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Patel MA, Vora RK, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Ambient Temperature Metal-Free Thiomethylation of Chloroheteroarenes and Chloropurines. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400114. [PMID: 38598666 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an in-situ mild and metal-free protocol for thiomethylation of heteroarenes in high yields. The thiomethylation of various chloropurines, nucleosides, and chloroheteroarenes has been accomplished offering easy access to agrochemicals and synthetic molecules useful for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha A Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Raj K Vora
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Yogesh S Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802 Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, CA 92024-6615, U.S.A
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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2
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Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Xiao J, Du Y. Application of DMSO as a methylthiolating reagent in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4471-4495. [PMID: 35593912 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, DMSO has been widely used not only as a common solvent but also as an environmentally benign oxidant in various organic transformations. Most strikingly, DMSO can be used as a sulfur source to construct methylthiolated building blocks of potential biologically active molecules, which is a remarkable achievement in the field of organic sulfur chemistry. The purpose of this review article is to summarize and discuss the main developments in the application of DMSO as a methylthiolating reagent to introduce the -SMe functionality in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yadong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiaxi Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Chetri PB, Shukla R, Tripathi T. Identification and characterization of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13372. [PMID: 32770017 PMCID: PMC7415141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke zoonoses, Fasciola spp. are parasitic helminths infecting humans and animals globally. Recent sequencing of the genome of Fasciola gigantica has provided a basis to understand the biochemistry of this parasite. Here, we identified the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase in F. gigantica (FgMDH) and characterized the enzyme biochemically and structurally. F. gigantica encodes a single cytosolic MDH, a key enzyme of the citric acid cycle. It catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using NAD+. The Fgmdh gene was amplified and cloned for expression of the recombinant protein. The purified protein showed a molecular weight of ~ 36 kDa that existed in a dimeric form in solution. The recombinant enzyme was catalytically active as it catalyzed both forward and reverse reactions efficiently. The kinetic parameters were determined for both directions. The structure of FgMDH and human MDH were modeled and validated. The superimposition of both the model structures showed overall structural similarity in the active site loop region, however, the conformation of the residues was different. Molecular docking elucidated the binding sites and affinities of the substrates and cofactors to the enzyme. Simulation of molecular dynamics and principal component analysis indicated the stability of the systems and collective motions, respectively. Understanding the structural and functional properties of MDH is important to better understand the roles of this enzyme in the biochemistry of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna Bahadur Chetri
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
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4
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Pandey T, Ghosh A, Todur VN, Rajendran V, Kalita P, Kalita J, Shukla R, Chetri PB, Shukla H, Sonkar A, Lyngdoh DL, Singh R, Khan H, Nongkhlaw J, Das KC, Tripathi T. Draft Genome of the Liver Fluke Fasciola gigantica. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11084-11091. [PMID: 32455229 PMCID: PMC7241025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis, a neglected foodborne disease caused by liver flukes (genus Fasciola), affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Despite technological advances, little is known about the molecular biology and biochemistry of these flukes. We present the draft genome of Fasciola gigantica for the first time. The assembled draft genome has a size of ∼1.04 Gb with an N50 and N90 of 129 and 149 kb, respectively. A total of 20 858 genes were predicted. The de novo repeats identified in the draft genome were 46.85%. The pathway included all of the genes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and fatty acid metabolism but lacked the key genes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. This indicates that the fatty acid required for survival of the fluke may be acquired from the host bile. It may be hypothesized that the relatively larger F. gigantica genome did not evolve through genome duplications but rather is interspersed with many repetitive elements. The genomic information will provide a comprehensive resource to facilitate the development of novel interventions for fascioliasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Pandey
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Arpita Ghosh
- Eurofins
Genomics India Pvt. Ltd., Doddanekkundi, Bengaluru 560048, India
| | - Vivek N. Todur
- Eurofins
Genomics India Pvt. Ltd., Doddanekkundi, Bengaluru 560048, India
| | - Vijayakumar Rajendran
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Jupitara Kalita
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Purna B. Chetri
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Denzelle Lee Lyngdoh
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Radhika Singh
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Joplin Nongkhlaw
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Kanhu Charan Das
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Kalita P, Shukla H, Das KC, Tripathi T. Conserved Arg451 residue is critical for maintaining the stability and activity of thioredoxin glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Coster T, Van Damme I, Baauw J, Gabriël S. Recent advancements in the control of Taenia solium: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2018; 13:e00030. [PMID: 32095601 PMCID: PMC7034013 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.e00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined health and economic impact of Taenia solium urges for control and, if possible, elimination of this neglected parasitic zoonosis. Up till now there is still no consensus about the most cost-effective and feasible approaches for control. The objective of this systematic review is to identify and summarize the evidence in English scientific literature on the control and elimination of T. solium since 2014, based on the rapidly evolving field of evidence on control and elimination of T. solium. The search resulted in the identification of 458 records of which 31 were included, covering 13 field trials and 18 articles containing experimental data, mathematical models, and other information directly relevant the control of T. solium. Recent field studies confirm that combinations of interventions or multiple rounds are more successful in obtaining rapid reductions in transmission and parasite occurrence, with the quick impact of the combination of human and pig treatment confirmed in a South Asian and Peruvian context. Moreover, elimination of transmission through a one-year intensive program, combining human and pig treatment/vaccination was described in a Peruvian study. Recent studies also provide more data on the positive impact of specific health education, as well as newly developed electronic educational tools, providing opportunities for area specific community-engaged participatory interventions. Once control has been achieved, monitoring of migration of both potentially infected people and pigs from outside the control area is important for sustained disease control. Combined intervention field studies demonstrate sharp decreases in disease occurrence. New, specific, efficient, electronic educational tools are available. Elimination of Taenia solium in a Peruvian endemic area has been described. Integration of Taenia solium control in other NTD control programs can be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T de Coster
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Baauw
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Gabriël
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kalita P, Shukla H, Gadhave K, Giri R, Tripathi T. Role of the glutaredoxin domain and FAD in the stabilization of thioredoxin glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 656:38-45. [PMID: 30205085 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGRsec) is a multi-domain flavoprotein that plays a principal role in redox homeostasis maintenance. We have previously demonstrated the role of selenocysteine in maintaining TGRsec structure-function, but the role of the glutaredoxin (Grx) domain and FAD is still unclear. In the present study, the urea-induced unfolding of recombinant Fasciola gigantica TGRsec (FgTGRsec) and its N-terminal truncated variant (ΔNTD-FgTGRsec) were examined to understand the role of the Grx domain and FAD in the stabilization of FgTGRsec and ΔNTD-FgTGRsec. Our results showed that both proteins underwent unfolding in a three state manner. First, the protein undergoes a conformational transition rendering a near-native state with no FAD bound, and then full unfolding of the apo-dimer occurs without dissociation. The Grx domain stabilized the global FgTGRsec structure and positively regulated FgTGRsec activity, and alteration in the FAD microenvironment was directly proportional to the loss of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase activities. Based on these results, we concluded that the Grx domain stabilizes the full-length FgTGRsec protein for efficient catalysis. Thus, we suggest that in platyhelminth parasites, during evolution, the Grx domain merged with the TrxR domain to confer higher catalytic activity and provide additional structural stability to the full-length TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India.
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Biochemical and thermodynamic comparison of the selenocysteine containing and non-containing thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Fasciola gigantica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Kalita J, Shukla R, Shukla H, Gadhave K, Giri R, Tripathi T. Comprehensive analysis of the catalytic and structural properties of a mu-class glutathione s-transferase from Fasciola gigantica. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17547. [PMID: 29235505 PMCID: PMC5727538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S‒transferases (GSTs) play an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. They catalyze the nucleophilic addition of glutathione (GSH) to nonpolar compounds, rendering the products water-soluble. In the present study, we investigated the catalytic and structural properties of a mu-class GST from Fasciola gigantica (FgGST1). The purified recombinant FgGST1 formed a homodimer composed of 25 kDa subunit. Kinetic analysis revealed that FgGST1 displays broad substrate specificity and shows high GSH conjugation activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, and trans-4-phenyl-3-butene-2-one and peroxidase activity towards trans-2-nonenal and hexa-2,4-dienal. The FgGST1 was highly sensitive to inhibition by cibacron blue. The cofactor (GSH) and inhibitor (cibacron blue) were docked, and binding sites were identified. The molecular dynamics studies and principal component analysis indicated the stability of the systems and the collective motions, respectively. Unfolding studies suggest that FgGST1 is a highly cooperative molecule because, during GdnHCl-induced denaturation, a simultaneous unfolding of the protein without stabilization of any partially folded intermediate is observed. The protein is stabilized with a conformational free energy of about 10 ± 0.3 kcal mol-1. Additionally, the presence of conserved Pro-53 and structural motifs such as N-capping box and hydrophobic staple, further aided in the stability and proper folding of FgGST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jupitara Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
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Tripathi T, Suttiprapa S, Sripa B. Unusual thiol-based redox metabolism of parasitic flukes. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:390-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shukla R, Shukla H, Kalita P, Sonkar A, Pandey T, Singh DB, Kumar A, Tripathi T. Identification of potential inhibitors of Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin1: computational screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1344141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Tripti Pandey
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Dev Bukhsh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF LIVER FLUKE (FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA) INFECTION IN FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA) IN SERBIA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:319-26. [PMID: 26967130 DOI: 10.7589/2015-07-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant liver fluke ( Fascioloides magna ) infection is an important health problem of cervids in southeastern Europe. We measured the prevalence and intensity of infection with F. magna in a fenced area near the Danube River in the South Bačka District of Serbia. Parasitologic, pathomorphologic, and histopathologic examinations were conducted from November 2007 to February 2008, beginning with a population of 127 adult fallow deer ( Dama dama ). After a positive diagnosis, therapy with triclabendazole-medicated corn was applied. Deer were treated at four baiting stations, using medicated feed providing triclabendazole at an estimated dose of 10-14 mg/kg of body weight per deer. Treatment lasted for 7 d in early February 2008 and an additional 7 d 2 wk later. For the complete success of pharmacotherapy it was necessary to prevent any contact of deer with the snail intermediate host ( Galba truncatula ). Intervention in the habitat, removing grass and low vegetation, and draining ponds reduces the possibility of contact. Six months after the treatment, livers of hunted deer were reddish, with fibrous tracks; pigmentation and cysts in the parenchyma were surrounded by a fibrous capsule and their fecal samples contained no eggs of F. magna . Over the following years, livers of hunted deer were negative, and the last control cull in March 2015 confirmed complete absence of infection. We reconfirmed the presence of giant liver flukes in fallow deer in Serbia, apparently the result of natural spread across the Danube from Hungary and Croatia. We also report that the treatment of deer with triclabendazole-medicated corn is an effective method for administration of therapeutic doses of drug in semicaptive deer. Interventions in the environment are necessary to prevent recontact of deer with habitats used by the snail intermediate host, and enable the success of the therapy.
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Vargas-Calla A, Gomez-Puerta LA, Calcina J, Gonzales-Viera O, Gavidia C, Lopez-Urbina MT, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE. Evaluation of activity of triclabendazole against Taenia solium metacestode in naturally infected pigs. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 9:23-6. [PMID: 26851781 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) in porcine cysticercosis. METHODS Eighteen naturally infected cysticercosis pigs were divided into 3 groups of 6 individuals each. The first group was treated orally with TCBZ at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight, the second group was treated orally with oxfendazole at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight and the third group received a placebo (control group). All animals were kept under the same management conditions. The pigs were euthanized 17 wk post-treatment and the number of surviving cysts in muscles was assessed and compared between groups. RESULTS All pigs treated with oxfendazole had only degenerated cysts in their carcasses. In contrast, TCBZ had very little effect against the parasitic cysts. Cysts from pigs in the TCBZ group looked apparently normal after treatment. However, histological evaluation showed a mild to moderate degree of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS TCBZ is not an efficacious drug against Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine using a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vargas-Calla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru.
| | - Juan Calcina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Omar Gonzales-Viera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Cesar Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Elimination Program and Center for Global Heath Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
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Effect of a novel benzimidazole derivative in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:4221-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Increased susceptibility of a triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica to TCBZ following co-incubation in vitro with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, R(+)-verapamil. Parasitology 2013; 140:1287-303. [PMID: 23756576 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate whether the action of triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ.SO) against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica is altered by inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-linked drug efflux pumps. The Oberon TCBZ-resistant and Cullompton TCBZ-susceptible fluke isolates were used for this in vitro study and the Pgp inhibitor selected was R(+)-verapamil [R(+)-VPL]. For experiments with the Oberon isolate, flukes were incubated for 24 h with either R(+)-VPL (1×10-4 m) on its own, TCBZ.SO (15 μg mL-1) alone, a combination of R(+)-VPL (1×10-4 m) plus TCBZ.SO (15 μg mL-1), TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) on its own, or a combination of TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) plus R(+)-VPL (1×10-4 m). They were also incubated in TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) alone or in combination with R(+)-VPL (1×10-4 m) until they became inactive; and in TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) alone for a time to match that of the combination inactivity time. Flukes from the Cullompton isolate were treated with either TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) alone or in combination with R(+)-VPL (1×10-4 m) until they became inactive, or with TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL-1) alone time-matched to the combination inactivity time. Morphological changes resulting from drug treatment and following Pgp inhibition were assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Incubation in R(+)-VPL alone had a minimal effect on either isolate. TCBZ.SO treatment had a relatively greater impact on the TCBZ-susceptible Cullompton isolate. When R(+)-VPL was combined with TCBZ.SO in the incubation medium, however, the surface disruption to both isolates was more severe than that seen after TCBZ.SO treatment alone; also, the time taken to reach inactivity was shorter. More significantly, though, the potentiation of drug activity was greater in the Oberon isolate; also, it was more distinct at the higher concentration of TCBZ.SO. So, the Oberon isolate appears to be particularly sensitive to efflux pump inhibition. The results of this study suggest that enhanced drug efflux in the Oberon isolate may be involved in the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ.
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Synthesis and Reactions of 2H-Benzimidazole-2-Spirocyclohexanes: An Application of ”Umpolung“. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19900990906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Keiser J, Engels D, Büscher G, Utzinger J. Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:1513-26. [PMID: 16307491 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.12.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis and paragonimiasis, which are caused by liver flukes (Fasciola) and lung flukes (Paragonimus), are emerging public health problems. Several hundred millions of people are at risk of the two diseases that cause considerable morbidity and delay socio-economic development. Triclabendazole, a benzimidazole derivative, has been routinely used since 1983 in veterinary medicine to control infections with Fasciola spp. in domestic herbivorous animals. In 1986, a veterinary formulation of triclabendazole was first administered to two human patients with fascioliasis. Clinical data obtained thus far suggest that triclabendazole is the most efficacious and best tolerated drug for the treatment of fascioliasis. Moreover, the drug holds promise as a useful therapeutic alternative to praziquantel in the treatment of paragonimiasis. This review of triclabendazole includes an overview of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, toxicology and efficacy against the major food-borne trematodes in laboratory animals. Data from case reports and clinical trials in humans infected with Fasciola spp. and Paragonimus spp. are summarised and the current state of triclabendazole regarding treatment of human fascioliasis and paragonimiasis is described. Efforts to facilitate broader registration of this drug should go hand-in-hand with research and development on novel drugs against food-borne trematodiasis, better access to improved sanitation, sound health education and the development of new technologies for assuring food safety.
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Mottier L, Virkel G, Solana H, Alvarez L, Salles J, Lanusse C. Triclabendazole biotransformation and comparative diffusion of the parent drug and its oxidized metabolites into Fasciola hepatica. Xenobiotica 2005; 34:1043-57. [PMID: 15801547 DOI: 10.1080/00498250400015285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is an halogenated trematodicidal benzimidazole compound extensively used in veterinary medicine. It is active against immature and adult stages of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Free and conjugated TCBZ metabolites have been identified in the bile of treated sheep. The experimental aims were to characterize the in vitro patterns of TCBZ biotransformation both in the animal host (sheep liver microsomes) and target parasite (F. hepatica microsomal preparation); and to compare the ex vivo diffusion of TCBZ parent drug and its oxidized metabolites (TCBZ sulphoxide [TCBZSO], TCBZ sulphone [TCBZSO2], and TCBZ-hydroxy derivatives) into F. hepatica. Additionally, the octanol-water partition coefficients for TCBZ and all its metabolites were estimated as an indicator of the relationship between drug lipophilicity and diffusion into the target parasite. Drug/metabolites concentrations were quantified by HPLC after sample clean up and a solvent-mediated chemical extraction. Sheep liver microsomes metabolized TCBZ into its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites after 30 min of incubation. The rate of TCBZ sulphoxidation in the liver was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than that observed for the sulphonation of TCBZSO. The trematode parasite oxidized TCBZ into its sulphoxide metabolite after 60 min of incubation at a metabolic rate of 0.09 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1). TCBZ and all its oxidized metabolic products were recovered from F. hepatica as early as 15 min after their ex vivo incubation in a Kreb's Ringer Tris buffer. However, the diffusion of the hydroxy-derivatives into the fluke was lower than that observed for TCBZ, TCBZSO and TCBZSO2. There was a high correlation (r=0.82) between drug lipophilicity (expressed as octanol-water partition coefficients) and drug availability measured within the parasite. Unlike the uptake pattern previously observed for albendazole, the parent TCBZ and its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites showed a similar ability to penetrate into the trematode parasite. Understanding the relationship between TCBZ metabolism, the relative pharmacological potency of its metabolic products and their ability to reach the target parasite may be critical to optimize its flukicidal activity, particularly when TCBZ resistant flukes have been already isolated in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mottier
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
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Walker SM, McKinstry B, Boray JC, Brennan GP, Trudgett A, Hoey EM, Fletcher H, Fairweather I. Response of two isolates of Fasciola hepatica to treatment with triclabendazole in vivo and in vitro. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:427-38. [PMID: 15517388 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the susceptibility of two isolates of Fasciola hepatica--the Fairhurst and Oberon isolates--to treatment with triclabendazole was investigated, both in vivo and in vitro. The Fairhurst isolate originated in England, but has since been maintained in Australia; the Oberon isolate originated in Australia. Triclabendazole had a very high efficacy against the Fairhurst isolate. In sheep (dose: 10 mg/kg), the efficacy ranged from 78.4% at 2 weeks post-infection to 98.5% at 6 weeks post-infection. In cattle (dose: 12 mg/kg) efficacy was 89% at 2 weeks post-infection and 100% at 12 weeks. In contrast, against the Oberon isolate, triclabendazole had 0% efficacy against 2-week-old flukes in sheep (dose: 10 mg/kg) and 5% against 4-week-old flukes. Surface changes to flukes of the two isolates were assessed by scanning electron microscopy following treatment in vitro for 24 h in triclabendazole sulphoxide (15 and 50 microg/ml). Disruption took the form of blebbing, swelling and furrowing of the tegument and was greater in the Fairhurst than the Oberon isolate. Surface changes generally were more severe in the anterior than posterior region of the fluke and the dorsal surface was also consistently more severely affected than the ventral surface. Disruption was more severe at the higher drug concentration for both isolates. The morphological data is consistent with the efficacy data, which indicates that the Fairhurst isolate of F. hepatica is susceptible to triclabendazole treatment, whilst the Oberon isolate is refractory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Walker
- Parasite Proteomics and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biology and Biochemistry, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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20
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Mottier L, Moreno L, Alvarez L, Virkel G, Lanusse C. Measurement of triclabendazole and its metabolites in liver flukes: method development and full validation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:991-9. [PMID: 15336346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2003] [Revised: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica is still the cause of considerable loss in livestock production all over the world. The knowledge of the pharmacological properties of the available flukicidal drugs is critical to control this parasite. Triclabendazole is an halogenated benzimidazole anthelmintic with potent flukicidal activity. A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analytical method has been developed, validated and applied for the quantitative determination of the flukicidal drug triclabendazole and its sulpho- and hydroxy-metabolites in the liver fluke, F. hepatica. Triclabendazole, triclabendazole sulphoxide, triclabendazole sulphone, hydroxy-triclabendazole, hydroxy-triclabendazole sulphoxide and hydroxy-triclabendazole sulphone were measured simultaneously in this trematode parasite. Linearity, resolution, precision, accuracy, recovery, limits of detection and quantification of the method were determined. Drug extraction from the parasite's tissue homogenate was effectively performed using liquid extraction (acetonitrile), avoiding clean up by solid phase extraction, prior to analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The resolution of all the halogenated benzimidazole thiol molecules assayed was obtained on a C(18) reversed-phase (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) column using acetonitrile and ammonium acetate as the mobile phase and ultraviolet detection at 300 nm. Regression analyses were linear over the concentration range examined (from 0.272 to 16.331 nmol/100 mg trematode protein) and the correlation coefficients of the calibration curves ranged between 0.996 and 1.000. The calculated limits of detection of the proposed method for the parent drug and its metabolites ranged between 0.007 and 0.079 nmol/100 mg trematode protein. The extraction efficiency for the different analytes from the parasite material was greater than 71%. The results obtained indicated that the developed chromatographic method was selective, accurate and easy to reproduce. The developed procedure was successfully applied to quantify triclabendazole/metabolites in F. hepatica incubated under ex vivo conditions, demonstrating to be efficient for the determination of the most extensively used flukicidal drug available for veterinary medicine, and its metabolites. The analytical method described here is an useful tool for the measurement of this flukicidal compound in different studies addresses to evaluate drug influx/eflux and metabolism in its main target parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mottier
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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21
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Abstract
The modes of action of fasciolicides are described. Closantel and other salicylanilides interfere with energy metabolism by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the fluke. Other fasciolicides are believed to have a metabolic action-halogenated phenols (via uncoupling) and clorsulon (via inhibition of glycolysis)-but direct evidence is lacking. Benzimidazoles (in particular, triclabendazole) bind to fluke tubulin and disrupt microtubule-based processes. Diamphenethide inhibits protein synthesis in the fluke. Other potential drug actions may contribute to overall drug efficacy. In particular, a number of fasciolicides-salicylanilides, phenols, diamphenethide-induce a rapid paralysis of the fluke, so their action may have a neuromuscular basis, although the actions remain ill-defined. Resistance to salicylanilides and triclabendazole has been detected in the field, although drug resistance does not appear to be a major problem yet. Strategies to minimize the development of resistance include the use of synergistic drug combinations, together with the design of integrated management programmes and the search for alternatives to drugs, in particular, vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fairweather
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Calvopiña M, Guderian RH, Paredes W, Chico M, Cooper PJ. Treatment of human pulmonary paragonimiasis with triclabendazole: clinical tolerance and drug efficacy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92:566-9. [PMID: 9861383 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An open clinical trial to determine the efficacy and tolerability of postprandial doses of triclabendazole against Paragonimus mexicanus in 62 patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis from the Ecuadorian Amazon region was performed. Praziquantel was used as therapeutic control. Patients were allocated at random to the following 4 therapeutic regimens: triclabendazole, 5 mg/kg once daily for 3 d (16 patients), 10 mg/kg twice on one day (15 patients), and 10 mg/kg in a single dose (16 patients), and praziquantel, 25 mg/kg thrice daily for 3 d (15 patients). Clinical tolerance, based on the frequency and severity of adverse reactions, was superior in all 3 triclabendazole regimens to that of praziquantel. No alteration was observed in hepato-renal functions or haematological values. The clinical symptoms resolved at a comparable rate in all 4 treatment groups. A more rapid parasitological response to treatment, as determined by the reduction in the average number of parasite eggs found in sputum, was seen in patients treated with triclabendazole than with praziquantel. By day 90, 60 patients had no egg detected in their sputum; 2 patients, treated with a single dose of 10 mg/kg, had a few and were re-treated with triclabendazole (5 mg daily for 3 d). On day 365, none of the patients had eggs in their sputum. Triclabendazole can be recommended as an alternative drug of choice for the treatment of pulmonary paragonimiasis; it is as effective as praziquantel in clearing infections and better tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calvopiña
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Hospital Vozandes, Quito, Ecuador
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23
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Stitt AW, Fairweather I, Mackender RO. The effect of triclabendazole ("Fasinex") on protein synthesis by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25:421-9. [PMID: 7635617 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00140-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the active sulphoxide metabolite of the anthelmintic triclabendazole (TCBZ-SX, 15-50 micrograms ml-1) on the incorporation of radioactively labelled [14C] leucine by adult Fasciola hepatica tissue slices was measured by liquid scintillation counting. In addition, the ability of the microfilament-disrupting drug, cytochalasin B, and the microtubule-disrupting drug, tubulozole-C, to inhibit protein synthesis, was assessed by similar methods and compared with TCBZ-SX. The established protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and actinomycin D were used as positive controls. All the drugs showed a significant inhibition of protein synthesis, albeit to different extents; however, TCBZ-SX was the most potent, with no significant difference between its effect and that of cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Moreover, the concentration of TCBZ-SX, above 15 micrograms ml-1, had little further influence on incorporation of [14C] leucine. This investigation demonstrates the inhibitory effect of TCBZ-SX, cytochalasin B and tubulozole-C on protein synthesis in F. hepatica and confirms the qualitative observations made in several previous ultrastructural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stitt
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Arjona R, Riancho JA, Aguado JM, Salesa R, González-Macías J. Fascioliasis in developed countries: a review of classic and aberrant forms of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74:13-23. [PMID: 7837967 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199501000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of human infestation by Fasciola hepatica are not uncommon in Spain and other European countries. We report our experience with 20 patients diagnosed from 1982 to 1991 and present a critical review of published cases from western countries. Because F. hepatica has a special tropism for the liver, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and constitutional symptoms are among the most common manifestations of acute-stage fascioliasis. However, in the chronic stage, biliary colic and cholangitis are the predominant manifestations. The clinical spectrum of fascioliasis is variable, and patients may present with extrahepatic abnormalities, such as pulmonary infiltrates, pleuropericarditis, meningitis, or lymphadenopathy. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required to establish a correct diagnosis. Eosinophilia is the most frequent laboratory abnormality. The CT scan has become a useful technique in the diagnostic work-up. A definitive diagnosis may be established by the observation of parasite ova in the feces, but most cases may be diagnosed by serologic methods. Triclabendazole and bithionol are the most effective drugs against F. hepatica. The efficacy of praziquantel is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arjona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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25
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Stitt AW, Fairweather I. The effect of the sulphoxide metabolite of triclabendazole ('Fasinex') on the tegument of mature and immature stages of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 1994; 108 ( Pt 5):555-67. [PMID: 8052511 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000077428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the novel benzimidazole, triclabendazole (TCBZ) ('Fasinex', Ciba-Geigy), in its active sulphoxide metabolite form (TCBZ-SX), on the tegumental ultrastructure of Fasciola hepatica were determined in vitro by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using both intact flukes and tissue-slice material. At a concentration of 15 micrograms/ml, the tegument of the whole adult fluke showed ultrastructural changes only after prolonged time-periods, with vacuolation at the base of the syncytium and accumulation of T2 secretory bodies in the tegumental cells. At a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, with both whole flukes and tissue-slices, the tegument appeared extremely abnormal with accumulation of secretory bodies towards the base of the syncytium. With longer incubation times, the tegument was completely sloughed away and the tegumental cells became synthetically inactive. The tegument of the 3-week-old juvenile became progressively convoluted at the apex, while in the basal regions there was severe vacuolation. In the tegumental cells, there were accumulations of T1 secretory bodies. These results confirm TCBZ as a potent fasciolicide, being very effective in disrupting the fluke tegument. They may go some way to explain the mode of action of this important fasciolicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stitt
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast
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26
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Stitt AW, Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica: the effect of the microtubule inhibitors colchicine and tubulozole-C on the ultrastructure of the adult fluke. Parasitology 1993; 107 ( Pt 3):297-309. [PMID: 8233593 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000079270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the microtubule inhibitors colchicine (1 x 10(-3) M) and tubulozole-C(1 x 10(-6) M) on the ultrastructure of adult Fasciola hepatica has been determined in vitro by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using both intact flukes and tissue-slice material. With colchicine treatment, the apical membrane of the tegument became increasingly convoluted and blebbed, while accumulations of T1 secretory bodies occurred in the basal region of the syncytium, leading to progressively fewer secretory bodies in the syncytium. In the tegumental cells there were distinct accumulations of T1 secretory bodies around the Golgi complexes, which remained active for up to 12 h incubation. Tubulozole-treated flukes showed more severe effects, with initial accumulations of secretory bodies, both at the tegumental apex and base. This was followed in the later time-periods by the sloughing of the tegumental syncytium. In the underlying tegumental cells, the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) cisternae were swollen and disrupted, becoming concentrated around the nucleus. The Golgi complexes were dispersed to the periphery of the cells and gradually disappeared from the cytoplasm. After treatment with both drugs, the cell population in the vitelline follicles was altered, with an abnormally large proportion of stem cells and relatively few intermediate type 1 cells. The nurse cell cytoplasm became fragmented and was no longer in contact with the vitelline cells, while the shell globule clusters within the intermediate type 2 and mature cells were loosely packed. In the mature vitelline cells, 'yolk' globules and glycogen deposits became fewer than normal and lipid droplets were observed. The results are discussed in relation to the different modes of action of the two drugs and potential significance of this to anthelmintic (benzimidazole) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stitt
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast
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Stitt AW, Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica: tegumental surface changes in adult and juvenile flukes following treatment in vitro with the sulphoxide metabolite of triclabendazole (Fasinex). Parasitol Res 1993; 79:529-36. [PMID: 8278333 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the novel benzimidazole, triclabendazole (Fasinex, Ciba-Geigy), in its active sulphoxide metabolite form (TCBZ-SX), on the tegumental surface of Fasciola hepatica has been examined in vitro. The tegument of adult flukes incubated in TCBZ-SX (50 micrograms/ml) appeared swollen and blebbed after only 6 h. In addition, progressive spine loss at the oral cone was evident following 12 h treatment. After 24 h, the tegumental syncytium and spines had completely sloughed away, leaving an exposed basal lamina and empty spine sockets. Juvenile flukes (3 weeks old) also demonstrated tegumental alterations after treatment with TCBZ-SX (20 micrograms/ml). The syncytium became extremely roughened and corrugated on both dorsal and ventral surfaces after only 3 h. Following 6- and 9-h incubations, there were many deep furrows, which were especially pronounced on the ventral surface, and by 18 h, the juvenile tegument was severely disrupted, especially on the ventral surface. In all cases, the effects were more marked than in the previous incubation periods. The results confirm the potent activity of triclabendazole against F. hepatica and suggest that the tegument of adult and juvenile flukes may be a target organ for this important fasciolicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stitt
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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STITT AW, FAIRWEATHER I. Spermatogenesis inFasciola hepatica:an ultrastructural comparison of the effects of the anthelmintic, thiabendazole (“Fasinex”) and the microtubule inhibitor, tubulozole. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1992.9672266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Picot S, Querrec M, Ghez JL, Goullier-Fleuret A, Grillot R, Ambroise-Thomas P. A new report of triclabendazole efficacy during invading phase fasciolasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:269-70. [PMID: 1597209 DOI: 10.1007/bf02098098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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McKellar QA, Kinabo LD. The pharmacology of flukicidal drugs. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1991; 147:306-21. [PMID: 1913127 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(91)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q A McKellar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Scotland
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31
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Coles GC. Recent advances in laboratory models for evaluation of helminth chemotherapy. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1990; 146:113-9. [PMID: 2184914 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(90)90003-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research on nematodes of veterinary importance has resulted in new tests based on incubation of parasitic nematodes in culture media, with a variety of detection systems including visual observation, inhibition of aggregation, reduced secretion of acetylcholinesterase and electronic motility measurements. There has been a proliferation of tests to detect benzimidazole resistant nematodes including egg embryonation, egg hatch, larval motility, differences in esterases, and tubulin binding by labelled benzimidazoles. A simple larval development test, which detects resistance to all types of anthelmintics, is likely to become the preferred test for evaluation of resistance in nematodes of grazing animals. By contrast the relative unimportance of trematodes and cestodes from a commercial point of view has resulted in few recent developments in models for evaluating chemotherapy. But the emergence of drug resistant strains of both schistosomes and liver fluke indicates the need for simple tests to detect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Coles
- Department of Parasitology, Central Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey
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32
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Sharma S. Treatment of helminth diseases--challenges and achievements. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1987; 31:9-100. [PMID: 3326037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9289-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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