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Pourshahbazi G, Khanahmad H, Khadivi R, Yousefi HA, Mobarakeh S, Boldaji FH, Darani HY. Toxocara Infection in Dogs and Cats in Isfahan Province of Iran in 2021. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:201. [PMID: 37694248 PMCID: PMC10492607 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_88_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxocariasis is an acute or chronic disease caused by parasites of the Ascaridae family, especially Toxocara of dogs and cats. Eggs are excreted out by feces of these animals on soil. Infective eggs develop on soil which can be infective to human. In this study, infection rate of Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats of urban and rural areas of Isfahan province of Iran has been investigated. Materials and Methods Three hundred and seventy-five stray dog feces and 230 stray cat feces were collected from the public environment (slaughterhouses, parks, children's playgrounds, student dormitories, university environment, streets and squares) in Isfahan province of Iran. At first, dogs' and cats' feces were examined for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs using formalin ether method. In the second stage, by using molecular methods, Toxocara eggs spp. (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati) were identified. Results From 375 dog fecal samples, 39 (10.40%) and from 230 cat fecal samples, 38 (16.52%) were positive for presence of the Toxocara eggs. Conclusion Dogs and cats in Isfahan province of Iran were infected with Toxocara parasite. These infections can be potential risk for human toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Pourshahbazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Khadivi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein A Yousefi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mobarakeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hossini Boldaji
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousefi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Pezeshkian F, Pouryousef A, Omidian M, Mikaeili F, Safarpour AR, Shojaei-Zarghani S, Sarkari B. Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Associated Risk Factors among Adult Population in Kavar District, Fars Province, South of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Seroepidemiological Survey. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2023; 2023:2721202. [PMID: 37207170 PMCID: PMC10191749 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2721202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis as a common neglected disease is the culprit of infecting all age groups. The current cross-sectional study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and risk factors associated with seropositivity of Toxocara infection among the general population of adults in the Kavar district, south of Iran. A total of 1060 participants with an age range of 35 to 70 years from the Kavar region entered the study. Manual ELISA was utilized to detect anti-Toxocara-specific antibodies in their serum samples. In addition, demographic information as well as risk factors related to toxocariasis was collected from individuals who participated in the survey. The mean age of the participants was 48.9 (±7.9) years old. Out of 1060 subjects, 532 (50.2%) were men, and 528 (49.8%) were women. The overall Toxocara seroprevalence was 5.8% (61/1060). The prevalence of Toxocara seropositive cases was significantly different between males and females (p = 0.023). The seropositive rate for Toxocara infection was also significantly higher in housewives (p = 0.003) and subjects with learning disabilities (p = 0.008). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that housewives (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.18-3.51, p = 0.010) and subjects with learning disability (OR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.29-8.52, p = 0.013) were at increased risk of Toxocara infection. The findings of the current study depicted a noticeable seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in the general population in the Kavar district, southern Iran. An increased risk of toxocariasis has been associated with learning disabilities and being a housewife. All of the toxocariasis-positive cases had contact with animals, at some point in their life. In perspective, it is necessary to raise awareness of this infection among the population while surveilling Toxocara infection in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Pouryousef
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Bustamante J, Sainz T, Pérez S, Rodríguez-Molino P, Montero Vega D, Mellado MJ, García López-Hortelano M. Toxocariasis in migrant children: A 6 years' experience in a reference pediatric unit in Spain. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 47:102288. [PMID: 35247580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that affects characteristically children. Clinical presentation is highly variable, often asymptomatic, and treatment duration is controversial. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study (January 2014-December 2019) was performed in a referral Unit for Pediatric Tropical Diseases. Patients younger than 18 years of age diagnosed with toxocariasis were included. RESULTS Out of 931 children screened for toxocariasis, 49 (5.3%) were seropositive. The median age was 11.0 years, 55.1% male and 30.6% referred contact with puppies. Overall, 34.7% were Latin-American, 24.5% Asiatic, 20.4% European, and 20.4% African. Only 34.7% presented symptoms, gastrointestinal the most common (52.9%). The 57.1% of children presented eosinophilia and 50% elevated total IgE. Most cases (95.9%) corresponded to covert toxocariasis. All children were treated with albendazole for 5-14-21 days, and 4 children required a second course. Follow-up data were available in 32 children (65.3%) for a median of 7 months, showing a progressive decline in eosinophils, IgE-titers and ELISA optical density. CONCLUSION Toxocariasis is mostly asymptomatic in children and eosinophilia is not always present. Serological tests should be included in migrant health screening and in the diagnostic assessment of eosinophilia. Eosinophil count, IgE-titers and ELISA optical-density could be useful during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bustamante
- Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Doctor José Molina Orosa, Las Palmas, Spain; La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain.
| | - T Sainz
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain; General Pediatrics and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Pérez
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Hospital de Torrejón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Rodríguez-Molino
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain; General Pediatrics and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Montero Vega
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Hospital La Paz Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Mellado
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain; General Pediatrics and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M García López-Hortelano
- La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain; General Pediatrics and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis in schoolchildren in Bushehr, Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rezaiemanesh MR, Afzalaghaee M, Hamidi S, Eshaghzadeh A, Paydar M, Hejazi SH. Prevalence of toxocariasis and its related risk factors in humans, dogs and cats in northeastern Iran: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:399-409. [PMID: 30892638 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is one of the most common zoonotic infections in dogs and cats. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies and identify the epidemiological and clinical features and related risk factors of toxocariasis in the general population along with the prevalence of this infection in dogs and cats in northeast Iran. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, anti-Toxocara antibodies from 1150 urban and rural participants were examined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the stool specimens of 538 dogs and 236 cats were tested using the formalin-ether concentration technique. Sociodemographic data and related risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire and the data on clinical manifestations were obtained from personal health records. RESULTS Anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected in 7.2% (83/1150) of the study population. Risk factors for seropositivity based on multivariable analysis were younger age (p=0.019), living in rural areas (p=0.048), occupations with high exposure risk to toxocariasis (p=0.001), contact with dogs or cats (p=0.003), contact with soil (p=0.001), history of geophagy (p=0.001) and the consumption of raw or undercooked liver (p=0.001). The prevalence of symptoms such as asthma, shortness of breath, blurred vision, abdominal pain and epilepsy were significantly higher in seropositive individuals compared with seronegative ones. Toxocara eggs were found in 15.1% (81/538) of dogs and 34.7% (82/236) of cats. A significant relationship was found between infection in dogs and cats and age, type, place of residence and anthelmintic consumption. CONCLUSIONS Identification of anti-Toxocara antibodies in the general population and the presence of confirmed infections in dogs and cats indicates exposure to Toxocara infection as a public health problem in northeast Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Monavar Afzalaghaee
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Hamidi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ameneh Eshaghzadeh
- Health Network Laboratory of Roshtkhar, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
| | - Maryam Paydar
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Erfani A, Pouryousef A, Arefkhah N, Shahriarirad R, Rastegarian M, Zeighami A, Mikaeili F, Hosseini SY, Sarkari B. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis and its related risk factors among municipal street sweepers in Shiraz District in Fars Province, southern Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Viñas M, Postigo I, Suñén E, Martínez J. Urticaria and silent parasitism by Ascaridoidea: Component-resolved diagnosis reinforces the significance of this association. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008177. [PMID: 32243436 PMCID: PMC7170265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urticaria remains a major problem in terms of aetiology, investigation, and management, and although parasitic diseases are considered potential causes, the absence of a consistent link between parasitic infections and skin allergy symptoms leads to the need for a deeper study of parameters that support this association. The objectives of this study were to analyse a possible relationship between parasitism by Ascarididae (Toxocara canis and Anisakis simplex) and the clinical expression of urticaria and to identify possible parasitic molecular markers for improving the diagnosis of unknown urticaria aetiology. The prevalence of Toxocara and Anisakis infestations was evaluated by measuring the levels of specific IgG (sIgG) and IgE (sIgE) antibodies against crude extracts and isolated components from whole larvae of Anisakis simplex (Ani s 1, Ani s 3 and Ani s 7) and Toxocara canis (TES-120, TES-70, TES-32 and TES-26) using immunologic and molecular diagnostic methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of 400 individuals. The study group consisted of 95 patients diagnosed with urticaria (55 with chronic urticaria and 40 with acute urticaria). A control group consisted of 305 subjects without urticaria (182 diagnosed with respiratory allergy and 123 without allergy). Statistically significant differences were demonstrated in the seroprevalence of specific IgG and IgE antibodies between the urticaria patients and the healthy general population when isolated ascarid antigens were evaluated. The prevalence of IgG antibodies against Ani s 1, IgE antibodies against TES-120 and IgE antibodies against TES-70 were significantly different between the control individuals (healthy general population) and patients with urticaria. Moreover, the urticaria patient group demonstrated a higher seroprevalence of antibodies (sIgE and sIgG) against Anisakis simplex larva whole extract than the control group but just with statistically diferences when sIgE was evaluated. The presence of IgE and/or IgG antibodies against Ani s 3 (tropomyosin) can help to discriminate between patients with and without urticaria. Both ascarids seem to be associated with urticaria, although in our region, Anisakis seems to have greater involvement than Toxocara in this relationship. Molecular diagnostics can be used to associate urticaria with parasite infestations. Tropomyosin and Ani s 1 were the most relevant markers to demonstrate the association between urticaria and the most relevant Ascarididae parasites in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Viñas
- Allergy Service, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Postigo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ester Suñén
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
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Seroprevalence of human toxocarosis in Europe: A review and meta-analysis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:375-418. [PMID: 32381208 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxocarosis is distributed worldwide and represents the most prevalent zoonotic helminth infection in industrialized countries, thereby posing a substantial risk for public health. Thus, toxocarosis is one of CDC's Neglected Parasitic Infections that has been targeted for public health action. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes Toxocara seroprevalence in general populations from Europe, populations suspected of Toxocara infection and defined risk groups. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions based on 41 publications resulted in an overall seroprevalence of 6.2% (95% CI: 4.7-8.3%) in the general population of Europe. Subgroup analysis according to decades (1970-2010s) revealed a significant increase in seroprevalence, with the highest value (12.4%; 95% CI: 6.5-22.3%) in the 2010s (χ2=17.87, df=4, P=0.001). There were no significant differences between pooled prevalence rates of European sub-regions (χ2=3.01, df=3, P=0.389). Furthermore, meta-analysis of seroprevalence according to age groups, based on data from 22 publications, indicated a significantly higher pooled seroprevalence of 14.9% (95% CI: 8.5-24.8%) in people more than 50 years of age than in younger age cohorts (χ2=8.33, df=2, P=0.016). Occupational groups exposed to contaminated soil and infected animals bear substantial risk for acquiring Toxocara infection. Due to the close link between animal infection and human Toxocara exposure, a "One Health" approach for the prevention of Toxocara infection in both humans and animals is required.
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Mihalca AD, Traub RJ, Lappin M, Baneth G. Zoonotic Parasites of Sheltered and Stray Dogs in the Era of the Global Economic and Political Crisis. Trends Parasitol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gabrielli S, Tasić-Otašević S, Ignjatović A, Fraulo M, Trenkić-Božinović M, Momčilović S, Cancrini G. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxocara canis Infection in Serbia During 2015. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:43-49. [PMID: 27893948 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report data on the Toxocara seroprevalence evidenced in 2015 from samples of 40 children and 298 adults of the population living in different areas of Serbia, and on possible association of certain variables with infection. Detection of specific antibodies was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; all ambiguous results and part of the positive and negative sera were further analyzed by confirmatory Western blot test. An overall 23.5% seroprevalence was noticed, which was confirmed in 13.0% of the examined population with no significant difference regarding the age (children = 10.0%; adults = 13.4%) or by country area (East = 18.2%; North = 15.5%, Southeastern = 9.5%; p = 0.005). In contrast, the group of adult women proved more reactive than men (p = 0.001), and subjects both who spend spare time in square/parks (p = 0.041) and with positive onychophagy (p = 0.001) habit turned out more exposed to the infection. Possible reasons of these differences were analyzed, and the medical, veterinary, and economic impact of this soil-transmitted zoonosis were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gabrielli
- 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Suzana Tasić-Otašević
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš , Niš, Serbia .,3 Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš , Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatović
- 3 Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš , Niš, Serbia .,4 Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš , Niš, Serbia
| | - Maurizio Fraulo
- 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Momčilović
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš , Niš, Serbia
| | - Gabriella Cancrini
- 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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Nguyen T, Cheong FW, Liew JWK, Lau YL. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:486. [PMID: 27595647 PMCID: PMC5011968 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the global effort against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), developing countries with middle to low income are still burdened by them. Vietnam has been undergoing substantial economic growth and urbanization, but underprivileged people living in rural and suburban areas are still having little access to public health infrastructure and proper sanitation. Hitherto, limited information is available for seroprevalence and risk factors of several parasitic diseases in Vietnam. Methods A retrospective study was performed on diagnostic results of Fasciola spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia solium IgG ELISA tests from Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City in 2012. The data were first stratified before statistical analyses were performed. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was determined and the age and gender risk factors were evaluated. Results Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was 5.9 % (590/10,084; 95 % CI: 5.44–6.36), 45.2 % (34,995/77,356; 95 % CI: 44.85–45.55), 7.4 % (3,174/42,920; 95 % CI: 7.15–7.65) and 4.9 % (713/14,601; 95 % CI: 4.55–5.25), respectively. Co-exposure to multiple parasites was detected in 890 males (45.7 %; 95 % CI: 43.49–47.91) and 1,059 females (54.3 %; 95 % CI: 52.09–56.51). Social structure and differences in behavioural factors caused the gender factor to have a significant effect on the prevalence of all the diseases, while the seropositivity for fascioliasis and strongyloidiasis were age group-related. Conclusions The seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in the blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, in year 2012 were comparatively high. The Vietnamese customs and cultures, dietary habits and agricultural practices exposed them to high risk of contracting NTDs. Despite the possibility of false positive results due to antigenic cross-reactions, detection of IgG antibodies remains as a reliable method in sero-epidemiological study as it is non-invasive and demonstrates previous exposure of individuals to the parasites. Besides the implementation of strategies to control these diseases, epidemiological analysis and surveillance of diseases should also be continually strengthened to monitor the effectiveness of regimens and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Nguyen
- Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Fei Wen Cheong
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Traub RJ, Irwin P, Dantas-Torres F, Tort GP, Labarthe NV, Inpankaew T, Gatne M, Linh BK, Schwan V, Watanabe M, Siebert S, Mencke N, Schaper R. Toward the formation of a Companion Animal Parasite Council for the Tropics (CAPCT). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:271. [PMID: 25963851 PMCID: PMC4432817 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This letter advises the imminent formation of the Companion Animal Parasites Council for the Tropics (CAPCT). The CAPCT consists of region-specific (e.g., Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Caribbean, Africa) experts comprising academics, veterinarians, parasitologists, physicians and allied industry partners that will work together to inform, guide and develop best-practice recommendations for the optimal diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics, with the aim of protecting the health of pets and that of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Traub
- The Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peter Irwin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 50740465, Recife, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Gabriela Pérez Tort
- Hospital Veterinario de Virreyes and Enfermedades Parasitarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Norma Vollmer Labarthe
- Programa Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10903, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Mukulesh Gatne
- Department Veterinary Parasitology, Bombay Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Volker Schwan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - Malaika Watanabe
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia.
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Garedaghi Y. İran Doğu Azerbaycan Eyaletinde Çocuklarda Toksokariyazis Seroprevalansı. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.17826/cutf.55222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Archelli S, Santillan GI, Fonrouge R, Céspedes G, Burgos L, Radman N. Toxocariasis: seroprevalence in abandoned-institutionalized children and infants. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:3-6. [PMID: 24721267 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an infection that has worldwide distribution. Toxocara canis is the most relevant agent due to its frequent occurrence in humans. Soil contamination with embryonated eggs is the primary source of T. canis. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in 10-month to 3 year-old abandoned infants, considered to be at high risk because of their orphanhood status and early age. Blood samples were collected from 120 children institutionalized in an orphanage in the city of La Plata. In this study, we observed 38.33% of seropositive cases for T. canis by ELISA and 45% by Western blot techniques; significant differences among groups A (<1 year), B (1-2 years) and C (>2 years) were also found. In research group A, children presented a seropositivity rate of 23.91%, in group B of 42.85% and in group C of 56%, which indicates an increase in frequency as age advances, probably because of greater chances of contact with infective forms of the parasite since canines and soil are frequently infected with T. canis eggs. Abandoned children come from poor households, under highly unsanitary conditions resulting from inadequate or lack of water supply and sewer networks, and frequent promiscuity with canines, which promotes the occurrence of parasitic diseases. These children are highly vulnerable due to their orphanhood status and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Archelli
- Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Fac. Cs. Vet. UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela I Santillan
- Departamento de Parasitología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autonóma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Reinaldo Fonrouge
- Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Fac. Cs. Vet. UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Céspedes
- Departamento de Parasitología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autonóma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lola Burgos
- Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Fac. Cs. Vet. UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nilda Radman
- Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Fac. Cs. Vet. UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among asymptomatic children with eosinophilia in Croatia. J Helminthol 2009; 83:369-71. [PMID: 19460194 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09381213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A total of 142 serum specimens from Croatian children aged 3-18 years, with peripheral eosinophilia and without any clinical symptoms, were tested for the presence of Toxocara canis IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot method. The overall T. canis seropositivity rate in the samples tested was 31%. There was no statistical difference in the seroprevalence rate between boys (32.1%) and girls (29.7%, chi2 = 0.092, P = 0.761). The T. canis seropositivity varied significantly between age groups both in boys (Fisher's test P < 0.001) and girls (Fisher's test P = 0.007). The highest seroprevalence rate was found in boys aged 11-14 (42.9%) and girls aged 7-10 (44.2%). Our results showed a high seroprevalence rate of T. canis infection among children with eosinophilia. It is important that testing for toxocariasis should be included in a differential diagnosis of eosinophilia, especially in children.
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16
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A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland. J Helminthol 2008; 82:123-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x08912372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe level of specific anti-Toxocara IgG was examined in 343 children from central Poland with suspected Toxocara infection. Based on the presence of specific IgG antibodies and clinical signs and symptoms, toxocariasis was confirmed in 249 patients. The serological results of diagnosed cases were analysed in connection with epidemiological data (contamination of soil around the children's homes and presence of a dog or a cat). A higher prevalence of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs was found in suburban and rural areas (30.9% and 24.6%, respectively) whereas it was lower in urban areas (10.3%). In about 40% of the children whose households were not contaminated, a decrease in the antibody level was observed 2 years after treatment for toxocariasis, while there was no such decline in those living in contaminated places. The logistic regression model employed to determine the correlation between seropositivity in the children and selected epidemiological risk factors showed a statistically significant relationship in connection only with dog ownership (P = 0.0238). The present results have demonstrated the high risk of toxocariasis for children from rural and suburban areas in Poland. The sero-epidemiological investigations indicated that re-infection might be the reason for persistence of seropositivity after treatment.
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17
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Pardo J, Pérez-Arellano JL, Galindo I, Belhassen M, Cordero M, Muro A. [Diagnosing imported helminthiasis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007; 25:329-35. [PMID: 17504687 DOI: 10.1157/13102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of imported helminthiasis in Spain because of two complementary causes: immigration and international travel. Although the prevalence of helminthiasis is high in the immigrant population, the risk of transmission to the Spanish population is low. In this review, we provide clues to aid in the diagnosis of the helminthiasis, highlighting the geographic characteristics, clinical findings and analytical results of the most frequent types. The low sensitivity of the classic parasitological diagnostic test, mainly in tissue helminthiasis, is described. In addition, the advantages and limitations of the common serological methods for detecting related circulating antigens and antibodies are presented. Certain molecular methods used in the diagnosis of imported helminthiasis and the best strategies for screening of this condition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pardo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Parasitaria y Molecular, CISET, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, España.
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18
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Morrondo P, Díez-Morrondo C, Pedreira J, Díez-Baños N, Sánchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A, Díez-Baños P. Toxocara canis larvae viability after disinfectant-exposition. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:558-61. [PMID: 16639631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three routinely used disinfectants on the embryonary development of Toxocara canis eggs was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vitro experiment, T. canis eggs were treated with the ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, and one commercial mix of benzalconium chloride and formaldehyde, and the embryonary development was assessed. After a period of 24 days incubation, ethanol was the best disinfectant because it prevented the development of the T. canis larvae 2 in the eggs, and sodium hypochlorite caused degeneration in 50% eggs. By using the commercial mix, 25% T. canis eggs developed to 2nd stage larvae. In the in vivo experiment, the embryonated eggs treated with the disinfectants were inoculated to mice, and their brain tissues were examined for larval presence on the 24th day postinfection. In addition, a control group was set up for comparison with the infected groups. No injury or T. canis larvae were observed in mice infected with sodium hypochlorite-treated eggs, opposite to that recorded in the animals infected with the commercial disinfectant-treated eggs. These results showed that both ethanol and sodium hypochlorite are very appropriate because of their full efficacy against infective T. canis eggs. Disinfection of kennels, animal shelters, cages, and veterinary clinics with one of these products to eliminate T. canis eggs and to avoid contamination is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Morrondo
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
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Gonzalez-Quintela A, Gude F, Campos J, Garea MT, Romero PA, Rey J, Meijide LM, Fernandez-Merino MC, Vidal C. Toxocara infection seroprevalence and its relationship with atopic features in a general adult population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:317-24. [PMID: 16508332 DOI: 10.1159/000091603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of helminth infection with atopy is controversial. Toxocariasis is the most common helminth infection in industrialized countries. The study aimed to investigate the association between Toxocara exposure and atopic features. METHODS The study is based on a cross-sectional survey of 463 subjects, randomly selected (stratified by decades of age) from a general adult population. Toxocara exposure was defined by the presence of serum Toxocara antibodies. Main outcome measures included total serum IgE levels, skin prick tests (SPT) to a panel of 13 relevant aeroallergens, specific IgE to aeroallergens (Phadiatop test), and respiratory symptoms evaluated by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 134 subjects (weighted proportion 28.6%, 95% CI 26.5-30.7%) showed Toxocara exposure. Pet ownership, rural habitat, farming, and low educational level were associated with Toxocara exposure. Toxocara exposure was associated with both positive SPT (particularly to mites) and positive specific IgE (Phadiatop test) after adjusting for potential confounders. The effect of Toxocara exposure on total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophil count was different in SPT-positive subjects and SPT-negative individuals. In SPT-negative individuals, Toxocara exposure was associated with an increase in both serum IgE levels and eosinophil counts, whereas an opposite trend was observed in SPT-positive individuals. Toxocara exposure was not associated with respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In this adult population, Toxocara exposure is associated with allergic sensitization, particularly to mites. There is evidence of an intriguing interaction between Toxocara exposure and allergic sensitization for both total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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20
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Aguiar-Santos AM, Andrade LD, Medeiros Z, Chieffi PP, Lescano SZ, Perez EP. Human toxocariasis: frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for lymphatic filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:81-5. [PMID: 15141276 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a transversal study on a sample of 386 children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil, the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies and its relation to age, gender, number of peripheral eosinophils, Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and intestinal helminths was determined. The total anti-Toxocara IgG antibody frequency was 39.4%, by ELISA technique. The difference in frequency between males (40.1%) and females (37.6%) was not statistically significant. The 6 to 10-year-old subset presented the highest frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies (60%), and within this age group there was a statistically significant male bias. There was also a significant association between the number of eosinophils and the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. Intestinal parasite frequency was 52.1%, but no association was found between this data and the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. In the present sample, 42.2% of the patients were Wuchereria bancrofti carriers, however, again this was not associated with the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. In conclusion, anti-Toxocara antibodies were highly prevalent in this sample. The present data show that there is no cross correlation between anti-Toxocara IgG antibody and the presence of intestinal helminths and filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Aguiar-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Campus da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brasil.
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21
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Söndergaard HP, Theorell T. A putative role for Toxocara species in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:59-61. [PMID: 15193348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of unknown aetiology. The finding of monoclonal antibodies in MS has been attributed to various infectious agents. Nematodes, such as Toxocara species have not been explored as possible aetiologic agents of MS. Some epidemiological studies have found an association between exposure to stress and household pets prior to the diagnosis of MS. In a case known to the authors, slight malaise and eosinophilia in peripheral blood preceded the diagnosis of MS by one year in a middle-aged man who lived in rural surroundings with cats in the household. The ubiquitary parasite Toxocara catis or canis is prevalent and serum antibodies are found regularly in populations examined. It is able to develop into the larval stage in human beings. The hypothesis presented here is that MS could be initiated by such infections in previously unexposed subjects under conditions of long-term stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter Söndergaard
- Swedish National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health (IPM) and Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, P.O. Box 230, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Because of its anatomical position, the liver may be involved in many protozoan and helminthic gastrointestinal infections. Visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis is rarely taken into account in adult patients with cholestatic syndrome, especially when liver disease is not associated with hypereosinophilic reaction. We report on a 74-year-old immunocompetent woman who presented with fever, bronchospasm, erythema nodosum, weight loss and progressive jaundice. A liver biopsy showed caseating granulomatous hepatitis with secondary portal fibrosis and paucity of interlobular bile ducts. A step-by-step search for aetiological factors led us to a diagnosis of toxocariasis (positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG test). An excellent clinical response to combined treatment with steroid and diethylcarbamazine, and a reduction in the antibody level against T. canis supported the diagnosis. Computed tomography and laparoscopy demonstrated multiple small mass lesions and fibrous perihepatitis. This report shows that visceral larva migrans may be a cause of prostrating chronic liver disease and should be suspected in every febrile patient with cryptogenic cholestatic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.
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Abstract
The migratory pattern of Toxocara canis was investigated following infection of pigs with 60000 infective eggs. Groups of six pigs were slaughtered at 7, 14 and 28 days after infection (p.i.), and the number of larvae in selected organs and muscles was determined by digestion. A group of uninfected pigs was used as negative controls for blood parameters and weight gain. Toxocara canis migrated well in the pig, although the relative numbers of larvae recovered decreased significantly during the experiment. On day 7 p.i., high numbers of larvae were recovered from the lymph nodes around the small intestine and to some extent also from the lymph nodes around the large intestine, and from the lungs and the liver. On day 14, the majority of larvae were recovered from the lungs and the lymph nodes around the small intestine, and by day 28 p.i. most larvae were found in the lungs. Larvae were recovered from the brain on days 14 and 21, with a maximum on day 14 p.i. No larvae were found in the eyes. Severe pathological changes were observed in the liver and lungs, especially on day 14 p.i.; also, development of granulomas was observed in the kidneys. Finally, a strong specific antibody response towards T. canis L2/L3 ES products was observed from day 14 p.i. until termination of the experiment, and the maximum eosinophil response was observed 14 days p.i. The pig is a useful non-primate model for human visceral larva migrans, since T. canis migrate well and induce a strong immunological response in the pig. However, the importance of the pig as a paratenic host is probably minor, because of the relatively early death of most of the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Helwigh
- Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C.
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Fenoy S, Cuéllar C, Guillén JL. Serological evidence of toxocariasis in patients from Spain with a clinical suspicion of visceral larva migrans. J Helminthol 1997; 71:9-12. [PMID: 9166446 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sera from patients with clinical characteristics of toxocariasis were assayed using the ELISA method and larval excretory-secretory antigen. Four hundred and seven samples of Toxocara serology were received at the laboratory of Ciudad Sanitaria Juan Canalejo Hospital of Corunna, Spain, from 1984 to 1989. Of these, 30 were from adults, 332 from children and 45 from patients of unknown age, resulting in Toxocara seroprevalences of 23.3%, 32.8% and 17.7% respectively. The reasons for these serological differences in the rural and urban areas of Galicia, Spain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fenoy
- Facultad de CC. Experimentales y Técnicas, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
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