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Shaukat W, de Jong E, McCubbin KD, Biesheuvel MM, van der Meer FJUM, De Buck J, Lhermie G, Hall DC, Kalbfleisch KN, Kastelic JP, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus, Salmonella Dublin and Neospora caninum in Alberta, Canada, dairy herds using ELISA on bulk tank milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00849-X. [PMID: 38825106 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Endemic infectious diseases remain a major challenge for dairy producers worldwide. For effective disease control programs, up-to-date prevalence estimates are of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to estimate the herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Salmonella Dublin, and Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Alberta, Canada using a serial cross-sectional study design. Bulk tank milk samples from all Alberta dairy farms were collected 4 times, in December 2021 (n = 489), April 2022 (n = 487), July 2022 (n = 487), and October 2022 (n = 480), and tested for antibodies against BLV, S. Dublin, and N. caninum using ELISAs. Herd-level apparent prevalence was calculated as positive samples divided by total tested samples at each time point. A mixed effect modified Poisson regression model was employed to assess the association of prevalence with region, herd size, herd type, and type of milking system. Apparent prevalence of BLV was 89.4, 88.7, 86.9 and 86.9% in December, April, July, and October, respectively, whereas for S. Dublin apparent prevalence was 11.2, 6.6, 8.6, and 8.5%, and for N. caninum apparent prevalence was 18.2, 7.4, 7.8, and 15.0%. For BLV, S. Dublin and N. caninum, a total of 91.7, 15.6, and 28.1% of herds, respectively, were positive at least once, whereas 82.5, 3.6, and 3.0% of herds were ELISA-positive at all 4 times. Compared with the north region, central Alberta had a high prevalence (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.13) of BLV-antibody positive herds, whereas south Alberta had a high prevalence (PR = 2.56) of herds positive for S. Dublin antibodies. Furthermore, central (PR = 0.52) and south regions (PR = 0.46) had low prevalence of N. caninum-positive herds compared with the north. Hutterite colony herds were more frequently BLV-positive (PR = 1.13) but less frequently N. caninum-positive (PR = 0.47). Large herds (>7,200 L/day milk delivered ∼ > 250 cows) were 1.1 times more often BLV-positive, whereas small herds (≤3,600 L/day milk delivered ∼ ≤ 125 cows) were 3.2 times more often N. caninum-positive. For S. Dublin, Hutterite-colony herds were less frequently (PR = 0.07) positive than non-colony herds only in medium and large stratum but not in small stratum. Moreover, larger herds were more frequently (PR = 2.20) S. Dublin-positive than smaller herds only in non-colony stratum but not in colony stratum. Moreover, N. caninum prevalence was 1.6 times higher on farms with conventional milking systems compared with farms with an automated milking system. These results provide up-to-date information of the prevalence of these infections that will inform investigations of within-herd prevalence of these infections and help in devising evidence-based disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Shaukat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marit M Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The Simpson Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Droscha C, Mijar S, van der Meer F. Removing bovine leukemia virus infected animals with high proviral load leads to lowering within-herd prevalence and new case reduction. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00633-7. [PMID: 38554820 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is prevalent in the North American dairy industry and its effect on animal health and production is widely documented. However, not all bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infected animals transmit the virus equally. Animals with high BLV proviral loads (HPL) are associated with higher transmission risks and therefore, their removal may reduce transmission and eventually within-herd prevalence. We aimed to evaluate the impact of selectively removing HPL cows on the within-herd BLV prevalence and incidence rate of BLV infection in 10 dairy herds. Annual blood and/or milk samples were collected from adult cows over 3 years. Positivity with BLV were determined by ELISA tests and proviral loads in blood of BLV-positive animals were estimated with BLV SS1 quantitative PCR assays. Herd managers were encouraged to consider the proviral load when making culling decisions and implement BLV control practices. High proviral load cows had the highest relative risk of removal indicating the farmers prioritized HPL cows for culling. The within-herd BLV prevalence decreased significantly in 4 herds whereas BLV incidence rate decreased in 9 herds. Over the 3 years, the proviral load demonstrated a relatively stable level, suggesting a single proviral load test in an adult cow may suffice to make culling decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Inc., East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjaya Mijar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Goldkamp AK, Lahuis CH, Hagen DE, Taxis TM. Influence of Maternal BLV Infection on miRNA and tRF Expression in Calves. Pathogens 2023; 12:1312. [PMID: 38003777 PMCID: PMC10674961 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNA) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRF), are known to be involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Research has provided evidence that small RNAs may influence immune development in calves. Bovine leukosis is a disease in cattle caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) that leads to increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. No research has addressed the potential influence that a maternal BLV infection may have on gene regulation through the differential expression of miRNAs or tRFs in progeny. Blood samples from 14-day old Holstein calves born to BLV-infected dams were collected. Antibodies for BLV were assessed using ELISA and levels of BLV provirus were assessed using qPCR. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood samples for small RNA sequencing. Five miRNAs (bta-miR-1, bta-miR-206, bta-miR-133a, bta-miR-133b, and bta-miR-2450d) and five tRFs (tRF-36-8JZ8RN58X2NF79E, tRF-20-0PF05B2I, tRF-27-W4R951KHZKK, tRF-22-S3M8309NF, and tRF-26-M87SFR2W9J0) were dysregulated in calves born to BLV-infected dams. The miRNAs appear to be involved in the gene regulation of immunological responses and muscle development. The tRF subtypes and parental tRNA profiles in calves born to infected dams appear to be consistent with previous publications in adult cattle with BLV infection. These findings offer insight into how maternal BLV infection status may impact the development of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Goldkamp
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (A.K.G.)
| | - Ciarra H. Lahuis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Darren E. Hagen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (A.K.G.)
| | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Porta NG, Suarez-Archilla G, Miotti C, Molineri AI, Alvarez I, Trono K, Signorini M, Ruiz V. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine Leukemia virus infection in argentine beef cattle. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104999. [PMID: 37708828 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, an endemic disease in dairy cattle of Argentina. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of BLV in beef cattle. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional study including farms from thirteen provinces of Argentina. A total of 5827 bovine serum samples were collected from 76 farms and analyzed using an in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information about herd management was collected through a questionnaire, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect risk factors associated with BLV infection. Herd-level seroprevalence was 71.05%, while the mean animal-level seroprevalence was 7.23% (median = 2.69%; min = 0, max = 75). Only two provinces had no positive BLV samples. The other eleven provinces showed more than 50% of their farms infected with BLV. The multivariate model revealed that BLV prevalence was significantly associated with the use of animals raised in the same farm for cattle replacement (P = 0.005), breeding cows by natural mating with a bull (P < 0.001), and weaning calves after 6 months of age (P = 0.011). This extensive study revealed that BLV seroprevalence in Argentine beef farms has increased during the last years and allowed identifying some management practices associated with BLV prevalence. These data deserve special attention because BLV infection in beef cattle seems to lead to a dissemination pattern similar to that observed during the last decades in dairy cattle, especially considering that Argentina is the sixth beef producer in the world, with about 5% of global beef production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gabriela Porta
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Suarez-Archilla
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Camila Miotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ana Inés Molineri
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bennett TE, Rizzo J, Yang S, Rosfjord E. Assessing Reuse of Hypodermic Needles in Mice by means of Digital Imaging, Photomicrography, Bacterial Culture, Analysis of Nest Building, and Animal Vocalization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:205-211. [PMID: 36990673 PMCID: PMC10230537 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypodermic needles are sometimes reused in animal research settings to preserve the viability of and to conserve limited quantities of injected material. However, the reuse of needles is strongly discouraged in human medicine to prevent inju- ries and the spread of infectious disease. No official guidelines prohibit needle reuse in veterinary medicine, although the practice may be discouraged. We hypothesized that reused needles would be significantly more blunt than unused needles and that reuse for additional injections would cause more animal stress. To test these ideas, we evaluated mice that were injected subcutaneously in the flank or mammary fat pad to generate cell line xenograft and mouse allograft models. Needles were reused up to 20 times, based on an IACUC-approved protocol. A subset of reused needles was digitally imaged to determine needle dullness based on the area of deformation from the secondary bevel angle; this parameter was not different between new needles and needles that had been reused 20 times. In addition, the number of times a needle was reused was not significantly related to audible mouse vocalization during injection. Finally, nest building scores for mice that were injected with a needle used 0 through 5 times were similar to those of mice injected with a needle had been used 16 through 20 times. Among the 37 reused needles that were tested, 4 were positive for bacterial growth; the only organisms cultured were Staphylococcus spp. Contrary to our hypothesis, reusing needles for subcutaneous injections did not increase animal stress based on analysis of vocalization or nest building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese E Bennett
- Previously affiliated with Comparative Medicine, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jason Rizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut; and
| | - Sharon Yang
- Previously affiliated with Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Previously affiliated with Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
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Assessment of Natural Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Dairies from Southern Chile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131734. [PMID: 35804632 PMCID: PMC9264828 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A longitudinal study was conducted to describe the frequency and epidemiological association of risk management practices related to new cases of BLV in cattle on dairy farms in Southern Chile. Animal information was obtained from the records of each farm, as well as blood and milk samples that, tested by commercial blocking ELISA to assess the infection status of animals. A higher number of new cases was found in adult animals that were related to practices, such as rectal palpation, artificial insemination, and injections. However, it is important to carry out other studies that establish the role of management practices in the spreading of BLV to improve the control of disease. Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle worldwide. A longitudinal study was conducted with the aim to (a) estimate the incidence rate of the BLV infection of dairy farms in the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos (Chile), and (b) describe the frequency and epidemiological association of risk management practices related to new cases in cattle on dairy farms in Southern Chile. Infection status was based on commercial blocking ELISA results, on serum and milk. Individual information on animals and management practices was extracted from farm records, and then the most likely date of infection for new cases was estimated. The number of new infections was used to calculate the within-herd incidence rate. Adult animals had an incidence rate of 1.16 (95% CI 0.96; 1.20) cases per 100 cow-months at risk, while for young animals it was 0.64 (95% CI 0.44; 1.00) cases per 100 animal-months at risk. Rectal palpation, artificial insemination, and injections were the most common practices related to infection. Further studies are needed to determine if these are the only practices that facilitate spreading or if there are other practices that can be handled better in order to reduce the spread of BLV.
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Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus with the Evidence of a New Genotype Circulating in Cattle from Kazakhstan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020180. [PMID: 35215125 PMCID: PMC8875264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and has worldwide distribution. Infections with BLV have been reported in cattle from Kazakhstan but the virus has not yet been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we detect and estimate the level of BLV proviral DNA by qPCR in DNA samples from 119 cattle naturally infected with BLV, from 18 farms located in four different geographical regions of Kazakhstan. Furthermore, we conducted the phylogenetic and molecular analysis of 41 BLV env-gp51 gene sequences from BLV infected cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed the affiliation of sequences to two already known genotypes G4 and G7 and also to a new genotype, classified as genotype G12. In addition, a multivariate method was employed for analysis of the association between proviral load and different variables such as the geographical location of the herd, cattle breeds, age of animals, and the presence of particular BLV genotypes. In summary, the results of this study provide the first evidence on molecular characterization of BLV circulating in cattle from Kazakhstan.
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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10
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Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070907. [PMID: 34358057 PMCID: PMC8308649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.
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Sakhawat A, Rola-Łuszczak M, Osiński Z, Bibi N, Kuźmak J. Bayesian Estimation of the True Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Pakistan. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051404. [PMID: 34069156 PMCID: PMC8156210 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The enzootic bovine leucosis is the most common and economically important viral disease of cattle, caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). In cattle, infection with BLV leads to decreased milk production and premature culling and also impairs the immune system predisposing animals to other infections and increasing severity of disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the true seropositivity to BLV at the farm and within-farm levels in Pakistan, using a latent class analysis. In addition, some factors influencing BLV seropositivity were analyzed. We tested 1380 dairy cattle from 451 herds and 92 water buffalo. Analysis at the within-herd and herd levels showed 3.8% of cattle and 1.4% of herds were truly seropositive. All 92 serum samples from water buffalo were negative. The study demonstrated strong association between BLV seroprevalence and herd size but not with common housing of cattle representing indigenous breeds with exotic breed or their crossbred and also common housing of cattle and water buffalo. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the true seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle from Pakistan at the animal and herd-level. We tested 1380 dairy cattle from 451 herds and 92 water buffalo. The sera were tested by ELISA and the results were analyzed using Bayesian inference. The median posterior estimate of the herd level true BLV prevalence was 1.4%, with a 95% credible interval (CI) 0.7–3.1, whereas the median posterior estimate of the within-farm true seroprevalence was 3.8% with a 95% CI 2.8–4.8. All 92 sera collected from water buffalo were negative. Several risk factors potentially associated with seropositivity to BLV infections in Pakistan were analyzed using logistic regression model based on calculation of an odds ratio (OR). The study showed an association between seropositivity and medium herd (≥50) size (OR = 23.57, 95% CI: 3.01–103.48). Common housing of indigenous cattle with exotic-breed cattle (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 06–2.35) or housing indigenous or their crossbred cattle with exotic-breed cattle (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.14–3.01) had no effect on the BLV seroprevalence. Similarly, common housing of cattle and water buffalo was not risk factor for increased BLV seropositivity (OR = 27.10, 95% CI: 0.63–119.34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sakhawat
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
- Animal Quarantine Department, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
- Department of Bio Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (Z.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zbigniew Osiński
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (Z.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Nazia Bibi
- Department of Bio Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (Z.O.); (J.K.)
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Benitez OJ, Roberts JN, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Takeshima SN, Watanuki S, Aida Y, Grooms DL. Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1335-1340. [PMID: 31067187 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in beef bulls; evaluate the presence of BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples; and analyze whether blood BLV proviral load was associated with differential blood cell counts. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 121 beef bulls ≥ 2 years old from 39 Michigan herds. PROCEDURES Blood, smegma, and semen samples were collected from each bull during a routine breeding soundness examination. An ELISA was used to detect serum anti-BLV antibodies. A coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay was used to detect BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples. Bulls with positive results on both the BLV serum ELISA and coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay were considered infected with BLV. RESULTS 19 of 39 (48.7%) herds and 54 of 121 (44.6%) bulls were infected with BLV. Provirus DNA was detected in the blood of all 54 and in smegma of 4 BLV-infected bulls but was not detected in any semen sample. Lymphocyte count was significantly greater in BLV-infected bulls than in uninfected bulls. The proportion of BLV-infected bulls with lymphocytosis (16/54 [29.6%]) was greater than the proportion of uninfected bulls with lymphocytosis (6/67 [9%]). Lymphocyte count was positively associated with BLV proviral load in BLV-infected bulls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that almost half of beef bulls and herds were infected with BLV, and BLV provirus DNA was detected in the smegma of some BLV-infected bulls. Bulls may have an important role in BLV transmission in beef herds.
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Hutchinson HC, Norby B, Erskine RJ, Sporer KRB, Bartlett PC. Herd management practices associated with bovine leukemia virus incidence rate in Michigan dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105084. [PMID: 32682155 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify associations between herd management practices and the incidence rate of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections in Michigan dairy herds. Previous management risk factor studies were of antibody prevalence rather than the rate of recent infections. Milk samples were collected from cohorts of cows on 112 Michigan dairy herds and tested for BLV using an antibody capture ELISA (n = 3849 cows). Cows were subsequently followed for an average of 21 months. Cows negative for anti-BLV antibodies and still present in their respective herds were retested by the same antibody capture ELISA to estimate within-herd incidence rates. The overall crude incidence rate was 1.46 infections per 100 cow-months at risk for the 1314 retested cows in 107 herds. The average within-herd incidence rate was 2.28 infections per 100 cow-months (range: 0 to 9.76 infections per 100 cow-months). A negative binomial regression model was used to identify herd management practices associated with the within-herd incidence rate. Results of the final multivariable model identified higher herd prevalence, milking frequency, needle reuse, as well as housing post-parturient cows separately, to be associated with increased incidence rate. Utilization of sand bedding for the lactating herd was found to be associated with decreased incidence rates. Results of this study suggest potential routes of BLV transmission which should be further investigated as disease control targets in ongoing control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - K R B Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Benitez OJ, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Maeroff JE, Grooms DL. Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on beef cow longevity. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105055. [PMID: 32593082 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Previous studies estimate that 38 % of cow-calf beef herds and 10.3 % of individual beef cows in the US are BLV seropositive. About 70 % of BLV infected animals are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, while less than 5% develop lymphosarcoma, the leading reason for carcass condemnation at the US slaughterhouses. Studies provide evidence that BLV infection leads to decreased immune function making animals more vulnerable to other diseases, which could shorten their productive lifespan and increase economic losses in the cattle industry. BLV seropositive dairy cows are reportedly more likely to be culled sooner compared with their uninfected herd mates. Beyond simple prevalence studies, little is known about the impact of BLV infection in beef cattle production or specifically on beef cow longevity. Our objective was to determine the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in beef cow-calf operations. Twenty-seven cow-calf herds from the Upper Midwest volunteered to participate in this study. Female beef cattle (n = 3146) were tested for serum BLV antibodies by ELISA. A subsample of 648 cows were also tested for BLV proviral load (PVL). Culling data was collected for the subsequent 24 months. Twenty-one herds (77.7 %) had at least one BLV-infected animal, and 29.2 % (930/3146) of tested animals were BLV seropositive. Of the BLV-positive cows, 33.7 % (318/943) were culled compared with 32.1 % (541/1682) of the seronegative cows. BLV status did not affect cows' longevity within herds (P = 0.062). However, cows with high BLV PVL had decreased survival within the herd compared with ELISA- negative cows (P = 0.01). Overall, infection with BLV did not impact beef cow longevity unless the disease had progressed to a point of high BLV PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States.
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Maeroff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48895, United States
| | - Daniel L Grooms
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
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Ruggiero VJ, Norby B, Benitez OJ, Hutchinson H, Sporer KRB, Droscha C, Swenson CL, Bartlett PC. Controlling bovine leukemia virus in dairy herds by identifying and removing cows with the highest proviral load and lymphocyte counts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9165-9175. [PMID: 31378496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to reduce bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission and prevalence in commercial dairy herds using proviral load (PVL) and lymphocyte count (LC) measurements as indicators of the most infectious animals for culling or segregation. Bovine leukemia virus causes lymphoma in <5% of infected cattle, and increased lymphocyte counts (lymphocytosis) in about one-third. Recent research has shown that dairy cows infected with BLV have altered immune function associated with decreases in milk production and lifespan. Recent findings show that a minority of infected cattle have PVL concentrations in blood and other body fluids of over 1,000 times that of other infected cattle. In combination with a high LC, these animals are thought to be responsible for most transmission of BLV in a herd. Milk or blood samples from adult cows in our 3 Midwestern dairy farm field trials were tested semiannually with ELISA for BLV antibodies, and ELISA-positive cattle were then retested using a blood LC and a quantitative PCR test for PVL to identify the animals presumed to be most infectious. Herd managers were encouraged to consider PVL and LC status when making cull decisions, and to segregate cows with the highest PVL and LC from their BLV ELISA-negative herd mates where possible. After 2 to 2.5 yr of this intervention, the incidence risk of new infections decreased in all 3 herds combined, from 13.8 to 2.2, and the overall herd prevalence decreased in all 3 herds combined from 62.0 to 20.7%, suggesting that this approach can efficiently reduce BLV transmission as well as prevalence. This is encouraging, because a very low prevalence of BLV infection would make it economically feasible to cull the remaining ELISA-positive cattle, as was achieved in national eradication programs in other countries decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ruggiero
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - O J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - H Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C Droscha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C L Swenson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Kuczewski A, Hogeveen H, Orsel K, Wolf R, Thompson J, Spackman E, van der Meer F. Economic evaluation of 4 bovine leukemia virus control strategies for Alberta dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2578-2592. [PMID: 30639017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a production-limiting disease common in North American dairy herds. To make evidence-based recommendations to Canadian dairy producers and their consultants regarding cost and financial benefits of BLV on-farm control, an economic model that takes the supply-managed milk quota system into account is necessary. Alberta-specific input variables were used for the presented analysis. A decision tree model program was used to evaluate economic aspects of decreasing a 40% BLV within-herd prevalence on dairy farms by implementing various control strategies over 10 yr. Investigated strategies were (1) all management strategies, including 3 options for colostrum management; (2) some management strategies; (3) test and cull; and (4) test and segregate. Each of these strategies was compared with a no control on-farm approach. The prevalence for this no-control approach was assumed to stay constant over time. Each control strategy incurred specific yearly cost and yielded yearly decreases in prevalence, thereby affecting yearly partial net revenue. Infection with BLV was assumed to decrease milk production, decrease cow longevity, and increase condemnation of carcasses at slaughter from cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis, thereby decreasing net revenue. Cows infected with BLV generated a yearly mean partial net revenue of Can$7,641, whereas noninfected cows generated Can$8,276. Mean cost for the control strategies ranged from Can$193 to Can$847 per animal over 10 yr in a 146-animal herd. Net benefits of controlling BLV on farm, as compared with not controlling BLV, per cow in a 146-animal herd over a 10-yr period for each strategy was: Can$1,315 for all management strategies (freezer); Can$1,243 for all management strategies (pasteurizer); Can$785 for all management strategies (powdered colostrum); Can$1,028 for some management strategies; Can$1,592 for test and cull; and Can$1,594 for test and segregate. Consequently, on-farm BLV control was financially beneficial. Even though negative net benefits were possible and expected for some iterations, our sensitivity analysis highlighted the overall robustness of our model. In summary, this model provided evidence that Canadian dairy farmers should be encouraged to control BLV on their farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6706 KN, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Robert Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jada Thompson
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Eldon Spackman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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LaDronka RM, Ainsworth S, Wilkins MJ, Norby B, Byrem TM, Bartlett PC. Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibodies in US Dairy Cattle. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:5831278. [PMID: 30534354 PMCID: PMC6252197 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5831278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate current US herd-level and animal-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in dairy cows and characterize epidemiologic features. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study design and survey. ANIMALS 4120 dairy cows from 103 commercial dairy herds in 11 states across the US. PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected from dairy cows through routine commercial sampling and tested for anti-BLV antibodies by antibody capture ELISA. Based on the ELISA results of a sample of an average of 40 cows per herd, within-herd apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated by a directly standardized method and by a lactation-weighted method for each herd. Within-herd AP estimates were summarized to give estimates of US herd-level and animal-level AP. Differences in AP by lactation, region, state, breed, and herd size were examined to characterize basic epidemiologic features of BLV infection. RESULTS 94.2% of herds had at least one BLV antibody positive cow detected. The average within-herd standardized AP was 46.5%. Lactation-specific AP increased with increasing lactation number, from 29.7% in first lactation cows to 58.9% in 4th and greater lactation cows. Significant differences were not observed based on region, state, breed, or herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results are consistent with a historical trend of increasing prevalence of BLV among US dairy cattle. Given the findings of other studies on the negative impacts of BLV infection on milk production and cow longevity, these findings are clinically relevant for veterinarians counseling dairy clients on the risks of BLV to their herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. LaDronka
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samantha Ainsworth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Melinda J. Wilkins
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Todd M. Byrem
- North Star Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd., Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Paul C. Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Kohara J, Takeuchi M, Hirano Y, Sakurai Y, Takahashi T. Vector control efficacy of fly nets on preventing bovine leukemia virus transmission. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1524-1527. [PMID: 30122691 PMCID: PMC6207509 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is horizontally transmitted among cattle through infected blood. This 3-year field study (2013-2016) aimed to confirm the potential of the blood-sucking stable fly as a risk factor of BLV transmission and to determine the efficacy of vector control on preventing the transmission of BLV. The BLV-positive conversion rate during summer was higher than that during winter in a model dairy farm, where many stable flies were observed during the summer. After fly nets were fixed onto the barn to prevent fly invasion, the BLV-positive conversion rate during the summer was significantly decreased compared with that in the absence of fly nets (P<0.01). These findings suggest that vector control using a fly net may inhibit BLV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Miki Takeuchi
- Hokkaido Higashi Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, Tsurui, Hokkaido 085-1204, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirano
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Yoshie Sakurai
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
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Carignano HA, Roldan DL, Beribe MJ, Raschia MA, Amadio A, Nani JP, Gutierrez G, Alvarez I, Trono K, Poli MA, Miretti MM. Genome-wide scan for commons SNPs affecting bovine leukemia virus infection level in dairy cattle. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:142. [PMID: 29439661 PMCID: PMC5812220 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is omnipresent in dairy herds causing direct economic losses due to trade restrictions and lymphosarcoma-related deaths. Milk production drops and increase in the culling rate are also relevant and usually neglected. The BLV provirus persists throughout a lifetime and an inter-individual variation is observed in the level of infection (LI) in vivo. High LI is strongly correlated with disease progression and BLV transmission among herd mates. In a context of high prevalence, classical control strategies are economically prohibitive. Alternatively, host genomics studies aiming to dissect loci associated with LI are potentially useful tools for genetic selection programs tending to abrogate the viral spreading. The LI was measured through the proviral load (PVL) set-point and white blood cells (WBC) counts. The goals of this work were to gain insight into the contribution of SNPs (bovine 50KSNP panel) on LI variability and to identify genomics regions underlying this trait. RESULTS We quantified anti-p24 response and total leukocytes count in peripheral blood from 1800 cows and used these to select 800 individuals with extreme phenotypes in WBCs and PVL. Two case-control genomic association studies using linear mixed models (LMMs) considering population stratification were performed. The proportion of the variance captured by all QC-passed SNPs represented 0.63 (SE ± 0.14) of the phenotypic variance for PVL and 0.56 (SE ± 0.15) for WBCs. Overall, significant associations (Bonferroni's corrected -log10p > 5.94) were shared for both phenotypes by 24 SNPs within the Bovine MHC. Founder haplotypes were used to measure the linkage disequilibrium (LD) extent (r2 = 0.22 ± 0.27 at inter-SNP distance of 25-50 kb). The SNPs and LD blocks indicated genes potentially associated with LI in infected cows: i.e. relevant immune response related genes (DQA1, DRB3, BOLA-A, LTA, LTB, TNF, IER3, GRP111, CRISP1), several genes involved in cell cytoskeletal reorganization (CD2AP, PKHD1, FLOT1, TUBB5) and modelling of the extracellular matrix (TRAM2, TNXB). Host transcription factors (TFs) were also highlighted (TFAP2D; ABT1, GCM1, PRRC2A). CONCLUSIONS Data obtained represent a step forward to understand the biology of BLV-bovine interaction, and provide genetic information potentially applicable to selective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Carignano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Dana L. Roldan
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - María J. Beribe
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino, B2700 Pergamino, Argentina
| | - María A. Raschia
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Ariel Amadio
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, S2300, Rafaela, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Nani
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, S2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Gerónimo Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Poli
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Marcos M. Miretti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (GIGA - IBS), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, N3300 Posadas, Argentina
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21
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Carignano HA, Beribe MJ, Caffaro ME, Amadio A, Nani JP, Gutierrez G, Alvarez I, Trono K, Miretti MM, Poli MA. BOLA-DRB3gene polymorphisms influence bovine leukaemia virus infection levels in Holstein and Holstein × Jersey crossbreed dairy cattle. Anim Genet 2017; 48:420-430. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Carignano
- Instituto de Genética; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
| | - M. J. Beribe
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino - INTA; Pergamino B2700 Argentina
| | - M. E. Caffaro
- Instituto de Genética; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
| | - A. Amadio
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela - INTA; Rafaela S2300 Santa Fe Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ Argentina
| | - J. P. Nani
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela - INTA; Rafaela S2300 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - G. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
| | - I. Alvarez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ Argentina
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
| | - K. Trono
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
| | - M. M. Miretti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada; Instituto de Biología Subtropical (GIGA - IBS); Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Posadas N3300 Argentina
| | - M. A. Poli
- Instituto de Genética; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas - INTA; Hurlingham B1686 Argentina
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22
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Venegas-Vargas C, Manning SD, Coussens PM, Roussey JA, Bartlett P, Grooms D. Bovine Leukemia Virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Are Not Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding in Cattle. J Food Prot 2017; 80:86-89. [PMID: 28221870 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in cattle. Both diseases are chronic in nature and can lead to the disruption of normal immunological or physiological processes. Cattle are the major reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a cause of foodborne illness in humans. We tested the hypothesis that cattle infected with BLV or MAP are more likely to shed STEC. We conducted a cross-sectional study during the summers of 2011 and 2012 in 11 Michigan cattle herds. A fecal sample from each animal was collected for STEC culture, and multiplex PCR for stx1, stx2, and eaeA was used to screen suspect colonies for STEC confirmation. Antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for BLV and MAP were used to screen serum from each animal. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in a subsample (n =497) of blood samples. Of the animals sampled, 34.9% were BLV positive, 2.7% were MAP positive, and 16% were shedding STEC. Cattle in the dairy herds had a higher frequency of BLV and MAP than did those in beef herds, but more cattle in beef herds were shedding STEC. Neither BLV nor MAP was associated with STEC shedding (P values of 0.6838 and 0.3341, respectively). We also observed no association between STEC status and the percentage of neutrophils (P value of 0.3565), lymphocytes (P value of 0.8422), or the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (P value of 0.1800). Although controlling both BLV and MAP is important for overall herd health and productivity, we found no evidence that controlling BLV and MAP has an impact on STEC shedding in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jonathan A Roussey
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Paul Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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23
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Lützelschwab CM, Forletti A, Cepeda R, Esteban EN, Confalonieri O, Gutiérrez SE. Co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis does not alter the response to bovine leukemia virus in BoLA DRB3*0902, genetically resistant cattle. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:10-16. [PMID: 27892856 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High proviral load (HPL) profile in bovine leukemia virus infected animals poses increased risk of transmission, and development of HPL or low proviral load (LPL) profile may be attributed to host genetics. Genetic resistance and susceptibility has been mapped to the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II DRB3 gene (BoLA DRB3). The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on certain virological and host immunological parameters of BLV experimental infection. Twenty-six Argentinian Holstein calves carrying the resistance-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*0902, susceptibility-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*1501, or neutral BoLA DRB3 alleles, exposed to M. bovis were used. Twenty calves were inoculated with BLV, three were naturally infected and other three were BLV-negative. Seven from twenty six (27%) of the animals resulted positive to the PPD test. The proviral load, absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, time to seroconversion, antibody titer against BLV, and viral antigen expression in vitro at various times post inoculation were determined and compared between PPD+ and PPD- animals. From a total of 23 BLV positive animals (naturally and experimentally infected), 13 (56.5%) developed HPL, and 10 (43.5%) developed LPL. None of the investigated parameters were affected by infection with M. bovis. We concluded that the ability of cattle carrying resistance-associated marker to control BLV and to progress towards a LPL phenotype was not altered by M. bovis co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Lützelschwab
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Forletti
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rosana Cepeda
- Area de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo N Esteban
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Omar Confalonieri
- Departamento de Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvina E Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Abdalla EA, Weigel KA, Byrem TM, Rosa GJM. Short communication: Genetic correlation of bovine leukosis incidence with somatic cell score and milk yield in a US Holstein population. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2005-2009. [PMID: 26778307 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis (BL) is a retroviral disease caused by the bovine leukosis virus (BLV), which affects only cattle. Dairy cows positive for BL produce less milk and have more days open than cows negative for BL. In addition, the virus also affects the immune system and causes weaker response to vaccines. Heritability estimates of BL incidence have been reported for Jersey and Holstein populations at about 0.08, indicating an important genetic component that can potentially be exploited to reduce the prevalence of the disease. However, before BL is used in selection programs, it is important to study its genetic associations with other economically important traits such that correlated responses to selection can be predicted. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the genetic correlations of BL with milk yield (MY) and with somatic cell score (SCS). Data of a commercial assay (ELISA) used to detect BLV antibodies in milk samples were obtained from Antel BioSystems (Lansing, MI). The data included continuous milk ELISA scores and binary milk ELISA results for 11,554 cows from 112 dairy herds across 16 US states. Continuous and binary milk ELISA were analyzed with linear and threshold models, respectively, together with MY and SCS using multitrait animal models. Genetic correlations (posterior means ± standard deviations) between BL incidence and MY were 0.17 ± 0.077 and 0.14 ± 0.076 using ELISA scores and results, respectively; with SCS, such estimates were 0.20 ± 0.081 and 0.17 ± 0.079, respectively. In summary, the results indicate that selection for higher MY may lead to increased BLV prevalence in dairy herds, but that the inclusion of BL (or SCS as an indicator trait) in selection indexes may help attenuate this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Abdalla
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Animal Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya 21861.
| | - K A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - T M Byrem
- Antel BioSystems Inc., Lansing, MI 48910
| | - G J M Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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25
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Norby B, Bartlett PC, Byrem TM, Erskine RJ. Effect of infection with bovine leukemia virus on milk production in Michigan dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:2043-2052. [PMID: 26723124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association between individual cow-level milk production and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection as measured by milk BLV-ELISA. Dairy Herd Improvement technicians collected milk samples from 10 cows from each of first, second, third, and 4+ parity cows in 105 Holstein herds with ≥ 120 milking cows. Milk samples were tested for the presence of anti-BLV antibodies by ELISA. Additional data regarding the cows and the herds were collected by farm survey and Dairy Herd Improvement records. A set of mixed-effect models using all cows and only 2+ parity cows were used to investigate the association between BLV ELISA-corrected optical density and 305-d mature equivalents of individual cows. The BLV milk positivity was associated with decreased 305-d mature-equivalent yields, especially among the older cows. Additionally, increasing milk ELISA-corrected optical density was associated with increasing loss of milk production at the cow level. In summary, our results provide evidence that BLV infection is associated with decreased milk production in Michigan dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - T M Byrem
- Antel BioSystems Inc., Lansing, MI 48909
| | - R J Erskine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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27
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Nekouei O, VanLeeuwen J, Sanchez J, Kelton D, Tiwari A, Keefe G. Herd-level risk factors for infection with bovine leukemia virus in Canadian dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Recent Emergence of Escherichia coli with Cephalosporin Resistance Conferred by blaCTX-M on Washington State Dairy Farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4403-10. [PMID: 25911480 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00463-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae-associated blaCTX-M genes have become globally widespread within the past 30 years. Among isolates from Washington State cattle, Escherichia coli strains carrying blaCTX-M (CTX-M E. coli strains) were absent from a set of 2008 isolates but present in a set of isolates from 2011. On 30 Washington State dairy farms sampled in 2012, CTX-M E. coli prevalence was significantly higher on eastern than on northwestern Washington farms, on farms with more than 3,000 adult cows, and on farms that recently received new animals. The addition of fresh bedding to calf hutches at least weekly and use of residual fly sprays were associated with lower prevalence of CTX-M E. coli. In Washington State, the occurrence of human pathogens carrying blaCTX-M genes preceded the emergence of blaCTX-M-associated E. coli in cattle, indicating that these resistance determinants and/or their bacterial hosts may have emerged in human populations prior to their dissemination to cattle populations.
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29
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Bartlett PC, Sordillo LM, Byrem TM, Norby B, Grooms DL, Swenson CL, Zalucha J, Erskine RJ. Options for the control of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:914-22. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.8.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Bartlett P, Norby B, Byrem T, Parmelee A, Ledergerber J, Erskine R. Bovine leukemia virus and cow longevity in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1591-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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