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Saviard T, Menard O, Nebbia S, Ossemond J, Henry G, Chacon R, Le Feunteun S, Dupont D, Le Roux L. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of cow's and sheep's dairy products: Impact of species and structure. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114604. [PMID: 38945616 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Sheep's milk (SM) is known to differ from cow's milk (CM) in nutritional composition and physicochemical properties, which may lead to different digestion behaviours. This work aimed to investigate the impact of the species (cow vs sheep) and the structure (milk vs yogurt) on the digestion of dairy products. Using an in vitro static gastrointestinal digestion model, CM, SM, cow's milk yogurt (CY) and sheep's milk yogurt (SY) were compared on particle size evolution, microscopic observations, degree of lipolysis, degree of proteolysis, specific protein degradation and calcium bioaccessibility. Species and structure affected particle size evolution during the gastric phase resulting in smaller particles for yogurts compared to milks as well as for CM products compared to SM products. Species impacted lipid composition and lipolysis, with SM products presenting higher short/medium-chain fatty acids content and higher intestinal degree of lipolysis. Proteolysis was influenced by structure, with milks showing higher intestinal degree of proteolysis compared to yogurts. Caseins were digested faster in CM, ⍺-lactalbumin was digested faster in SM despite its higher concentration, and during gastric digestion β-lactoglobulin was more degraded in CM products compared to SM products and more in yogurts compared to milks. Lastly, SM products released more bioaccessible calcium than CM products. In conclusion, species (cow vs sheep) impacted more the digestion compared to the structure (milk vs yogurt). In fact, SM was different from CM mainly due to a denser protein network that might slow down the accessibility of the enzyme to its substrate which induce a delay of gastric disaggregation and thus lead to slower the digestion of the nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Menard
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | - Stefano Nebbia
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Gwénaële Henry
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | | | | | - Didier Dupont
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
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2
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Li L, Zhou H, Wang J, Li J, Lyu X, Wang W, Luo C, Huang H, Zhou D, Chen X, Xu L, Li P. Metabolic switch from glycogen to lipid in the liver maintains glucose homeostasis in neonatal mice. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100440. [PMID: 37826876 PMCID: PMC10568567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates strive to acquire energy when the continuous transplacental nutrient supply ceases at birth, whereas milk consumption takes hours to start. Using murine models, we report the metabolic switches in the first days of life, with an unexpected discovery of glucose as the universal fuel essential for neonatal life. Blood glucose quickly drops as soon as birth, but immediately rebounds even before suckling and maintains stable afterward. Meanwhile, neonatal liver undergoes drastic metabolic changes, from extensive glycogenolysis before suckling to dramatically induced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and gluconeogenesis after milk suckling. Unexpectedly, blocking hepatic glycogenolysis only caused a transient hypoglycemia before milk suckling without causing lethality. Limiting lipid supply in milk (low-fat milk, [LFM]) using Cidea-/- mice, however, led to a chronic and severe hypoglycemia and consequently claimed neonatal lives. While fat replenishment rescued LFM-caused neonatal lethality, the rescue effects were abolished by blocking FAO or gluconeogenesis, pointing to a funneling of lipids and downstream metabolites into glucose as the essential fuel. Finally, glucose administration also rescued LFM-caused neonatal lethality, independent on FAO or gluconeogenesis. Therefore, our results show that the liver works as an energy conversion center to maintain blood glucose homeostasis in neonates, providing theoretical basis for managing infant hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- The Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - He Huang
- The Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; The Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Antioxidant Potential of the Sweet Whey-Based Beverage Colada after the Digestive Process and Relationships with the Lipid and Protein Fractions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091827. [PMID: 36139901 PMCID: PMC9495724 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey-based beverages could be an effective way of reusing a by-product of th cheese industry, mitigating environmental hazards and, at the same time, profiting a useful food with high nutritional and antioxidant properties. In this study, a traditional Ecuadorian beverage (Colada) was prepared combining sweet whey, Maracuyá and barley. Antioxidant properties before and after an in vitro digestion using the INFOGEST method were determined, and relationships with intestinal transformations of the lipid and protein fractions were analyzed. The digestive process had a positive effect on antioxidant properties based on increased values of ABTS and FRAP located in the bioaccessible fraction (BF), together with strong increments of total polyphenols. Moreover, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with the BF of Colada significantly reduced ROS generation (p < 0.001) measured by the dichlorofluorescein assay. Substantial changes of the fatty acid profile occurred during digestion, such as a fall of saturated fatty acids and a rise of polyunsaturated. The protein profile, examined by SDS-PAGE and exclusion molecular chromatography in the BF, showed that the major part of the proteins were digested in the intestinal phase. Analysis of NanoLC-MS/MS revealed 18 antioxidant peptides originated from whey proteins, but also 16 peptides from barley with potential antioxidant properties. In conclusion, combining sweet whey with Maracuyá and barley constitutes an excellent nutritional beverage with a strong antioxidant potential.
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Pan Y, Xia Y, Yu X, Hussain M, Li X, Liu L, Wang L, Li C, Leng Y, Jiang S. Comparative Analysis of Lipid Digestion Characteristics in Human, Bovine, and Caprine Milk Based on Simulated In Vitro Infant Gastrointestinal Digestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10104-10113. [PMID: 34449210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid digestion characteristics in human, bovine, and caprine milk were investigated using an infant in vitro digestion model. Our results suggested that particle size in bovine and caprine milk increased initially and then decreased over time, whereas the particle size in human milk continuously decreased. The lipolysis degree of human milk (86.8%) was higher than that in bovine (80.2%) and caprine (82.7%) milk (P < 0.05). Compared to human milk, bovine and caprine milk released higher unsaturated fatty acids and lower SFAs. In addition, 12 and 84 glyceride species were significantly different between bovine and human milk, during gastrointestinal digestion (P < 0.05). Another 13 and 92 glyceride species were found to be significantly different between caprine and human milk. A total of 30 and 31 lipids were screened as biomarkers to further clarify the differences related to lipid digestion properties of human, bovine, and caprine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Heilongjiang Institute of Green Food Science, 150028 Harbin, China
| | - Youbin Leng
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., 100015 Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., 100015 Beijing, China
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Sindi AS, Geddes DT, Wlodek ME, Muhlhausler BS, Payne MS, Stinson LF. Can we modulate the breastfed infant gut microbiota through maternal diet? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6133472. [PMID: 33571360 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial colonisation of the infant gut is robustly influenced by regular ingestion of human milk, a substance that contains microbes, microbial metabolites, immune proteins, and oligosaccharides. Numerous factors have been identified as potential determinants of the human milk and infant gut microbiota, including maternal diet; however, there is limited data on the influence of maternal diet during lactation on either of these. Here, we review the processes thought to contribute to human milk and infant gut bacterial colonisation and provide a basis for considering the role of maternal dietary patterns during lactation in shaping infant gut microbial composition and function. Although only one observational study has directly investigated the influence of maternal diet during lactation on the infant gut microbiome, data from animal studies suggests that modulation of the maternal gut microbiota, via diet or probiotics, may influence the mammary or milk microbiota. Additionally, evidence from human studies suggests that the maternal diet during pregnancy may affect the gut microbiota of the breastfed infant. Together, there is a plausible hypothesis that maternal diet during lactation may influence the infant gut microbiota. If substantiated in further studies, this may present a potential window of opportunity for modulating the infant gut microbiome in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar S Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Stinson LF, Gay MCL, Koleva PT, Eggesbø M, Johnson CC, Wegienka G, du Toit E, Shimojo N, Munblit D, Campbell DE, Prescott SL, Geddes DT, Kozyrskyj AL. Human Milk From Atopic Mothers Has Lower Levels of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1427. [PMID: 32903327 PMCID: PMC7396598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SFCAs) are microbial metabolites produced in the gut upon fermentation of dietary fiber. These metabolites interact with the host immune system and can elicit epigenetic effects. There is evidence to suggest that SCFAs may play a role in the developmental programming of immune disorders and obesity, though evidence in humans remains sparse. Here we have quantified human milk (HM) SCFA levels in an international cohort of atopic and non-atopic mothers (n = 109). Our results demonstrate that human milk contains detectable levels of the SCFAs acetate, butyrate, and formate. Samples from atopic mothers had significantly lower concentrations of acetate and butyrate than those of non-atopic mothers. HM SCFA levels in atopic and non-atopic women also varied based on maternal country of residence (Australia, Japan, Norway, South Africa, USA). Reduced exposure to HM SCFA in early life may program atopy or overweight risk in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
| | - Melvin C L Gay
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
| | - Petya T Koleva
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine C Johnson
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Elloise du Toit
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daniel Munblit
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne E Campbell
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan L Prescott
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Teng F, Reis MG, Yang L, Ma Y, Day L. Structural characteristics of triacylglycerols contribute to the distinct in vitro gastric digestibility of sheep and cow milk fat prior to and after homogenisation. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Miraglia N, Salimei E, Fantuz F. Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E353. [PMID: 32098374 PMCID: PMC7070972 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine dairy chain is renewing the interest toward horse and donkey breeding for the production of milk with potential health promoting properties. The dairy equine chain for human consumption could contribute to the rural eco-sustainable development for the micro-economies of those areas threatened by marginalization. As a part of the whole equine industry, and its possible impact in the modern and future society, the main traits of the equine dairy enterprise are reviewed with a special focus on management of animals and milk. Equine milk compositional and nutritional peculiarities are described as also related to milk hygiene and health issues. Scientific and technical aspects of the feeding management are considered in the frame of the emerging dairy equine enterprise, where pasture is an essential element that allows to match production goals for horses and donkeys, biodiversity preservation, as well as landscape safeguard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Miraglia
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Salimei
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy;
| | - Francesco Fantuz
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino MC 62032, Italy;
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Abstract
This Research Communication describes the adaptation and testing of an RP-HPLC method, previously tested for the determination of lactoferrin (LF) in whey, for its applicability to determine milk lactoferrin content. Milk samples of various species, namely, ovine, caprine, bovine, donkey and human milk, were tested. The advantage of this RP-HPLC method includes speed and convenience, as it does not include extensive pretreatment or separation steps. A simple pre-treatment step was added in order to remove fat and proteins of the casein family and the samples were tested. The results varied in terms of elution of the LF peak both between the milk of the different species as well as from the initial application on whey. The peak resolution was satisfactory in the cases of ovine, bovine and donkey milk samples while for caprine and human milk an interference with other peaks was observed. Nevertheless, quantification of LF was found possible for all samples. This new application of the modified method will allow the determination of LF in milk samples of the tested species either for everyday analysis or as a useful qualitative screening for presence or absence of LF.
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Abstract
We evaluated the effect of in vitro digested milk on mature adipocytes 3T3-L1, paying particular attention to its fatty acid composition, and comparing human (HM), donkey (DM), bovine (BM), ovine (OM), caprine (CM) and formula (FM) milk. Cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative response and gene expression levels of NF-κB p65, HMGB1, SREBP-1c and FAS were evaluated. Digested milk treatments significantly reduced 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes viability and caspase activity compared with control group, but no significant differences were observed among different sources of digested milk. In all digested milk samples, ROS level was higher than the control, however, the digested human and formula milk showed lower levels of ROS than DM, BM, OM and CM samples. Lower capacity of HM and FM to induce oxidative stress in mature adipocytes was ascribed to the peculiar free fatty acids profile of digested milk samples. All milk treatments elicited a significant over-expression of NF-κB p65 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to the control; the lowest gene expression was found in HM, BM, OM and CM, the highest in FM and an intermediate behavior was shown in DM. All digested milk treatments influenced the gene expression of SRBP-1c with FM and HM showing the highest levels. For FAS expression, BM showed the highest level, OM and CM intermediate and FM, HM and DM the lowest levels, however HM and DM had comparable levels to the control.
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Editorial: Watering holes. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:123-124. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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