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Cervantes HM, McDougald LR. Raising broiler chickens without ionophore anticoccidials. J APPL POULTRY RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2023.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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Murshed M, Al-Quraishy S, Alghamdi J, Aljawdah HMA, Mares MM. The Anticoccidial Effect of Alcoholic Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria papillate Oocysts Isolated in Mice In Vitro and In Vivo. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020097. [PMID: 36851401 PMCID: PMC9966314 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. causes eimeriosis in the guts of numerous domestic mammals and poultry, and the employment of medication and the effects of certain aspects of synthetic anticoccidials in the treatment of eimeriosis have given rise to the appearance of resistant parasites that require the search for alternate remedies. Natural products, which are safe and have no negative impact on the environment, may be utilized in the therapy of an enormous range of parasitic infections. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of VVLE on the oocyst sporulation of an E. papillate infection in the mouse jejunum. In addition, obtaining the ideal concentration will interrupt the parasite's life cycle and limit infection. In vitro: Collected unsporulated oocysts (1 × 103) of E. papillata were given six different concentrations (w/v) of Vitis vinifera leaf extract (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/mL) and toltrazuril (25 mg/mL), three replicates per group, whereas the control group received 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. In vivo: The mice were separated into six groups; the first and second groups did not receive infection, whilst the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were each given 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillate in the experiment. In addition, an oral dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg VVLE were given to the fourth and fifth groups, while the sixth group was given toltrazuril at 25 mg/kg. On the fifth day, unpopulated oocysts were collected from each mouse separately. The incubation period and treatments had considerable impacts on the rate of sporulation. The infrared spectroscopy of V. vinifera extract revealed many expected active classes of chemical compounds. Further, the infection of mice with E. papillata caused an oocyst output of nearly 2 × 104 oocysts/g of faeces. VVLE significantly decreased the oocyst output to nearly 88%. In addition, we detected an inhibitory effect on the sporulation (%) and harm (%) of E. papillata oocysts in a dosage-dependent modality compared with the control group. Furthermore, they destroyed the oocyst morphology in terms of the shape, size, and quantity of sporocysts. The results indicate that grape vines have powerful activity as anticoccidials.
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Sperling D, Calveyra J, Karembe H, de Freitas Costa E. Cystoisospora suis infection in suckling piglets in Brazil: Prevalence and associated factors. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100796. [PMID: 36436904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Piglet coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Cystoisospora suis, which is regarded as the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasite in intensive pig farms. Despite the availability of highly effective chemo-metaphylaxis (toltrazuril), coccidiosis is still prevalent in European and other countries. We conducted a cross-sectional study on swine farms in Brazil, to assess the prevalence of Cystoisospora suis in fecal samples and determined the associated factors. In total, 666 litters from 50 farms were sampled twice within one week between samplings (mean age at sampling: 10.75 and 17.7 days). Of 666 litters, 225 (33.8%) were positive at least once, and the expected within farm prevalence of C. suis oocysts was 32.9% (25.4-41.3%; 95% confidence interval). Oocysts were more prevalent in fecal samples collected from farms with diarrhea (odds ratio = 6.75). The room temperature was also positively associated with oocyst detection; a one-degree increase in room temperature increased the chance of a litter being positive by 23.2%. Up-to-date, this is the most comprehensive technical evidence of factors associated with C. suis infection in Brazilian industrial piglet farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sperling
- CEVA Santé Animale, 10 avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France.
| | | | - Hamadi Karembe
- CEVA Santé Animale, 10 avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Bio-informatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Delsart M, Fablet C, Rose N, Répérant JM, Blaga R, Dufour B, Pol F. Descriptive Epidemiology of the Main Internal Parasites on Alternative Pig Farms in France. J Parasitol 2022; 108:306-321. [DOI: 10.1645/21-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Delsart
- ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Fablet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Répérant
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Radu Blaga
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Bedford MR, Apajalahti JH. The influence of nutrition on intestinal disease with emphasis on coccidiosis. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:504-520. [PMID: 35791756 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2098692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the poultry industry began to intensify early last century, coccidiosis has been a significant problem with which it has had to contend. Losses due to mortality and morbidity can be significant and before the advent of control agents there were several practices, some of which were nutritional, which were implemented to limit these losses. The development of coccidiostats reduced these problems considerably and as a result some of the more extreme intervention measures were no longer necessary. Modern day interpretation of what may have been happening with some of these early interventions provide interesting insights into what may be possible today should cocciodiostats be removed. More recent research has also indicated that the diet has a significant influence on the ability of poultry to resist and resolve an infection through direct and indirect effects on the pathogen, the immune system and on the litter. This paper reviews the role of dietary ingredients and nutrients on the pathogen to establish and the host to resist such an infection. There is clearly no panacea, but the combination of a few practices may reduce the overall challenge experienced by the poultry producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bedford
- AB Vista, 3 Woodstock Court, Blenheim Rd, Marlborough UK
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Lopez-Osorio S, Velasquez ZD, Conejeros I, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Morphometric analysis of aerobic Eimeria bovis sporogony using live cell 3D holotomographic microscopy imaging. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:1179-1189. [PMID: 34633548 PMCID: PMC8986681 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
M
onoxenous Eimeria species are widespread enteropathogenic apicomplexan protozoa with a high economic impact on livestock. In cattle, tenacious oocysts shed by E. bovis-infected animals are ubiquitously found and making infection of calves almost inevitable. To become infectious oocysts, exogenous oxygen-dependent E. bovis sporogony must occur leading to the formation of sporulated oocysts containing four sporocysts each harboring two sporozoites. Investigations on sporogony by live cell imaging techniques of ruminant Eimeria species are still absent in literature as commonly used fluorescent dyes do not penetrate resistant oocyst bi-layered wall. Sporogonial oocysts were daily analyzed by a 3D Cell Explorer Nanolive microscope to explore ongoing aerobic-dependent sporogony as close as possible to an in vivo situation. Subsequently, 3D holotomographic images of sporulating E. bovis oocysts were digitally stained based on refractive indices (RI) of oocyst bi-layered wall and sub-compartments of circumplasm using STEVE software (Nanolive), and the cellular morphometric parameters were obtained. Overall, three different E. bovis sporogony phases, each of them divided into two sub-phases, were documented: (i) sporoblast/sporont transformation into sporogonial stages, (ii) cytokinesis followed by nuclear division, and finally (iii) formation of four sporocysts with two fully developed sporozoites. Approximately 60% of sporulating E. bovis oocysts accomplished aerobic sporogony in a synchronized manner. E. bovis sporogony was delayed (i.e., 6 days) when compared to an in vivo situation where 2–3 days are required but under optimal environmental conditions. Live cell 3D holotomography analysis might facilitate the evaluation of either novel disinfectants- or anti-coccidial drug-derived effects on ruminant/avian Eimeria sporogony in vitro as discrimination of sporogony degrees based on compactness, and dry mass was here successfully achieved. Main changes were observed in the oocyst area, perimeter, compactness, extent, and granularity suggesting those parameters as an efficient tool for a fast evaluation of the sporulation degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lopez-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schuberstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahady D Velasquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schuberstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schuberstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schuberstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schuberstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Attree E, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Jones M, Xia D, Marugan-Hernandez V, Blake D, Tomley F. Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2021; 2:37. [PMID: 34604790 PMCID: PMC8475900 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no "perfect solution" and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
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Gazzonis AL, Zanzani SA, Giuliani G, Alberti E, Villa L, Manfredi MT. COMPARISON OF NATURALLY OCCURRING EIMERIA INFECTIONS IN ALPINE AND NERA DI VERZASCA GOAT BREEDS REARED IN A SUB-ALPINE ENVIRONMENT. J Parasitol 2021; 107:463-471. [PMID: 34086926 DOI: 10.1645/20-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the natural trend of Eimeria spp. oocysts shedding in different breeds of adult goats raised in a sub-Alpine ecosystem by quantitative copromicroscopic analysis. A 1-yr long longitudinal study was planned in a goat herd composed of non-native (Alpine) and autochthonous (Nera di Verzasca) breeds. FLOTAC double technique was implemented to analyze individual fecal samples collected monthly from 2 groups (non-native and native) of 10 goats each. A generalized linear mixed model, in which each goat was included as a random intercept effect, identified 4 predictors of logarithmically transformed oocysts per gram shedding: the number of days from parturition (F = 27.744; P < 0.001), the interaction between the goat breed and the number of days from parturition (F = 8.407; P = 0.004), the interaction between the number of days from parturition and the number of parturitions (F = 6.371; P = 0.012), and the interaction between the monthly rainfalls and temperatures (F = 4.536; P = 0.023). These results indicate that the physiological status (number of days from parturition) of adult goats and its interaction with other individual features (number of parturitions and breed) can affect Eimeria spp. oocysts shedding. Besides, a combination of climatic variables can pose a risk for Eimeria spp. infection in goats reared in the sub-Alpine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Sporulation rate and viability of Eimeria tenella oocysts stored in potassium sorbate solution. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2297-2301. [PMID: 34050827 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to find a new preservation solution for avian coccidial oocysts that can replace potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution, Eimeria tenella oocysts were preserved in 0.1 to 10% potassium sorbate (C6H7KO2) solution in this study. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the sporulation rate of E. tenella oocysts preserved in 0.1 to 10% C6H7KO2 solution and in 2.5% K2Cr2O7 solution (p > 0.05). The 0.5 to 10% C6H7KO2 solution could also effectively inhibit the growth of bacterial microorganisms. E. tenella oocysts preserved in 1% C6H7KO2 solution at 4 °C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, with the oocyst production of E. tenella oocysts being 1.3-, 1.2-, 1.6-, and 1.3-fold higher than that of oocysts stored in 2.5% K2Cr2O7 solution (p < 0.05). In conclusion, C6H7KO2 could replace K2Cr2O7 as the preservation solution of avian coccidial oocysts.
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Boyko OO, Shendryk LI, Rudyk VS, Volovyk IA, Biben IA, Brygadyrenko VV. Influence of temperature on sporulation of Eimeria arloingi and Eimeria perforans oocysts. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeriosis of farm animals is one of the most widespread parasitic diseases in the world. In the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine Eimeria perforans is more common in rabbits and E. arloingi in sheep and goats. Study of factors which influence the development of these protists on the soil surface is one of the major challenges for veterinarians working for large livestock companies and fighting against eimeriosis. Environmental temperature is able to change the speed of sporulation of oocysts Eimeria. Five values of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) were used in a laboratory experiment in vitro. At 15 °C, the process of sporulation of E. arloingi and E. perforans in 100% of cases ended on the eighth day. With increase in temperature to 35 °C, the duration of sporulation decreased to three days. When the temperature was 30 °C the completion of sporulation was observed in more than 50% of the oocysts of E. arloingi on the second day, and for E. perforans on the third day. High-speed sporulation at elevated temperatures under conditions of global warming can result in the increasing spread of eimeriosis among wild and domestic animals.
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Schneiders GH, Foutz JC, Fuller AL, Nelson J, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. The Effect of Increased Temperatures on Viability, Morphology, Infectivity, and Development of Eimeria tenella. J Parasitol 2020; 106:428-437. [PMID: 32603417 DOI: 10.1645/19-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly found in backyard and commercial poultry production, coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, presents a self-limiting intestinal infection based on the number of ingested oocysts. Heat stress (HS) is one of the major environmental stressors in poultry, predisposing broiler chickens to immunosuppression and rendering them susceptible to diseases. There are suggestions that HS reduces Eimeria oocyst shedding in chickens; however, the relationship between HS and coccidiosis is not well elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on viability, morphology, infectivity, and development of Eimeria tenella in vitro, and merozoite production and oocyst shedding in vivo. In vitro exposure of sporozoites to 55 C for at least 60 min reduced sporozoites viability as shown by morphological changes and rendering them unable to invade Mardin-Darbi bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Intracellular development of merozoites was significantly reduced by an increase in 2 C in the optimal temperature of incubation in vitro. Most importantly, the induction of HS in the live chickens caused significantly lower lesion scores, reduced merozoite production, and oocyst shedding, resulting in a much less severe disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Schneiders
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J C Foutz
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - A L Fuller
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J Nelson
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - R Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - S E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Jenkins MC, Parker CC, O'Brien CN, Ritter D. Viable Eimeria oocysts in poultry house litter at the time of chick placement. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3176-3180. [PMID: 30953077 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if Eimeria oocysts recovered from litter at the time of chick placement in commercial broiler houses contained oocysts that were infectious for chickens. Over 100 litter samples were collected from 30 poultry farms representing a total of 60 different broiler houses with 9 houses sampled more than once over 1.5 yr. The samples were collected just before the placement of newly hatched chicks and after an anticoccidial drug (ACD) or Eimeria vaccine (VAC) program, and processed for counting oocysts followed by Eimeria species determination using ITS1 PCR. Broiler chicks were inoculated with recovered Eimeria oocysts to determine if the litter oocysts were viable and capable of causing patent infection. At placement, E. maxima (Emax) oocysts were detected in 70 of 75 houses after ACD program and 46 of 47 houses after VAC program. Eimeria acervulina, E. praecox, and/or E. tenella (Eapt) were detected in 75 of 75 houses after ACD program and 47 of 47 houses after VAC program. Viability testing revealed that 33.0% of broiler houses contained viable Emax oocysts, while 46.9% contained viable Eapt oocysts. During VAC programs, the concentration of Emax oocysts at placement and the total number of Emax oocysts shed by chickens in viability studies showed a very strong correlation (r = 0.83). Likewise, during ACD programs, the concentration of Eapt oocysts at placement and the total number of Eapt oocysts shed by chickens in the viability study showed a strong correlation (r = 0.62). In general, Eimeria oocyst levels at placement and number of viable oocysts shed by chickens in the viability study were similar among houses on the same farm. However, the number of Eimeria oocysts shed in the viability studies was considerably less than expected based on the number of oocysts given. These data suggest that nearly 100% of all poultry houses contain Emax and Eapt oocysts at placement with 30 to 50% of the houses containing viable Eimeria oocysts, thus possibly representing a source of the protozoa to newly hatched chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, ARS, USDA, Building 1040, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - C C Parker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, ARS, USDA, Building 1040, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - C N O'Brien
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, ARS, USDA, Building 1040, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - D Ritter
- Mountaire Farms, Inc., Millsboro, DE 19966, USA
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14
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Kido N, Tanaka S, Wada Y, Sato S. Factors affecting the occurrence of enteritis in 10- to 12-month-old eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Zoo Biol 2018; 37:115-118. [PMID: 29450906 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) younger than 19 months at Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Japan, frequently died of enteritis. The main cause of death was coccidiosis. This study aimed to reveal retrospectively the clinical features of enteritis and factors contributing to its high occurrence. In addition, haematological and serum biochemical parameters in kangaroos younger than 24 months were analyzed. The findings suggested that enteritis occurrence was higher in 10- to 12-month-old kangaroos than other ages and during seasons with high temperature and humidity than during seasons with low temperature and humidity. The haematological and serum biochemical analyses showed decreases in glucose, total cholesterol, calcium, and triglyceride levels at approximately 10 months of age. Joeys emerge from their mother's pouch at 8 months of age and permanently leave it at approximately 10 months of age. Subsequently, the joeys are exposed to the external environment and infectious agents. Although the joeys continue suckling until 13-19 months of age, the joeys start to eat the similar feed to the adult and their nutritional status may change at approximately 10 months of age. Seasonal influences, species behavior, and shifts in dietary composition are proposed to be contributory to the increased occurrence of enteritis between 10 and 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhide Kido
- Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Yokohama Greenery Foundation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sohei Tanaka
- Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Yokohama Greenery Foundation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuko Wada
- Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Yokohama Greenery Foundation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sumito Sato
- Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Yokohama Greenery Foundation, Yokohama, Japan
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Electrical cream separator coupled with vacuum filtration for the purification of eimerian oocysts and trichostrongylid eggs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43346. [PMID: 28233853 PMCID: PMC5324129 DOI: 10.1038/srep43346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several methods have been proposed for separation of eimerian oocysts and trichostrongylid eggs from extraneous debris; however, these methods have been considered to be still inconvenient in terms of time and wide-ranging applications. We describe herein an alternative way using the combination of electrical cream separator and vacuum filtration for harvesting and purifying eimerian oocysts and haemonchine eggs on large-scale applications with approximately 81% and 92% recovery rates for oocysts and nematode eggs obtained from avian and ovine faeces, correspondingly. The sporulation percentages as a measure of viability in the harvested oocysts and eggs from dry faecal materials are nearly 68% and 74%, respectively, and 12 liters of faecal suspension can be processed in approximately 7.5 min. The mode of separation in terms of costs (i.e. simple laboratory equipments and comparably cheap reagents) and benefits renders the reported procedure an appropriate pursuit to harvest and purify parasite oocysts and eggs on a large scale in the shortest duration from diverse volumes of environmental samples compared to the modified traditional sucrose gradient, which can be employed on a small scale.
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Abdelrahman W, Mohnl M, Teichmann K, Doupovec B, Schatzmayr G, Lumpkins B, Mathis G. Comparative evaluation of probiotic and salinomycin effects on performance and coccidiosis control in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:3002-8. [PMID: 25332136 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual financial loss to the poultry industry as a result of coccidiosis has been estimated at about US $3 billion. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of probiotics and salinomycin as feed additives on performance and coccidiosis control in male broilers raised to 42 d of age. The study consisted of 360 Cobb male broiler chickens randomly allocated to 4 groups each with 3 replicates. Group 1: untreated, unchallenged negative control group (NC); group 2: untreated, challenged positive control group (PC); group 3: negative control supplemented with salinomycin 66 mg/kg, challenged group (Sal); and group 4: negative control supplemented with probiotics, challenged (Prob mix). On d 15, all birds (except group 1) were challenged with approximately 75,000, 25,000, and 75,000 of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocytes, respectively, that were mixed into the feed. Feed conversion ratio and mortality were recorded throughout the experiment. On d 21 and 42, intestinal lesions and litter conditions were scored. On d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, oocyst counts were determined from 10 freshly collected fecal samples per pen. The results showed that mortality, litter, and lesion scores at d 21 and 42, and oocyst shedding at d 21 did not differ significantly between the Prob mix and the Sal groups. However on d 28, oocyst shedding was significantly lower in the Sal group than in the PC group but insignificantly lower than the Prob mix group. Body weights of the Prob mix group at d 42 were significantly lower than the Sal group; however, the feed conversion ratio values were similar between the 2 groups. The results of this study showed that probiotics supplementation could be considered as a potential strategy to control coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdelrahman
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria 3130 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt 41522
| | | | | | | | | | - Brett Lumpkins
- Southern Poultry Research, 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
| | - Greg Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, 96 Roquemore Road, Athens, GA 30607
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Price K, Guerin M, Barta J. Success and failure: The role of relative humidity levels and environmental management in liveEimeria vaccination of cage-reared replacement layer pullets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Tanweer AJ, Chand N, Saddique U, Bailey CA, Khan RU. Antiparasitic effect of wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2951-60. [PMID: 24879014 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic farming of poultry has increased in recent years as the prophylactic use of antibiotics has come into disfavor. This study was conducted to explore the antiparasitic effect of a methanolic extract of Peganum harmala in broilers challenged with coccidiosis. For this purpose, 200 1-week-old broiler chicks were divided into five treatments: negative control (basal diet, Ph-0/NC), positive control (basal diet with coccidiosis challenge, Ph-0/C), and three groups challenged with coccidiosis and supplemented with P. harmala at the rate of 200 mg L(-1) (Ph-200), 250 mg L(-1) (Ph-250), and 300 mg L(-1) (Ph-300) drinking water. Each group had three replicates of ten chicks each. Challenge with standard dose of the larvae of coccidiosis and supplementation of P. harmala were initiated on day 14 until 35 days of age. As expected, the results revealed that weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were depressed significantly in Ph-0 group with significant mortality percentage. Weight gain, total body weight, and FCR increased linearly with increasing dose of P. harmala with the exception of feed intake. The growth and feed efficiency of Ph-0/NC was better in Ph-0/NC compared to that in Ph-0/C and comparable to that in P. harmala-treated birds. Similarly, mean ooccytes per gram (OPG) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in supplemented groups compared to that in Ph-0/C. Histological evidences showed that cecal lesion and leucocyte infiltration decreased markedly in supplemented groups of P. harmala specifically the Ph-300 group compared to those in Ph-0/C. From the present experiment, we concluded the anticoccidial effect of P. harmala in broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jabbar Tanweer
- Gomal College of Veterinary Sciences, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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19
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Giannenas I, Tsalie E, Triantafillou E, Hessenberger S, Teichmann K, Mohnl M, Tontis D. Assessment of probiotics supplementation via feed or water on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and microflora of chickens after experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:209-16. [PMID: 24601749 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.899430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation via drinking water or feed on the performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina (5 × 10(4)), Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella (2 × 10(4) each one) at 14 days of age was evaluated. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were separated into eight equal groups with three replicates. Two of the groups, one infected with mixed Eimeria oocysts and the other not, were given a basal diet and served as controls. The remaining groups were also challenged with mixed Eimeria species and received the basal diet and either water supplemented with probiotic (three groups) or probiotic via feed (two groups); the probiotic used consisted of Enterococcus faecium #589, Bifidobacterium animalis #503 and Lactobacillus salivarius #505 at a ratio of 6:3:1. Probiotic supplementation was applied either via drinking water in different inclusion rates (groups W1, W2 and W3) or via feed using uncoated (group FN) or coated strains (group FC). The last group was given the basal diet supplemented with the anticoccidial lasalocid at 75 mg/kg. Each experimental group was given the corresponding diet or drinking water from day 1 to day 42 of age. Throughout the experimental period of 42 days, body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly and feed conversion ratios were calculated. Seven days after infection, the infected control group presented the lowest weight gain values, while probiotics supplied via feed supported growth to a comparable level with that of the lasalocid group. Probiotic groups presented lesion score values and oocyst numbers that were lower than in control infected birds but higher than in the lasalocid group. In the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the highest villous height values were presented by probiotic groups. In conclusion, a mixture of probiotic substances gave considerable improvement in both growth performance and intestinal health in comparison with infected control birds and fairly similar improvement to an approved anticoccidial during a mixed Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Giannenas
- a Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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20
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Sporulation dynamics of poultry Eimeria oocysts in Chennai. J Parasit Dis 2013; 39:689-92. [PMID: 26688635 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The infective form of Eimeria is the highly resistant oocyst, which is shed in the faeces of infected animals. Present study was carried out to understand the sporulation dynamics of six Eimeria oocysts viz. E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix and E. tenella in Chennai. Faecal samples of poultry were collected from various poultry farms located in and around Tamil Nadu. Oocysts of various Eimeria species were examined microscopically for sporulation on a 6 h interval basis till complete sporulation is acheived. The sporulation time recorded was 168, 120, 216, 192, 96 and 96 h for E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix and E. tenella respectively. It can be concluded on comparison with previous studies that humid weather conditions delay the sporulation time and dry weather and wet litter is the ideal condition for rapid sporulation.
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21
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Velkers FC, Bouma A, Arjan Stegeman J, de Jong MC. Oocyst output and transmission rates during successive infections with Eimeria acervulina in experimental broiler flocks. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Peek H, Landman W. Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Vet Q 2011; 31:143-61. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.605247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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23
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Velkers FC, Swinkels WJC, Rebel JMJ, Bouma A, Daemen AJJM, Klinkenberg D, Boersma WJA, Stegeman JA, de Jong MCM, Heesterbeek JAP. Effect of Eimeria acervulina infection history on the immune response and transmission in broilers. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:184-92. [PMID: 20800971 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in exposure to Eimeria spp. of chickens in a flock will result in differences between individual birds in oocyst output and acquired immunity, which subsequently affects transmission of the parasite in the population. The aim of this study was to quantify effects of previous infection of broilers with Eimeria acervulina on immune responses, oocyst output and transmission. A transmission experiment was carried out with pair-wise housed broilers, that differed in infection history. This "infection history" was achieved by establishment of a primary infection by inoculation of birds with 50,000 sporulated E. acervulina oocysts at day 6 of age ("primed"); the other birds did not receive a primary infection ("naïve"). The actual transmission experiment started at day 24 of age: one bird (I) was inoculated with 50,000 sporulated oocysts and was housed together with a non-inoculated contact bird (C). Oocyst excretion and parameters describing transmission, i.e. the number of infected C birds and time passed before start of excretion of C birds, were determined from day 28 to day 50 for six pairs of four different combinations of I and C birds (I-C): naïve-naïve, naïve-primed, primed-naïve and primed-primed. Immune parameters, CD4(+), CD8(+), αβTCR(+) and γδTCR(+) T cells and macrophages in duodenum, were determined in an additional 25 non-primed, non-inoculated control birds, and in the naïve-naïve and naïve-primed groups, each group consisting of 25 pairs. Although the numbers of CD4(+) T cells and γδTCR(+) T cells increased after primary infection, none of the immunological cell types provided an indication of differences in infectivity, susceptibility or transmission between birds. Oocyst output was significantly reduced in primed I and C birds. Transmission was reduced most in the primed-primed group, but nonetheless transmission occurred in all groups. This study also showed that acquired immunity significantly reduced oocyst output after inoculation and contact-infection, but not sufficiently to prevent transmission to contact-exposed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Velkers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Velkers F, Bouma A, Graat E, Klinkenberg D, Stegeman J, Jong MD. Eimeria acervulina: The influence of inoculation dose on transmission between broiler chickens. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Molan AL, Liu Z, De S. Effect of pine bark (Pinus radiata) extracts on sporulation of coccidian oocysts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2009; 56:1-5. [PMID: 19391326 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2009.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments have been undertaken to determine the effect of water extracts from pine bark (Pinus radiata) on the inhibition of the sporulation of oocysts of three species of avian coccidia. Tubes containing coccidian oocysts isolated from droppings of coccidia-infected chickens were randomly assigned to 0, 250, 500 and 1000 microg/ml pine bark extract (PBE). The tubes were incubated at 25-29 degrees C for 48 h depending on the species of Eimeria. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of PBE on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. The oocysts were gently aerated with an air pump away from sun light. The results show for the first time that water-soluble extracts from pine bark containing 35% condensed tannins have anticoccidial activity as evidenced by their ability to decrease significantly the sporulation of the oocysts of three species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria tenella (Railliet et Lucet, 1891), E. maxima Tyzzer, 1929 and E. acervulina Tyzzer, 1929, under laboratory conditions. Incubation of unsporulated oocysts of these parasites in water containing 500 microg PBE per ml resulted in inhibition of sporulation of these oocysts by about 28-84% relative to the oocysts in the control incubations. In addition, up to 12% of E. maxima oocysts exposed to 500-1000 microg pine bark/ml were containing abnormal sporocysts in terms of size, number and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Lateef Molan
- Division of Human Health and Physiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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26
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Ruiz A, González JF, Rodríguez E, Martín S, Hernández YI, Almeida R, Molina JM. Influence of climatic and management factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:399-402. [PMID: 17010046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A survey of Eimeria infections was performed in dairy goats and kids (<6 months old) of six farms from a dry desert area of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was determined by a modified McMaster technique over a total of 2,616 individual faecal samples taken from the rectum in monthly intervals. Eimeria oocysts were found in 96.1% of the samples with OPG ranging from 1 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(6). Kid goats had significantly (P < 0.001) higher OPG counts (46,496 +/- 5,228) than dairy females (2,225 +/- 287). Eight Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (30.0%), Eimeria arloingi (28.6%) and Eimeria alijevi (20.5%) being the most frequent species followed by Eimeria caprina (9.1%), Eimeria christenseni (4.5%), Eimeria jolchijevi (3.4%), Eimeria caprovina (3.2%) and Eimeria hirci (0.7%). Although significant differences were observed among goat groups and herds, the eight species were present in the six farms in both dairy goats and kids. The intensity of oocysts shedding was related to some factors such as the size of the herd and was further influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions of the area. The highest OPG counts were recorded during the hot season in dairy goats and close to weaning time in kids reared in small farms having no prophylactic treatments against eimeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz
- Parasitology Area, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
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27
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Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on Eimeria acervulina pathogenicity, immunogenicity and structural integrity. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Severins M, Klinkenberg D, Heesterbeek H. Effects of heterogeneity in infection-exposure history and immunity on the dynamics of a protozoan parasite. J R Soc Interface 2007. [DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection systems where traits of the host, such as acquired immunity, interact with the infection process can show complex dynamic behaviour with counter-intuitive results. In this study, we consider the traits ‘immune status’ and ‘exposure history’, and our aim is to assess the influence of acquired individual heterogeneity in these traits. We have built an individual-based model of
Eimeria acervulina
infections, a protozoan parasite with an environmental stage that causes coccidiosis in chickens. With the model, we simulate outbreaks of the disease under varying initial contaminations. Heterogeneity in the traits arises stochastically through differences in the dose and frequency of parasites that individuals pick up from the environment. We find that the relationship between the initial contamination and the severity of an outbreak has a non-monotonous ‘wave-like’ pattern. This pattern can be explained by an increased heterogeneity in the host population caused by the infection process at the most severe outbreaks. We conclude that when dealing with these types of infection systems, models that are used to develop or evaluate control measures cannot neglect acquired heterogeneity in the host population traits that interact with the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Severins
- Theoretical Epidemiology, University of UtrechtYalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- Theoretical Epidemiology, University of UtrechtYalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Heesterbeek
- Theoretical Epidemiology, University of UtrechtYalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Klinkenberg D, Heesterbeek JAP. A model for the dynamics of a protozoan parasite within and between successive host populations. Parasitology 2007; 134:949-58. [PMID: 17324298 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasite-host systems often include an obligatory environmental stage in the parasite life-cycle, which can be transmitted between successive populations. Complexity even increases if immunity only gradually develops upon re-infection. For a better understanding of such systems we study Eimeria spp. in chickens, a protozoan parasite transmitted through oocysts on the floor. This paper deals with dynamics within and between successive cohorts of chickens by coupling a within-host description of the parasite life-cycle (with immunity) to re-uptake of oocysts from the environment. First the initial environmental oocyst level is related to the maximum infection load within a cohort, as a measure of production damage, from which we conclude that minimum damage levels can be observed with intermediate oocyst levels. Then we relate the initial to the final oocyst level of a cohort, and study the dynamics between cohorts in relation to an oocyst cleaning efficiency after each cohort. The resulting unstable dynamics lead to the conclusion that it will often be impossible to minimize damage by repeatedly cleaning with the same effort: it may be necessary to artificially increase oocyst levels in the shed before each chicken cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Villanúa D, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Gortázar C, Höfle U, Viñuela J. Avoiding bias in parasite excretion estimates: the effect of sampling time and type of faeces. Parasitology 2006; 133:251-9. [PMID: 16707034 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200600031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study of host-parasite relationships usually requires reliable estimates of parasite intensity, which is often estimated from parasite propagule concentration in faeces. However, parasite excretion in faeces may be subject to variation due to endogenous or exogenous factors that must be identified to obtain reliable results. We analysed the effect of the hour of sample collection on propagule counts of 2 intestinal parasites infecting the red-legged partridge: the capillarid nematode Aonchoteca caudinflata and coccidia of the genus Eimeria (Protozoa). Also, we test whether there are differences in propagule counts between caecal and intestinal faeces. Individual faecal samples from infected birds were collected daily at 4 different hours during several days. The hour of the day exerted a very strong effect on propagule counts, excretion of both types of parasites showing a clear and constant increase from dawn to dusk. Also, capillarid eggs were more abundant in intestinal than in caecal faeces, whereas the inverse pattern was found for coccidian oocysts. Standardization of the hour of sample collection or statistical control of this variable is recommendable to prevent bias. Similarly, in bird species with long caeca, consistent collection of one type of faeces may avoid significant errors in parasite burden estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Villanúa
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM) Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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31
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Williams RB. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:159-80. [PMID: 16191699 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are globally common, sometimes intercurrent, diseases of poultry. The risk of NE, due to the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens, has increased in recent years because of the voluntary or legally required withdrawal of the use of certain in-feed antibiotic growth promoters with anticlostridial activity. In-feed ionophorous anticoccidial drugs incidentally also possess anticlostridial activity. Such ionophores, although not banned, are usually precluded when live anticoccidial vaccines are used, potentially increasing yet further the risk of NE. This review provides information for the design of rational, integrated management strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis and NE in chickens by maintaining gut integrity. Because of differences in local availability of feed ingredients and national legislations regarding antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial vaccine licensing, no universal strategy is applicable. The diseases and their interactions are described under the headings of forms of disease, diagnosis, sources of infection, pathophysiological effects, predisposing factors, and control methods. Elements of gut integrity, which influences host predisposition and clinical responses to disease, include physical development, immune competence, gut enzyme activity, mucin production, gut flora and epithelial damage. Experimental studies of coccidiosis and NE are compared, and where possible reconciled, with field observations. Gaps in knowledge and necessary further experiments are identified. Insights are provided regarding interactions between coccidiosis, NE, and the use of live anticoccidial vaccines. Recent changes in NE prevalence in commercial flocks, and their possible causes, are discussed. The necessarily wide range of topics reviewed emphasizes the enormous complexity of this disease combination, and indicates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in order to reduce its harmful impact on the world's poultry industry.
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Vermeulen B, Peek HW, Remon JP, Landman WJM. Effect of Ibuprofen on Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2004; 48:68-76. [PMID: 15077799 DOI: 10.1637/7059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU)-a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-inhibits the biosynthesis of prostaglandins with pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and is therefore proposed as a candidate molecule for the treatment of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. In all experiments, IBU was administered via drinking water. In a first experiment, chickens were infected at 10 or 21 days of age with oocysts of Eimeria acervulina (5 X 10(4)), Eimeria maxima (3 X 10(4)), and Eimeria tenella (7.5 X 10(3)) and medicated with IBU at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (BW). In a second experiment, chickens were infected at 6 days of age with 10(4) oocysts of E. acervulina and medicated with IBU at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In the third experiment, an inoculum consisting of 5 x 10(4) or 10(5) E. acervulina oocysts was administered at 6 days of age to chickens medicated with IBU at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In a fourth experiment, the effect of IBU on sporulation and infectivity of E. acervulina oocysts was studied. Coccidial lesion scores (CLSs), oocyst shedding, and weight gain were used as evaluation parameters in all experiments except the fourth, where weight gain was not taken into account. In addition, the sporulation percentage was determined in the last experiment. No influence of IBU on the indicated parameters was observed after providing the drug at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW, whereas CLSs and oocyst shedding were reduced when IBU was provided at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. However, IBU did not significantly show any effect on the degree of sporulation and infectivity of E. acervulina oocysts at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Abstract
The use of live vaccines, either attenuated or non-attenuated, for the control of coccidiosis due to Eimeria infections in broiler breeder or layer chickens is well established. Use in broilers, however, has been slow to gain acceptance. This has been partly for economic reasons, but also because of perceived adverse effects on early chick growth, particularly with non-attenuated vaccines, and concerns about timely onset of protective immunity in such short-lived birds. This review describes advances in understanding of epidemiological factors and recent improvements of administration methods that have helped to allay these fears and to make the use of anticoccidial vaccines in broilers technically achievable. Topics discussed include: (1) types of commercially available vaccine, (2) vaccines in development, (3) vaccination methods and equipment, (4) basis of vaccine efficacy and immunogenic variation of parasites, (5) key factors in the survival, sporulation and dissemination of vaccinal oocysts, (6) descriptions and significance of patterns of litter oocyst accumulation and occurrence of intestinal lesions in vaccinated flocks, (7) rotation of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy to restore drug sensitivity to resistant wild-type coccidia, (8) combinations of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy, (9) interactions between coccidiosis and clostridiosis in broilers and compatibilities of potential control methods, (10) published performance data for live anticoccidial vaccines in broilers, (11) possible further developments of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Williams
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6LS, United Kingdom.
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Chapman HD, Cherry TE, Danforth HD, Richards G, Shirley MW, Williams RB. Sustainable coccidiosis control in poultry production: the role of live vaccines. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:617-29. [PMID: 11943233 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of new methods of administering coccidiosis vaccines has facilitated their use in the hatchery and thereby improved prospects for the economic vaccination of broilers. The acquisition of protective immunity to Eimeria species is boosted by further exposure to infection after vaccination. Factors that affect the reproductive efficiency of non-attenuated and attenuated vaccines are considered and the key role that oocyst production plays in establishing and maintaining uniform immunity in a flock of chickens is discussed. In addition to immunisation, a possible advantage to the application of certain vaccines is that their use could repopulate poultry houses with drug-sensitive organisms. Theoretical rotation programmes in which the use of drugs is alternated with that of vaccines are described. Variability of the cross-protective immune response between strains of the same species should be considered during vaccine development and subsequent use. The significance of less common species of Eimeria, not included in all vaccines, also needs to be assessed. An important consideration is the occurrence of pathogens other than Eimeria (such as the bacterium Clostridium) in flocks given coccidiosis vaccines and the methods by which they might be controlled. More research is required into the relationship between bacterial and viral infections of poultry and coccidiosis vaccination. Vaccines need to be developed that are simple to apply and cost effective for use in areas of the world where small-scale poultry production is commonplace. In the near future it is likely that more live vaccines based upon oocysts derived from attenuated strains of Eimeria will be developed but in the longer term vaccines will be based on the selective presentation to the host of specific molecules that can induce protective immunity. This achievement will require significant investment from the private and public sectors, and, if successful, will facilitate the sustainable control of coccidiosis in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Al-Natour MQ, Suleiman MM, Abo-Shehada MN. Flock-level prevalence of Eimeria species among broiler chicks in northern Jordan. Prev Vet Med 2002; 53:305-10. [PMID: 11937237 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six chicks (3-6 weeks of age) were taken randomly from each of 200 broiler farms in northern Jordan, these chicks were submitted for post-mortem and parasitological examinations. Seven Eimeria spp. were identified: E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mivati, E. mitis, and E. tenella. Half (50%) of the farms surveyed had all six chicks infected, 23% of the farms were free of the infection. E. tenella was the most prevalent species (39%) followed by E. necatrix (12%), E. brunitti (12%), and E. maxima (10%). Prevalences did not vary by flock size. Also, neither the use of coccidiostat nor previous coccidiosis clinical outbreaks was associated with the prevalence of coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Q Al-Natour
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan
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Waldenstedt L, Elwinger K, Lundén A, Thebo P, Uggla A. Sporulation of Eimeria maxima oocysts in litter with different moisture contents. Poult Sci 2001; 80:1412-5. [PMID: 11599698 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.10.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the sporulation of Eimeria maxima oocysts was affected by the moisture content of the litter. Fresh feces were collected from chickens experimentally infected with E. maxima. The feces were mixed with dried wood shavings and different amounts of water to obtain final moisture contents of 16, 42, and 62% and a final oocyst concentration of 5,000 per g of mixture. The samples were kept at 23 C and 75% relative humidity and were thoroughly aerated every 12 h. Oocysts kept under ordinary laboratory sporulation conditions in 2% wt/vol aqueous potassium dichromate at 27 C were used as a standard for optimal sporulation. The proportion of sporulated oocysts was determined microscopically every 12 h. Sporulation of E. maxima was most efficient under the driest conditions studied (16% moisture content), and poorest in the samples with the highest moisture content (62%). Even though the differences may not have resulted from a direct effect of humidity on the oocysts, but more likely resulted from limited oxygen in the moister substrates, it is clear that sporulation is not favored by moist litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Waldenstedt
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Funbo-Lövsta Research Center, Uppsala.
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Henken AM, Ploeger HW, Graat EA, Carpenter TE. Description of a simulation model for the population dynamics of Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers. Parasitology 1994; 108 ( Pt 5):503-12. [PMID: 8052505 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000077362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A simulation model for the population dynamics of Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers is presented. The model describes the development of the numbers of parasites in the various life-stages during the growing period of broilers and the empty house period between grow-outs. The model includes assumptions with respect to development of immunity to E. acervulina infection and effects of application of anticoccidial drugs. The model consists of a set of difference equations that are solved numerically at 1 h intervals. Under constant conditions, an equilibrium level was reached after a few grow-outs during which infection always peaked around the 21st day in the growing period. Within a growing period, infection peaked earlier (later) than the 21st day in case initial numbers of sporulated oocysts were higher (lower) than the equilibrium number.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Henken
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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