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Tang L, Wu J, Aga L, Wang N, Li Y, Li H, Wang X. Structural analysis of type 3 resistant starch from Canna edulis during in vitro simulated digestion and its post-digested residue impact on human gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1403497. [PMID: 38966420 PMCID: PMC11223600 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1403497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistant starch (RS) has garnered attention for its health benefits, including modulating the gut microbiota and promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Methods This study investigates structural changes of type 3 resistant starch from Canna edulis (CE) during in vitro simulated digestion and explores its health-relevant properties using healthy individuals' fecal microbiota. Results CE, prepared with a RS content of 59.38%, underwent a comprehensive analysis employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During simulated digestion, XRD analysis demonstrated a significant rise in CE's relative crystallinity from 38.92 to 49.34%. SEM illustrated the transition of CE from a smooth to a rough surface, a notable morphological shift. Post-digestion, CE was introduced into microbial fermentation. Notably, propionic acid and valeric acid levels significantly increased compared to the control group. Furthere more, beneficial Bifidobacterium proliferated while pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella was suppressed. When comparing CE to the well-known functional food fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), CE showed a specific ability to support the growth of Bifidobacterium and stimulate the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) without causing lactic acid accumulation. Discussion CE demonstrates potential as a functional health food, with implications for gut health enhancement and SCFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueyong Wang
- School of Chinese Meteria Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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2
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Wienberg F, Hövels M, Deppenmeier U. High-yield production and purification of prebiotic inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. AMB Express 2022; 12:144. [DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to the health-promoting effects and functional properties of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (I-FOS), the global market for I-FOS is constantly growing. Hence, there is a continuing demand for new, efficient biotechnological approaches for I-FOS production. In this work, crude inulosucrase InuGB-V3 from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 was used to synthesize I-FOS from sucrose. Supplementation with 1 mM CaCl2, a pH of 3.5–5.5, and an incubation temperature of 40 °C were found to be optimal production parameters at which crude inulosucrase showed high conversion rates, low sucrose hydrolysis, and excellent stability over 4 days. The optimal process conditions were employed in cell-free bioconversion reactions. By elevating the substrate concentration from 570 to 800 g L−1, the I-FOS concentration and the synthesis of products with a low degree of polymerization (DP) could be increased, while sucrose hydrolysis was decreased. Bioconversion of 800 g L−1 sucrose for 20 h resulted in an I-FOS-rich syrup with an I-FOS concentration of 401 ± 7 g L−1 and an I-FOS purity of 53 ± 1% [w/w]. I-FOS with a DP of 3–11 were synthesized, with 1,1-kestotetraose (DP4) being the predominant transfructosylation product. The high-calorie sugars glucose, sucrose, and fructose were removed from the generated I-FOS-rich syrup using activated charcoal. Thus, 81 ± 5% of the initially applied I-FOS were recovered with a purity of 89 ± 1%.
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Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Anemia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071330. [PMID: 35889049 PMCID: PMC9317605 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is very common and affects approximately 1/3 of the world’s human population. There are strong research data that some probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum improve iron absorption and influence the course of anemia. Furthermore, prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), increase iron bioavailability and decrease its destructive effect on the intestinal microbiota. In addition, multiple postbiotics, which are probiotic metabolites, including vitamins, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and tryptophan, are involved in the regulation of intestinal absorption and may influence iron status in humans. This review presents the actual data from research studies on the influence of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics on the prevention and therapy of IDA and the latest findings regarding their mechanisms of action. A comparison of the latest research data and theories regarding the role of pre-, post-, and probiotics and the mechanism of their action in anemias is also presented and discussed.
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Agrizzi Verediano T, Agarwal N, Juste Contin Gomes M, Martino HSD, Tako E. Effects of dietary fiber on intestinal iron absorption, and physiological status: a systematic review of in vivo and clinical studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9017-9032. [PMID: 35403512 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2060933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of dietary fiber on intestinal health have been well established. However, there is no consensus on the dietary fiber effects on mineral absorption. The objective of this systematic review is to discuss the evidence on the dietary fiber effects on iron absorption and iron status-related biomarkers. A comprehensive search of 3 databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was carried out. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and a total of 32 studies were included with 9 of them clinical studies and 23 in vivo. The studies included assessment of dietary fiber in the form of fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, pectin, guar gum, oligofructose, xylo-oligosaccharides, and mannan-oligosaccharide. Hemoglobin (n = 21) and fractional iron absorption (n = 6) were the most frequently reported outcomes. The results showed no significant correlations between consumption of dietary fiber to iron absorption/status-related biomarkers. However, the current evidence may not be substantial to invalidate the recommendation of dietary fiber as an agent to improve dietary iron bioavailability, and absorption. In conclusion, there is a need to conduct further clinical trials with long dietary fiber intervention focusing on population at high risk for iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita Agarwal
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Elad Tako
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Damasceno de Lima R, Pedersen M, Costa do Bomfim FR, Chiarotto GB, Canciglieri PH, Pauli JR, Felonato M. Effects of different physical training protocols on inflammatory markers in Zymosan-induced rheumatoid arthritis in Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:321-332. [PMID: 35298040 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and involvement of the synovial membrane, causing joint damage and deformities. No effective drug treatment is available, and physical exercise has been utilized to alleviate the inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise training protocols on Zymosan-induced RA inflammatory markers in the right knee of Wistar rats. The rodents were subjected to aerobic, resisted, and combined physical training protocols with variations in the total training volume (50% or 100% of resistance and aerobic training volume) for 8 weeks. All physical training protocols reduced cachexia and systemic inflammatory processes. The histological results showed an increase in the inflammatory influx to the synovial tissue of the right knee in all physical training protocols. The rats that underwent combined physical training with reduced volume had a lower inflammatory influx compared to the other experimental groups. A reduction in the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and an increase in anti-inflammatory gene expression were also observed. The physical training protocol associated with volume reduction attenuated systemic and synovial inflammation of the right knee, reducing the impact of Zymosan-induced RA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Damasceno de Lima
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto-UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pedersen
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto-UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,OCRC-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto-UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ojwach J, Adetunji AI, Mutanda T, Mukaratirwa S. Oligosaccharides production from coprophilous fungi: An emerging functional food with potential health-promoting properties. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00702. [PMID: 35127459 PMCID: PMC8803601 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods are essential food products that possess health-promoting properties for the treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, they provide energy and nutrients, which are required for growth and survival. They occur as prebiotics or dietary supplements, including oligosaccharides, processed foods, and herbal products. However, oligosaccharides are more efficiently recognized and utilized, as they play a fundamental role as functional ingredients with great potential to improve health in comparison to other dietary supplements. They are low molecular weight carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization. They occur as fructooligosaccharide (FOS), inulooligosaccharadie (IOS), and xylooligosaccahride (XOS), depending on their monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides are produced by acid or chemical hydrolysis. However, this technique is liable to several drawbacks, including inulin precipitation, high processing temperature, low yields, and high production costs. As a consequence, the application of microbial enzymes for oligosaccharide production is recognized as a promising strategy. Microbial enzymatic production of FOS and IOS occurs by submerged or solid-state fermentation in the presence of suitable substrates (sucrose, inulin) and catalyzed by fructosyltransferases and inulinases. Incorporation of FOS and IOS enriches the rheological and physiological characteristics of foods. They are used as low cariogenic sugar substitutes, suitable for diabetics, and as prebiotics, probiotics and nutraceutical compounds. In addition, these oligosaccharides are employed as anticancer, antioxidant agents and aid in mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, immune regulation etc. This review, therefore, focuses on the occurrence, physico-chemical characteristics, and microbial enzymatic synthesis of FOS and IOS from coprophilous fungi. In addition, the potential health benefits of these oligosaccharides were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ojwach
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17 Bellville 7530, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Taurai Mutanda
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Chen J, Wang Y, Pan J, Lu LW, Yu J, Liu B, Chen F, Deng H. Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Enhance Iron Absorption Via Modulation of Protein Expression and Gut Microbiota in a Dose‐response Manner in Iron‐deficient Growing Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101064. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie‐Hua Chen
- Institute for Innovat ive Development of Food Industry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Department of Nutrition and food Hygiene School of Public Health Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and food Hygiene School of Public Health Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Department of Nutrition and food Hygiene School of Public Health Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China Zhuhai Maternity and Child Health Hospital Zhuhai 519001 China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine School of Public Health Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Louise Weiwei Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Institute for Innovat ive Development of Food Industry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Innovat ive Development of Food Industry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Innovat ive Development of Food Industry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Nutrition and food Hygiene School of Public Health Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
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Zhang F, Yung KK, KongYeung C. Effects of common prebiotics on iron status and production of colonic short-chain fatty acids in anemic rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sandroni A, House E, Howard L, DellaValle DM. Synbiotic Supplementation Improves Response to Iron Supplementation in Female Athletes during Training. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:366-380. [PMID: 33615951 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1887423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron deficiency (ID) affects ∼30% of female athletes, and its consequences are highly relevant to athletic performance. Poor iron (Fe) uptake remains a major factor in the development of ID. While studies suggest that consumption of either prebiotics or probiotics may improve Fe uptake, consumption of synbiotics has not been well-studied. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of synbiotic supplementation on the Fe status of female athletes during Fe repletion. METHODS The Fe status of 32 female athletes was screened early in the season. Twenty eligible athletes (hemoglobin:12.3 ± 0.9g/dL; serum ferritin, sFer:18.1 ± 9.2 µg/L) were randomized to receive either a daily synbiotic supplement (5 g prebiotic fiber + 8 billion colony forming units, CFU probiotic B. lactis) or placebo, along with Fe supplementation (140 mg ferrous sulfate, FeSO4/d) for 8 weeks using a double-blind design. Fe status was assessed again at mid-point and after the trial. RESULTS Nineteen athletes (n = 9 supplement, 10 placebo) completed the trial and there were no differences in compliance or GI symptoms reported between groups. After controlling for baseline Fe status, regression analyses revealed improvements in log sFer in the supplement group after both 4 and 8 weeks (p = 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively), compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Synbiotic supplementation along with FeSO4 improved athletes' Fe status over 8 weeks. This data is essential to advancing our understanding of how dietary and supplemental Fe uptake in active women can be enhanced by synbiotic supplementation, as well as by foods containing pre- and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sandroni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Elaine House
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Howard
- Department of Athletic Training and Exercise Science, Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA
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Mohammed O, Dyab N, Kheadr E, Dabour N. Effectiveness of inulin-type on the iron bioavailability in anemic female rats fed bio-yogurt. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1928-1938. [PMID: 35424181 PMCID: PMC8693641 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08873k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that iron deficiency leads to anemia, which is the utmost critical problem of nutrition worldwide. Inulin, indigestible polysaccharides, or prebiotic agents may act as vehicles to enhance the iron bioavailability through the formation of the polysaccharide-iron complex. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of yogurt fortified with iron and supplemented by long- or short-chain inulin on the growth status, blood parameters, antioxidant capacity, and liver function enzymes in anemic rats. Five animal groups were assigned as the control (G1), which were fed a standard diet and there were four anemic groups, in which haemolytic anemia was induced by phenylhydrazine. The anemic rats were divided into 4 groups according to the regime of feeding as G2: control anemic group fed low-iron diet while the remaining anemic groups were fed yogurt fortified with Fe2(SO4)3 without inulin (G3) or with either long- (G4) or short-chain (G5) inulin. The results showed that the animals subjected to treatment G4 had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) weight gain and organ coefficient compared with other anemic groups (G2, G3, and G5). Among the anemic groups, the animals that belonged to G4 showed a significant restorative effect by returning the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and the red blood cell count to the normal control liver. Also, the liver iron content, enzymatic activities, and antioxidant capacities improved in the animals subjected to G4 and G5 treatment groups. The histological structures of the liver tissues of the animals that belonged to G4 and G5 were extremely close to that of the normal control liver. Long-chain inulin-containing yogurt exhibited the best effects in terms of iron supplementation, bioavailability, and antioxidant activities. This formula might be a potential new iron supplement and a good functional food candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Dyab
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria 21545 Alexandria Egypt +20-35922780 +20-35921960 +20-35921862 +20-35915427
| | - Ehab Kheadr
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria 21545 Alexandria Egypt +20-35922780 +20-35921960 +20-35921862 +20-35915427
| | - Nassra Dabour
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria 21545 Alexandria Egypt +20-35922780 +20-35921960 +20-35921862 +20-35915427
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Codină GG, Dabija A, Stroe SG, Ropciuc S. Optimization of iron–oligofructose formulation on wheat flour dough rheological properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Dabija
- Faculty of Food Engineering Stefan cel Mare University Suceava Romania
| | | | - Sorina Ropciuc
- Faculty of Food Engineering Stefan cel Mare University Suceava Romania
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de Lima Correia Silva M, da Graça Leite Speridião P, Oyama LM, de Morais MB. Effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation in soya beverage on the intestinal absorption of calcium and iron in newly weaned rats. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1338-1348. [PMID: 30499425 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown the positive effects of prebiotics on the intestinal absorption of Ca and Fe. The present study evaluated the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation in soya beverage (SB) on absorption mechanisms of Ca and Fe in recently weaned rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: lactose-free cows' milk (CM), lactose-free CM with FOS (0·8 g/100 ml) (CMF), SB and soya beverage with FOS (0·8 g/100 ml) (SBF). These rats were euthanised after 1 week of treatment. Organ weight, pH of the caecal content and absorption mechanisms of Ca and Fe were evaluated. The results showed that the weight of the caecal contents increased in the CMF and SBF groups, and the pH of the caecal contents was lower in these groups. The Hb levels of the CMF and SB groups were higher when compared with that of the CM group and lower in relation to the SBF group. The apparent Ca and Fe absorption and apparent Ca retention in the CM group were higher when compared with the SB group, whereas in the CMF group, they were higher in relation to the SBF group. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) protein expression in the duodenum was higher in the SBF group than in the SB and CMF groups. SB resulted in lower intestinal Ca absorption and higher Hb concentration, despite the lower apparent Fe absorption in relation to CM. Supplementation with FOS provided beneficial effects on Hb and DMT1 protein expression in the duodenum, in addition to improving the absorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa de Lima Correia Silva
- 1Departamento de Pediatria,Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica,Universidade Federal de São Paulo,Rua Coronel Lisboa826,04020-000 São Paulo,SP,Brazil
| | - Patrícia da Graça Leite Speridião
- 1Departamento de Pediatria,Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica,Universidade Federal de São Paulo,Rua Coronel Lisboa826,04020-000 São Paulo,SP,Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- 2Departamento de Fisiologia,Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição,Universidade Federal de São Paulo,Rua Botucatu 862,2° andar,04023-060 São Paulo,SP, Brazil
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Doguer C, Ha JH, Collins JF. Intersection of Iron and Copper Metabolism in the Mammalian Intestine and Liver. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1433-1461. [PMID: 30215866 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron and copper have similar physiochemical properties; thus, physiologically relevant interactions seem likely. Indeed, points of intersection between these two essential trace minerals have been recognized for many decades, but mechanistic details have been lacking. Investigations in recent years have revealed that copper may positively influence iron homeostasis, and also that iron may antagonize copper metabolism. For example, when body iron stores are low, copper is apparently redistributed to tissues important for regulating iron balance, including enterocytes of upper small bowel, the liver, and blood. Copper in enterocytes may positively influence iron transport, and hepatic copper may enhance biosynthesis of a circulating ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin, which potentiates iron release from stores. Moreover, many intestinal genes related to iron absorption are transactivated by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α), during iron deficiency. Interestingly, copper influences the DNA-binding activity of the HIF factors, thus further exemplifying how copper may modulate intestinal iron homeostasis. Copper may also alter the activity of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Furthermore, copper depletion has been noted in iron-loading disorders, such as hereditary hemochromatosis. Copper depletion may also be caused by high-dose iron supplementation, raising concerns particularly in pregnancy when iron supplementation is widely recommended. This review will cover the basic physiology of intestinal iron and copper absorption as well as the metabolism of these minerals in the liver. Also considered in detail will be current experimental work in this field, with a focus on molecular aspects of intestinal and hepatic iron-copper interplay and how this relates to various disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1433-1461, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Doguer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University Note: Caglar Doguer and Jung-Heun Ha have contributed equally to this work., Gwangju, Korea
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Intake of Polydextrose Alters Hematology and the Profile of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Partially Gastrectomized Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060792. [PMID: 29925762 PMCID: PMC6024616 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydextrose (PDX) ingestion may increase the intestinal absorption of iron. This study evaluated the effects of 7.5% polydextrose supplementation on markers of iron uptake, transport and storage in partially gastrectomized rats. Half of a batch of 40 male Wistar rats (250 g) underwent Billroth II partial gastrectomy with anterior truncal vagotomy (GXT), while the other half underwent sham gastrectomy (SHAM). At 7 postoperative days, the animals were subdivided into four groups (n = 10): Sham Control and GXT Control (no polydextrose); Sham PDX and GXT PDX (with 7.5% PDX). The animals were euthanized after 60 day of PDX treatment. Organ weight, cecal pH, the characterization and quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), hematological parameters, hepatic iron content and the expression of ferroportin (FPT) in the jejunum, cecum, colon and liver were evaluated. PDX caused changes in the cecum of the supplemented animals, where there was a decrease in pH, increase in cecal wall and marked production of SCFA, especially acetic and propionic acids (p < 0.05). Hepatic iron levels were lower in GXT animals. PDX increased hemoglobin (HGB) values by 29.2% and hematocrit (HCT) by 55.8% in the GXT PDX group compared to the GXT Control group. The GXT PDX group had lower hepatic FPT expression (p < 0.05). PDX led to increased SCFA concentration in the supplemented animals. Considering that SCFAs play a central role in the increasing nutrients uptake, this mechanism may be involved in altering the hematology profile observed in these animals but not enough to reverse iron deficiency anemia in post-gastrectomy rats.
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Hou T, Tako E. The In Ovo Feeding Administration (Gallus Gallus)-An Emerging In Vivo Approach to Assess Bioactive Compounds with Potential Nutritional Benefits. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040418. [PMID: 29597266 PMCID: PMC5946203 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the in ovo feeding in fertilized broiler (Gallus gallus) eggs approach was further developed and currently is widely applied in the evaluation process of the effects of functional foods (primarily plant origin compounds) on the functionality of the intestinal brush border membrane, as well as potential prebiotic properties and interactions with the intestinal microbial populations. This review collates the information of potential nutrients and their effects on the mineral absorption, gut development, brush border membrane functionality, and immune system. In addition, the advantages and limitations of the in ovo feeding method in the assessment of potential prebiotic effects of plant origin compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, HuaZhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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16
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Christides T, Ganis JC, Sharp PA. In vitro assessment of iron availability from commercial Young Child Formulae supplemented with prebiotics. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:669-678. [PMID: 27942845 PMCID: PMC5845627 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iron is essential for development and growth in young children; unfortunately, iron deficiency (ID) is a significant public health problem in this population. Young Child Formulae (YCF), milk-derived products fortified with iron and ascorbic acid (AA, an enhancer of iron absorption) may be good sources of iron to help prevent ID. Furthermore, some YCF are supplemented with prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates suggested to enhance iron bioavailability. The aim of our study was to evaluate iron bioavailability of YCF relative to prebiotic and AA concentrations. We hypothesised that YCF with the highest levels of prebiotics and AA would have the most bioavailable iron. METHODS We used the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to measure iron bioavailability from 4 commercially available YCF with approximately equal amounts of iron, but varying amounts of: AA and the prebiotics fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides. Caco-2 cell ferritin formation was used as a surrogate marker for iron bioavailability. RESULTS The YCF with the highest concentration of prebiotics and AA had the highest iron bioavailability; conversely, the YCF with the lowest concentration of prebiotics and AA had the lowest. After the addition of exogenous prebiotics, so that all tested YCF had equivalent amounts, there was no longer a significant difference between YCF iron bioavailability. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ascorbic acid and prebiotics in YCF improve iron bioavailability. Ensuring that iron is delivered in a bioavailable form would improve the nutritional benefits of YCF in relation to ID/IDA amongst young children; therefore, further exploration of our findings in vivo is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Christides
- Department of Life and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Julia Clark Ganis
- Department of Life and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Paul Anthony Sharp
- Metal Metabolism Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) tubers improve glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017. [PMID: 28647180 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the effects of feeding Helianthus tuberosus (HT) tubers on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS A normal HFD or HFD including 10 w/w% HT tubers (HFD + HT) was fed to F334/Jcl rats. After 10 weeks, organ weights, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile were analyzed. RESULTS The body weight, liver weight, and epidermal fat content in the HFD group were higher than those of the normal group, and similar to those of the HFD + HT group. The oral glucose tolerance test at 10 weeks revealed that the blood glucose level 30 min after beginning the test in the HFD + HT group was significantly lower than that in the HFD group. Liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Fecal triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were higher than those in the HFD group. Histological analyses revealed that fat and glycogen accumulation increased in the HFD group, but decreased in the HFD + HT group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HT tubers have anti-fatty liver effects based on improvements in glucose tolerance and the hepatic lipid profile.
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18
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Genetically engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 synbiotic counters fructose-induced metabolic syndrome and iron deficiency. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4713-4723. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Carvalho L, Brait D, Vaz M, Lollo P, Morato P, Oesterreich S, Raposo J, Freitas K. Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Increases Ferroportin Expression in the Colon of Anemic Growing Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030228. [PMID: 28273797 PMCID: PMC5372891 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported a positive effect of prebiotics on the bioavailability of iron. This study evaluated the effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on iron absorption mechanisms in anemic rats. Male Wistar rats were fed 75g American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets for growth, pregnancy and lactation (AIN93-G) without iron for three weeks in order to induce iron deficiency anemia. Then they were fed a control diet (n = 12; without fiber) or a diet with 7.5% of PHGG (n = 12), both without iron. Food intake, body growth and the feed efficiency coefficient (FEC) were measured. The animals were euthanized after two weeks of treatment. The weight of the organs, the pH of the cecal content, and the hepatic iron and ferroportin expression in the cecum, duodenum, and liver were assessed. The intake of PHGG reduced food intake without affecting body growth, and there was a difference between the groups regarding the FEC (p = 0.026), with the highest value found in the PHGG group. The weight of the cecal content increased (p ≤ 0.001) and the pH of the cecal content was significantly lower in the PHGG group. The intake of PHGG significantly increased ferroportin expression in the cecum;however, the difference was not significant in the duodenum and the liver. PHGG seems to have a positive influence on iron absorption through transporter expression, and structural and physiological changes in the colon of anemic growing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Carvalho
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Débora Brait
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Vaz
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Lollo
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Morato
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Oesterreich
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Raposo
- School of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
| | - Karine Freitas
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79825-070, Brazil.
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20
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Food science and technology for management of iron deficiency in humans: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Thum C, McNabb WC, Young W, Cookson AL, Roy NC. Prenatal caprine milk oligosaccharide consumption affects the development of mice offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2076-85. [PMID: 27067267 PMCID: PMC5089660 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The composition of the gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota, particularly in early life, influences the development of metabolic diseases later in life. The maternal microbiota is the main source of bacteria colonising the infant GIT and can be modified by dietary prebiotics. Our objective was to determine the effects of prenatal consumption of prebiotic caprine milk oligosaccharides (CMO) on the large intestine of female mice, milk composition, and offspring's development. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were fed either a control diet, CMO diet, or galacto-oligosaccharide diet from mating to weaning. From weaning, some pups nursed by CMO, GOS, and control-dams were fed the control diet for 30 days. CMO or GOS-fed dams had increased colon length and milk protein concentration compared to control-fed dams. At weaning, pups from CMO-fed dams had increased body weight and colon length and increased proportions of colonic Bifidobacterium spp compared to the pups from control-fed dams. Thirty days after weaning, pups from CMO-fed dams had increased visceral fat weight compared to pups from control-fed dams. CONCLUSION Consumption of CMO by the dams during gestation and lactation improved the development of the pups, and the relative abundance of bifidobacteria and butyric acid in the colon, at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Assurance & Meat Quality Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, Hopkirk Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Valcheva R, Dieleman LA. Prebiotics: Definition and protective mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:27-37. [PMID: 27048894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The increase in chronic metabolic and immunologic disorders in the modern society is linked to major changes in the dietary patterns. These chronic conditions are associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis where important groups of carbohydrate fermenting, short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria are reduced. Dietary prebiotics are defined as a selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefit(s) upon host health. Application of prebiotics may then restore the gut microbiota diversity and activity. Unlike the previously accepted prebiotics definition, where a limited number of bacterial species are involved in the prebiotic activity, new data from community-wide microbiome analysis demonstrated a broader affect of the prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota. These new findings require a revision of the current definition. In addition, prebiotics may exert immunomodulatory effects through microbiota-independent mechanisms that will require future investigations involving germ-free animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosica Valcheva
- Department of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
| | - Levinus A Dieleman
- Department of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
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24
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Xiao J, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Gut Function-Enhancing Properties and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Indigestible Sugars in Rodents and Rabbits. Nutrients 2015; 7:8348-65. [PMID: 26426045 PMCID: PMC4632417 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigestible sugars (iS) have received particular interest in food and nutrition research due to their prebiotic properties and other health benefits in humans and animals. The main aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding digestive and health-enhancing properties of iS such as sugar alcohols, oligosacharides, and polysaccharides, in rodents and rabbits. Besides ameliorating gut health, iS ingestion also elicits laxative effects and stimulate intestinal permeability and fluid secretions, thereby shortening digesta transit time and increasing stool mass and quality. In rodents and rabbits, as hindgut fermenters, consumption of iS leads to an improved nutrient digestibility, too. Cecal fermentation of iS reduces luminal pH and extends wall tissue facilitating absorption of key dietary minerals across hindgut. The microbial fermentation of iS also enhances excessive blood nitrogen (N) flowing into the cecum to be used as N source for bacterial growth, enhancing N retention in cecotrophic animals. This review also highlights the impact of iS on improving lipid metabolism, mainly by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. The paper serves as an index of the current knowledge of iS effects in rodents and rabbits and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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Effects of prebiotic supplementation on the expression of proteins regulating iron absorption in anaemic growing rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:901-8. [PMID: 25745840 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics may increase intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic growing rats. The present study evaluated the effects of high-performance (HP) inulin and oligofructose on factors that regulate Fe absorption in anaemic rats during the growth phase. Male Wistar rats aged 21 d of age were fed AIN-93G ration without Fe for 2 weeks to induce Fe-deficiency anaemia. The rats were fed on day 35 a control diet, or a diet with 10 % HP inulin, or a diet with 10 % oligofructose, without Fe supplementation. The animals were euthanised after 2 weeks, and segments of the duodenum, caecum, colon and liver were removed. The expression levels of proteins in the intestinal segments were assessed using Western blotting. The levels of serum, urine and liver hepcidin and the concentrations of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α in the caecum, colon and liver were measured using the ELISA test. HP inulin increased the expression of the divalent metal transporter 1 protein in the caecum by 162 % (P= 0·04), and the expression of duodenal cytochrome b reductase in the colon by 136 % (P= 0·02). Oligofructose decreased the expression of the protein ferroportin in the duodenum (P= 0·02), the concentrations of IL-10 (P= 0·044), IL-6 (P= 0·036) and TNF-α (P= 0·004) in the caecum, as well as the level of urinary hepcidin (P< 0·001). These results indicate that prebiotics may interfere with the expression of various intestinal proteins and systemic factors involved in the regulation of intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic rats during the growth phase.
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Kortman GAM, Raffatellu M, Swinkels DW, Tjalsma H. Nutritional iron turned inside out: intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1202-34. [PMID: 25205464 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is abundantly present on earth, essential for most microorganisms and crucial for human health. Human iron deficiency that is nevertheless highly prevalent in developing regions of the world can be effectively treated by oral iron administration. Accumulating evidence indicates that excess of unabsorbed iron that enters the colonic lumen causes unwanted side effects at the intestinal host-microbiota interface. The chemical properties of iron, the luminal environment and host iron withdrawal mechanisms, especially during inflammation, can turn the intestine in a rather stressful milieu. Certain pathogenic enteric bacteria can, however, deal with this stress at the expense of other members of the gut microbiota, while their virulence also seems to be stimulated in an iron-rich intestinal environment. This review covers the multifaceted aspects of nutritional iron stress with respect to growth, composition, metabolism and pathogenicity of the gut microbiota in relation to human health. We aim to present an unpreceded view on the dynamic effects and impact of oral iron administration on intestinal host-microbiota interactions to provide leads for future research and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus A M Kortman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) of the Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1286-95. [PMID: 25192308 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay. Male Wistar rats (n 64) were fed adequate or low (8 mg/kg) Fe diets for 15 d followed by 1 or 2 weeks of Fe repletion with diets providing 35 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate (FS), FP or FP that was mixed with 7·5% FOS in the form of yacon flour or Raftilose P95 (RAF), a purified source of FOS. The effects of FOS were observed within the 1st week of the repletion period. Fe bioavailability was improved by FOS supplementation, as measured by Hb regeneration efficiency and hepatic Fe stores, which were more pronounced in the RAF group. Moreover, RAF supplementation resulted in a higher biological value relative to that of the FP group. FOS supplementation resulted in caecal enlargement, in addition to acidification and Fe species redistribution in the caecal contents relative to the control rats. These effects occurred concomitantly with decreased ferroportin (FPN)-1 expression in the caecal mucosa, which was similar in magnitude to that observed in the FS group. Caecum mucosal morphometry was influenced by FOS supplementation, whereas crypt fission and cell proliferation were highest in the caecum of the RAF group. These results reinforce the effects of FOS as Fe bioavailability enhancers in anaemic rats that are sustained by early changes in their caecal environment (decreased mucosal FPN-1 expression and increased Fe absorbability, crypt fission and cellularity).
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Laparra JM, Díez-Municio M, Herrero M, Moreno FJ. Structural differences of prebiotic oligosaccharides influence their capability to enhance iron absorption in deficient rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:2430-7. [PMID: 25109275 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of novel galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (GOS-Lu), kojibiose or 4'-galactosyl-kojibiose in hematological parameters of Fe homeostasis using Fe-deficient animals. Liver TfR-2, IL-6, NFκB and PPAR-γ expression (mRNA) were also determined by RT-qPCR analyses, and active hepcidin peptide production and short chain fatty acids by LC coupled to MS/MS or UV detection. Feeding animals with GOS-Lu or kojibiose together with FeCl3 increased hemoglobin (Hb) production (by 17%) and mean Hb concentration into erythrocytes relative to animals administered with FeCl3 alone (14.1% and 19.7%, respectively). Animals administered with prebiotics showed decreased plasmatic hepcidin levels, contributing to a higher intestinal absorption of the micronutrient. These data indicate that concurrent administration of these potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides together with a supplement of Fe ameliorates inflammation-mediated perturbations in the liver, according to the particular structure of the prebiotic compound, and result an attractive strategy to improve Fe absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Moisés Laparra
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Tako E, Glahn RP, Knez M, Stangoulis JC. The effect of wheat prebiotics on the gut bacterial population and iron status of iron deficient broiler chickens. Nutr J 2014; 13:58. [PMID: 24924421 PMCID: PMC4065312 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a lot of interest in improving gut health, and consequently increasing Fe absorption, by managing the colonic microbial population. This is traditionally done by the consumption of probiotics, live microbial food supplements. However, an alternative, and often very effective approach, is the consumption of food ingredients known as prebiotics. Fructans and arabinoxylans are naturally occurring non-digestible oligosaccharides in wheat that exhibit prebiotic properties and may enhance intestinal iron (Fe) absorption. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of prebiotics from wheat on Fe bioavailability in vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (broiler chickens, Gallus gallus). METHODS In the current study, the effect of intra-amniotic administration of wheat samples extracts at 17 d of embryonic incubation on the Fe status and possible changes in the bacterial population in intestinal content of broiler hatchlings were investigated. A group of 144 eggs were injected with the specified solution (1 ml per egg) into the amniotic fluid. Immediately after hatch (21 d) and from each treatment group, 10 chicks were euthanized and their small intestine, liver and cecum were removed for relative mRNA abundance of intestinal Fe related transporters, relative liver ferritin amounts and bacterial analysis of cecal content, respectively. RESULTS The in vivo results are in agreement with the in vitro observations, showing no differences in the hatchling Fe status between the treatment groups, as Fe bioavailability was not increased in vitro and no significant differences were measured in the intestinal expression of DMT1, Ferroportin and DcytB in vivo. However, there was significant variation in relative amounts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the intestinal content between the treatments groups, with generally more bifidobacteria being produced with increased prebiotic content. CONCLUSIONS In this study we showed that prebiotics naturally found in wheat grains/bread products significantly increased intestinal beneficial bacterial population in Fe deficient broiler chickens. With this short-term feeding trial we were not able to show differences in the Fe-status of broilers. Nevertheless, the increase in relative amounts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the presence of wheat prebiotics is an important finding as these bacterial populations may affect Fe bioavailability in long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Knez
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Microbial enzymatic production and applications of short-chain fructooligosaccharides and inulooligosaccharides: recent advances and current perspectives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:893-906. [PMID: 24793124 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulooligosaccharides is expanding rapidly due to the pharmaceutical importance of these compounds. These compounds, concisely termed prebiotics, have biofunctional properties and hence health benefits if consumed in recommended dosages. Prebiotics can be produced enzymatically from sucrose elongation or via enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin by exoinulinases and endoinulinases acting alone or synergistically. Exoinulinases cleave the non-reducing β-(2, 1) end of inulin-releasing fructose while endoinulinases act on the internal linkages randomly to release inulotrioses (F3), inulotetraoses (F4) and inulopentaoses (F5) as major products. Fructosyltransferases act by cleaving a sucrose molecule and then transferring the liberated fructose molecule to an acceptor molecule such as sucrose or another oligosaccharide to elongate the short-chain fructooligosaccharide. The FOS produced by the action of fructosyltransferases are 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4). The production of high yields of oligosaccharides of specific chain length from simple raw materials such as inulin and sucrose is a technical challenge. This paper critically explores recent research trends in the production and application of short-chain oligosaccharides. Inulin and enzyme sources for the production of prebiotics are discussed. The mechanism of FOS chain elongation and also the health benefits associated with prebiotics consumption are discussed in detail.
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