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Abstract
Genomic imprinting in mammals was discovered over 30 years ago through elegant embryological and genetic experiments in mice. Imprinted genes show a monoallelic and parent of origin-specific expression pattern; the development of techniques that can distinguish between expression from maternal and paternal chromosomes in mice, combined with high-throughput strategies, has allowed for identification of many more imprinted genes, most of which are conserved in humans. Undoubtedly, technical progress has greatly promoted progress in the field of genomic imprinting. Here, we summarize the techniques used to discover imprinted genes, identify new imprinted genes, define imprinting regulation mechanisms, and study imprinting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ball ST, Kelly ML, Robson JE, Turner MD, Harrison J, Jones L, Napper D, Beechey CV, Hough T, Plagge A, Cattanach BM, Cox RD, Peters J. Gene Dosage Effects at the Imprinted Gnas Cluster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65639. [PMID: 23822972 PMCID: PMC3688811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting results in parent-of-origin-dependent monoallelic gene expression. Early work showed that distal mouse chromosome 2 is imprinted, as maternal and paternal duplications of the region (with corresponding paternal and maternal deficiencies) give rise to different anomalous phenotypes with early postnatal lethalities. Newborns with maternal duplication (MatDp(dist2)) are long, thin and hypoactive whereas those with paternal duplication (PatDp(dist2)) are chunky, oedematous, and hyperactive. Here we focus on PatDp(dist2). Loss of expression of the maternally expressed Gnas transcript at the Gnas cluster has been thought to account for the PatDp(dist2) phenotype. But PatDp(dist2) also have two expressed doses of the paternally expressed Gnasxl transcript. Through the use of targeted mutations, we have generated PatDp(dist2) mice predicted to have 1 or 2 expressed doses of Gnasxl, and 0, 1 or 2 expressed doses of Gnas. We confirm that oedema is due to lack of expression of imprinted Gnas alone. We show that it is the combination of a double dose of Gnasxl, with no dose of imprinted Gnas, that gives rise to the characteristic hyperactive, chunky, oedematous, lethal PatDp(dist2) phenotype, which is also hypoglycaemic. However PatDp(dist2) mice in which the dosage of the Gnasxl and Gnas is balanced (either 2∶2 or 1∶1) are neither dysmorphic nor hyperactive, have normal glucose levels, and are fully viable. But PatDp(dist2) with biallelic expression of both Gnasxl and Gnas show a marked postnatal growth retardation. Our results show that most of the PatDp(dist2) phenotype is due to overexpression of Gnasxl combined with loss of expression of Gnas, and suggest that Gnasxl and Gnas may act antagonistically in a number of tissues and to cause a wide range of phenotypic effects. It can be concluded that monoallelic expression of both Gnasxl and Gnas is a requirement for normal postnatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Ball
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Kelly
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joan E. Robson
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Turner
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Harrison
- Medical Research Council Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Jones
- Medical Research Council Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Napper
- Medical Research Council Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Colin V. Beechey
- Medical Research Council Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tertius Hough
- Medical Research Council Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M. Cattanach
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Peters
- Medical Research Council Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tevendale M, Watkins M, Rasberry C, Cattanach B, Ferguson-Smith AC. Analysis of mouse conceptuses with uniparental duplication/deficiency for distal chromosome 12: comparison with chromosome 12 uniparental disomy and implications for genomic imprinting. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 113:215-22. [PMID: 16575183 DOI: 10.1159/000090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal mouse chromosome 12 is imprinted. Phenotypic analysis of mouse embryos with maternal or paternal uniparental disomy for the whole of chromosome 12 has characterized the developmental defects associated with the altered dosage of imprinted genes on this chromosome. Here we conduct a characterization of maternal and paternal Dp(dist12) mice using the reciprocal translocation T(4;12)47H. This limits the region analysed to the chromosomal domain distal to the T47H breakpoint in B3 on mouse chromosome 12. Both MatDp(dist12)T47H and PatDp(dist12)T47H conceptuses are non-viable and the frequency of recovery of Dp(dist12) conceptuses by 10.5 days post coitum (dpc) was lower than expected after normal adjacent-1 disjunction. A subset of MatDp(dist12) embryos can survive up to one day post partum. In contrast to paternal uniparental disomy 12 embryos, no live PatDp (dist12) embryos were recovered after 16.5 days of gestation. Other phenotypes observed in maternal and paternal chromosome 12 uniparental disomy mice are recapitulated in the Dp(dist12) mice and include placental, muscle and skeletal defects. Additional defects were also noted in the skin of both MatDp(dist12) and maternal uniparental disomy 12 embryos. This study shows that the developmental abnormalities associated with the altered parent of origin for mouse chromosome 12 can be attributed to the genomic region distal to the T47H breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tevendale
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Underkoffler LA, Collins JN, Choi JD, Oakey RJ. An Application of Molecular Genotyping in Mice. Biol Proced Online 2003; 5:116-122. [PMID: 14569615 PMCID: PMC154566 DOI: 10.1251/bpo53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2003] [Revised: 03/27/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite markers are simple sequence repeats within the mammalian genome that can be used for identifying disease loci, mapping genes of interest as well as studying segregation patterns related to meiotic nondisjunction. Different strains of mice have variable CA repeat lengths and PCR based methods can be used to identify them, thus allowing for specific genotypes to be assigned. Molecular genotyping offers such identification at any developmental stage, which allows for a broad range of anomalies to be studied. We studied chromosomal segregation in relation to nondisjunction in early-gestation mouse embryos using molecular genotyping. Information on the parental origin as well as the number of chromosomes a given progeny carried was obtained in our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Underkoffler
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA 19104. USA
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Kikyo N, Williamson CM, John RM, Barton SC, Beechey CV, Ball ST, Cattanach BM, Surani MA, Peters J. Genetic and functional analysis of neuronatin in mice with maternal or paternal duplication of distal Chr 2. Dev Biol 1997; 190:66-77. [PMID: 9331332 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional differences between parental genomes are due to differential expression of parental alleles of imprinted genes. Neuronatin (Nnat) is a recently identified paternally expressed imprinted gene that is initially expressed in the rhombomeres and pituitary gland and later more widely in the central and peripheral nervous system mainly in postmitotic and differentiating neuroepithelial cells. Nnat maps to distal chromosome (Chr) 2, which contains an imprinting region that causes morphological abnormalities and early neonatal lethality. More detailed mapping analysis of Nnat showed that it is located between the T26H and T2Wa translocation breakpoints which is, surprisingly, proximal to the reported imprinting region between the T2Wa and T28H translocation breakpoints, suggesting that there may be two distinct imprinting regions on distal chromosome 2. To investigate the potential role of Nnat, we compared normal embryos with those which were PatDp.dist2.T26H (paternal duplication/maternal deficiency of chromosome 2 distal to the translocation breakpoint T26H) and MatDp.dist2.T26H. Expression of Nnat was detected in the PatDp.dist2.T26H embryos, where both copies of Nnat are paternally inherited, and normal embryos but no expression was detected in the MatDp.dist2.T26H embryos with the two maternally inherited copies. The differential expression of Nnat was supported by DNA methylation analysis with the paternally inherited alleles being unmethylated and the maternal alleles fully methylated. Although experimental embryos appeared grossly similar phenotypically in the structures where expression of Nnat was detected, differences in folding of the cerebellum were observed in neonates, and other more subtle developmental or behavioral effects due to gain or loss of Nnat cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kikyo
- University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Cattanach BM, Barr JA, Beechey CV, Martin J, Noebels J, Jones J. A candidate model for Angelman syndrome in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:472-8. [PMID: 9195990 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) are well-recognized examples of imprinting in humans. They occur most commonly with paternal and maternal 15q11-13 deletions, but also with maternal and paternal disomy. Both syndromes have also occurred more rarely in association with smaller deletions seemingly causing abnormal imprinting. A putative mouse model of PWS, occurring with maternal duplication (partial maternal disomy) for the homologous region, has been described in a previous paper but, although a second imprinting effect that could have provided a mouse model of AS was found, it appeared to be associated with a slightly different region of the chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that the same region is in fact involved and further demonstrate that animals with paternal duplication for the region exhibit characteristics of AS patients. A mouse model of AS is, therefore, strongly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Cattanach
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, UK
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Beechey CV, Ball ST, Townsend KM, Jones J. The mouse chromosome 7 distal imprinting domain maps to G-bands F4/F5. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:236-40. [PMID: 9096101 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse Chromosome (Chr) 7 distal to band F3 on the physical map is known to be subject to imprinting, maternal duplication (MatDp) of the region leading to a late embryonic lethality, while paternal duplication (PatDp) causes death in utero before 11.5 dpc. Using a new mouse reciprocal translocation T(7;11)65H to produce MatDp for distal Chr 7, we have mapped the region subject to imprinting more precisely to bands 7F4/F5 on the cytogenetic map. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of a T65H heterozygote show that the imprinted gene Igf2 is located in the same region. This was confirmed by the finding that embryos with MatDp of bands 7F4/F5 did not express Igf2. We suggest that other members of the imprinted domain containing Igf2, namely Mash2, H19, Ins2, and p57(K1P2), are also located in 7F4/F5 and that some or all of these genes may be responsible for the two imprinting lethalities seen with MatDp and PatDp for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Beechey
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
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Ferguson-Smith AC, Cattanach BM, Barton SC, Beechey CV, Surani MA. Embryological and molecular investigations of parental imprinting on mouse chromosome 7. Nature 1991; 351:667-70. [PMID: 2052093 DOI: 10.1038/351667a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryos with duplications of whole maternal (parthenogenetic and gynogenetic) or paternal (androgenetic) genomes show reciprocal phenotypes and do not develop to term. Genetic complementation has identified the distal region of chromosome 7 (Chr 7) as one of the regions for which both a maternal and paternal chromosome copy are essential for normal development, presumably because of the presence of imprinted genes whose expression is dependent on their parental origin. Embryos with the maternal duplication and paternal deficiency of distal Chr 7 are growth retarded and die around day 16 of gestation; the reciprocal paternal duplication embryos die at an unidentified earlier stage. We report here the incorporation of cells with the paternal duplication into chimaeras, resulting in a striking growth enhancement of the embryos. One gene located on mouse distal Chr 7 (ref. 5) is the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene, an embryonic mitogen. In embryos with the maternal duplication of distal Chr 7, the two maternal alleles of the Igf2 gene are repressed. The presence of two paternal alleles of this gene in many cells is probably responsible for the growth enhancement observed in chimaeras. We propose that there are other imprinted genes in this Chr 7 region. We also compare the imprinting of this subgenomic region with phenotypes resulting from the duplication of the whole parental genome in parthenogenones and androgenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Molecular Embryology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology & Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Heterozygotes for the reciprocal translocation T(7;15)9H were intercrossed, with albino (c) and underwhite (uw) as genetic markers, in order to study genetic complementation in mouse chromosome 7. Chromosome 15 is known to show normal complementation. Neither reciprocal cross in which one parent was c/c and the other wild type yielded albino progeny at birth although about 17% would be expected, but albino foetuses were recovered when the mother was c/c and father wild type. These products of maternal duplication/paternal deficiency for distal 7 were markedly retarded with small placentae. No albino foetuses were found when the father was c/c and mother wild type, which suggested earlier lethality. Equivalent crosses with uw (chromosome 15) as proximal marker gave normal underwhite progeny when the mother was uw/uw but small placentae, retardation and neonatal death of presumptive underwhites in the reciprocal cross. These abnormal newborn would have had a maternal duplication/paternal deficiency for proximal 7. These and other findings indicate that one region of defective complementation probably lies distal to the breakpoint of T(7;18)50H at 7E2-F2, while another is between the centromere and 7B3. Examination of man-mouse homologies suggests that the loci for three pathological human conditions (Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, dystrophia myotonia and rhabdomyosarcoma) with differential parental transmission may be located in homologous regions to those affected by imprinting phenomena on mouse chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Searle
- Medical Research Council, Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
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Berger CN, Epstein CJ. Genomic imprinting: normal complementation of murine chromosome 16. Genet Res (Camb) 1989; 54:227-30. [PMID: 2620822 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230002869x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental imprinting effects for chromosome 16 were investigated using disomic animals which were obtained by mating (Rb32Lub x Rb2H) F1 mice. Two allelic forms of the enzyme CuZn-superoxide dismutase, Sod-1a and Sod-1c, were used to identify maternally or paternally disomic animals. Both types of disomic animals were found with the expected frequencies and did not visibly differ from one another or from non-disomic animals. These results indicate that the genomic imprinting mechanism either does not act on chromosome 16, or, if it does, does not do so in a manner which affects normal development.
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Beermann F, Bartels I, Franke U, Hansmann I. Chromosome segregation at meiosis I in female T(2;4)1Gö/+ mice: no evidence for a decreased crossover frequency with maternal age. Chromosoma 1987; 95:1-7. [PMID: 3581995 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of age and hormones on chromosome segregation at meiosis I was studied in female mice heterozygous for the T(2;4)1Gö translocation. Females of two age groups (18-22 and 40-56 weeks old) were stimulated for ovulation with different doses of gonadotropins (1.5 IU PMS/1.0 IU HCG or 10 IU PMS/10 IU HCG). Analysis of metaphase II oocytes revealed the highest level of hyperhaploidy (1.8%) and presegregation (4.4%) in the young females receiving the low dose. Presegregation preferentially affected the small 4(2) marker chromosome. There was no significant interference of the tetravalent with disjunction of the nontranslocated normal bivalents. Moreover, no remarkable difference in the mode of segregation (adjacent I, II or alternate) was observed. Recombination within the interstitial pairing segments of the chromosomes involved in the translocation allowed us to calculate cross-over frequencies in ovulated oocytes. For both the large 2(4) and the small 4(2) marker chromosomes, this frequency was higher in old than in young T(2;4)1Gö/+ females. Our data do not support the production line hypothesis of Henderson and Edwards (1968) which claims that chiasma frequency in oocytes decreases with maternal age.
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Arana P, Henriques-Gil N, Santos JL. Orientation behaviour of interchanges forming chiasmata in interstitial regions: A cytological approach. Heredity (Edinb) 1987. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1987.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Wessels-Kaalen MC, Bakker R, de Boer P. Transmission of X-ray-induced reciprocal translocations in normal male mice and in male mice with a reduced sperm count due to translocation homozygosity. Mutat Res 1986; 163:181-91. [PMID: 3762559 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(86)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Normal (+/+) and translocation T(1; 11.13S)70H homozygous (T/T) male mice received 2 X 2.5 Gy X-rays with a 24-h interval. After 120 days, the frequency of late diplotene-metaphase I spermatocytes with translocation multivalents was 14.1% for +/+ and 13.7% for T/T males, respectively, in one group of animals of each type. The difference is not significant. A second group was allowed to sire progeny for 60 days with 2 normal females per week. Reciprocal translocations detectable at diakinesis/metaphase I were observed in 2.5% of the 395 male progeny from the irradiated +/+ fathers, and in 2.9% of the 489 male progeny from the irradiated T/T fathers. This leads to a pooled estimated transmission of 0.81 +/- 0.19. Translocations induced in the long 11.13 metacentric chromosome were not transmitted with a different frequency. The rate of heritable induced translocations in this study was 5.4 X 10(-5)/rad/gamete. On the basis of the data of Generoso et al. (1984) for the frequency of the heritable spontaneous translocations in male mice, it is concluded that, because of their low doubling dose (3.3-4.6 rad), the spontaneous translocations are probably of postmeiotic origin.
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Gearhart JD, Davisson MT, Oster-Granite ML. Autosomal aneuploidy in mice: generation and developmental consequences. Brain Res Bull 1986; 16:789-801. [PMID: 3530382 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(86)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous aneuploidy in the mouse is uncommon, but specific mating schemes have been developed that produce aneuploid conceptuses at high frequencies. The most commonly reported aneuploid condition in the mouse is autosomal trisomy, in which there is an extra copy (in whole or in part) of a chromosome. In this review, we present several of the schemes used in producing trisomic, partially (tertiary) trisomic, and monosomic conceptuses and summarize the developmental consequences that are associated with each of the autosomal trisomies of the mouse.
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Cytological localization of adenosine kinase, nucleoside phosphorylase-1, and esterase-10 genes on mouse chromosome 14. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1985; 11:157-65. [PMID: 2984788 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the regional locations on mouse chromosome 14 of the genes for mouse adenosine kinase (ADK), nucleoside phosphorylase-1 (NP-1), and esterase-10 (ES-10) by analysis of rearranged mouse chromosomes in gamma-irradiated Chinese hamster X mouse hybrid cell lines. Irradiated clones were screened for expression of the murine forms of these enzymes; segregant clones that expressed only one or two of the three markers were karyotyped. The patterns of enzyme expression in these segregants were correlated with the presence of rearranged chromosomes. The Adk gene was localized to bands A2 to B, Np-1 to bands B to C1, and Es-10 to bands D2 to E2.
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Searle AG, Beechey CV. Noncomplementation phenomena and their bearing on nondisjunctional effects. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1985; 36:363-76. [PMID: 4096697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2127-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, unbalanced gametes with major gains and/or losses of chromosomal material seem just as capable of forming a zygote as normal, fully balanced gametes. This is shown by the results of intercrossing genetically marked translocation heterozygotes, in which complementary unbalanced gametes usually fuse to form fully viable zygotes. However, there are some notable exceptions to this. Studies on a number of reciprocal translocations have shown that gametes with maternal duplication of particular chromosome regions may fail to complement those with a corresponding paternal deficiency, but produce lethal zygotes instead, whereas the reciprocal combination of a paternal duplication with a maternal deficiency produces fully viable offspring. For a particular distal region on chromosome 7 the reverse situation holds. More recent studies on genetic methods of detecting nondisjunction with Robertsonian translocations have revealed the same phenomenon. Mouse chromosomes affected include numbers 2, 6, 7, and 8. There is also defective complementation on chromosome 11 and related phenomena on chromosome 17. These findings help to explain why diploid embryos with 2 male or 2 female pronuclei fail to come to term and may be connected with genetic imprinting of gametes. It seems probable that the same phenomenon occurs in homologous regions of human chromosomes and may mean that the severity of a trisomic effect will depend sometimes on the parental source of the extra chromosome. The phenomenon also affects the efficiency of certain genetic tests for nondisjunction which depend on full complementation.
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Centromere co-orientation in a spontaneous translocation heterozygote of Euchorthippus pulvinatus gallicus (Acrididae, Orthoptera). Genetica 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00056774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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van Buul PP, de Boer P, Zwanenburg S, Richardson JF. Comparison of the chromosomal radiosensitivity of blood lymphocytes and stem-cell spermatogonia in the rhesus monkey and the mouse. Mutat Res 1980; 73:221-6. [PMID: 7254218 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(80)90151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bijlsma JB, de France HF, Bleeker-Wagemakers LM, Dijkstra PF. Double translocation t(7;12),t(2;6) heterozygosity in one family. A contribution to the trisomy 12p syndrome. Hum Genet 1978; 40:135-47. [PMID: 624544 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Double translocation heterozygosity t(2;6),t(7;12) in three generations of a Dutch family is described: the segregation of a double translocation in more than one generation has not been previously published. The index case was a 16-year-old mentally retarded boy with partial trisomy 12p who showed several dysmorphic features such as high prominent forehead, flat face, flat and short nose bridge, short nose, dysplastic ears, prominent lower lip, and several skeletal abnormalities. Based on the findings in this patient and those in nine other cases, the existence of a specific trisomy 12p syndrome is postulated.
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Abstract
The strategy for effective reproduction by eliminating genetically unbalanced gametes during spermatogenesis and transport varies in degree of success within as well as among species, but in no animal has it been reported to be completely effective. In the human subject, for example, it is estimated that one in every 50 ejaculated spermatozoa is genetically abnormal. The causal basis of these anomalies is poorly understood. Meiotic accidents, environmental mutagens, and gamete senescence in utero are all implicated. However, many of these abnormal cells are fertile. This fact plus the weight of the evidence reviewed suggest that fertility differences among males which cannot be ascribed to measurable differences in semen characteristics reflect, in large part, the increased opportunity of nuclear defective gametes in the semen of some males to effect fertilization. The elimination of embryos arising from eggs fertilized by genetically defective spermatozoa through spontaneous abortions, although biologically costly, must be viewed as the final check for the elimination of genetic detritus of the species.
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De Boer P, Van Buul PP, Van Beek R, Van Der Hoeven FA, Natarajan T. Chromosomal radiosensitivity and karyotype in mice using cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes, and comparison with this system in man. Mutat Res 1977; 42:379-94. [PMID: 857154 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(77)80043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies were studied X-ray-induced dicentric chromosomes and deletions in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mouse and man, cultured in vitro. After doses of 100 and 200 rad, (a) the mouse was equally sensitive as man to the induction of dicentrics, and (b) the frequency of deletions was higher in the mouse, reaching statistical significance at the 200 rad level only. At the 200 rad level, the mouse with normal karyotype was compared with the T(1;13)70H translocation heterozygote and the Ts(1(13))7OH tertiary trisomic of normal appearance. No differences were found either with respect to dicentrics or to deletions. At the 100 rad level, the normal mouse was compared with the tertiary trisomic mouse of the affected phenotype and with the tobacco mouse. The frequency of dicentrics was significantly higher in the phenotypically abnormal trisomics, whereas the deletion frequency was higher in the tobacco mice. C-banding of the slides enabled the locating of breaks in constitutive hetero-chromatin and euchromatin. When exchanges were classified into three categories, i.e. those between eu- and euchromatin, eu- and hetero-, and hetero- and heterochromatin, there was a preference for the first and the last whereas only few occurred between chromatins of contrasting type. Differences between previous determinations of the chromosomal radiosensitivity of mouse and man, using peripheral blood lymphocytes (i.e. man is twice as sensitive as mouse), and the one presented here could be attributed to differences in harvest time of the mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thus the so-called "arm number" hypothesis of Brewen et al. [5] is not confirmed by the present results.
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Lyon MF, Glenister PH. Factors affecting the observed number of young resulting from adjacent-2 disjunction in mice carrying a translocation. Genet Res (Camb) 1977; 29:83-92. [PMID: 559611 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300017134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe frequency of adjacent-2 disjunction in mice carrying the reciprocal translocation T(9; 17)138Ca was studied by mating together animals heterozygous for the translocation and carrying different recessive marker genes, usingTtfor chromosome 17 andcwcwfor chromosome 9. The proportion of marked young arising from adjacent-2 disjunction varied according to the markers carried in the two parents. When the female carriedTtthe frequencies of marked young were always higher than when non-Tfemales were used, and whenTtandcwcwwere carried in the same parent there was a shortage of marked young obtaining both copies of the proximal region of chromosome 17 from the father. Both these effects were regarded as probably another example of the phenomenon discovered by Johnson, of inviability of young lacking a maternal homologue of a certain region of chromosome 17. There were other variations in frequency of marked young, among crosses using non-Tfemales, which may have been due to differences in transmission ratio of male gametes carrying varioust-haplotypes or to true variations in frequency of adjacent-2 disjunction.
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Centromere Co-orientation at metaphase I in interchange heterozygotes of rye, Secale cereale L. Chromosoma 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wallace ME, MacSwiney FJ, Edwards RG. Parental age and recombination frequency in the house mouse. Genet Res (Camb) 1976; 28:241-51. [PMID: 1036097 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300016931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe relationship between parental age and recombination frequency in the offspring of mice has been studied using backcrosses to heterozygous males or females. The mice were allowed to breed until they became infertile. Data for several chromosomes were analysed, mostly from a stock carrying five markers covering approximately three-quarters of the length of chromosome 2.Analyses of two-point recombination ratios or of multi-point interference ratios revealed no consistent age-related heterogeneity in offspring of male or female heterozygotes. A significant age-related heterogeneity was detected in the offspring of female heterozygotes but not of males, when the number of offspring with no detectable recombination was compared to those with one or more. This difference between the sexes could be related to earlier cytological observations on chiasma frequency in oocytes and spermatocytes. The significance of these findings for the analysis of follicular growth in mammals and in the origin of human trisomic conditions is discussed.
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de Boer P. Male meiotic behaviour and male and female litter size in mice with the T(2;8)26H and T(1;13)70H reciprocal translocations. Genet Res (Camb) 1976; 27:369-87. [PMID: 1033889 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300016591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYTwo reciprocal mouse translocations T(2; 8)26H and T(1; 13)70H, heterozygous in a Swiss random-bred background, show differences in the spectrum of multivalent configurations and in the segregational behaviour of these multivalent configurations. T26H/+ males mostly contained rings of four (R IV, 53·15%) and T70H/+ males chains of four, missing a chiasma in the shortest interstitial segment (C IV 11, 61·55%). The adjacent II frequency, estimated from metaphase II observations, was 8·47% in T26H/+ and 25·22% in T70H/+. Univalents of the shorter translocation chromosome of T70H are able to divide equationally at first anaphase. The hypothesis is advanced that time differences in chiasma terminalization during metaphase I-anaphase are important for explaining the difference in segregation observed between the two translocations. Translocation-caused non-disjunction is probably low in T26H/+ and 4–5% in T70H/+. Univalents involving T70H/+ are usually capable of co-orientation with the other chromosomes of the translocation complex. The summed percentages of adjacent II disjunction and non-disjunction caused by the translocations were estimated from the relative fertility scores of T/+ males and females versus +/+ males and females as 9·8% and 29·0% for T26H/+ and T70H/+ males, respectively, and 9·4% and 27·8% for T26H/+ females and T70H/+ females. For both translocations, the agreement between the various estimates is good. Chiasma frequencies are much higher in telomeric segments than in proximal segments containing centric heterochromatin.
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Stene J. A model for translocation inheritance in man, segregation patterns for a single centric-fusion translocation. Theor Popul Biol 1976; 9:151-77. [PMID: 944956 DOI: 10.1016/0040-5809(76)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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OSHIMURA M, SONTA SI, SANDBERG AA. Cytogenetic Evidence for and Frequency of Adjacent-2 Disjunction in Murine T (1;13) 70H Male Heterozygotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.2183/pjab1945.52.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lyon MF, Ward HC, Simpson GM. A genetic method for measuring non-disjunction in mice with Robertsonian translocations. Genet Res (Camb) 1975; 26:283-95. [PMID: 1241549 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300016086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA high frequency of chromosomal non-disjunction occurs spontaneously in mice heterozygous for some Robertsonian translocations. If animals heterozygous for the translocation and homozygous for different alleles of a marker gene are mated together a few young homozygous for the marker arise through non-disjunction, and their frequency can be used as a measure. This method has been used with the Robertsonian translocation Rb(9.19)163H and the marker ruby ru (chr. 19); Rb(4.6)-2Bnr with brown (b) and misty (m) (chr. 4); and Rb(9.14)6Bnr with hairless (hr) and piebald (s) (chr. 14) respectively. The frequencies of marked young were: Rb163 0/5260 ruru; Rb2 21/1997 mm bb; and Rb6 19/1702 hrhr ss, and the corresponding calculated non-disjunction frequencies in each arm of the translocation were Rb163, <5 %; Rb2, 15%; Rb6, 15%. These figures show reasonably good agreement with values obtained by other methods. A search for genetic or environmental factors affecting the frequency of marked young in Rb2 and Rb6 revealed that in Rb2 the frequency increased with maternal age, whereas in Rb6 the maternal age of the marked young was non-significantly below that of the total progeny. The reasons for this discrepancy are not clear.
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Wyrobek AJ, Heddle JA, Bruce WR. Chromosomal abnormalities and the morphology of mouse sperm heads. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1975; 17:675-81. [PMID: 1203773 DOI: 10.1139/g75-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, numerous mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens have been shown to induce marked elevations in the fraction of sperm with head shape abnormalities. Since carcinogens and teratogens may act by causing genetic damage, a likely explanation of these results is that the sperm abnormalities are also caused by genetic damage. There are two more or less distinct classes of genetic damage, chromosomal aberrations and point mutations. In this paper, we provide evidence, that in general, chromosomal aberrations are not responsible for causing abnormally shaped sperm. Chromosomal aberrations could have caused abnormal sperm morphology in a number of ways. One possibility was that the mere presence of a translocated chromosome within the germ cell led to the malformation of the sperm head. A second possibility was that chromosomal imbalance, i.e., aneuploidy, duplications or deficiencies, within the spermatid or haploid cells caused abnormalities in shape. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the level of abnormally shaped sperm in mice homozygous and heterozygous for 24 various reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations. The diploid cells of these mice are known to be chromosomally balanced, containing translocated chromosomes. A predictable proportion of their gametes are, however, chromosomally unbalanced and carry translocated chromosomes. It was found that the levels of sperm abnormalities in these mice were convincingly unrelated to the levels predicted by any of the above hypotheses. Based on these results it seems that sperm abnormalities in mice are not due to the mere presence of translocated chromosomes in germ cells and also not due to chromosomal aneuploidy or duplication-deficiencies of chromosomal segments in the spermatid during development of the sperm.
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Spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in oogenesis of laboratory rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00789285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Boer P, van Gijsen M. The location of the positions of the breakpoints involved in the T26H and T70H mouse translocations with the aid of Giemsa-banding. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1974; 16:783-8. [PMID: 4142407 DOI: 10.1139/g74-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The positions of the breakpoints involved in the T(2;8)26H and T(1;13)70H mouse translocations have been located to specific minor bands using a trypsin-Giemsa banding method and a nomenclature system for band patterns as developed by Nesbitt and Francke (1973). The breakpoint positions are 2H1 and 8A4 for T26H and 1A4 and 13D1 for T70H. The interstitial segments occupy 80.9% of chromosome 2, 30.1% of chromosome 8, 14.4% of chromosome 1 and 88.0% of chromosome 13. It is concluded that the variation of the location of the breakpoint positions is mainly caused by differential chromosome contraction and measuring errors and only to a small extent by the resolving power of the G-banding technique.
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van Heemert C. Meiotic disjunction, sex-determination and embryonic lethality in an X-linked "simple" translocation of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen). Chromosoma 1974; 47:45-60. [PMID: 4434813 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Searle AG, Ford CE, Evans EP, Beechey CV, Burtenshaw MD, Clegg HM, Papworth DG. The induction of translocations in mouse spermatozoa. I. Kinetics of dose response with acute x-irradiation. Mutat Res 1974; 22:157-74. [PMID: 4842823 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Miller DA, Miller OJ. Chromosome mapping in the mouse, fluorescence banding techniques permit assignment of most genetic linkage groups. Science 1972; 178:949-55. [PMID: 5084664 DOI: 10.1126/science.178.4064.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome banding techniques have permitted the identification of every normal chromosome in the mouse, Mus musculus, and the demonstration of strain differences. By identifying the chromosomes involved in a series of translocations, it has been possible to assign 14 of the 19 known linkage groups to 14 different chromosomes. These powerful cytological methods promise to revolutionize cytogenetic studies in higher organisms.
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Lyon MF, Glenister PH, Hawker SG. Do the H-2 and T-loci of the mouse have a function in the haploid phase of sperm? Nature 1972; 240:152-3. [PMID: 4564988 DOI: 10.1038/240152b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Dev VG, Miller DA, Allderdice PW, Miller OJ. Method for locating the centromeres of mouse meiotic chromosomes and its application to T163H and T70H translocations. Exp Cell Res 1972; 73:259-62. [PMID: 4113943 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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