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Dehnavi Z, Barghchi H, Esfehani AJ, Barati M, Khorasanchi Z, Farsi F, Ostad AN, Ranjbar G, Rezvani R, Gorgani MR, Safarian M. Animal and plant-based proteins have different postprandial effects on energy expenditure, glycemia, insulinemia, and lipemia: A review of controlled clinical trials. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4398-4408. [PMID: 37576026 PMCID: PMC10420774 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins have been shown to stimulate thermogenesis, increase satiety, and improve insulin sensitivity in the short and long term. Animal-based proteins (AP) and plant-based proteins (PP) have different amino acid profiles, bioavailability, and digestibility, so it seems to have various short- and long-term effects on metabolic responses. This review aimed to compare the findings of controlled clinical trials on postprandial effects of dietary Aps versus PPs on energy expenditure (EE), lipemia, glycemia, and insulinemia. Data are inconclusive regarding the postprandial effects of APs and PPs. However, there is some evidence indicating that APs increase postprandial EE, DIT, and SO more than PPs. With lipemia and glycemia, most studies showed that APs reduce or delay postprandial glycemia and lipemia and increase insulinemia more than PPs. The difference in amino acid composition, digestion and absorption rate, and gastric emptying rate between APs and PPs explains this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dehnavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory SciencesNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Zahra Khorasanchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Farima Farsi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)MashhadIran
| | | | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mitra Rezaie Gorgani
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research CentreMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Smedegaard S, Kampmann U, Ovesen PG, Støvring H, Rittig N. Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:391-405. [PMID: 37536867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serving whey protein before a meal in order to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations is known as a premeal. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood but may involve stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and insulin secretion together with a slower gastric emptying rate. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review all randomized clinical trials investigating premeals with whey protein in comparison with a nonactive comparator (control) that evaluated plasma glucose, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and/or gastric emptying rate. Secondary aims included subgroup analyses on the timing and dose of the premeal together with the metabolic state of the participants [lean, obese, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)]. METHODS We searched EMBASE, CENTRAL, PUBMED, and clinicaltrials.gov and found 16 randomized crossover trials with a total of 244 individuals. The last search was performed on 9 August, 2022. RESULTS Whey protein premeals lowered peak glucose concentration by -1.4 mmol/L [-1.9 mmol/L; -0.9 mmol/L], and the area under the curve for glucose was -0.9 standard deviation (SD) [-1.2 SD; -0.6 SD] compared with controls (high certainty). In association with these findings, whey protein premeals elevated GLP-1 (low certainty) and peak insulin (high certainty) concentrations and slowed gastric emptying rate (high certainty) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed a more pronounced and prolonged glucose-lowering effect in individuals with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM. The available evidence did not elucidate the role of GIP. The protein dose used varied between 4 and 55 g, and meta-regression analysis showed that the protein dose correlated with the glucose-lowering effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, whey protein premeals lower postprandial blood glucose, reduce gastric emptying rate, and increase peak insulin. In addition, whey protein premeals may elevate plasma concentrations of GLP-1. Whey protein premeals may possess clinical potential, but the long-term effects await future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Smedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per G Ovesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Targeted hydrolysis of native potato protein: A novel workflow for obtaining hydrolysates with improved interfacial properties. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gheldof N, Francey C, Rytz A, Egli L, Delodder F, Bovetto L, Piccardi N, Darimont C. Effect of Different Nutritional Supplements on Glucose Response of Complete Meals in Two Crossover Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132674. [PMID: 35807854 PMCID: PMC9268658 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an important risk factor in the development and progression of type-2 diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, maintaining a low postprandial glucose response is key in preventing these diseases. Carbohydrate-rich meals are the main drivers of excessive glycemic excursions during the day. The consumption of whey protein premeals or mulberry leaf extract was reported to reduce postprandial glycemia through different mechanisms of action. The efficacy of these interventions was shown to be affected by the timing of the consumption or product characteristics. Two randomised crossover studies were performed, aiming to identify the optimal conditions to improve the efficacy of these nutritional supplements in reducing a glycemic response. The acute postprandial glycemic response was monitored with a continuous glucose monitoring device. The first study revealed that a preparation featuring 10 g of whey protein microgel reduced the postprandial glucose response by up to 30% (p = 0.001) and was more efficient than the whey protein isolates, independently of whether the preparation was ingested 30 or 10 min before a complete 320 kcal breakfast. The second study revealed that a preparation featuring 250 mg mulberry leaf extract was more efficient if it was taken together with a complete 510 kcal meal (−34%, p < 0.001) rather than ingested 5 min before (−26%, p = 0.002). These findings demonstrate that the efficacy of whey proteins premeal and mulberry leaf extracts can be optimised to provide potential nutritional solutions to lower the risk of type-2 diabetes or its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Gheldof
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.G.); (C.F.); (L.E.)
| | - Celia Francey
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.G.); (C.F.); (L.E.)
| | - Andreas Rytz
- Nestlé Research, Clinical Research Unit, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (F.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Léonie Egli
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.G.); (C.F.); (L.E.)
| | - Frederik Delodder
- Nestlé Research, Clinical Research Unit, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (F.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Lionel Bovetto
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Material Science, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Nathalie Piccardi
- Nestlé Research, Clinical Research Unit, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.R.); (F.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Christian Darimont
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.G.); (C.F.); (L.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Smith K, Bowden Davies KA, Stevenson EJ, West DJ. The Clinical Application of Mealtime Whey Protein for the Treatment of Postprandial Hyperglycaemia for People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Long Whey to Go. Front Nutr 2020; 7:587843. [PMID: 33195375 PMCID: PMC7607659 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.587843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigating postprandial hyperglycaemic excursions may be effective in not only enhancing glycaemic control for people with type 2 diabetes but also reducing the onset of diabetes-related complications. However, there are growing concerns over the long-term efficacy of anti-hyperglycaemic pharmacotherapies, which coupled with their rising financial costs, underlines the need for further non-pharmaceutical treatments to regulate postprandial glycaemic excursions. One promising strategy that acutely improves postprandial glycaemia for people with type 2 diabetes is through the provision of mealtime whey protein, owing to the slowing of gastric emptying and increased secretion of insulin and the incretin peptides. The magnitude of this effect appears greater when whey protein is consumed before, rather than with, a meal. Herein, this dietary tool may offer a simple and inexpensive strategy in the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia for people with type 2 diabetes. However, there are insufficient long-term studies that have investigated the use of mealtime whey protein as a treatment option for individuals with type 2 diabetes. The methodological approaches applied in acute studies and outcomes reported may also not portray what is achievable long-term in practice. Therefore, studies are needed to refine the application of this mealtime strategy to maximize its clinical potential to treat hyperglycaemia and to apply these long-term to address key components of successful diabetes care. This review discusses evidence surrounding the provision of mealtime whey protein to treat postprandial hyperglycaemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes and highlights areas to help facilitate its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Smith
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Bowden Davies
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Allerton DM, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:999-1011. [PMID: 32572617 PMCID: PMC7900064 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Methods Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake. Results During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males. Trial registration number NCT02714309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Allerton
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Pre-meal protein intake alters postprandial plasma metabolome in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1881-1894. [PMID: 31280343 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect on the postprandial plasma metabolome of protein pre-meals before a fat-rich main meal. METHODS Two randomized, cross-over meal studies were conducted to test the dose-response effect (0 g, 10 g, 20 g) of a pre-meal with whey protein (WP) (PREMEAL I), and the effect of protein quality (10 g WP, casein, or gluten) and timing (- 15 min vs - 30 min) of the pre-meal (PREMEAL II). Participants with metabolic syndrome received one of the test meals on each test day, - 15 min (or - 30 min) prior to a standardized fat-rich breakfast. Plasma samples were collected at - 15 min (or - 30 min), 0, 120, 240 a nd 360 min and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an untargeted method. RESULTS Pre-meal WP intake elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), aromatic amino acids and methionine and decreased plasma LPC (16:0) and PC (32:1) levels before the main meal. Early (- 15 to 0 min) aromatic amino acids and BCAA in response to pre-meal WP partially predict the glucose and insulin response after the main meal. A pre-meal with WP altered the postprandial plasma metabolic pattern of acyl-carnitines, specific PCs, LPCs and LPEs, betaine, citric acid, linoleic acid, and β-hydroxypalmitic acid compared to no pre-meal. The casein and WP pre-meals exhibited similar postprandial amino acid responses whereas a pre-meal with gluten resulted in lower levels of plasma amino acids and its metabolites. CONCLUSION A pre-meal with protein affects the postprandial metabolic pattern indicating facilitated glucose and lipid disposal from plasma in participants with metabolic syndrome.
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Desmarchelier C, Borel P, Lairon D, Maraninchi M, Valéro R. Effect of Nutrient and Micronutrient Intake on Chylomicron Production and Postprandial Lipemia. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1299. [PMID: 31181761 PMCID: PMC6627366 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia, which is one of the main characteristics of the atherogenic dyslipidemia with fasting plasma hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase of small and dense low-density lipoproteins is now considered a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Postprandial lipemia, which is mainly related to the increase in chylomicron production, is frequently elevated in individuals at high cardiovascular risk such as obese or overweight patients, type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with a metabolic syndrome who share an insulin resistant state. It is now well known that chylomicron production and thus postprandial lipemia is highly regulated by many factors such as endogenous factors: circulating factors such as hormones or free fatty acids, genetic variants, circadian rhythms, or exogenous factors: food components, dietary supplements and prescription drugs. In this review, we focused on the effect of nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals but also on food structure on chylomicron production and postprandial lipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Desmarchelier
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Patrick Borel
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Denis Lairon
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Maraninchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - René Valéro
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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