitutes the first line of defense against molecules, which are either pathogen-derived or a danger signal themselves, and not seldom both. These molecular patterns are comprised of highly conserved structures, a common trait in innate immunity, and constitute very potent triggers for inflammation mediated via extracellular or intracellular pattern recognition receptors. Human culture is often interweaved with the consumption of alcohol, in both drinking habits, its acute or chronical misuse. Apart from behavioral effects as often observed in intoxicated individuals, alcohol consumption also leads to immunological modulation on the humoral and cellular levels. In the last 20 years, major advances in this field of research have been made in clinical studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo research. As every physician will experience intoxicated patients, it is important to be aware of the changes that this cohort undergoes. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the influence of alcohol consumption on certain factors of innate immunity after a hit, followed by the current studies that display the effect of alcohol with a description of the model, the mode of alcohol administration, as well as its dose. This will provide a way for the reader to evaluate the findings presented.
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Justice M, Ferrugia A, Beidler J, Penprase JC, Cintora P, Erwin D, Medrano O, Brasser SM, Hong MY. Effects of Moderate Ethanol Consumption on Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation Through Regulation of Gene Expression in Rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:5-12. [PMID: 30423027 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Epidemiological studies and experimental data from rodent models have reported a non-linear relationship between consumption of alcohol and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk that suggests that light-to-moderate drinking as opposed to excessive consumption may provide some cardiovascular benefits. The present study examined potential mechanisms by which moderate alcohol consumption may provide a protective effect against CVD. Short summary Wistar rats exposed for 3 months to a 20% ethanol intermittent-access voluntary drinking paradigm displayed a reduction in epididymal fat, blood glucose and non-HDL and total cholesterol. These effects were accompanied by decreased expression of Hmgcr, Srebp-2, Cox-2 and RelA, indicating downregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and inflammation. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats voluntarily consumed a 20% v/v ethanol solution on alternate days for 13 weeks (ethanol-treated) or were given access to water alone (non-ethanol-exposed control). Results There was no difference in body weight gain between the two groups, however, epididymal fat weight was lower in ethanol-fed rats (P = 0.030). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were lower in the ethanol group compared to controls (P < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the expression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in ethanol-treated rats (P < 0.05), suggesting that ethanol may have lowered cholesterol levels via downregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Paraoxonase-1, which is associated with inhibition of LDL cholesterol oxidation, was upregulated in the ethanol group (P = 0.029). Ethanol-treated rats exhibited significantly lower levels of high-mobility box group protein 1 (P ≤ 0.05). Cyclooxygenase-2 and RelA gene expression were significantly lower in ethanol-treated rats (P < 0.05), indicating possible anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions These findings suggest that moderate ethanol consumption may potentially contribute to improved cardiovascular outcomes by reducing body fat, improving blood cholesterol and blood glucose, and modulation of gene expression involved in inflammation and/or cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meegan Justice
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Autumn Ferrugia
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Beidler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold C Penprase
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Cintora
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Erwin
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Octavio Medrano
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Brasser
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Jia Y, Qu B, Wang Z, Han X, Ren G. Effects of active and latent H. pylori infection coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion on cytokine profiles and markers of oxidative balance in men seropositive for H. pylori CagA Ab: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11991. [PMID: 30142835 PMCID: PMC6112873 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of active and latent Helicobacter pylori infection coupled with alcohol consumption on cytokine profiles and markers of oxidative balance in men seropositive for H. pylori CagA Ab.The 100 male subjects were divided into groups with active H. pylori infection and H. pylori CagA Ab coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion (group A, n = 38), latent H. pylori infection with H. pylori CagA Ab coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion (group B, n = 30), and latent H. pylori infection with H. pylori CagA Ab without chronic alcohol ingestion (group C, n = 32).No differences in serum levels of CRP, IL-10, ADP, E-selectin, MDA, or SOD were detected between the 3 groups or between any 2 groups (all P > .05). The serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in groups A and B were significantly lower than those in group C (P = .004, P = .005, P = .009, and P = .023). However, there were no differences in serum IL-6 and TNF-α between group A and group B (all P > .05).In conclusion, active or latent H. pylori infection coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion may decrease certain cytokines, that is, IL-6 and TNF-α, in men with H. pylori CagA Ab seropositivity. However, there was no difference in the detected cytokine profile between active and latent H. pylori infection coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion, and no changes were detected in markers of oxidative balance in men with H. pylori CagA Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guangying Ren
- Taishan Medical College, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, P. R. China
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Huang Y, Li Y, Zheng S, Yang X, Wang T, Zeng J. Moderate alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 129:835-843. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schrieks IC, Joosten MM, Klöpping-Ketelaars WAA, Witkamp RF, Hendriks HFJ. Moderate alcohol consumption after a mental stressor attenuates the endocrine stress response. Alcohol 2016; 57:29-34. [PMID: 27916140 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is often consumed to reduce tension and improve mood when exposed to stressful situations. Previous studies showed that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce stress when alcohol is consumed prior to a stressor, but data on the effect of alcohol consumption after a mental stressor is limited. Therefore, our objective was to study whether moderate alcohol consumption immediately after a mental stressor attenuates the stress response. Twenty-four healthy men (age 21-40 y, BMI 18-27 kg/m2) participated in a placebo-controlled trial. They randomly consumed 2 cans (660 mL, ∼26 g alcohol) of beer or alcohol-free beer immediately after a mental stressor (Stroop task and Trier Social Stress Test). Physiological and immunological stress response was measured by monitoring heart rate and repeated measures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), white blood cells and a set of cytokines. After a mental stressor, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were 100% and 176% more reduced at 60 min (P = 0.012 and P = 0.001, respectively) and 92% and 60% more reduced at 90 min (P < 0.001 and P = 0.056, respectively) after beer consumption as compared to alcohol-free beer consumption. Heart rate and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were not influenced by alcohol consumption. Plasma IL-8 concentrations remained lower during the stress recovery period after beer consumption than after alcohol-free beer consumption (P < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of a moderate dose of alcohol after a mental stressor may facilitate recovery of the endocrine stress response as reflected by decreasing plasma ACTH and cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Schrieks
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Joosten
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W A A Klöpping-Ketelaars
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - R F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H F J Hendriks
- Consultant for The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
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Biomarkers of alcohol misuse: recent advances and future prospects. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2016; 11:78-89. [PMID: 27350834 PMCID: PMC4916243 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.60252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are highly prevalent in many cultures and contribute considerably to the global burden of health and social issues. The current inability to accurately characterise long-term drinking behaviours is a major obstacle to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop objective diagnostic tools to discern subjects with excessive alcohol use and alcoholism or to confirm abstinence. Research over past years has revealed several biochemical compounds with considerable potential for accurate reflection of alcohol intake. This review will address the issue of alcohol biomarker definition, the types of molecules used as so-called traditional biomarkers, and the compounds that can serve as novel biomarker candidates or components of biomarker panels.
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Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:242-51. [PMID: 26375241 PMCID: PMC4911891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have described a dose-dependent effect of alcohol on human health with light to moderate drinkers having a lower risk of all-cause mortality than abstainers, while heavy drinkers are at the highest risk. In the case of the immune system, moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced inflammation and improved responses to vaccination, while chronic heavy drinking is associated with a decreased frequency of lymphocytes and increased risk of both bacterial and viral infections. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol exerts a dose-dependent effect on the immune system remain poorly understood due to a lack of systematic studies that examine the effect of multiple doses and different time courses. This review will summarize our current understanding of the impact of moderate versus excessive alcohol consumption on the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system derived from both in vitro as well as in vivo studies carried out in humans and animal model studies.
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Barr T, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Nguyen C, Grant K, Messaoudi I. Alcohol Consumption Modulates Host Defense in Rhesus Macaques by Altering Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:182-95. [PMID: 26621857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic alcohol use disorder leads to increased susceptibility to several viral and bacterial infections, whereas moderate alcohol consumption decreases the incidence of colds and improves immune responses to some pathogens. In line with these observations, we recently showed that heavy ethanol intake (average blood ethanol concentrations > 80 mg/dl) suppressed, whereas moderate alcohol consumption (blood ethanol concentrations < 50 mg/dl) enhanced, T and B cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption. To uncover the molecular basis for impaired immunity with heavy alcohol consumption and enhanced immune response with moderate alcohol consumption, we performed a transcriptome analysis using PBMCs isolated on day 7 post-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination, the earliest time point at which we detected differences in T cell and Ab responses. Overall, chronic heavy alcohol consumption reduced the expression of immune genes involved in response to infection and wound healing and increased the expression of genes associated with the development of lung inflammatory disease and cancer. In contrast, chronic moderate alcohol consumption upregulated the expression of genes involved in immune response and reduced the expression of genes involved in cancer. To uncover mechanisms underlying the alterations in PBMC transcriptomes, we profiled the expression of microRNAs within the same samples. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption altered the levels of several microRNAs involved in cancer and immunity and known to regulate the expression of mRNAs differentially expressed in our data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; and
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen Grant
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521;
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Bouthoorn SH, Silva LM, Murray SE, Steegers EAP, Jaddoe VWV, Moll H, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Raat H. Low-educated women have an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Generation R Study. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:445-52. [PMID: 25344768 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether maternal educational level is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to what extent risk factors for GDM mediate the effect of educational level. METHODS We examined data of 7,511 pregnant women participating in a population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The highest achieved education was categorized into four levels. Diagnosis of GDM was retrieved from delivery records. Odds ratios (OR) of GDM were calculated for levels of education, adjusting for confounders and potential mediators. Mediators were selected according to Baron and Kenny's causal step approach. RESULTS Adjusted for ethnicity, age, family history of diabetes and parity, women in the lowest educational level were three times more likely to develop GDM than women in the highest level (OR 3.07; 95 % CI 1.37, 6.89). Selected mediators were alcohol use and body mass index (BMI). Additional adjustment for alcohol use attenuated the OR to 2.54 (95 % CI 1.11, 5.78). The individual addition of BMI attenuated the OR to 2.35 (95 % CI 1.03, 5.35). All mediators together explained 51 % (95 % CI -122, -25) of the association between low education and GDM. CONCLUSIONS Low maternal educational level is associated with GDM, which is mainly due to higher rates of overweight and obesity. In order to reduce the higher rates of GDM, and consequently type 2 diabetes among women in low socioeconomic subgroups, prevention and intervention strategies need to be focused on reducing the rates of overweight and obesity before pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma H Bouthoorn
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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15
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Correnti JM, Juskeviciute E, Swarup A, Hoek JB. Pharmacological ceramide reduction alleviates alcohol-induced steatosis and hepatomegaly in adiponectin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G959-73. [PMID: 24742988 PMCID: PMC4042116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00395.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatosteatosis, the ectopic accumulation of lipid in the liver, is one of the earliest clinical signs of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Alcohol-dependent deregulation of liver ceramide levels as well as inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) activity are thought to contribute to hepatosteatosis development. Adiponectin can regulate lipid handling in the liver and has been shown to reduce ceramide levels and activate AMPK and PPAR-α. However, the mechanisms by which adiponectin prevents alcoholic hepatosteatosis remain incompletely characterized. To address this question, we assessed ALD progression in wild-type (WT) and adiponectin knockout (KO) mice fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet or isocaloric control diet. Adiponectin KO mice relative to WT had increased alcohol-induced hepatosteatosis and hepatomegaly, similar modest increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, and reduced liver TNF. Restoring circulating adiponectin levels using recombinant adiponectin ameliorated alcohol-induced hepatosteatosis and hepatomegaly in adiponectin KO mice. Alcohol-fed WT and adiponectin KO animals had equivalent reductions in AMPK protein and PPAR-α DNA binding activity compared with control-fed animals. No difference in P-AMPK/AMPK ratio was detected, suggesting that alcohol-dependent deregulation of AMPK and PPAR-α in the absence of adiponectin are not primary causes of the observed increase in hepatosteatosis in these animals. By contrast, alcohol treatment increased liver ceramide levels in adiponectin KO but not WT mice. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis in adiponectin KO mice abrogated alcohol-mediated increases in liver ceramides, steatosis, and hepatomegaly. These data suggest that adiponectin reduces alcohol-induced steatosis and hepatomegaly through regulation of liver ceramides, but its absence does not exacerbate alcohol-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Correnti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Egle Juskeviciute
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aditi Swarup
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Messaoudi I, Pasala S, Grant K. Could moderate alcohol intake be recommended to improve vaccine responses? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:817-9. [PMID: 24872009 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.924405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of alcohol consumption on human health is complex and modulated by several factors such as patterns and amount of drinking, genetics, the organ system studied, as well as the sex and age of the user. There is strong evidence that chronic ethanol abuse is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections. In contrast, moderate alcohol consumption exerts positive effects including decreased mortality, and improved cardiovascular disease and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, accumulating evidence also supports an immune-boosting effect of moderate alcohol. In this editorial, we summarize the findings that support a positive effect of moderate alcohol on host immunity. We also discuss the limitations of the previous data and emphasize the importance of additional studies to uncover mechanisms for these immune-stimulating effects in order to extend these benefits to vulnerable segments of the population who cannot consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Joosten MM, Schrieks IC, Hendriks HFJ. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fetuin-A levels in men and women: post-hoc analyses of three open-label randomized crossover trials. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:24. [PMID: 24548643 PMCID: PMC4094276 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetuin-A, a liver-derived glycoprotein that impairs insulin-signalling, has emerged as a biomarker for diabetes risk. Although moderate alcohol consumption has been inversely associated with fetuin-A, data from clinical trials are lacking. Thus, we evaluated whether moderate alcohol consumption decreases circulating levels of fetuin-A. METHODS We analyzed data of three separate open-label, randomized, crossover trials: 1) 36 postmenopausal women consuming 250 ml white wine (25 g alcohol) or white grape juice daily for 6 weeks, 2) 24 premenopausal women consuming 660 ml beer (26 g alcohol) or alcohol-free beer daily for 3 weeks, and 3) 24 young men consuming 100 ml vodka (30 g alcohol) orange juice or only orange juice daily for 4 weeks. After each treatment period fasting blood samples were collected. RESULTS Circulating fetuin-A concentrations decreased in men after vodka consumption (Mean ± SEM: 441 ± 11 to 426 ± 11 μg/ml, p = 0.02), but not in women after wine (448 ± 17 to 437 ± 17 μg/ml, p = 0.16) or beer consumption (498 ± 15 to 492 ± 15 μg/ml, p = 0.48) compared to levels after each corresponding alcohol-free treatment. Post-hoc power analyses indicated that the statistical power to detect a similar effect as observed in men was 30% among the postmenopausal women and 31% among the premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS In these randomized crossover trials, moderate alcohol consumption decreased fetuin-A in men but not in women. This sex-specific effect may be explained by the relatively short intervention periods or the low statistical power in the trials among women. TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID no's: NCT00285909, NCT00524550, NCT00918918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Joosten
- TNO (a Dutch acronym for Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research),
Zeist, the Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the
Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical
Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse C Schrieks
- TNO (a Dutch acronym for Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research),
Zeist, the Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Henk FJ Hendriks
- TNO (a Dutch acronym for Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research),
Zeist, the Netherlands
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Tsai HT, Hsin CH, Hsieh YH, Tang CH, Yang SF, Lin CW, Chen MK. Impact of interleukin-18 polymorphisms -607A/C and -137G/C on oral cancer occurrence and clinical progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83572. [PMID: 24349532 PMCID: PMC3862691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify gene polymorphisms of interleukin-18 (IL-18) -607A/C and -137G/C specific to patients with oral cancer susceptibility and clinicopathological status. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 1,126 participants, including 559 healthy people and 567 patients with oral cancer, were recruited for this study. Allelic discrimination of -607A/C (rs1946518) and -137G/C (rs187238) polymorphisms of the IL-18 gene was assessed by a real-time PCR with the TaqMan assay. There was no significant association between IL-18 -607A/C polymorphism and oral cancer risk. However, among alcohol consumers, people with A/A homozygotes of IL-18 -607A/C polymorphism had a 2.38-fold (95% CI=1.17-4.86; p=0.01) increased risk of developing oral cancer compared with those with C/C homozygotes. The participants with G/C heterozygotes of IL-18 -137 polymorphism had a 1.64-fold (95% CI: 1.08-2.48; p=0.02) increased risk of developing oral cancer compared with those with G/G wild type homozygotes. Both sets of statistics were determined after adjusting for confounding factors. Among people who had exposure to oral cancer-related environmental risk factors such as areca, alcohol, and tobacco consumption, the adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals were increased to a 2.02-fold (95% CI=1.01-4.04; p=0.04), 4.04 (95% CI=1.65-9.87; p=0.002) and a 1.66-fold (95% CI=1.00-2.84; p=0.05) risk of developing oral cancer. However, patients with G/C alleles of IL-18 -137 were correlated with a lower clinical stage (AOR=0.59; 95% CI=0.39-0.89; p=0.01), smaller tumor size (AOR=0.56; 95% CI=0.35-0.87; p=0.01), and non-lymph node metastasis (AOR=0.51; 95% CI=0.32-0.80; p=0.003). CONCLUSION IL-18 -137 G/C gene polymorphism may be a factor that increases the susceptibility to oral cancer, as well as a protective factor for oral cancer progression. The interactions of gene to oral cancer-related environmental risk factors have a synergetic effect that can further enhance oral cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ting Tsai
- School of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Hsin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CWL); (MKC)
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CWL); (MKC)
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Ábel T, Blázovics A, Wimmer A, Bekő G, Gaál B, Blazics B, Eldin M, Fehér J, Szabolcs I, Lengyel G. Beneficial effect of moderate white wine consumption on insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2013.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Moons KG, Boshuizen HC, van der A DL, Groenwold RH. Estimating the mediating effect of different biomarkers on the relation of alcohol consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Ann Epidemiol 2013; 23:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heianza Y, Arase Y, Saito K, Tsuji H, Fujihara K, Hsieh SD, Kodama S, Shimano H, Yamada N, Hara S, Sone H. Role of alcohol drinking pattern in type 2 diabetes in Japanese men: the Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 11 (TOPICS 11). Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:561-8. [PMID: 23343972 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.043364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings of past studies on the effect of drinking patterns on diabetes risk have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of drinking frequency and usual quantity consumed in the development of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Enrolled were 1650 Japanese men without diabetes (diabetes: fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, or self-reported clinician-diagnosed diabetes). Average alcohol consumption and 12 combinations of frequency and usual quantity per drinking occasion were assessed at the baseline examination. The absolute risk and HR for the development of diabetes were calculated. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 10.2 y, 216 individuals developed diabetes. Lifetime abstainers (n = 153) had a relatively low incidence of diabetes (9.1/1000 person-years), similar to moderate consumers (99-160 g ethanol/wk; 9.0/1000 person-years). Increasingly higher quantities of alcohol usually consumed per occasion increased the risk of diabetes regardless of drinking frequency. The lowest incidence rate of diabetes (8.5/1000 person-years) was associated with the consumption of <1 drink (<23 g ethanol) per occasion over ≥6 times/wk. Binge drinking (≥3 drinks per occasion) significantly increased the risk of future diabetes regardless of frequency (HR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.74) compared with <1 drink per occasion. CONCLUSIONS Among current drinkers, a drinking pattern of <1 drink per occasion regularly over 6 times within a week was associated with the lowest risk of developing diabetes. Usual quantity per drinking occasion was a more important determinant than was weekly drinking frequency in the association between alcohol consumption and risk of diabetes in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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Schrieks IC, van den Berg R, Sierksma A, Beulens JWJ, Vaes WHJ, Hendriks HFJ. Effect of red wine consumption on biomarkers of oxidative stress. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 48:153-9. [PMID: 22859618 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effect of acute and chronic consumption of red wine or de-alcoholized red wine with a similar antioxidant capacity on plasma total antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and F2-isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF(2α)) in healthy men. METHODS Nineteen healthy men with an increased waist circumference (≥94 cm) and a body mass index above 25 kg/m(2) participated in a randomized, controlled crossover design trial. They daily consumed 450 ml of red wine (four drinks; 41.4 g alcohol) or 450 ml of de-alcoholized red wine during dinner for 4 weeks each. On the last day of each treatment period, blood was collected before and 1 h after a standardized dinner with red wine or de-alcoholized red wine and also 24-h urine was collected. RESULTS Absolute TEAC levels were higher 1 h after dinner with red wine compared with dinner with de-alcoholized red wine (1.3 versus 1.1 mmol Trolox equivalents/l; P = 0.03). Consumption of dinner together with de-alcoholized red wine acutely stimulated NF-κB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (0.4-0.7 HeLa equivalents/2.5 μg protein; P = 0.006), whereas this increase was completely suppressed when the dinner was combined with red wine. A chronic increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF(2α) after 4 weeks of red wine consumption compared with de-alcoholized red wine consumption (157 pg/mg creatinine and 141 pg/mg creatinine, respectively, P = 0.006) was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a moderate dose of red wine can acutely increase plasma TEAC and suppress NF-κB activation induced by a meal. Controversially, 4 weeks of red wine consumption compared with de-alcoholized red wine consumption increases the oxidative lipid damage marker 8-iso-PGF(2α).
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