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Martins N, Moutinho S, Magalhães R, Pousão-Ferreira P, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H, Castro C. Oleic acid as modulator of oxidative stress in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed high dietary lipid levels. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110929. [PMID: 38061580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the benefits of oleic acid (OA) have been established in mammals, its effects on fish remain understudied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of OA in the liver, intestine, and muscle of European sea bass juveniles fed diets containing different lipid levels. For that purpose, six diets with 16 or 22% lipids and 0, 1, and 2% OA were formulated and triplicate groups of European sea bass juveniles (21.4 g) were fed with these experimental diets for 9 weeks. Increasing dietary lipid levels or OA supplementation did not affect antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and muscle. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the intestine increased with both the dietary lipid and OA levels, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity increased only with dietary OA supplementation. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione (tGSH) content were higher in the liver and intestine of fish fed the low-lipid diets, while in the high-lipid diets it was lower in the muscle than in the liver and intestine. Present findings suggest that OA plays a role in the antioxidant defense mechanisms of European sea bass, particularly at the intestine level, but additional research is required to further assess the potential benefits of incorporating OA into the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289; 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sara Moutinho
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289; 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rui Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289; 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289; 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289; 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carolina Castro
- FLATLANTIC - Atividades Piscícolas, S.A. - Rua dos Aceiros s/n, 3070-732 Praia de Mira, Portugal
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High Lipid Content of Prey Fish and n−3 PUFA Peroxidation Impair the Thiamine Status of Feeding-Migrating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Is Reflected in Hepatic Biochemical Indices. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040526. [PMID: 35454115 PMCID: PMC9031544 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signs of impaired thiamine (vitamin B1) status in feeding-migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied in three Baltic Sea areas, which differ in the proportion and nutritional composition of prey fish sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus). The concentration of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFAs) increased in salmon with dietary lipids and n−3 PUFAs, and the hepatic peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased exponentially with increasing n−3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) concentration, whereas hepatic total thiamine concentration, a sensitive indicator of thiamine status, decreased with the increase in both body lipid and n−3 PUFA or DHA concentration. The hepatic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was suppressed by high dietary lipids. In salmon muscle and in prey fish, the proportion of thiamine pyrophosphate increased, and that of free thiamine decreased, with increasing body lipid content or PUFAs, or merely DHA. The thiamine status of salmon was impaired mainly due to the peroxidation of n−3 PUFAs, whereas lipids as a source of metabolic energy had less effect. Organochlorines or general oxidative stress did not affect the thiamine status. The amount of lipids, and, specifically, their long-chain n−3 PUFAs, are thus responsible for generating thiamine deficiency, and not a prey fish species per se.
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Interaction between the Effects of Sustained Swimming Activity and Dietary Macronutrient Proportions on the Redox Status of Gilthead Sea Bream Juveniles (Sparus aurata L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020319. [PMID: 35204202 PMCID: PMC8868478 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of physical exercise and a balanced diet presents substantial health benefits and could improve fish production. However, the redox balance can be affected by training regimen, dietary macronutrient ratio and their interaction. In this study, we conjointly evaluated the effects of physical activity (by voluntary swimming (VS) or sustained swimming as exercise (Ex)) and diet composition (by high-protein (HP) or high-lipid (HE) commercial diets) after 6 weeks on oxidative stress status in liver, white muscle and red muscle of gilthead sea bream juveniles. The HE diet increased the biochemical redox markers’ thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and reduced thiols (-SH) in the different tissues. Exercise increased AOPP and -SH levels in liver but reduced TBARS levels in white muscle. Regarding the expression of oxidative stress, chaperones and apoptosis-related genes, the VSHE group showed the highest values and the VSHP the lowest, whereas the application of sustained swimming partially equalized those differences. Diet composition modulated the enzyme activity, prioritizing the superoxide dismutase and catalase in the HE-fed groups and the glutathione-related enzymes in the HP groups. Exercise also altered enzyme activity, but in a tissue-dependent manner. Overall, the redox balance in gilthead sea bream juveniles can be affected by diet composition and sustained swimming. However, the response will partly depend on the interaction between these factors and the tissue studied. Therefore, the combination of an adequate diet and sustained exercise could be used in fish production to improve the physiological redox status.
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Magalhães R, Guerreiro I, Santos RA, Coutinho F, Couto A, Serra CR, Olsen RE, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A. Oxidative status and intestinal health of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed diets with different ARA/EPA/DHA ratios. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13824. [PMID: 32796880 PMCID: PMC7427802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work assessed the effects of dietary ratios of essential fatty acids, arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on liver and intestine oxidative status, intestinal histomorphology and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream. Four isoproteic and isolipidic plant-based diets were formulated containing a vegetable oil blend as the main lipid source. Diets were supplemented with ARA/EPA/DHA levels (%DM) equivalent to: 2%:0.2%:0.1% (Diet A); 1.0%:0.4%:0.4% (Diet B); 0%:0.6%:0.6% (Diet C); 0%:0.3%:1.5% (Diet D) and tested in triplicate groups for 56 days. Lipid peroxidation was higher in fish fed diets C and D while no differences were reported between diets regarding total, oxidized, and reduced glutathione, and oxidative stress index. Glutathione reductase was higher in fish fed diet A than diets C and D. No histological alterations were observed in the distal intestine. Lower microbiota diversity was observed in intestinal mucosa of fish fed diet C than A, while diets C and D enabled the proliferation of health-promoting bacteria from Bacteroidetes phylum (Asinibacterium sp.) and the absence of pathogenic species like Edwardsiella tarda. Overall, results suggest that a balance between dietary ARA/EPA + DHA promotes gilthead sea bream juveniles' health however higher dietary content of n-3 LC-PUFA might limited the presence of microbial pathogens in intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Magalhães
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - I Guerreiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - R A Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Coutinho
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Couto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - C R Serra
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - R E Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - H Peres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Oliva-Teles
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Universidade do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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Taj S, Irm M, Jin M, Yuan Y, Andriamialinirina HJT, Zhou Q. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate to Lipid Ratios on Growth Performance, Muscle Fatty Acid Composition, and Intermediary Metabolism in Juvenile Black Seabream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Front Physiol 2020; 11:507. [PMID: 32581826 PMCID: PMC7283952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and intermediary metabolism in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (48.0% crude protein and 18.0 MJ kg-1 gross energy) were formulated to contain different CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.33 to 3.75. Triplicate groups of 20 fish averaging 0.51 ± 0.01 g were fed with experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. The results indicated that final body weight (FBW), percentage weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influenced by the dietary CHO:L ratios (p < 0.05). The highest FBW, PWG, and SGR were observed in fish fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 1.36 (p < 0.05). A two-slope broken-line regression analysis based on PWG indicated that the optimal dietary CHO:L is 1.08. Lipid content in the whole body decreased, and glycogen concentration in the liver increased with the increase of dietary CHO:L ratios from 0.33 to 3.75 (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between muscle fatty acid composition and dietary fatty acid composition. The relative expression levels of genes involved in glucose metabolism, such as gk, pepck, and glut2 were upregulated by increasing the dietary CHO:L ratio. Also, the mRNA expression level of genes related to lipid synthesis, such as fas and accα were significantly upregulated with dietary CHO:L ratios increasing from 0.33 to 3.75. The highest expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, such as cpt1 and acox1, were observed in fish fed the 1.36 CHO:L ratio diet. The gene expression of Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (fads2) in the liver significantly increased with increase of dietary CHO:L ratios from 0.33 to 3.75. Fish fed the diet with CHO:L ratios of 2.26 and 3.75 had lower expression levels of elovl5 than those fed the other diets. These results demonstrate that dietary optimal CHO:L ratios could improve PWG and SGR but also influence expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Based on the overall results, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio is 1.08 for black seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | | | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Keinänen M, Käkelä R, Ritvanen T, Pönni J, Harjunpää H, Myllylä T, Vuorinen PJ. Fatty acid signatures connect thiamine deficiency with the diet of the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) feeding in the Baltic Sea. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:161. [PMID: 30369636 PMCID: PMC6182616 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in salmonids related to a lipid-rich fish diet causes offspring mortality in the yolk-sac fry phase. A low free thiamine (THIAM) concentration in eggs is an indication of this syndrome. Thiamine deficiency of salmon (Salmo salar) feeding in the Baltic Sea, called M74, was connected to the principal prey fish and feeding area using fatty acid (FA) signature analysis. The FAs of feeding salmon from two areas of the Baltic Sea, the Baltic Proper (57°10' 19°30') and the Bothnian Sea (61°30' 20°00') in 2004, reflected the principal prey species in these areas, sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus), respectively. Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and 18:1n-7 indicated dietary herring, 18:1n-9 dietary sprat and 14:0 feeding in the Baltic Proper. The muscle FA profile of non-M74 female spawners of the River Simojoki in a year (1998) with a moderate M74 incidence and salmon of a non-M74 year (2004) reflected herring FAs, whereas the FAs in the M74 year and specifically in M74 females displayed characteristics of sprat. In the M74 year, the THIAM concentration had the strongest positive correlation with the proportion of muscle ARA, and the strongest negative correlations with 14:0 and the ratios 18:1n-9/ARA and 14:0/ARA. Thus, ARA along with 14:0 and these ratios were the most sensitive FA indicators of the dietary species and origin of the M74 syndrome. Despite the pre-spawning fasting, tissue FA signatures were consequently able to connect dietary sprat in the Baltic Proper with thiamine deficiency in Baltic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Keinänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Ritvanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pönni
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Harjunpää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Puuvillakuja 6, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland
| | - Timo Myllylä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 a, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka J. Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland
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Bandarra NM, Marçalo A, Cordeiro AR, Pousão-Ferreira P. Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) lipid composition: Does it change after one year in captivity? Food Chem 2018; 244:408-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Torniainen J, Kainz MJ, Jones RI, Keinänen M, Vuorinen PJ, Kiljunen M. Influence of the marine feeding area on the muscle and egg fatty-acid composition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spawners estimated from the scale stable isotopes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1717-1733. [PMID: 28101948 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids in muscle tissue and eggs of female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spawners were analysed to evaluate the dietary quality of their final feeding areas in the Baltic Sea. The final likely feeding area was identified by comparing stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of the outermost growth region (final annulus) of scales of returned S. salar with that of reference S. salar caught from different feeding areas. Some overlap of stable-isotope reference values among the three areas, in addition to prespawning fasting, decreased the ability of muscle tri-acylglycerols to discriminate the final likely feeding area and the area's dietary quality. Among three long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), the proportions of ARA in total lipids of spawning S. salar muscle and eggs showed a significant negative correlation with increasing probability of S. salar having returned from the Baltic Sea main basin (i.e. the Baltic Sea proper). The results suggest that ARA in muscle and eggs is the best dietary indicator for dietary characteristics of final marine feeding area dietary characteristics among S. salar in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Torniainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- University of Jyvaskyla, Natural History Museum, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - M J Kainz
- WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz, A-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - R I Jones
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - M Keinänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P. O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P. O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kiljunen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Dietary protein source affects the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was designed to explore the effect of protein source on muscle susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in two representative species of fish farmed for human consumption: the freshwater rainbow trout and the seawater European sea bass. Four isoproteic diets (digestible protein in the range 366 to 392 for rainbow trout and 391 to 415 g/kg for European sea bass) were formulated to contain one of the following as the main protein source: fish meal, warm water alcohol-extracted or toasted soya protein concentrates or maize gluten meal. Highest daily growth indices were always achieved using the diets based on fish meal as the main source of protein (P< 0·05). Fish of both species given diets containing maize gluten and the toasted soya protein concentrate showed slowest growth. The depressant growth effect of the vegetable protein concentrates was greater in sea bass than in rainbow trout. Dietary treatment was not correlated with any significant effect on whole-body composition or intramuscular fat content except for ash concentration in European sea bass. Under conditions of forced peroxidation in vitro for 240 min, muscle specimens of trout and sea bass given diets containing fish protein as the main source of protein showed the highest peroxidation levels (P< 0·05); while the lowest peroxidation values were found in fish given maize gluten-containing diets (P< 0·05). In the present case, the partial substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in diets led to a lower susceptibility of fish flesh to peroxidation. This finding may have applications in the production of fish of improved quality and longer shelf life.
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Furné M, García-Gallego M, Hidalgo MC, Sanz A. Effect of dietary macronutrient proportion on intermediate metabolism and oxidative status in sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): comparative study. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1237-1248. [PMID: 26970754 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three isoenergetic diets varying the proportion of dietary energy supplied by each of the macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) were delivered, to farmed sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to test the possible effects on the intermediate metabolism and oxidative status in liver, white muscle, and heart. In trout, there is an adaptive metabolic response to an increase in lipids and carbohydrates in the diet. However, this does not happen in the sturgeon. These differences may be due to different dietary habits of both species. In terms of oxidative status, only the liver displayed oxidative stress in both species, showing an increase in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities after feeding with the high-lipid and high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Furné
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - M García-Gallego
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - M C Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - A Sanz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by dietary carbohydrate levels and lipid sources in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:19-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600163x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe long-term effects on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites, liver and intestine glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed diets without carbohydrates (CH–) or carbohydrate-enriched (20 % gelatinised starch, CH+) combined with two lipid sources (fish oil; or vegetable oil (VO)). No differences in growth performance among treatments were observed. Carbohydrate intake was associated with increased hepatic transcripts of glucokinase but not of 6-phosphofructokinase. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was down-regulated by carbohydrate intake, whereas, unexpectedly, glucose 6-phosphatase was up-regulated. Lipogenic enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase) and ∆6 fatty acyl desaturase (FADS2) transcripts were increased in liver of fish fed CH+ diets, supporting an enhanced potential for lipogenesis and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Despite the lower hepatic cholesterol content in CH+ groups, no influence on the expression of genes related to cholesterol efflux (ATP-binding cassette G5) and biosynthesis (lanosterol 14α-demethylase, cytochrome P450 51 cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51A1); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) was recorded at the hepatic level. At the intestinal level, however, induction of CYP51A1 transcripts by carbohydrate intake was recorded. Dietary VO led to decreased plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations but not on the transcripts of proteins involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) and cholesterol metabolism at intestinal and hepatic levels. Hepatic and muscular fatty acid profiles reflected that of diets, despite the up-regulation ofFADS2transcripts. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis, whereas effects of dietary lipid source were mostly related with tissue fatty acid composition, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, and LC-PUFA biosynthesis regulation. Interactions between dietary macronutrients induced modifications in tissue lipid and glycogen content.
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12
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Dietary carbohydrate and lipid sources affect differently the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1584-93. [PMID: 26365262 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid source and carbohydrate content on the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. For that purpose, four diets were formulated with fish oil (FO) and vegetable oils (VO) as the lipid source and with 20 or 0 % gelatinised starch as the carbohydrate source, in a 2×2 factorial design. Liver and intestine antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)), hepatic and intestinal lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as hepatic oxidative stress index (OSI), were measured in fish fed the experimental diets for 73 d (n 9 fish/diet). Carbohydrate-rich diets promoted a decrease in hepatic LPO and OSI, whereas the lipid source induced no changes. Inversely, dietary lipid source, but not dietary carbohydrate concentration, affected LPO in the intestine. Lower intestinal LPO was observed in VO groups. Enzymes responsive to dietary treatments were GR, G6PD and CAT in the liver and GR and GPX in the intestine. Dietary carbohydrate induced GR and G6PD activities and depressed CAT activity in the liver. GPX and GR activities were increased in the intestine of fish fed VO diets. Overall, effects of diet composition on oxidative status were tissue-related: the liver and intestine were strongly responsive to dietary carbohydrates and lipid sources, respectively. Furthermore, different metabolic routes were more active to deal with the oxidative stress in the two organs studied.
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Nutrient content in the muscle and skin of fillets from farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chem 2015; 174:614-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fatty Acid Composition and ω3/ω6 Ratios in the Muscle of Wild and Reared Oncorhynchus mykiss. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Saravanan S, Geurden I, Figueiredo-Silva AC, Kaushik S, Verreth J, Schrama JW. Voluntary feed intake in rainbow trout is regulated by diet-induced differences in oxygen use. J Nutr 2013; 143:781-7. [PMID: 23616505 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that the voluntary feed intake in fish is regulated by diet-induced differences in oxygen use. Four diets were prepared with a similar digestible protein:digestible energy ratio (18 mg/kJ), but which differed in the composition of nonprotein energy source. This replacement of fat (F) by starch (S) was intended to create a diet-induced difference in oxygen use (per unit of feed): diets F30-S70, F50-S50, F65-S35, and F80-S20 with digestible fat providing 28, 49, 65, and 81% of the nonprotein digestible energy (NPDE), respectively. Each diet was fed to satiation to triplicate groups of 20 rainbow trout for 6 wk. As expected, diet-induced oxygen use decreased linearly (R(2) = 0.89; P < 0.001) with increasing NPDE as fat. The digestible and metabolizable energy intakes of trout slightly increased with increasing NPDE as fat (i.e., decreasing starch content) (R(2) = 0.30, P = 0.08; and R(2) = 0.34, P = 0.05, respectively). Oxygen consumption of trout fed to satiation declined with increasing dietary NPDE as fat (R(2) = 0.48; P = 0.01). The inverse relation between digestible energy intake of trout and the diet-induced oxygen use (R(2) = 0.33; P = 0.05) suggests a possible role of diet-induced oxygen use in feed intake regulation as shown by the replacement of dietary fat by starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Saravanan
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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High-fat diets rich in ω-3 or ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have distinct effects on lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation in mice selected for either high body weight or leanness. Nutrition 2013; 29:765-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Castro C, Pérez-Jiménez A, Guerreiro I, Peres H, Castro-Cunha M, Oliva-Teles A. Effects of temperature and dietary protein level on hepatic oxidative status of Senegalese sole juveniles (Solea senegalensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:372-8. [PMID: 22841605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of 55 and 45% dietary protein levels (55P and 45P diets, respectively) and temperature (12 and 18 °C) on hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of Solea senegalensis juveniles were studied. Further, effects of acute thermal shocks provoked by a drop (18 °C to 12 °C) or a rise (12 °C to 18 °C) of water temperature on sole oxidative state was also evaluated. Dietary protein reduction increased LPO levels though no major alterations were found on antioxidant enzyme activities between dietary treatments. At 12 °C GR activity was higher and SOD activity was lower than 18 °C but LPO levels were not affected. In both thermal shock cases, LPO levels increased in 55P group, probably due to insufficient antioxidant enzyme activation. In contrast, fish of 45P group under acute exposition to warmer and colder temperature exhibited no substantial changes and a significant decrease on LPO levels, respectively, along with no major changes in antioxidant enzymes. Overall, results suggest that independently of rearing temperatures 45P group was more susceptible to oxidative stress than 55P group. Thermal shock either due to rise or drop of temperature seemed to induce oxidative stress in 55P group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Evaluation of Fermented Mixture Containing Fish Offal Meal in Compound Diets for the Freshwater Catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-011-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Médale F. Pratiques d’élevage et qualité nutritionnelle des lipides des poissons. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Huang J, Tian L, Wu X, Yang H, Liu Y. Effects of dietary riboflavin levels on antioxidant defense of the juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:55-62. [PMID: 18979218 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary riboflavin on antioxidant defense in the juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides. Graded levels of riboflavin (0.9, 1.6, 4.4, 6.7, 12.9 and 19.4 mg kg(-1) dry diet) were fed to grouper juveniles (mean weight: 14.90 +/- 0.46 g) for 12 weeks. Higher levels of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content were observed in grouper fed low doses (0.9 and 1.6 mg kg(-1) diet) of riboflavin. Both liver glutathione reductase (GR) activity and its activation coefficient (GR-AC) poorly responded to riboflavin deficiency. In addition, other indices of the glutathione-dependent defense system, including the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the content of glutathione (GSH), were also non-significantly affected by dietary riboflavin levels. However, the activities of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly lower in fish fed 0.9 mg kg(-1) diet, with a positive correlation between the different groups. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the juvenile grouper fed the riboflavin-unsupplemented diet was susceptible to lipid peroxidation (LPO), with lower SOD and CAT activities in the liver. However, the glutathione-dependent defense system of grouper was not affected by dietary riboflavin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwa Huang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Pérez-Jiménez A, Hidalgo MC, Morales AE, Arizcun M, Abellán E, Cardenete G. Antioxidant enzymatic defenses and oxidative damage in Dentex dentex fed on different dietary macronutrient levels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:537-45. [PMID: 19664720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of antioxidant mechanisms are present in fish maintaining an adequate "oxidative balance". When this balance tilts in favor of the oxidant agents "oxidative stress" arises with detrimental effects in molecules of great biological importance. Little has been reported about the influence of different dietary energy sources on antioxidant defenses in fish. The influence of different dietary macronutrient combinations on the key antioxidant enzyme activity, the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and the possible modifications in the SOD isoenzymatic pattern were evaluated in liver, white muscle, heart and erythrocytes of common dentex (Dentex dentex). Four experimental diets with different protein:lipid:carbohydrate ratios (43/16/28; 43/24/4; 38/19/28 and 38/24/13) were formulated. In general, neither different dietary macronutrient levels nor the interaction among them induces substantial modifications in enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. Two constitutive SOD isoforms, CuZn-SOD I and Mn-SOD, were detected in the tissues analyzed in all experimental groups, independently of diet formulation, but, a third SOD isoenzyme, CuZn-SOD II seems to be induced in white muscle by higher dietary protein levels. Densitometric analyses of western blotting membranes revealed higher CuZn-SOD expression in the heart of dentex fed on lower dietary protein levels, although these differences did not correlate with the SOD activity. Finally, a direct relation exists between the lipid or protein intake level and occurrence of oxidative damage in different tissue components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pérez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Makol A, Torrecillas S, Fernández-Vaquero A, Robaina L, Montero D, Caballero MJ, Tort L, Izquierdo M. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on dietary lipids utilization, liver morphology and selected immune parameters in sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:179-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Sharma P, Chettri JK, Sinha AK. Non-gelatinized starch influences the deposition of n-3 fatty acids in the muscle of a tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:659-68. [PMID: 19178607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the influence of gelatinized (G) to non-gelatinized (NG) starch ratio in the diet on fatty acids profiles and oxidative status in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred and thirty-four fingerlings (average weight: 2.53 g) were distributed in six treatment groups with each of three replicates. Six semi-purified diets either containing NG and/or G corn starch (42.43%) viz., T(1) (100% NG and 0% G starch), T(2) (80% NG and 20% G starch), T(3) (60% NG and 40% G starch), T(4) (40% NG and 60% G starch), T(5) (20% NG and 80% G starch) and T(6) (0% NG and 100% G starch) was fed to respective groups. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and malic enzyme activities decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch, whereas reverse trend was found for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Total saturated fatty acids in muscle increased with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Total n-3 fatty acids decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Among the n-3 fatty acids, linolenic acids content was more in NG starch fed group. Similarly, eicosapentaenoic acid contents gradually decreased with increasing level of G starch content. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in G starch fed group. This suggests that dietary starch type may be manipulated for quality improvement of fish flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Aquaculture System and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Crockett EL. The cold but not hard fats in ectotherms: consequences of lipid restructuring on susceptibility of biological membranes to peroxidation, a review. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:795-809. [PMID: 18506451 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species is a regular feature of life in the presence of oxygen. Some reactive oxygen species possess sufficient energy to initiate lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, self-propagating reactions with the potential to damage membranes by altering their physical properties and ultimately their function. Two of the most prominent patterns of lipid restructuring in membranes of ectotherms involve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ratios of the abundant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine are particularly vulnerable to oxidation, it is likely that higher contents of these lipids at low body temperature elevate the inherent susceptibility of membranes to lipid peroxidation. Although membranes from animals living at low body temperatures may be more prone to oxidation, the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation are sensitive to temperature. These scenarios raise the possibility that membrane susceptibility to lipid peroxidation is conserved at physiological temperatures. Reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine may protect membranes at warm temperatures from deleterious oxidations when rates of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation are relatively high. At low temperatures, enhanced susceptibility may ensure sufficient lipid peroxidation for cellular processes that require lipid oxidation products.
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Chen YC, Nguyen J, Semmens K, Beamer S, Jaczynski J. Effects of dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate on lipid oxidation and alpha-tocopherol content of novel omega-3-enhanced farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Daza A, Rey A, Menoyo D, Bautista J, Olivares A, López-Bote C. Effect of level of feed restriction during growth and/or fattening on fatty acid composition and lipogenic enzyme activity in heavy pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Diez A, Menoyo D, Pérez-Benavente S, Calduch-Giner JA, Vega-Rubin de Celis S, Obach A, Favre-Krey L, Boukouvala E, Leaver MJ, Tocher DR, Pérez-Sanchez J, Krey G, Bautista JM. Conjugated linoleic acid affects lipid composition, metabolism, and gene expression in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L). J Nutr 2007; 137:1363-9. [PMID: 17513392 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To maximize growth, farmed fish are fed high-fat diets, which can lead to high tissue lipid concentrations that have an impact on quality. The intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat in mammals and this study was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary CLA on growth, composition, and postprandial metabolic variables in sea bream. Fish were fed 3 diets containing 48 g/100 g protein and 24 g/100 g fat, including fish oil supplemented with 0 (control), 2, or 4% CLA for 12 wk. Feed intake, specific growth rate, total body fat, and circulating somatolactin concentration were lower in fish fed CLA than in controls. Feed efficiency was greater in fish fed 2% CLA than in controls. Liver triglyceride concentrations were higher in fish fed 4% CLA and muscle triglyceride concentrations were lower in fish fed both CLA diets than in controls. Hepatic fatty acyl desaturase and elongase mRNA levels in fish fed CLA were lower than in controls. Metabolic differences between controls and CLA-fed fish were observed at 6 h but not at 24 h after the last meal, including lower postprandial circulating triglyceride concentrations, higher hepatic acyl-CoA-oxidase, and lower L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities in CLA-fed fish than in controls. Dietary CLA did not affect enzymes involved in lipogenesis including hepatic fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme, but it decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity at 24 h, but not at 6 h after feeding. The data suggest that CLA intake in sea bream has little effect on hepatic lipogenesis, channels dietary lipid from adipose tissue to the liver, and switches hepatic mitochondrial to peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Diez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Madrid, Spain
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Short-term modulation of lipogenesis by macronutrients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes were cultured under simulated conditions of varying nutritional status to explore the short-term modulation by dietary substrates of the main lipogenic enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACoAC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS). Primary cultures were individually exposed to varying amounts of glucose, hydrolysed casein and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 12 h. A second set of experiments was designed to evaluate the effects of mixing different relative amounts of these macronutrients in the culture medium. Glucose concentrations of up to 20–25 mM SHOWED A STIMULATORY EFFECT ON G6PD, ME, ACL AND ACOAC ACTIVITY (P<0·05) WHILE AN EARLIER INHIBITORY EFFECT ON FAS WAS OBSERVED AT 10–20 Mm glucose (P<0·05). The use of hydrolysed casein as a nutritional source of amino acids inhibited the activity of FAS and ME (P<0·05), and stimulated G6PD, ACoAC and ACL activity (P<0·05). Low levels of linolenic acid exerted a stimulatory effect on all the lipogenic enzymes assayed (P<0·05) with the exception of FAS, and increased amounts showed some inhibition of lipogenic activities (P<0·05). Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed a similar effect, although the former strongly inhibited FAS activity while the latter showed greater potential to inhibit ACoAC and G6PD. A complete change in the relative levels of glucose, hydrolysed casein and PUFA in turn led to changes in the enzyme activity patterns observed. The present study shows the feasibility of exploring the direct regulation of lipogenesis in isolated fish cells by varying the relative amounts of main macronutrients, mimickingin vivodietary conditions. It is felt that such an approach may serve to investigate the macronutrient regulation of other metabolic pathways.
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Chen Y, Nguyen J, Semmens K, Beamer S, Jaczynski J. Physicochemical changes in ω−3-enhanced farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle during refrigerated storage. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen Y, Nguyen J, Semmens K, Beamer S, Jaczynski J. Enhancement of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Menoyo D, Izquierdo MS, Robaina L, Ginés R, Lopez-Bote CJ, Bautista JM. Adaptation of lipid metabolism, tissue composition and flesh quality in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to the replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed and soyabean oils. Br J Nutr 2004; 92:41-52. [PMID: 15230986 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Linseed (LO) and soyabean (SO) oils were evaluated as fish-oil (FO) substitutes in the diets of marketable-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Practical diets were designed factorially with the lipid added as follows (%): FO 100, LO 60+FO 40, LO 80+FO 20, SO 60+FO 40, SO 80+FO 20. The effects of experimental diets on growth, fatty acids patterns in liver and muscle, flesh quality variables and activities of selected enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and catabolism were determined at the end of a 7-month trial. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle generally reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The n-3 PUFA levels were significantly reduced by the inclusion of vegetable oils. This tendency was more pronounced for EPA than for docosahexaenoic acid. The n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratio reached the lowest values in fish fed the SO diets; this was associated with a higher liver lipid deposition. No differences were found in fillet texture and pH. However, under conditions of forced peroxidation, muscles from fish fed the SO diets had lower peroxidation levels. Vegetable oil substitution decreased lipogenesis in liver and this effect was greatest at the highest substitution level. In contrast, muscle beta-oxidation enzymes had increased activities with vegetable oil substitution. Thus, the lower hepatic lipogenesis was correlated with an increased lipid utilisation in muscle. It is concluded that growth and lipid metabolism were affected by experimental diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Menoyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kyrana VR, Lougovois VP. Sensory, chemical and microbiological assessment of farm-raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in melting ice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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