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Marin-Tun CG, Torres-Acosta JFDJ, Capetillo-Leal CM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, Borges-Argáez R, Mancilla-Montelongo MG. The in vitro rumen exsheathment test for studying the effect of plant extracts on the exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110184. [PMID: 38643645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
This study applied the in vitro rumen exsheathment test (IVRET) to evaluate the exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) incubated in ruminal liquor (RL) containing acetone:water extracts of Acacia pennatula (AP), Gymnopodium floribundum (GF), Havardia albicans (HA) or Lysiloma latisiliquum (LL). The role of polyphenols in the biological activity of the evaluated extracts was also determined. Larvae were incubated in RL either alone or added with a different plant extract (AP, GF, HA, or LL) at 1200 μg/mL. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to block polyphenols in each treatment (RL+PEG, AP+PEG, GF+PEG, HA+PEG, and LL+PEG). After incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h, the exsheathment process was stopped to count the number of ensheathed and exsheathed L3. A Log-Logistic model was used to determine the L3 exsheathment kinetics in the different RL treatments. The inflection point of the respective kinetic curves, which indicates the time to reach 50 % exsheathed L3 (T50), was the only parameter that differed when comparing the exsheathment models (99 % probability of difference). The T50 values obtained for GF, HA, and LL treatments (T50 = 7.11 - 7.58 h) were higher in comparison to the T50 of RL (5.72 h) (≥ 70 % probability of difference). The L3 incubated in RL added with GF, HA, and LL extracts delayed their exsheathment at 3 and 6 h of incubation (28.71 - 48.06 % exsheathment reduction) compared to the RL treatment. The T50 value for AP, AP+PEG, GF+PEG, HA+PEG, and LL+PEG were similar to RL and RL+PEG (T50 = 5.34 - 6.97 h). In conclusion, the IVRET can be used to identify plants with the potential to delay the exsheathment of H. contortus L3 in the ruminal liquor. The acetone:water extracts of G. floribundum, H. albicans, and L. latisiliquum delayed the T50 of H. contortus exsheathment, which was evident at 3 and 6 h of incubation in ruminal liquor. The observed exsheathment delay was attributed to the polyphenol content of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Goretti Marin-Tun
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97315, Mexico
| | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97315, Mexico
| | - Concepción Manuela Capetillo-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97315, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97315, Mexico
| | - Hervé Hoste
- INRAE UMR 1225 Interactions Hôte Agents Pathogènes, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F31076, France
| | - Rocío Borges-Argáez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97200, Mexico
| | - María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo
- CONAHCYT - Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97315, Mexico.
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Mendes JF, de Lima Fontes M, Barbosa TV, Paschoalin RT, Mattoso LHC. Membranes composed of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) and Ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) extract for dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131365. [PMID: 38583829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Wounds are considered one of the most critical medical conditions that must be managed appropriately due to the psychological and physical stress they cause for patients, as well as creating a substantial financial burden on patients and global healthcare systems. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in developing nanofiber mats loaded with varying plant extracts to meet the urgent need for advanced wound ressings. This study investigated the development and characterization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanofiber membranes incorporated with Ora-pro-nóbis (OPN; 12.5, 25, and 50 % w/w) by the solution-blow-spinning (SBS) technique. The PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal properties (TGA and DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements and water vapor permeability (WVTR). In addition, the mats were analyzed for swelling properties in vitro cell viability, and fibroblast adhesion (L-929) tests. SEM images showed that smooth and continuous PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofibers were obtained with a diameter distribution ranging from 171 to 1533 nm. The PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofiber membranes showed moderate hydrophobicity (~109-120°), possibly preventing secondary injuries during dressing removal. Besides that, PLA/PEG/OPN nanofibers exhibited adequate WVTR, meeting wound healing requirements. Notably, the presence of OPN gave the PLA/PEG membranes better mechanical properties, increasing their tensile strength (TS) from 3.4 MPa (PLA/PEG) to 5.3 MPa (PLA/PEG/OPN), as well as excellent antioxidant properties (Antioxidant activity with approximately 45 % oxidation inhibition). Therefore, the nanofiber mats based on PLA/PEG, especially those incorporated with OPN, are promising options for use as antioxidant dressings to aid skin healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Farinassi Mendes
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marina de Lima Fontes
- Graduate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paulista State University, Araraquara 14800-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Villa Barbosa
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaella T Paschoalin
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Laroche N, Grimm P, Julliand S, Sorci G. Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301920. [PMID: 38593129 PMCID: PMC11003623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of anthelminthic drugs has several drawbacks, including the selection of resistant parasite strains. Alternative avenues to mitigate the negative effects of helminth infection involve dietary interventions that might affect resistance and/or tolerance by improving host immunity, modulating the microbiota, or exerting direct anthelmintic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diet on strongyle infection in horses, specifically through immune-mediated, microbiota-mediated, or direct anthelmintic effects. Horses that were naturally infected with strongyles were fed either a high-fiber or high-starch diet, supplemented with either polyphenol-rich pellets (dehydrated sainfoin) or control pellets (sunflower and hay). When horses were fed a high-starch diet, they excreted more strongyle eggs. Adding sainfoin in the high-starch diet reduced egg excretion. Additionally, sainfoin decreased larval motility whatever the diet. Moreover, the high-starch diet led to a lower fecal bacterial diversity, structural differences in fecal microbiota, lower fecal pH, lower blood acetate, and lower hematocrit compared to the high-fiber diet. Circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, procalcitonin, and white blood cells proportions did not differ between diets. Overall, this study highlights the role of dietary manipulations as an alternative strategy to mitigate the effect of helminth infection and suggests that, in addition to the direct effects, changes in the intestinal ecosystem are the possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Laroche
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Grimm
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
| | - Samy Julliand
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
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Marin-Tun CG, Mancilla-Montelongo MG, Capetillo-Leal CM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, Borges-Argáez R, Torres-Acosta JFDJ. Adapting the in vitro rumen incubation method to evaluate the effect of a plant extract on the exsheathment inhibition of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110135. [PMID: 38308932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This study adapted the in vitro rumen incubation (IVRI) method to evaluate the biological activity of a Gymnopodium floribundum leaves extract against the exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3), and to determine the role of plant polyphenols on the biological activity. The incubation protocol followed the IVRI method, adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polyphenol-blocking agent. The L3 were incubated in ruminal liquor (RL), ruminal liquor with PEG (RL+PEG), ruminal liquor with G. floribundum extract (RLE), and ruminal liquor with G. floribundum extract and PEG (RLE+PEG). Incubation condition controls included phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS with PEG (PBS+PEG), incubation medium (without ruminal liquor) (IM), and incubation medium with PEG (IM+PEG). The L3 were recovered after incubation times of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h (39 °C). The respective L3 exsheathment kinetics were estimated for the different treatments (RL, RL+PEG, RLE, and RLE+PEG) using Log-Logistic models. The parameters of the different models were compared to determine the impact of the extract, with or without PEG, on the L3 exsheathment kinetics. The exsheathment in PBS and PBS+PEG remained < 2.71% at each incubation time. The exsheathment in IM and IM+PEG reached 13.58% and 17.18% at 24 h, respectively. The exsheathment percentages for RLE were lower than those for RL at 3, 6 and 9 h of incubation. The inflection point, indicating the time required to reach 50% of the maximal exsheathment (T50), was the only parameter that differed between the ruminal liquor models. The T50 in RLE (7.106 h) was higher than the values obtained for RL (5.385 h) and RL+PEG (4.923 h) (99.99% probability of being different). Such delay resulted in a reduction of exsheathment in RLE of 62% at 3 h, 38% at 6 h, and 12% at 9 h, relative to RL values. When PEG was added with the extract (RLE+PEG), the T50 (5.045 h) was similar to that of RL and RL+PEG. The IVRI method was adapted as an in vitro rumen exsheathment test (IVRET). The IVRET showed that H. contortus L3 exposed to G. floribundum extract delayed their exsheathment kinetics at different time points. The exsheathment delay was attributed to the polyphenol content of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Goretti Marin-Tun
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo
- CONAHCYT - Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Concepción Manuela Capetillo-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Hervé Hoste
- INRAE UMR 1225 Interactions Hôte Agents Pathogènes, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Rocío Borges-Argáez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97315 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Dicko A, Konaté A, Azokou A, Sylla Y, Tindano B, Ahoua ARC, Koné MW, Kaboré A, Traoré A, Bayala B, Tamboura HH. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskalii J. Gay aqueous extracts evaluation on different life stages of Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100918. [PMID: 37652630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants in the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis is a promising solution for improving the productivity of sheep flocks. In order to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskallii, in vitro bioassays were performed on three life stages of Haemonchus contortus. Five aqueous extracts concentrations namely 10 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1.25 mg/mL and 0.62 mg/mL were used for adult worm mortality tests. Egg hatch inhibition and L3 larval migration inhibition tests were studied at 5 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1.25 mg/mL; 0.62 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL. A negative control PBS and a positive control levamisole 2.5 mg/mL were established for each test. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the presence of some secondary metabolites. The results obtained showed the presence of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannins within the aqueous extracts of E. forskalii. A high and significant (P < 0.05) morality rate compared to the negative control with an LC50 of 2.30 mg/mL was obtained. Inhibition of egg hatch and larval migration were high and significant (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control. There was an IC50 of 1.03 mg/mL and 0.92 mg/mL respectively for inhibition of egg hatching and L3 larval migration. The present study revealed the in vitro anthelmintic activity of E. forskalii aqueous extracts and allows us to consider in perspective complementary studies to confirm this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Dicko
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animale (LaBioSA), Centre National de recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 04BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso.
| | - Almamy Konaté
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animale (LaBioSA), Centre National de recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 04BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Azokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Youssouf Sylla
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Valorisation de la Diversité Végétale (LaBVDiV), Université NANGUI ABROGOUA, Côte d'Ivoire, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Basile Tindano
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale (LaPA), Unité de Formation et de Recherches en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Angora Rémi Constant Ahoua
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Valorisation de la Diversité Végétale (LaBVDiV), Université NANGUI ABROGOUA, Côte d'Ivoire, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mamidou Witabouna Koné
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Valorisation de la Diversité Végétale (LaBVDiV), Université NANGUI ABROGOUA, Côte d'Ivoire, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Adama Kaboré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animale (LaBioSA), Centre National de recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 04BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animale (LaBioSA), Centre National de recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 04BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
| | - Balé Bayala
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale (LaPA), Unité de Formation et de Recherches en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Hamadou Tamboura
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animale (LaBioSA), Centre National de recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) / Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), 04BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
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Toklo PM, Alowanou GG, Wouamba SCN, Assogba FM, Ahomadegbe MA, Sakirigui A, Lenta BN, Hounzangbe-Adote S, Kouam SF, Yayi-Ladekan EC, Gbenou JD. UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS identification and anthelmintic activity of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae). Heliyon 2023; 9:e16448. [PMID: 37274656 PMCID: PMC10238687 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants attract the attention of many researchers to find natural and safe remedies for various resistant diseases. Leaves of Mitragyna inermis are widely used in traditional veterinary medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal strongyles of small ruminants. The aim of the current study is to estimate the antioxidant, anthelmintic and the larval toxicity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of this plant in addition to the hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol fractions of the hydroethanolic extract. Investigation of the most active extract using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Both plant extracts showed good antioxidant activity by scavenging the 2,2'-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and reducing the ferric ion. Similarly, they were no-toxic to Artemia salina larvae (CL50 > 0.1 μg/mL). Also, they significantly reduced larval migration and motility of Haemonchus contortus adult worms (p < 0.001). The hexane, dichloromethane and ethanolic fractions of the hydroethanolic extract showed low activity compared to crude extracts except for the hexane fraction on H. contortus adult worms (p < 0.001) while it showed a poor result on larvae. It thus appears that the anthelmintic activity of the extract may be linked to the synergistic action of these compounds. The UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS analysis revealed the tentative identification of 15 compounds including 7 alkaloids. The results of the present study confirm the anthelmintic activity of M. inermis in traditional veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placide Mahougnan Toklo
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde I, 4124, Yaounde, P.O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Géorcelin G. Alowanou
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Steven Collins N. Wouamba
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde I, 4124, Yaounde, P.O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Fidèle M. Assogba
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Mathias A. Ahomadegbe
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Amoussatou Sakirigui
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Bruno Ndjakou Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde I, 4124, Yaounde, P.O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sylvie Hounzangbe-Adote
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Simeon Fogue Kouam
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde I, 4124, Yaounde, P.O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Eléonore C. Yayi-Ladekan
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Joachim Djimon Gbenou
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 918, Cotonou, Benin
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An in vitro rumen incubation method to study exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:833-845. [PMID: 36670313 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and evaluated an in vitro rumen incubation (IVRI) method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae (L3) in ruminal liquor (RL). The specific objectives were (i) to standardize the IVRI method to facilitate the contact between L3 and RL as well as the larval recovery, and (ii) to apply the IVRI method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus and to select the best fitting nonlinear model. Incubation devices containing H. contortus larvae were incubated according to the IVRI technique in cattle RL or PBS. The incubation conditions included RL mixed with a nitrogen-rich media, maintained at 39 °C, with pH = 7.0, vented with CO2 and manual agitation. The larvae were recovered after 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. The exsheathed and ensheathed larvae were counted to estimate the exsheathment (%) in RL or PBS. Exsheathment in RL was analyzed with nonlinear regression models: Exponential, Gompertz, Logistic, Log-Logistic, and Weibull. The models' fit was compared to select the one that best described the exsheathment kinetics. The exsheathment in RL reached 6.52%, 20.65%, 58.22%, 69.24%, 73.08%, and 77.20% in 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Although the Gompertz, Weibull, and Logistic models were adequate to describe the observed exsheathment, the Log-Logistic model had the best fit. The IVRI method using bovine RL represents a suitable tool for the study of the in vitro exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus L3.
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Antiparasitic Tannin-Rich Plants from the South of Europe for Grazing Livestock: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020201. [PMID: 36670741 PMCID: PMC9855007 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal parasites are one of the main causes of health threats in livestock production, especially in extensive livestock farming. Despite the environmental toxic effects (loss of dung beetles, biodiversity, and other issues) and resistance phenomenon derived from their prolonged use, anti-parasitic chemical pharmaceuticals are frequently used, even in organic farming. Such a situation within the context of climate change requires urgent exploration of alternative compounds to solve these problems and apparent conflicts between organic farming objectives regarding the environment, public health, and animal health. This review is focused on some plants (Artemisia spp., Cichorium intybus L., Ericaceae family, Hedysarum coronarium L., Lotus spp., Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) that are well known for their antiparasitic effect, are voluntarily grazed and ingested, and can be spontaneously found or cultivated in southern Europe and other regions with a Mediterranean climate. The differences found between effectiveness, parasite species affected, in vitro/in vivo experiments, and active compounds are explored. A total of 87 papers where antiparasitic activity of those plants have been studied are included in this review; 75% studied the effect on ruminant parasites, where gastrointestinal nematodes were the parasite group most studied (70%), and these included natural (31%) and experimental (37%) infections.
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Tchetan E, Olounladé PA, Azando EVB, Khaliq HA, Ortiz S, Houngbeme A, Alowanou GG, Koura BI, Akouedegni GC, Houinato MRB, Hounzangbe-Adote SM, Gbaguidi FA, Quetin-Leclercq J. Anthelmintic Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Phytochemical Screening of Plants Used to Treat Digestive Parasitosis of Small Ruminants in Benin (West Africa). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192718. [PMID: 36230464 PMCID: PMC9559262 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we explored the anthelmintic activity, cytotoxicity, and chemical composition of the main plants used by small ruminant breeders in Benin to treat digestive parasitosis. The results obtained are relevant in the sense that they will allow a rational use of the plants studied in the control of digestive parasites but also to initiate the process of identification of new anthelmintic molecules in the context of the development of resistance against the most currently used anthelmintic molecules. Abstract Medicinal plants continue to be used alone or in combination with veterinary drugs to treat animal ailments, especially in developing countries where livestock farmers often lack access to modern veterinary services and drugs. In addition, digestive parasitosis remain a major constraint for small ruminant livestock. The objective of this study was to screen the anthelmintic activity of the main plants used in the treatment of the digestive parasitosis of small ruminants in Benin. A total of 40 extracts were prepared using the successive maceration of 10 plants in four solvents of increasing polarity. The phytochemical screening of the plants was performed, and the anthelmintic activity of the extracts was evaluated on L3 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The cytotoxicity of the 40 extracts was determined on WI38 noncancerous fibroblast cells using the MTT assay, and the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannin content (CTC) were quantified in the most effective extracts using colorimetric methods. The results show that the plants contained tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids which may, in part, justify their anthelmintic activities. All plants gave active extracts at the highest concentration tested (1200 µg/mL). Methanol (MeOH) extracts were, in general, more effective than the hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous (H2O) ones in inhibiting larval migration, with the MeOH extracts of Terminalia leiocarpa, Adansonia digitata, and Momordica charantia being the most effective. Nevertheless, the MeOH extract of M. charantia was highly cytotoxic at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. The anthelmintic activity of M. charantia, Vitex doniana, and Caesalpinia bonduc was studied on H. contortus for the first time. These results provide scientific information that can be used for better valorization of the anthelmintic potential of the studied plants and to initiate the process of the identification of new anthelmintic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaïe Tchetan
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Chimie Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1.72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Unité de Recherche en Zootechnie et Système d’Elevage (URZoSE), Laboratoire des Sciences Animale et Halieutique (LaSAH), Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Elevage (EGESE), Université Nationale d’Agriculture (UNA), Porto-Novo 01 BP 55, Benin
- Correspondence: (P.A.O.); (J.Q.-L.); Tel.: +229-97-08-54-68 (P.A.O.); +32-2-764-72-54 (J.Q.-L.)
| | - Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire d’Écologie, de Santé et de Productions Animales, Département des Sciences et Techniques de Production Animale et Halieutique, Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Cotonou 01 BP 2115, Benin
| | - Hafiz Abdul Khaliq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1.72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergio Ortiz
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1.72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban Houngbeme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Chimie Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Géorcelin Goué Alowanou
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
- Laboratoire des Recherches Pluridisciplinaires de l’Enseignement Technique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Enseignement Technique, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques, Abomey BP 2282, Benin
| | - Bossima Ivan Koura
- Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Elevage, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou BP 43, Benin
| | - Guénolé Coovi Akouedegni
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Marcel Romuald Benjamin Houinato
- Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Production Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Sylvie Mawule Hounzangbe-Adote
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Fernand Ahokanou Gbaguidi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Chimie Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1.72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.A.O.); (J.Q.-L.); Tel.: +229-97-08-54-68 (P.A.O.); +32-2-764-72-54 (J.Q.-L.)
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10
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Grimm P, Laroche N, Julliand S, Sorci G. Inclusion of Sainfoin in the Diet Might Alter Strongyle Infection in Naturally Infected Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:955. [PMID: 35454202 PMCID: PMC9029355 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly difficult to control equine strongyles with synthetic drugs, as resistance is commonly observed. Here, we investigated the possible anthelmintic effect of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), a polyphenol-rich legume, in naturally infected horses. On Day 0 (D0), 17 horses were allocated to three different homogenous groups in terms of fecal egg count (FEC): the control group (CONT) received a diet composed on a DM basis of 83% hay and 17% wheat bran, while in the sainfoin 1 (SF1) and sainfoin 2 (SF2) groups, half or all wheat bran, respectively, was replaced by dehydrated sainfoin pellets. The infection dynamics were monitored by weekly FEC, from D0 to D84. On D28, all horses were treated with fenbendazole. Larval motility was assessed from coprocultures at D0, D28, D56 and D84. Horses in Group SF2 had lower FEC from D7 to D28. After fenbendazole treatment, no effect of the diet was measured on FEC. Both before and after anthelmintic treatment, larvae from horses consuming sainfoin were less motile than larvae from the CONT group. These results suggest that sainfoin has an in vivo anthelmintic activity in naturally infected horses, although this effect appears to be context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Grimm
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, 21000 Dijon, France; (N.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Noémie Laroche
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, 21000 Dijon, France; (N.L.); (S.J.)
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Samy Julliand
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, 21000 Dijon, France; (N.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France;
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11
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Bam J, Thüer S, Holinger M, Oberhänsli T, Leubin M, Leiber F, Werne S. Performance and parasitological parameters of steers sequentially grazed with lambs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 302:109645. [PMID: 35030350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of mixed or sequential gazing studies with sheep, cattle performance remained unaffected. However, the treatment regime of the sheep in these studies was often intense and this may have limited cross-transmission of nematodes from sheep to cattle. We conducted a sequential grazing trial with cattle and sheep with moderate anthelmintic intervention. Twenty first season grazing steers were stratified to 10 couples according to their origin, egg excretion per gram faeces (EPG), metabolic weight and previous weight gain record. Thirty naturally infected ewe lambs were stratified to 5 groups according to metabolic live weight and EPG. Five pairs of the steers were sequentially grazed with the 5 groups of lambs whereas another five pairs of steers served as control. Grazing duration was 70 days with a subsequent indoor period of additional 35 days for the steers. Weight and EPG was recorded 3 days before and 27, 49, 70 and 105 days after trial start. The recorded live-weight of the sequentially grazed steers was 182 ± 14, 191 ± 11, 205 ± 15, 219 ± 15 and 236 ± 18 and the live-weight of the control steers was 180 ± 18, 193 ± 19, 203 ± 21, 217 ± 24 and 234 ± 24 kg respectively. The EPG of the sequentially grazed steers 3 days before grazing start and at day 27, 49, 70 and 105 was 94 ± 100, 95 ± 48, 49 ± 42, 58 ± 41 and 140 ± 73 EPG respectively. The EPG of the control steers at the same dates was 96 ± 82, 98 ± 24, 104 ± 77, 98 ± 71 and 270 ± 287 EPG respectively. The sequentially grazed steer groups did not differ from the control groups with regard to EPG, live weight and daily weight gain. However, the sequentially grazed steers showed elevated pepsinogen levels compared to the control steers (e.g. 3.34 ± 1.05 units tyrosine and 1.29 ± 0.50 units tyrosine after 70 days of grazing, respectively). Larval samples from individual steer coprocultures of both groups were tested PCR-positive for Cooperia oncophora, Ostertagia ostertagi and Haemonchus contortus. We conclude that short term sequential grazing of first season grazing steers with lambs excreting mainly eggs of Haemonchus spp. did not adversely affect steer performance despite increased pepsinogen values. However, hot and dry conditions may have had a suppressive effect on larval development, migration and finally uptake by the steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joken Bam
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland; ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, 790101, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Susann Thüer
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Holinger
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Oberhänsli
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Markus Leubin
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Florian Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Werne
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland.
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12
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Lonngren KJ, Barone CD, Zajac AM, Brown RN, Reed JD, Krueger CG, Petersson KH. Effect of birdsfoot trefoil cultivars on exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus in fistulated sheep. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109271. [PMID: 33091631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin (PAC, condensed tannin) containing forages have well-documented anti-parasitic effects against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of small ruminants. Although extensive research has been conducted on the inhibition of exsheathment of the L3 stage of Haemonchus contortus by in vitro exposure to the extracts of PAC containing plants, only one study has previously attempted to replicate this process in vivo and it was found that consumption of fresh sainfoin slowed the exsheathment rate. No similar studies have explored the effect of feeding condensed tannin forages in the form of hay on in vivo exsheathment of GIN. Another PAC containing forage, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, BFT), has a large area of adaptation globally and feeding BFT has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and total worm burdens. However, its effect on the in vivo exsheathment of H. contortus in the rumen is unknown. Recent work from this laboratory showed that BFT populations differ in the ability of aqueous extracts of freeze-dried plants to reduce exsheathment of H. contortus in vitro, and that the reduced exsheathment caused by BFT populations did not directly correlate with PAC content. Therefore, the objective of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the ability of birdsfoot trefoil hay to impair ruminal exsheathment of H. contortus in vivo and 2) to measure the difference in exsheathment between three commercially available cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil representing a broad range of in vitro efficacy against H. contortus. Four rumen fistulated ewes were fed three cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil (cv. Bruce, Empire, and Pardee) hay or a control hay (alfalfa/grass hay) in a Latin 4 × 4 design. The effect of consumption of birdsfoot trefoil on the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae in vivo was evaluated. For each exsheathment test, two capsules with 2000 ensheathed third-stage larvae per capsule were placed in the rumen of each ewe for eight hours. Larval containment capsules were made by capping each end of a short piece of Tygon® tubing (ID 9.5 mm, OD 14.3 mm) with an 8 μm NuncTM Cell Culture Insert. Larval exsheathment and motility were examined pre and post rumen exposure. Three exsheathment tests were run per diet cycle. Consumption of BFT hay did not significantly alter larval exsheathment. These results highlight the importance of further in vivo testing on the role of condensed tannins and other plant secondary compounds on larval exsheathment in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karalyn J Lonngren
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
| | - Carly D Barone
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Rebecca N Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, 236 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Jess D Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christian G Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Katherine H Petersson
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
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13
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Medeiros MLS, Alves RRV, Oliveira BF, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Bezerra ACDS, Silva MDC. In vitro effects of Moringa oleifera seed lectins on Haemonchus contortus in larval and adult stages. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108004. [PMID: 32961172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a hematophagous parasite causing damage to the production of ruminant animals throughout the world. This study evaluated the in vitro effect of proteins from Moringa oleifera (WSMoL - Water Soluble M. oleifera Lectin and cMoL - coagulant M. oleifera Lectin) on the motility of infective larvae and adult male and female worms of H. contortus. The specific activity of total proteases and the morphology of the worms exposed to the lectins were observed. Both lectins inhibited motility of all parasite stages tested. WSMoL and cMoL at 500 μg mL-1 interfered in the motility of larvae. Values of 11.1% and 8.1% were the lowest motility indices of larvae with sheath, and 30.6% and 16.4% were the lowest motility indices of exsheathed larvae treated with WSMoL and cMoL, respectively. In 1 mg mL-1 solutions of WSMoL and of cMoL, the motility index of adult male worms was 23.3% (p < 0.001) and 20% (p < 0.001), while the motility index of adult female worms was 63.3% (p > 0.05) and 26.6% (p < 0.001), respectively. Greater proteolytic activity was detected in extracts obtained from adult worms, male and female, after incubation with the lectins. Morphological changes caused by the lectins were revealed by changes in the crests of the cuticle, in the longitudinal striations and at the vulva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário L S Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Atirador Miguel Antônio da Silva Neto, S/n, Aeroporto, 59607-360, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Robson R V Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Benny F Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M G Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luana C B B Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego S/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana C D S Bezerra
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Michele D C Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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14
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Saratsi K, Hoste H, Voutzourakis N, Tzanidakis N, Stefanakis A, Thamsborg SM, Mueller-Harvey I, Hadjigeorgiou I, Sotiraki S. Feeding of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) to sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes reduces faecal egg counts and worm fecundity. Vet Parasitol 2020; 284:109200. [PMID: 32871390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins (CT) in carob (Ceratonia siliqua) pods fed to sheep against gastrointestinal nematodes. Three independent in vivo trials tested whether i) carob pod (CaBP)-containing feed had an anthelmintic effect and if yes, which was the optimal concentration in the diet; ii) whether this effect could be attributed to tannins through the polyethylene glycol (PEG) test and iii) whether there were any synergistic effects when combined with another tannin-containing feed (e.g. sainfoin). In all trials 6-month old nematode-naive lambs, experimentally infected with both Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were used. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed regularly and at the end of each trial adult worm counts (AWC) and female worm fecundity were recorded. In trial 1, 35 lambs (five groups of seven lambs) were fed different CaBP concentrations ranging from 0% to 12 % w/w. FEC declined up to 39.2 % only in the group fed with 12 %CaBP, while a declining trend (P < 0.06) was demonstrated for the AWC of T. colubriformis, which was associated with the increasing concentration of CaBP in feed. Female worm fecundity was reduced in groups fed CaBP for both parasites, however this was only significant for H. contortus (P < 0.001), in a dose dependent manner. In trial 2, four groups of six infected lambs each were used, which received the carob diets CaBP or CaBP + PEG, and the tannin-free diets with or without PEG (C or C + PEG). Results showed that FEC of Groups C, C + PEG, and CaBP + PEG were comparable throughout the trial, while the group receiving only CaBP showed lower FEC from DAY 25 onwards. AWC showed a reduction (67.7 %) only for H. contortus (P < 0.03). Reversal of the anthelmintic effect of CaBP after PEG administration suggested that CT contributed to the anthelmintic action. However, no effect of CaBP was observed on T. colubriformis AWC and on female worm fecundity for both species. Finally, for trial 3 four groups of six lambs each received a diet based on CaBP, sainfoin (S) or a combination (CaBP + S) and were compared to a control (C) diet of lucerne. On DAY 37 FEC values in groups CaBP + S and S tended to be lower compared to the two other groups (C, CaBP), while for AWCs no significant differences were observed for both parasites. The fecundity of H. contortus and T. colubriformis demonstrated significant differences between the treated and control groups, with lower values in the animals receiving CaBP + S. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that carob had an anthelmintic effect due to its CT, but there was no clear indication of a synergistic effect with sainfoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Saratsi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Hervé Hoste
- INRAE, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, F-31076, France; Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Nikolaos Voutzourakis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzanidakis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Stefanakis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 236, 1 Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK
| | - Ioannis Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Karonen M, Ahern JR, Legroux L, Suvanto J, Engström MT, Sinkkonen J, Salminen JP, Hoste H. Ellagitannins Inhibit the Exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis Larvae: The Efficiency Increases Together with the Molecular Size. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4176-4186. [PMID: 32181655 PMCID: PMC7146859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes continue to threaten animal health, welfare, and production in outdoor breeding systems of small ruminants. For more than 50 years, the control of these parasitic worms has relied on the use of commercial synthetic anthelmintics. However, anthelmintic resistance in worm populations is nowadays widespread and requires novel solutions. The use of tannin-rich plants has been suggested as an alternative to synthetic anthelmintics to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The majority of previous studies have focused on the activity of proanthocyanidins (syn condensed tannins), and less is known about ellagitannins. In this study, the effects of 30 structurally unique ellagitannins on the exsheathment of third-stage infective larvae were examined on Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis by the in vitro larval exsheathment inhibition assay. Ellagitannins were found to be promising natural anthelmintics as they showed direct inhibition on larval exsheathment for both nematode species. In general, ellagitannins were more efficient at inhibiting the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae than those of T. colubriformis. The efficiency of inhibition increased as the degree of oligomerization or the molecular weight of the ellagitannin increased. Otherwise, we found no other structural features of ellagitannins that significantly affected the anthelmintic activity on the third-stage infective larvae. The effective concentrations were physiologically relevant and should be achievable in the gastrointestinal tract also in in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey R. Ahern
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Lucie Legroux
- UMR
1225 IHAP, INRAE/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Jussi Suvanto
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marica T. Engström
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hervé Hoste
- UMR
1225 IHAP, INRAE/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Tchetan E, Azando EVB, Olounladé PA, Alowanou GG, Hounzangbé-Adoté SM. In vitro effects of tannin and extracts of Bridelia ferruginea and Mitragyna inermis on the exsheathment of infective larvae of Haemonchuscontortus. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:93-99. [PMID: 36935902 PMCID: PMC10019350 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1837056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) and Mitragyna inermis (Rubiaceae) are two plants of the beninese pharmacopeia used in vivo for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants. The objective of the present study is to explore the mechanism of bioactive compounds involved in the action of these two plants on the third-stage infective larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus. Thus, sheathed L3s of H. contortus were incubated with acetone extracts of B. ferruginea and M. inermis at concentrations of 0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 µg/mL for 3 h at 25°C. The L3s were then washed and artificially submitted to exsheathment in the presence of sodium hypochlorite solution. The role of tannins was verified by adding a tannin inhibitor, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP), to the acetone extracts of these two plants for 2 h at 25°C. Acetone extracts from B. ferruginea and M. inermis inhibited the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae (p < 0.001) and this inhibitory effect was dose-dependent for M. inermis at the concentrations tested. Treatment of B. ferruginea and M. inermis extracts with PVPP was associated with a partial restoration of the exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus larvae (p < 0.001), confirming the predominant role of tannins but also the residual role of other secondary metabolites. These in vitro results suggest that these plants are endowed with anthelmintic (AHs) properties and therefore likely to be used as alternatives to synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaïe Tchetan
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Erick V. B. Azando
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, de Santé et de Productions
Animales, Département des Sciences et Techniques de Production Animale et Halieutique,
Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Bénin
- CONTACT Erick V. B. Azando Laboratoi
d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou01 BP 526, Bénin
| | - Pascal A. Olounladé
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d’Amélioration Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Laboratoire des Sciences Animale et Halieutique (Lasah),
Unité de Recherches Zootechniques et Système d’Elevage, Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation
des Systèmes d’Elevage, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Porto Novo, Bénin
| | - Géorcelin G. Alowanou
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
- Département des Sciences et Techniques Agricoles, Ecole
Normale Supérieure de l’Enseignement Technique, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie et
Mathématiques, Abomey, Bénin
| | - Sylvie M. Hounzangbé-Adoté
- Laboratoire d’Ethnopharmacologie et de Santé Animale,
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
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In vitro screening of 51 birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Fabaceae) strains for anti-parasitic effects against Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 2019; 146:828-836. [PMID: 30636646 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Secondary plant compounds have shown bioactivity against multi-drug resistant Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. This study screened 51 strains of birdsfoot trefoil (BFT, Lotus corniculatus) crude aqueous extracts (BFT-AqE) for anti-parasitic activity in vitro against egg hatching, and of those 51 strains, 13 were selected for further testing of motility of first (L1) and third stage (L3) larvae, and exsheathment of L3. Proanthocyanidin content ranged between 1.4 and 63.8 mg PAC g-1 powder across the 51 BFT strains. When tested against egg hatching, 21 of the 51 aqueous extracts had an EC50 of 1-2 mg powder mL-1, 70% of the strains were >90% efficacious at 6 mg powder mL-1 and 11 of the strains were 100% efficacious at 3 mg powder mL-1 BFT-AqE. Across the 13 strains tested against L3, efficacy ranged from 0 to 75% exsheathment inhibition, and 17 to 92% L3 motility inhibition at a concentration of 25 mg powder mL-1 BFT-AqE. There was no correlation between the PAC content of BFT powders and the anti-parasitic activity of aqueous extracts, therefore other secondary compounds may have contributed to the observed anti-parasitic effects. Further testing of BFT using bioactivity-driven fractionation and screening of BFT populations for the identified anti-parasitic compounds is needed.
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In vitro and in vivo activity of hydrolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae against goat nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quijada J, Drake C, Gaudin E, El-Korso R, Hoste H, Mueller-Harvey I. Condensed Tannin Changes along the Digestive Tract in Lambs Fed with Sainfoin Pellets or Hazelnut Skins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2136-2142. [PMID: 29424229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The variable anthelmintic efficacy of condensed tannins (CT) against gastrointestinal nematodes may depend on CT concentration, composition, or fate along the digestive tract. We analyzed CT concentration and composition by acetone-HCl-butanol and thiolysis coupled to HPLC-MS in digesta and feces of lambs. Lambs had been infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and received sainfoin pellets and hazelnut skins of contrasting prodelphinidin/procyanidin ratios. The digesta and feces had lower CT concentrations than the original feeds but similar concentration patterns across the digestive compartments. The changes in assayable CT concentrations between rumen, abomasum, and small intestine may be due to complex formation between CT and other dietary components. However, the large CT disappearance (61-85%) from feed to feces could also indicate that CT may have been structurally modified, degraded, or absorbed during digestion. Interestingly, there were no changes in the structural features of assayable CT in the digesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quijada
- INRA, UMR 1225 , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
| | - Christopher Drake
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
| | - Elodie Gaudin
- INRA, UMR 1225 , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
- MG2MIX, La Basse Haye , Châteaubourg F-35220 , France
| | - Ramzi El-Korso
- INRA, UMR 1225 , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
| | - Hervé Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT , 23 Chemin des Capelles , Toulouse F-31076 , France
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT , United Kingdom
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Barone CD, Zajac AM, Manzi-Smith LA, Howell AB, Reed JD, Krueger CG, Petersson KH. Anthelmintic efficacy of cranberry vine extracts on ovine Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:122-129. [PMID: 29604996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that plant secondary compounds, including proanthocyanidins (PAC), suppress gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection has provided promise for alternative methods of GIN control in small ruminants. This investigation is the first to examine the anthelmintic potential of cranberry vine (CV) against the GIN Haemonchus contortus. The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-parasitic activity of CV in the form of a specific organic proanthocyanidin extract (CV-PAC) and an aqueous extract (CV-AqE) containing PAC and other compounds. In vitro egg hatching, first (L1) and third (L3) stage larval and adult worm motility and L3 exsheathment were evaluated after a 24-h incubation with CV products. In addition, CV treated worms were observed via scanning electron microscopy, and a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of CV powder against an experimental infection of H. contortus was conducted. The in vivo effect on an experimental infection was determined by administering 21.1 g CV powder to lambs (n = 9 per group) for three consecutive days, and collecting fecal egg count data for four weeks post-treatment. The effect of CV-PAC on egg hatching, L3 motility and exsheathment was limited. However, a substantial effect was observed on motility of post-hatch L1 (EC50 0.3 mg PAC/mL) and adults (EC50 0.2 mg PAC/mL). The CV-AqE showed more effect on egg hatching (EC50 5.3 mg/mL containing 0.6 mg PAC/mL) as well as impacting motility of L1 (EC50 1.5 mg/mL with 0.2 mg PAC/mL) and adults (EC50 3.4 mg/mL with 0.4 mg PAC/mL), but like CV-PAC, did not substantially effect L3 motility or exsheathment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an accumulation of aggregate on the cuticle around the buccal area of adult worms incubated in CV-AqE and CV-PAC. In the preliminary in vivo study, there was a significant effect of treatment over time (p = .04), although differences in individual weeks were not significant. In summary, both extracts inhibited motility of L1 and adult worms. The higher efficacy of CV-AqE than CV-PAC at levels that contained the same concentrations of PAC tested alone, suggest that other secondary compounds in the CV-AqE contributed to the observed effects on the parasites. This first study of the in vitro and in vivo effects of CV suggest that this readily available plant product may have utility in integrated control of H. contortus and support the need for additional testing to provide further information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly D Barone
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, CBLS Rm 177, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
| | - Anne M Zajac
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 United States
| | - Laura A Manzi-Smith
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, CBLS Rm 177, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Amy B Howell
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, 125a Lake Oswego, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, United States
| | - Jess D Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christian G Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Katherine H Petersson
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, CBLS Rm 177, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
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Amel MK, Mohamed ISA, Heba T, Maha GH, Eman GH. Phytochemical and biological analyses of Citharexylum spinosum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/jpp2017.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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22
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Zabré G, Kaboré A, Bayala B, Katiki LM, Costa-Júnior LM, Tamboura HH, Belem AMG, Abdalla AL, Niderkorn V, Hoste H, Louvandini H. Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:44. [PMID: 29173278 PMCID: PMC5703060 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). For the AMT, the extracts of the two Acacia species were effective but A. raddiana showed greater efficacy with 100% mortality at 2.5 mg/mL and LC50 = 0.84 mg/mL (acetonic extract). The addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extracts suggested that tannins were responsible for blocking egg eclosion and inducing adult mortality but were not responsible for exsheathment inhibition. These results suggest that the leaves of these Acacia species possess ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro against H. contortus, and adulticidal effects against C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Zabré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales-DPA/INERA, 04 BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso - Université de Ouagadougou / UFR-SVT, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Kaboré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales-DPA/INERA, 04 BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
| | - Balé Bayala
- Université de Ouagadougou / UFR-SVT, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Luciana M Katiki
- Instituto de Zootecnia (SAA, APTA), Rua Heitor Penteado 56, Nova Odessa, SP, cep 13460-000, Brazil
| | | | - Hamidou H Tamboura
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales-DPA/INERA, 04 BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso
| | - Adrien M G Belem
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 3770 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Adibe L Abdalla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, NAPTSA, CP 96, CEP 13.400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vincent Niderkorn
- UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA - Clermont-Ferrand, Vetagro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Hervé Hoste
- UMR IHAP 1225 INRA/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Helder Louvandini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, NAPTSA, CP 96, CEP 13.400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Jamous RM, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu-Zaitoun SY, Markovics A, Azaizeh H. Effects of selected Palestinian plants on the in vitro exsheathment of the third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:308. [PMID: 29100544 PMCID: PMC5670504 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal parasites are one of the main restrictions to small ruminant production. Their pathological importance is primarily related to the major production losses, in quantity or quality, induced by the direct action of worms. Control of these parasites is based exclusively on the frequent use of anthelmintic drugs. However, the resistance to anthelmintics in worm populations after commercialisation of chemical drugs is now widespread. Therefore, there is a need to find new natural resources to ensure sustainable and effective treatment and control of these parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity, as minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50 mg/mL), of different plant extracts using larval exsheathment inhibition assay using a two-species but steady population of parasitic nematodes (ca. 20% Teladorsagia circumcinta and 80% Trichostrongylus colubriformis). Results The study showed that the ethanolic extracts of 22 out of the 48 plant extracts, obtained from 46 plant species, have an inhibitory effect >50% (at concentrations of 100 mg/mL) on the third stage larvae (L3) of the nematodes exhibited the strongest inhibition activity (94%) with IC50 of 0.02 mg/mL, where other members of the Rhamnaceae family have shown to possess strong anthelmintic activity (70–89%). Conclusions Plant extracts are potential rich resources of anthelmintics to combat helminthic diseases. Our results suggest that extracts from Rhamnus elaternus, Epilobium hirsutum, Leucaena leucocephala and Rhamnus palaestinus have promising anthelmintic activity, with potential applications in animal therapeutics and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Majed Jamous
- Biodiversity& Environmental Research Center -BERC, Til, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | | | - Alex Markovics
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hassan Azaizeh
- The Institute of Applied Research, The Galilee Society, P.O.B. 437, 20200, Shefa-Amr, Israel.,Tel Hai College, Department of Environmental Science, 2208, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Mengistu G, Hoste H, Karonen M, Salminen JP, Hendriks W, Pellikaan W. The in vitro anthelmintic properties of browse plant species against Haemonchus contortus is determined by the polyphenol content and composition. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Desrues O, Mueller-Harvey I, Pellikaan WF, Enemark HL, Thamsborg SM. Condensed Tannins in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle after Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Intake and Their Possible Relationship with Anthelmintic Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1420-1427. [PMID: 28120611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins' (CTs) fate along the digestive tract of ruminants may account for the variable efficacy of CTs against gastrointestinal nematodes. We analyzed CTs in the digesta of cattle fed sainfoin. With the acetone-butanol-HCl assay, the total CTs concentrations in the digesta were close to those in the diets (6.3 and 1.5% of DM in experiments 1 and 2, respectively); thus, CTs remained potentially largely undegraded/unabsorbed. With the thiolysis assay, CTs concentration was much higher in the abomasum (2.3% of DM; expt 1) compared with the rumen and intestines, along with higher mean size and prodelphinidins percentage, corroborating CTs efficacy reported only against Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasum. In expt 2, the dietary levels of CTs were probably too low to demonstrate anthelmintic effects in the rumen. Overall, the level of CTs accessible to thiolysis is favored under the acidic conditions of the abomasum, which seems critical for anthelmintic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Desrues
- Veterinary Parasitology Group, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen , Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Wilbert F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research , P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Veterinary Parasitology Group, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen , Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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26
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Mengistu G, Bezabih M, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. Preference of goats (Capra hircus
L.) for tanniniferous browse species available in semi-arid areas in Ethiopia. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1286-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mengistu
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - M. Bezabih
- International Livestock Research Institute; Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - W. H. Hendriks
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - W. F. Pellikaan
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Desrues O, Peña-Espinoza M, Hansen TVA, Enemark HL, Thamsborg SM. Anti-parasitic activity of pelleted sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) against Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:329. [PMID: 27283323 PMCID: PMC4901493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing anthelmintic-resistance in nematodes of ruminants emphasises the need for sustainable parasite control. Condensed tannin-containing legume forages such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) have shown promising anthelmintic properties in small ruminants but this has never been explored in cattle. Therefore, our aim was to examine the efficacy of sainfoin against cattle nematodes in vivo. Methods Fifteen Jersey male calves (2–4 month-old) were allocated into two groups and fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets mainly composed of sainfoin pellets (Group SF; n = 9, three pens) or concentrate and grass-clover hay (Group CO; n = 6, two pens). After 16 days of adaptation, all animals were experimentally infected with 10,000 and 66,000 third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, respectively. Egg excretion, blood parameters and bodyweights were recorded throughout the study. Worms were harvested by sieving for quantification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 42 days post-infection (dpi) when the calves were necropsied. Results The number of O. ostertagi adults in the abomasum was reduced by 50 % in Group SF compared with Group CO (P < 0.05). This was further reflected in higher albumin (P < 0.1) and lower pepsinogen levels (P < 0.05) in Group SF at 21 dpi, and structural damage of the worm cuticle could be visualised by SEM. Yet, the nematode egg excretion in Group SF was not significantly different from that of the controls (P > 0.05). Likewise, no statistical difference in total worm burdens of C. oncophora was found between the groups. Weight gains were lower for Group SF (P < 0.05), which may reflect lower digestibility and phosphorus levels in the SF diet, despite similar feed intake at pen-level. Conclusions Overall, the effect of sainfoin on abomasal nematodes corroborates results from studies with small ruminants and encourages further investigations of the use of this crop for control of cattle nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Desrues
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina V A Hansen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Norway
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Quijada J, Chan-Perez I, Dakheel MM, Kommuru DS, Mueller-Harvey I, Terrill TH. Interactions Between Nutrition and Infections With Haemonchus contortus and Related Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:239-351. [PMID: 27238007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between host nutrition and feeding behaviour are central to understanding the pathophysiological consequences of infections of the digestive tract with parasitic nematodes. The manipulation of host nutrition provides useful options to control gastrointestinal nematodes as a component of an integrated strategy. Focussed mainly on the Haemonchus contortus infection model in small ruminants, this chapter (1) illustrates the relationship between quantitative (macro- and micro-nutrients) and qualitative (plant secondary metabolites) aspects of host nutrition and nematode infection, and (2) shows how basic studies aimed at addressing some generic questions can help to provide solutions, despite the considerable diversity of epidemiological situations and breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J Quijada
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - I Chan-Perez
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - M M Dakheel
- University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kommuru
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
| | | | - T H Terrill
- Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, United States
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Vargas-Magaña JJ, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Sandoval-Castro CA, Hoste H, Chan-Pérez JA. Anthelmintic activity of acetone-water extracts against Haemonchus contortus eggs: interactions between tannins and other plant secondary compounds. Vet Parasitol 2016; 206:322-7. [PMID: 25468031 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at (i) describing the effects of acetone-water extracts obtained from a range of different plant materials, on the hatching process of Haemonchus contortus eggs under in vitro conditions and (ii) identifying the role of tannins and other plant secondary compounds (PSC), on these AH effects by using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), an inhibitor of tannins and other polyphenols. An egg hatch assay (EHA) was used to determine the AH effect. Acetone-water (70:30) extracts from different foliages (Lysiloma latisiliquum, Laguncularia racemosa, Rizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans) and plant by-products (Theobroma cacao seed husk and pulp, and percolated Coffea arabica) were obtained. Fresh H. contortus eggs were incubated in PBS with increasing concentrations of each extract (0, 600, 1200, 2400 and 3600 μg/ml PBS). A general linear model was used to determine the dose effect of each extract. A mild ovicidal activity was only recorded for T. cacao extracts (seed husk and pulp). The main anthelmintic (AH) effect for all the extracts, except for C. arabica, was to block the eclosion of larvated eggs. The use of PVPP at 3600 μg/ml PBS showed that tannins of the L. racemosa extract were responsible for blocking eclosion of larvated eggs. Extracts of L. latisiliquum, A. germinans, T. cacao seed husk and pulp also blocked eclosion of larvated eggs but the addition of PVPP indicated that tannins were not responsible for that activity. In contrast, it suggested unfavorable interactions between polyphenols and other PSC contained in those extracts, limiting the AH effect on the egg hatching process. The present results suggest that the interactions between tannins and other PSC are complex and may reduce the AH effects against H. contortus eggs.
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Akkari H, Hajaji S, B’chir F, Rekik M, Gharbi M. Correlation of polyphenolic content with radical-scavenging capacity and anthelmintic effects of Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae) against Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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In vitroassessment of the anthelmintic activity ofHedysarum carnosumDesf. at different phenological stages and from six locations in Tunisia. Parasitology 2016; 143:778-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYGastrointestinal nematodes are compromising productivity of grazing sheep and goats. Therefore, scientists have been looking for cost-effective alternative options. Forage legumes (Fabacea Family) contain tannins that could improve livestock performance and their health as well. The present study aimed to (i) determine thein vitroanthelmintic (AH) activity of 19 acetonic extracts ofHedysarum carnosumDesf onHaemonchus contortusby a larval exsheathment assay (LEA); (ii) test the anthelmintic activity of condensed tannins using a deactivating reagent, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP); (iii) study the effect of location and the phenological stage on the percentage of exsheathment. The LEA was used at different concentrations (150, 300, 600, 1200µg mL−1of acetonic extract/mL of purified buffer solution (PBS)). The larval exsheathment is concentration, location, phenological stage dependent. All extracts, caused a delay of the percentage of exsheathment over 50% so the AH activity ofH. carnosumwas confirmed. After addition of PVPP, the % exsheathment was similar to the 150µg mL−1concentration. The biplot showed that Loc1(S), Loc4(B), Loc 5(PF), Loc 6(BM) and Loc 6(PF) were isolated from other plant extract sample. Ourin vitrostudy showed thatH. carnosumseems to be a promising alternative to AH drugs.
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Impact of chemical structure of flavanol monomers and condensed tannins on in vitro anthelmintic activity against bovine nematodes. Parasitology 2016; 143:444-54. [PMID: 26888630 PMCID: PMC4800716 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants containing condensed tannins (CT) may have potential to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of cattle. The aim was to investigate the anthelmintic activities of four flavan-3-ols, two galloyl derivatives and 14 purified CT fractions, and to define which structural features of CT determine the anti-parasitic effects against the main cattle nematodes. We used in vitro tests targeting L1 larvae (feeding inhibition assay) and adults (motility assay) of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. In the larval feeding inhibition assay, O. ostertagi L1 were significantly more susceptible to all CT fractions than C. oncophora L1. The mean degree of polymerization of CT (i.e. average size) was the most important structural parameter: large CT reduced larval feeding more than small CT. The flavan-3-ols of prodelphinidin (PD)-type tannins had a stronger negative influence on parasite activity than the stereochemistry, i.e. cis- vs trans-configurations, or the presence of a gallate group. In contrast, for C. oncophora high reductions in the motility of larvae and adult worms were strongly related with a higher percentage of PDs within the CT fractions while there was no effect of size. Overall, the size and the percentage of PDs within CT seemed to be the most important parameters that influence anti-parasitic activity.
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Olmedo-Juárez A, Rojo-Rubio R, Arece-García J, Salem AZ, Kholif AE, Morales-Almaraz E. In VitroActivity ofPithecellobium DulceandLysiloma Acapulcensison Exogenous Development Stages of Sheep Gastrointestinal Strongyles. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seasonal variation in the effects of Mediterranean plant extracts on the exsheathment kinetics of goat gastrointestinal nematode larvae. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Quijada J, Fryganas C, Ropiak HM, Ramsay A, Mueller-Harvey I, Hoste H. Anthelmintic Activities against Haemonchus contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis from Small Ruminants Are Influenced by Structural Features of Condensed Tannins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6346-54. [PMID: 26066999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants containing condensed tannins (CTs) may hold promise as alternatives to synthetic anthelmintic (AH) drugs for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). However, the structural features that contribute to the AH activities of CTs remain elusive. This study probed the relationships between CT structures and their AH activities. Eighteen plant resources were selected on the basis of their diverse CT structures. From each plant resource, two CT fractions were isolated and their in vitro AH activities were measured with the larval exsheathment inhibition assay, which was applied to Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Calculation of mean EC50 values indicated that H. contortus was more susceptible than T. colubriformis to the different fractions and that the F1 fractions were less efficient than the F2 ones, as indicated by the respective mean values for H. contortus, F1 = 136.9 ± 74.1 μg/mL and F2 = 108.1 ± 53.2 μg/mL, and for T. colubriformis, F1 = 233 ± 54.3 μg/mL and F2 = 166 ± 39.9 μg/mL. The results showed that the AH activity against H. contortus was associated with the monomeric subunits that give rise to prodelphinidins (P < 0.05) and with CT polymer size (P < 0.10). However, for T. colubriformis AH activity was correlated only with prodelphinidins (P < 0.05). These results suggest that CTs have different modes of action against different parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quijada
- †INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France
- ‡Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France
| | - Christos Fryganas
- §School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Honorata M Ropiak
- §School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aina Ramsay
- §School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- §School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé Hoste
- †INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France
- ‡Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Sandoval-Castro CA, Mueller-Harvey I, Sotiraki S, Louvandini H, Thamsborg SM, Terrill TH. Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:5-17. [PMID: 26190131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) still represent a worldwide major pathological threat associated with the outdoor production of various livestock species. Because of the widespread resistance to synthetic chemical anthelmintics, there is a strong impetus to explore novel approaches for a more integrated management of these infections. The use of nutraceuticals in the control of GINs is one of the alternatives which has been widely studied for 20 years. The objectives of this review are: (i) to define and illustrate the concept of 'nutraceutical' in the context of veterinary parasitology based on data obtained on the most studied models to control GINs in small ruminants, the tannin-containing legumes (Fabaceae); (ii) to illustrate how the 'nutraceutical concept' could be expanded to other plants, other livestock production systems and other GI parasitic diseases, and (iii) to explain how this concept is opening up new research fields for better understanding the interactions between the host, the digestive parasites and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- INRA, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France; Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse F-31076, France.
| | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - C A Sandoval-Castro
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - I Mueller-Harvey
- University of Reading, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, 1 Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading, RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H Louvandini
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - T H Terrill
- Fort Valley State University,1005 State University Drive Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA
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Glazer I, Salame L, Dvash L, Muklada H, Azaizeh H, Mreny R, Markovics A, Landau S. Effects of tannin-rich host plants on the infection and establishment of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 128:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Arroyo-Lopez C, Manolaraki F, Saratsis A, Saratsi K, Stefanakis A, Skampardonis V, Voutzourakis N, Hoste H, Sotiraki S. Anthelmintic effect of carob pods and sainfoin hay when fed to lambs after experimental trickle infections with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:71. [PMID: 25526546 PMCID: PMC4271655 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the in vivo anthelmintic activity of sainfoin hay (Onobrychis viciifolia) and carob pod meal (Ceratonia siliqua) against gastrointestinal nematodes. Seven days before infection, 64 naive lambs were assigned to four different groups: Group S received sainfoin hay and group CAR was fed with carob pods. The remaining lambs received lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and were assigned to positive (non-treated, NT) and negative (treated, T) control groups (treatment with albendazole). On day 0, lambs were artificially trickle infected for 6 weeks, with a mixture of infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Parasitological and pathophysiological parameters were measured repeatedly during the 2-month study. Compared to the NT group, decreases in egg excretion were observed in the CAR and S groups with significant differences only found for sainfoin (p < 0.05). At necropsy, group S showed decreases in the total worm numbers of both nematode species with significant differences for H. contortus. In contrast, no differences were noticed for the CAR group. Compared to the NT group, lower values for fecundity of female H. contortus were found in the S and CAR groups, however differences were non-significant. No differences in body weight gains were found between groups. Consistent results were found showing significantly higher packed cell volume (PCV) values in the T and S groups compared to NT and CAR groups. Overall, these results confirm a positive effect associated with the feeding of lambs with tanniniferous resources on host resilience (PCV values) and against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes by affecting some biological traits of worm populations (e.g. eggs per gram of faeces and worm numbers). However, the anthelmintic effects differed between the two tannin-containing resources, which might be associated with the quantity and/or quality of secondary metabolites (condensed tannins and/or other polyphenols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Arroyo-Lopez
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece - UMR 1225 IHAP INRA/ENVT, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Foteini Manolaraki
- UMR 1225 IHAP INRA/ENVT, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Saratsi
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Stefanakis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Skampardonis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Voutzourakis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hervé Hoste
- UMR 1225 IHAP INRA/ENVT, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Moreno-Gonzalo J, Osoro K, García U, Frutos P, Celaya R, Ferreira LMM, Ortega-Mora LM, Ferre I. Anthelmintic effect of heather in goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:693-9. [PMID: 24271153 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of heather (composed primarily of Calluna vulgaris with a smaller content of Erica umbellata and Erica cinerea) consumption on the establishment of incoming infective larvae (experiment 1, preventive treatment) and an adult worm population (experiment 2, curative treatment) were investigated in Cashmere goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. In experiment 1, 12 castrated male goats were divided into two groups: heather-supplemented vs. non-supplemented animals. After 2 weeks of adaptation to the diet, all goats were experimentally infected per os with 6,000 T. colubriformis third-stage larvae. Three weeks post-infection, the goats were slaughtered, and worm counts as well as female worm fecundity and development were determined. Heather consumption was associated with a close to significant (P=0.092) reduction (mean 14 %) in larvae establishment. No effect on fecundity was observed, but the length of female worms in supplemented goats was greater (P<0.001). In experiment 2, 15 non-lactating does were experimentally infected with 6,000 T. colubriformis third-stage larvae. At 6 weeks post-infection, three groups were established: control, heather-supplemented and heather-supplemented with polyethylene glycol. Individual faecal nematode egg output was measured twice weekly to assess gastrointestinal nematode egg excretion. The goats were slaughtered 5 weeks after heather administration (11 weeks post-infection), and worm counts as well as female worm fecundity and development were subsequently determined. Heather administration was associated with a significant (P<0.001) decrease (between 47 and 66 % compared with control group) in egg excretion from 45 to 76 days post-infection. Although worm counts and female fecundity were lower in supplemented goats, no significant differences were observed. Overall, the results showed a reduction in T. colubriformis larvae establishment and a decrease in nematode egg excretion when heather was administered in experimentally infected goats. The heather plus polyethylene glycol treatment reduced nematode egg excretion levels at the same proportion as heather, thereby suggesting that the threshold of tannins required for an anthelmintic effect is most likely quite low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moreno-Gonzalo
- SALUVET Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Moreno-Gonzalo J, Manolaraki F, Frutos P, Hervás G, Celaya R, Osoro K, Ortega-Mora L, Hoste H, Ferre I. In vitro effect of heather extracts on Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs, larvae and adults. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:586-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Werne S, Isensee A, Maurer V, Perler E, Drewek A, Heckendorn F. Integrated control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs using a bioactive feed × breed approach. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:298-304. [PMID: 24183648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forages rich in condensed tannins have repeatedly shown potential to reduce gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep. Similarly, several breeds of sheep have shown a relative resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). We hypothesised that additive or even synergic effects may arise from the combination of a relatively resistant breed and a diet rich in condensed tannins. In study I, 160 lambs of the native Red Engadine Sheep (RES) and 113 lambs of the Swiss White Alpine sheep (SWA) were artificially infected with GIN and subsequently grazed for 52 days. The lambs were then distributed to 2 groups for a 14-day experimental feeding period. One group received a diet with a proportion of 55% sainfoin and was compared to a control group on the basis of faecal egg counts (FEC). In study II, 25 RES and 27 SWA lambs grazed infectious pastures for 37 days and were subsequently fed for 13 consecutive days with approximately 100% sainfoin or control forage. In addition to the FEC determination at the start and the end of the experimental feeding, the 52 lambs in study II were slaughtered and necropsied to determine their worm burden. FEC at the end of the feeding period were significantly lower in sainfoin fed lambs compared to controls in study I (p<0.001) as well as in study II (p=0.012). Breed, animal age, live weight, sex and the interaction of breed and treatment did not affect FEC in either study. The main nematode genera found in the sacrificed lambs of study II were Haemonchus spp., Teladorsagia spp., Nematodirus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Overall, RES had a significantly lower Haemonchus spp. (p=0.035) and Trichostrongylus spp. (p=0.003) worm burden compared to SWA. Regardless of breed, sainfoin feeding significantly reduced Teladorsagia spp. (p=0.049) and Nematodirus spp. (p<0.001) worm burden. Although, we could not demonstrate additive or synergic effects when using an integrated breed × sainfoin approach, the finding that a proportion of only 55% sainfoin in the diet led to a lower FEC compared to controls is important with respect to the implementation on producing farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Werne
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse 21, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Molento M, Veríssimo C, Amarante A, van Wyk J, Chagas A, Araújo JD, Borges F. Alternativas para o controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A criação de ovinos e caprinos depende de um manejo eficiente, devido, principalmente, ao prejuízo causado por parasitos em animais susceptíveis. Vários fatores colaboram para que os animais tolerem as infecções parasitárias, como: genética, nutrição, estado fisiológico e idade. O grave problema causado pela resistência anti-helmíntica promoveu a difusão de técnicas alternativas de controle parasitário. Dentre essas novas estratégias incluem-se a adoção do tratamento parcial seletivo com o método FAMACHA, fitoterapia, controle biológico com o uso de fungos nematófagos e estratégias que ainda necessitam de mais dados como a homeopatia, a diluição da resistência com a introdução de parasitos sensíveis e a combinação de produtos químicos sem efeito antiparasitário. O objetivo central destes métodos é reduzir o uso de antiparasitários, retardando o desenvolvimento da resistência, e promover melhor utilização de produtos ainda eficazes na propriedade e de novos produtos que venham a ser lançados. Este artigo abordará as técnicas descritas acima para o controle de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes e é direcionado aos técnicos interessados em ampliar seu conhecimento sobre os mecanismos de resistência dos parasitos aos anti-helmínticos e de alternativas ao uso desses produtos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F.A. Borges
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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Effects of Mimosa tenuiflora on larval establishment of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:341-6. [PMID: 23643453 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance has limited the ability to control the gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and has therefore awakened an interest in the study of tanniferous plants as a source of anthelmintics. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Mimosa tenuiflora intake, a tanniferous plant that is fed to small ruminants in northeastern Brazil, on the larval establishment of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. In this experiment, 18 nematode-free sheep were divided into three groups (n=6) according to live weight. Group 1 was fed M. tenuiflora leaves; Group 2 was fed M. tenuiflora stems; Group 3 served as the control group and was fed Cynodon dactylon, a plant with low levels of tannins. The animals consumed the plants for 13 days (Day -7 to Day 5). On Day 0, the sheep were experimentally infected with 4500 third-stage H. contortus each. Five days after infection (Day 5), the sheep were slaughtered to count the worm burden and perform a histological analysis of the abomasum. The daily plant intake and the live weight gain of the animals were recorded. The groups that ingested M. tenuiflora leaves and stems consumed less dry matter than did those that ingested C. dactylon (P<0.05). The consumption of M. tenuiflora leaves did not reduce the L3 establishment of H. contortus compared to the control (P>0.05). The intake of M. tenuiflora stems tended toward decreasing larval establishment, but the reduction was not significant (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in the mucosal cellular response and live weight gain among the groups. These data demonstrated that, with the protocol used, M. tenuiflora has no effect on larval establishment of H. contortus in sheep.
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In vitro activity of Lantana camara, Alpinia zerumbet, Mentha villosa and Tagetes minuta decoctions on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:504-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synergistic effects of mixing cocksfoot and sainfoin on in vitro rumen fermentation. Role of condensed tannins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sandoval-Castro C, Torres-Acosta J, Hoste H, Salem A, Chan-Pérez J. Using plant bioactive materials to control gastrointestinal tract helminths in livestock. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saratsis A, Regos I, Tzanidakis N, Voutzourakis N, Stefanakis A, Treuter D, Joachim A, Sotiraki S. In vivo and in vitro efficacy of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) against Eimeria spp in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MA, Valles-de la Mora B, Capetillo-Leal CM. In vitro anthelmintic activity of five tropical legumes on the exsheathment and motility of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:413-8. [PMID: 22652531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro anthelmintic (AH) activity of five tropical legume plants [Arachis pintoi CIAT 22160 (A.p. 22160), Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea (C.a. Yacapani), C. argentea CIAT 22386 (C.a. 22386), C. argentea Veranera (C.a. Veranera)] against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae and the role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds in the AH effect. Lyophilized leaf extracts of each plant were evaluated using the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA) and the larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA). The role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds in the AH effect was evaluated in both assays using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to remove tannins from the solutions. At the highest concentration (1200μg of extract/ml), A. pintoi 22160, C.a. Yacapani, C.a. Veranera and C.a. 22386 completely inhibited the exsheathment process of H. contortus (P<0.01). At the same concentration (1200μg of extract/ml), the inhibition of larval migration for C.a. 22386, C.a. Veranera and G. sepium was 66.0%, 35.9% and 39.2% (relative to the PBS control), respectively. In both bioassays (LEIA and LMIA), the AH effect shown by each plant was blocked after the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), corroborating the role of tannins/polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, CP 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
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Moreno-Gonzalo J, Ferre I, Celaya R, Frutos P, Ferreira L, Hervás G, García U, Ortega-Mora L, Osoro K. Potential use of heather to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Influence of dietary supplementation with Acacia karroo on experimental haemonchosis in indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats of South Africa. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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