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Hao L, Guo Y, Wang X, Gao M, Liu T, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang R, You X. Preparation and application of biocontrol formulation of nematode-trapping fungus-Duddingtonia flagrans. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110119. [PMID: 38262173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of nematophagous fungi as a biological control strategy for parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in livestock holds promise as an innovative alternative approach. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a lyophilized Duddingtonia flagrans preparation, utilized in association with the anthelmintics ivermectin or albendazole, to control GINs in Tibetan sheep on a farm based in Qinghai Province. The experimental design included five groups: D. flagrans lyophilized preparation group; D. flagrans+ ivermectin combination tablets treatment group (0.6 tablets for each 10 kg b.w. containing 106 chlamydospores of D. flagrans); D. flagrans+ albendazole combination capsules treatment group (5 capsules for each 10 kg b.w. containing 106 chlamydospores of D. flagrans); ivermectin group (0.2 mg/kg); albendazole group (15 mg/kg), and a control group; The effect of these strategies was evaluated through the analysis of feces collected directly from the animals in each group at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h,96 h and 120 h after administration, by estimating the counts of fecal egg count reduction percentage (FECR) and larval development reduction percentage (LDR). The combination of D. flagrans lyophilized preparation with either ivermectin or albendazole yielded fecal egg and larval reduction rates of up to 100% within 72 h after oral administration, outperforming the groups treated with a single anthelmintic. Moreover, the application of the lyophilized preparation of D. flagrans chlamydospores in isolation demonstrated an 89.8% larval reduction rate. The formulation containing D. flagrans showed high predatory capacity after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and was effective for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes, which greatly reduced the pollution of the grassland, and avoid reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Karakqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Gao
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Karakqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghai Liu
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xihuo You
- Agrichina Pharmaceutical Co.,ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Wang D, Gong J, Zhang Y. Individual and Combined Application of Nematophagous Fungi as Biological Control Agents against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Domestic Animals. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020172. [PMID: 35215117 PMCID: PMC8879429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are a group of parasites that threaten livestock yields, and the consequent economic losses have led to major concern in the agricultural industry worldwide. The high frequency of anthelmintic resistance amongst GINs has prompted the search for sustainable alternatives. Recently, a substantial number of both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that biological controls based on predatory fungi and ovicidal fungi are the most promising alternatives to chemical controls. In this respect, the morphological characteristics of the most representative species of these two large groups of fungi, their nematicidal activity and mechanisms of action against GINs, have been increasingly studied. Given the limitation of the independent use of a single nematophagous fungus (NF), combined applications which combine multiple fungi, or fungi and chemical controls, have become increasingly popular, although these new strategies still have antagonistic effects on the candidates. In this review, we summarize both the advantages and disadvantages of the individual fungi and the combined applications identified to date to minimize recurring infections or to disrupt the life cycle of GINs. The need to discover novel and high-efficiency nematicidal isolates and the application of our understanding to the appropriate selection of associated applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (S.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (S.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jianchuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (S.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (S.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) stand out as an important cause of disease in small ruminant, especially on goat farm. Widespread resistance to synthetic anthelminthics has stimulated the research for alternative strategies of parasite control, including the use of medicinal plants. The present work summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies of plants with activity against GIN of goats, focusing on the description of chemical constituents related to this effect. This review retrieved 56 scientific articles from 2008 to 2018 describing more than 100 different plant species. The most frequently investigated family was Fabaceae (30.7%). Most in vitro studies on the activity of plant extracts and fractions were carried out with of free-living stages nematodes. In vivo studies were conducted mainly with the use of plants in animal feed and generally showed lower effectiveness compared to in vitro assays. The main plant secondary metabolites associated with anthelmintic effect are condensed tannins, saponin and flavonoids. However, the studies with compounds isolated from plants and elucidation of their mechanisms of action are scarce. Herbal medicines are thought to be promising sources for the development of effective anthelmintic agents.
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Healey K, Lawlor C, Knox MR, Chambers M, Lamb J, Groves P. Field evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 for the reduction of worm burden in grazing animals: Pasture larval studies in horses, cattle and goats. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun ZB, Zhang J, Sun MH, Li SD. Identification of genes related to chlamydospore formation in Clonostachys rosea 67-1. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00624. [PMID: 29635882 PMCID: PMC6341034 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydospores are specific structures that are of great significance to the commercialization of fungal biopesticides. To explore the genes associated with chlamydospore formation, a biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea 67‐1 that is capable of producing resistant spores under particular conditions was investigated by transcriptome sequencing and analysis. A total of 549,661,174 clean reads were obtained, and a series of differentially expressed genes potentially involved in fungal chlamydospore formation were identified. At 36 hr, 67 and 117 genes were up‐ and downregulated in C. rosea during chlamydospore production, compared with the control for conidiation, and 53 and 24 genes were up‐ and downregulated at 72 hr. GO classification suggested that the differentially expressed genes were related to cellular component, biological process, and molecular function categories. A total of 188 metabolism pathways were linked to chlamydospore production by KEGG analysis. Sixteen differentially expressed genes were verified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, and the expression profiles were consistent with the transcriptome data. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the genes associated with chlamydospore formation in C. rosea. The results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying C. rosea sporulation, which will assist the development of fungal biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Silva MED, Braga FR, Borges LA, Oliveira PD, Lima WDS, Araújo JVD. Producción de conidios y clamidosporas de los hongos Duddingtonia flagrans y Monacrosporium thaumasium en diferentes medios sólidos. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000942013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMEN Las especies Duddingtonia flagrans y Monacrosporium thaumasium son micro-hongos considerados promisorios agentes del control biológico de parásitos. Bajo condiciones adversas como la falta de nutrientes, estos hongos producen esporas capaces de sobrevivieren después de pasar por el tracto gastrointestinal de los animales. La formación de estas estructuras es una característica deseable ya que promueve la sobrevivencia y la diseminación de los hongos para propósitos de biocontrol. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la producción de esporas de dos especies de hongos nematófagos D. flagrans (aislados AC001 y CG722) y M. thaumasium (NF34A). Estos fueron cultivados en los subproductos agroindustriales, que tenían el intento de identificar el mejor medio para uso en programas de biocontrol de nematodos. Diferentes volúmenes (10, 15 y 20 mL) de masa micelial fueron utilizados como inóculos iniciales y adicionados a 100 gramos de medios de crecimientos sólidos (sémola de arroz - QA; sémola de maíz - QM; bagazo de caña - BC; paja de arroz - PA y cascara de café - CC) y mantenidos a 25°C en la obscuridad para evaluar la producción de esporas. Los aislados AC001 y CG722 mostraron las mejores producciones en el medio de la QA (p<0,05). El volumen de 20 mL de masa micelial utilizado como inóculo inicial proporcionó una mayor recuperación de esporas. El aislado NF34A presentó una baja o nula producción de estructuras reproductivas en los diferentes volúmenes y medios de crecimientos utilizados. La mejor producción de esporas se obtuvo utilizando subproductos de la agroindustria con mayor densidad proteica y energética.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Eduardo da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium in the biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in female bovines bred in the semiarid region. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:101-6. [PMID: 24477840 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brazil has a herd of 212 million cattle and 171 million hectares of pastures that produce approximately 96 % of Brazilian beef. The Brazilian production system enables animal infection by endoparasites, which are considered one of the main obstacles for the development of this industry and are responsible for considerable economic losses. The control of parasitic diseases is performed via the administration of antiparasitic drugs, but they leave residues of the products in the treated animal, affect non-target organisms and select resistant strains of the parasites. The species D. flagrans and M. thaumasium are promising and sustainable alternatives for controlling gastrointestinal helminths of ruminants and other herbivores. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of isolates of these species, formulated in a sodium alginate matrix and administered twice a week, to reduce the number of environmental infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes that affect prepubescent zebu females. The treated animals presented fewer eggs and a lower number of infective larvae per gram of faeces (p < 0.05). The pastures occupied by treated animals showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the number of L3 and, furthermore, the genera Cooperia sp., Haemonchus sp., and Oesophagostomum sp. were the most prevalent. The average weight of the animals did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) among the treated and control groups. The use of sodium alginate pellets as vehicle for delivery of the fungus mycelia D. flagrans (isolate AC001) and M. thaumasium (isolate NF34A) proved effective in controlling trichostrongylids in prepubescent cows bred in the semi-arid region, with an effective reduction in the number of infective larvae in the pastures.
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Kumar N, Rao TKS, Varghese A, Rathor VS. Internal parasite management in grazing livestock. J Parasit Dis 2013; 37:151-7. [PMID: 24431559 PMCID: PMC3793100 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenging task to control internal parasites in grazing livestock even by applying multi label and multi directional approach. It is impossible to draw general recommendations to control parasitic diseases due to varied geo-climatic conditions and methods adopted for rearing the livestock in the country like India. In view of increasing incidence of anti-parasitic drug resistance in animals, there is an urgent need to design sustainable parasite control strategy which must include on the host as well as off the host control measures to harvest the maximum productivity from the animal for an indefinite period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Kumar
- />Department of Parasitology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science & A.H., NAU, Navsari, 396450 Gujarat India
| | | | - Anju Varghese
- />Department of Parasitology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science & A.H., NAU, Navsari, 396450 Gujarat India
| | - Veer Singh Rathor
- />Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Dantiwada, Palanpur, Gujarat India
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ. Non chemical control of helminths in ruminants: adapting solutions for changing worms in a changing world. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:144-54. [PMID: 21705144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) remain a major threat for ruminant production, health and welfare associated with outdoor breeding. The control of these helminth parasites has relied on the strategic or tactical use of chemical anthelmintic (AH) drugs. However, the expanding development and diffusion of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations imposes the need to explore and validate novel solutions (or to re-discover old knowledge) for a more sustainable control of GIN. The different solutions refer to three main principles of action. The first one is to limit the contact between the hosts and the infective larvae in the field through grazing management methods. The latter were described since the 1970s and, at present, they benefit from innovations based on computer models. Several biological control agents have also been studied in the last three decades as potential tools to reduce the infective larvae in the field. The second principle aims at improving the host response against GIN infections relying on the genetic selection between or within breeds of sheep or goats, crossbreeding of resistant and susceptible breeds and/or the manipulation of nutrition. These approaches may benefit from a better understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms, in particular in regard of the host immune response against the worms. The third principle is the control of GIN based on non-conventional AH materials (plant or mineral compounds). Worldwide studies show that non conventional AH materials can eliminate worms and/or negatively affect the parasite's biology. The recent developments and pros and cons concerning these various options are discussed. Last, some results are presented which illustrate how the integration of these different solutions can be efficient and applicable in different systems of production and/or epidemiological conditions. The integration of different control tools seems to be a pre-requisite for the sustainable management of GIN infections. This new era of GIN management requires a new paradigm: to achieve enough control to reduce the negative impact of GIN infections enabling an optimum level of production, health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- UMR 1225 INRA/DGER, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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da Cruz DG, Araújo FB, Molento MB, Damatta RA, de Paula Santos C. Kinetics of capture and infection of infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus sp. by Duddingtonia flagrans. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1085-91. [PMID: 21445615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as an agent for biological control against infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of production animals. The initial process of nematode-trapping fungi infection is based on an interaction between the trap structure of the fungus and the surface of the nematode cuticle. This report investigates by light and scanning electron microscopy the kinetics of capture and infection during the interaction of D. flagrans with the infective larvae (L(3)) of trichostrongylides and the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. D. flagrans was cultivated for 7 days in a Petri dish containing agar-water. L(3) and Panagrellus sp. were inoculated in the Petri dishes and the samples consisting of agar-L(3)-fungi and agar-Panagrellus sp.-fungi were collected after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 min and 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h of interaction. All samples were observed by light microscopy. The samples with 1, 5, 15, and 25 h of interaction were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The interaction was monitored up to 25 h. An initial differentiation of predation structures was observed after 30 min of interaction. The presence of traps and of captured L(3) or Panagrellus sp. occurred after 70 min. The live captured nematodes were observed up to 3 h of interaction. However, after 4 h, all Panagrellus sp. were dead. It took 15 h of interaction for the fungus to invade the L(3), and the presence of hyphae inside the nematode near the region of penetration was evident. At this time, the hyphae had filled the whole body of Panagrellus sp. The complete occupation of the body of L(3) occurred at 20 h of interaction and with 25 h the nematode was completely damaged except for the cuticle. Although the double cuticle of L(3) slows the penetration of D. flagrans, it was possible to verify that the process of trap formation and capture occurs quickly when both nematodes were tested, suggesting that the organisms would eventually be killed once in contact with the fungi encouraging the use of the fungus as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guedes da Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 28013-602
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Silva BF, Carrijo-Mauad JR, Braga FR, Campos AK, Araújo JV, Amarante AFT. Efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans and Arthrobotrys robusta in controlling sheep parasitic gastroenteritis. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Biological control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodiasis in a tropical region of the southeast of Brazil with the nematode predatory fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1707-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Duddingtonia flagrans,Monacrosporium thaumasiumandPochonia chlamydosporiaas possible biological control agentsof Oxyuris equiandAustroxyuris finlaysoni. J Helminthol 2009; 84:21-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe action of four fungal isolates of the speciesDuddingtonia flagrans(AC001),Monacrosporium thaumasium(NF34a) andPochonia chlamydosporia(VC1 and VC4) on eggs ofOxyuris equiandAustroxyuris finlaysoniwas evaluated in two assays (A and B). Eggs ofO. equi(Test A) andA. finlaysoni(Test B) were plated on Petri dishes with 2% water-agar with grown fungal isolates and control without fungus. After 5, 10 and 15 days, 100 eggs were collected and classified according to the following parameters: type 1 effect, physiological and biochemical effect without morphological damage to the eggshell; type 2 effect, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo; and type 3 effect, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo, hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization.Pochonia chlamydosporiaisolates VC1 and VC4 showed ovicidal activity for type 1, 2 and 3 effects on eggs ofO. equiand eggs ofA. finlaysoni.In vitroassays A and B showed thatP. chlamydosporiahad a negative influence on eggs ofO. equiandA. finlaysoniand can be considered as a potential biological control agent of nematodes.
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Ojeda-Robertos NF, Torres-Acosta JFDJ, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Ayala-Burgos A, Cob-Galera LA, Sandoval-Castro CA, Barrientos-Medina RC, Mendoza de Gives P. Assessing the efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores per gram of faeces to control Haemonchus contortus larvae. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:329-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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