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Zhao J, Fan Y, Cheng Z, Kennelly EJ, Long C. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and bioactivities of Cymbopogon plants: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118181. [PMID: 38608798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cymbopogon (Poaceae) plants have been used for various purposes by many indigenous peoples in all continents. In particular, almost all species in the genus have traditionally been used as folk medicine to treat ailments. Traditional application records indicated that Cymbopogon might be used extensively to treat cold, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, rheumatism, diarrhea, whole grass for cold, sore throat, tracheitis and others. AIMS OF THE REVIEW Despite several research confirmed that Cymbopogon includes a range of active components, no review has been undertaken to consolidate information on its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and/or quality control. Thus this article aims to update a comprehensive review about the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, cultivation techniques, economic benefits, trade, threats, and future conservation implications of Cymbopogon species. It may provide informative data for future development and further investigation of this important plant group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Traditional medicinal books and ethnomedicinal publications related to Cymbopogon from 1992 to 2023 were collated to investigate its ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological information. The online databases including Google Scholar, SciFinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Springer Link, PubMed, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Baidu Scholar, and WanFang Database were screened. RESULTS Cymbopogon (Gramineae or Poaceae) plants have been grown worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine and other medicinal systems believes that Cymbopogon has the effect of relieve a cough, analgesia, treating dizziness, traumatic injury and can relieve abdominal pain. A total of 153 compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acid and other compounds were isolated or identified from Cymbopogon species by phytochemical studies. The extracts or compounds from Cymbopogon have exhibited numerous biological activities such as antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antineoplastic, antiarrhythmic, antidiabetic and other activities. The rich contents of citronellal, citronellol and geraniol found in Cymbopogon also provide significant nutritional benefits. CONCLUSION Based on their traditional uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities, Cymbopogon plants are potential medicinal and edible resources with diverse pharmacological effects. Due to various advantages of this group, they possess huge application potential in food and pharmaceutical industries, and animal husbandry. Among them, citronella is very important in terms of economic development. Further comprehensive research to evaluate the medicinal properties of Cymbopogon species will be necessary for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Gutiérrez-Pacheco MM, Torres-Moreno H, Flores-Lopez ML, Velázquez Guadarrama N, Ayala-Zavala JF, Ortega-Ramírez LA, López-Romero JC. Mechanisms and Applications of Citral's Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1608. [PMID: 37998810 PMCID: PMC10668791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski's rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heriberto Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - María Liliana Flores-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25070, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Norma Velázquez Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, San Luis Río Colorado 83430, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
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Dos Santos CRB, Sampaio MGV, Vandesmet LCS, Dos Santos BS, de Menezes SA, Portela BYM, Gomes DWR, Correia MTS, Gomez MCV, de Alencar Menezes IR, da Silva MV. Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil from Eugenia stipitata McVaugh leaves. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3844-3850. [PMID: 36469681 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2151008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the volatile components and cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiprotozoal activities of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Eugenia stipitata McVaugh (Myrtaceae) grown in the Brazilian Northeast region (Araripe) were investigated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The leaves of E. stipitata provided an oil yield of 0.13 ± 0.01% (w/w). The volatile compounds in the essential oil of E. stipitata were analysed using gas chromatography, and the volatile chemical composition was mainly composed of β-eudesmol (15.28%), γ-eudesmol (10.85%), elemol (10.21%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.65%). The essential oil of E. stipitata was highly selective against Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum promastigotes. The essential oil exhibited good antibacterial activity. E. stipitata essential oil showed low free-radical scavenging activity. Our results suggest that the E. stipitata essential oil is a relevant source of the primary compounds required for the development of antibacterial and antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícero R B Dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana G V Sampaio
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lilian C S Vandesmet
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria T S Correia
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria C V Gomez
- Centre for the Development of Scientific Investigation - CEDIC, Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Diaz Gill, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | | | - Márcia V da Silva
- Biochemistry Department, Biocience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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ALWAILI MA. Protective effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus STAPF) extract mediated mitochondrial fission and glucose uptake inhibition in SW1417. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.94522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pereira PS, Oliveira CVB, Maia AJ, Vega-Gomez MC, Rolón M, Coronel C, Duarte AE, Coutinho HDM, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Sadati SJA, Wilairatana P, Silva TG. Evaluation of the In Vitro Antiparasitic Effect of the Essential Oil of Cymbopogon winterianus and Its Chemical Composition Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092753. [PMID: 35566105 PMCID: PMC9099579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon winterianus, known as “citronella grass”, is an important aromatic and medicinal tropical herbaceous plant. The essential oil of C. winterianus (EOCw) is popularly used to play an important role in improving human health due to its potential as a bioactive component. The present study aimed to identify the components of the essential oil of C. winterianus and verify its leishmanicidal and trypanocidal potential, as well as the cytotoxicity in mammalian cells, in vitro. The EOCw had geraniol (42.13%), citronellal (17.31%), and citronellol (16.91%) as major constituents. The essential oil only exhibited significant cytotoxicity in mammalian fibroblasts at concentrations greater than 250 μg/mL, while regarding antipromastigote and antiepimastigote activities, they presented values considered clinically relevant, since both had LC50 < 62.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that this is a pioneer study on the potential of the essential oil of C. winterianus and its use against the parasites T. cruzi and L. brasiliensis, and its importance is also based on this fact. Additionally, according to the results, C. winterianus was effective in presenting values of clinical relevance and low toxicity and, therefore, an indicator of popular use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife 54740-520, PE, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Carlos Vinicius Barros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Ana Josicleide Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Maria Celeste Vega-Gomez
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cathia Coronel
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Antônia Eliene Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 516661647, Iran;
| | - Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom 3736175513, Iran;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves Silva
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife 54740-520, PE, Brazil;
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Bioactivity assessment of essential oils of Cymbopogon species using a network pharmacology approach. Biol Futur 2022; 73:107-118. [PMID: 35098495 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils of Cymbopogon species have wide commercial applications in fragrance, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals as they exhibit a horizon of bioactivities. Here, essential oils of C. flexuosus and C. martinii were analysed to identify bioactive constituents and bioactivities using a network pharmacology approach. Essential oils were isolated using hydro-distillation in a mini Clevenger apparatus. Analysis of essential oils by GC-MS revealed 20 and 15 chemical constituents in C. flexuosus and C. martinii, respectively. An ingredient-target protein-pathway network was constructed comprising 10 oil constituents (citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, limonene, linalool, α-terpineol, borneol, α-pinene, myrcene, and n-decanol), 14 target proteins, 51 related pathways, and 108 connections. Analyses of the network showed geraniol, geranyl acetate, limonene, linalool, and citral as major active constituents. A core sub-network constructed from the ingredient-target protein-pathway network revealed bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. The protein association network pointed out the major target proteins viz., THRB, FXR, ALOX15, and TSHR and pathways like metabolic, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways of essential oil constituents. The target proteins and pathways provided insights into the mechanism of action of bioactive constituents. Based on the results of the study, geraniol was correlated with neuroprotective, citral to chemo-preventive, and limonene to anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, the study offers a new way for the assessment of the bioactivities of Cymbopogon species essential oils leading to the development of new biomedicines.
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Plant-Derived Terpenoids: A Promising Tool in the Fight against Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030502. [PMID: 35158770 PMCID: PMC8833325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the numerous therapies, melanoma remains the deadliest of all skin cancers; however, plant-derived terpenoids are defense molecules that have proven anti-cancer properties. In this review, we present the results of the search for anti-melanoma plant terpenoids. Additionally, we show the effects of combining terpenoids with standard drugs, radiation therapy, or other plant substances on melanoma cell lines and animal models. Finally, we present some examples of drug delivery systems that increase the uptake of terpenoids by melanoma tissue. Abstract Melanoma is responsible for the highest number of skin cancer-caused deaths worldwide. Despite the numerous melanoma-treating options, the fight against it remains challenging, mainly due to its great heterogeneity and plasticity, as well as the high toxicity of standard drugs. Plant-derived terpenoids are a group of plant defense molecules that have been proven effective in killing many different types of cancer cells, both in in vitro experiments and in vivo models. In this review, we focus on recent results in the search for plant terpenoids with anti-melanoma activity. We also report on the synergistic action of combining terpenoids with other plant-derived substances, MAP kinase inhibitors, or radiation. Additionally, we present examples of terpenoid-loaded nanoparticle carriers as anti-melanoma agents that have increased permeation through the cancer tissue.
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Ali R, Rooman M, Mussarat S, Norin S, Ali S, Adnan M, Khan SN. A Systematic Review on Comparative Analysis, Toxicology, and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Against Haemonchus contortus. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644027. [PMID: 34040520 PMCID: PMC8141741 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Haemonchus contortus is an important pathogenic nematode parasite and major economic constraint of small ruminants in tropics and subtropics regions. This review is an attempt to systematically address the; (a) efficacy of different plants against H. contortus by in vitro and in vivo proof; (b) toxicology, mechanism of action, and active phyto-compounds involve in anti-haemonchiasis activity; (c) and comparative analysis of plant species evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Online databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were searched and published research articles (1980–2020) were gathered and reviewed. Results: A total of 187 plant species were reported belonging to 59 families and 145 genera with Asteraceae and Fabaceae being frequently used. Out of the total plant species, 171 species were found to be evaluated in vitro and only 40 species in vivo. Twenty-four species were commonly evaluated for in vitro and in vivo anti-haemonchiasis activity. Among the reported assays, egg hatching test (EHT) and fecal egg count reduction (FECR) were the most widely used assays in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Moreover, sheep were the frequently used experimental model in vivo. After comparative analysis, Lachesiodendron viridiflorum, Corymbia citriodora, Calotropis procera, and Artemisia herba-alba were found highly effective both in vitro and in vivo. L. viridiflorum inhibited enzymatic activities and metabolic processes of the parasite and was found to be safe without toxic effects. C. citriodora was moderately toxic in vivo, however, the plant extract produced promising nematicidal effects by causing muscular disorganization and changes in the mitochondrial profile. Additionally, C. procera and A. herba-alba despite of their high anti-haemonchiasis activity were found to be highly toxic at the tested concentrations. C. procera caused perforation and tegumental disorganization along with adult worm paralysis. Nineteen compounds were reported, among which anethole and carvone completely inhibited egg hatching in vitro and significantly reduced fecal egg count, decreased male length, and reproductive capacity of female in vivo. Conclusion: This review summarized different medicinal plants owing to nematicidal activities against H. contortus eggs, larvae, and adult worms. Plants like L. viridiflorum, C. citriodora, C. procera, and A. herba-alba, while compounds anethole and carvone having promising nematicidal activities and could be an alternative source for developing novel drugs after further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rooman
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sakina Mussarat
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Norin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shandana Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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de Morais MC, de Souza JV, da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho C, Dolabella SS, de Sousa DP. Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194568. [PMID: 33036315 PMCID: PMC7583723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Castro de Morais
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Parasitology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil;
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
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Essential Oils of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Lung Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5924856. [PMID: 32420353 PMCID: PMC7201560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5924856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils were extracted from the culm and leaf of Cymbopogon citratus collected from different regions of Vietnam and analyzed using GC/MS. The results showed that citral is the major component accounting for 61.20%–76.46% of the essential oils. The citral content was higher in the essential oil obtained from the leaf than in that from the culm of lemongrass in all regions. In particular, camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol can be used to differentiate essential oils originating from leaves versus culms. The cytotoxic effects of the essential oils on various lung cancer cell lines were evaluated in the present study. All essential oils exhibited cytotoxicity in the tested cells. The Ha Loc leaf essential oil (HLL) exhibited the most potent effects on A549 and H1975 cells, with IC50 values of 1.73 ± 0.37 and 4.01 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. The Hy Cuong leaf essential oil (HCL) showed the strongest effect on H1299 cells, with an IC50 value of 2.45 ± 0.21 μg/mL. The Kim Duc culm (KDC) essential oil exerted the strongest cytotoxic effects against H1650 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.86 ± 0.29 μg/mL. The HLL induced apoptosis and cycle arrest in A549 cells according to flow cytometric analysis and fluorescent nuclear staining assays. The western blot analysis indicated that HLL induced the apoptotic effect by altering the regulating proteins of the apoptosis process such as caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax. The data strongly suggested that the intrinsic pathway may play an important role in the apoptotic effects of HLL.
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Lavandula Luisieri and Lavandula Viridis Essential Oils as Upcoming Anti-Protozoal Agents: A Key Focus on Leishmaniasis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Leishmania species is the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a broad-spectrum clinical condition that can even be life-threatening when neglected. Current therapeutic strategies, despite beings highly cost-effective, have been increasingly associated with the appearance of drug-resistant microorganisms. Thus, an increasing number of thorough studies are needed towards upcoming drug discovery. This study aims to reveal the anti-protozoa activity of Lavandula luisieri and Lavandula viridis essential oils (EO) and their main components (1,8-cineole, linalool, and borneol). Materials and Methods: L. luisieri and L. viridis EO and their main components’ leishmanicidal effects were tested in vitro against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania tropica strains. Cell viability effects were estimated by using the tetrazolium-dye (MTT) colorimetric method, morphological changes were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultrastructural investigation by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cathepsin D activity assessment were also carried out. Finally, cytotoxic activity of the studied matrices was also determined in mammalian cells. Results: Plant-studied EO exhibited prominent anti-Leishmania effects (IC50 = 31–263 µg/mL), with L. luisieri being the most active one. At concentrations corresponding to IC50 values, EO-exposed L. infantum promastigotes suffered marked ultrastructural modifications. The presence of aberrant-shaped cells, mitochondrial and kinetoplast swelling, and autophagosomal structures were the most common evidenced changes. L. luisieri EO exerted its leishmanicidal activity through different mechanisms, but mainly through unleashing apoptosis. Phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and cell-cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase were the most remarkable apoptosis-mediated aspects. Inhibition of cathepsin D activity was also observed. No toxic effects were found on macrophage cells. Conclusions: L. luisieri seems to be an upcoming source of bioactive molecules for leishmaniasis control and to find leading molecules for new drugs formulation against Leishmania infections.
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Moreno ÉM, Leal SM, Stashenko EE, García LT. Induction of programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi by Lippia alba essential oils and their major and synergistic terpenes (citral, limonene and caryophyllene oxide). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:225. [PMID: 30053848 PMCID: PMC6062979 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Chagas Disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases (NTD), without an effective therapy for the successful parasite eradication or for the blocking of the disease’s progression, in its advanced stages. Due to their low toxicity, wide pharmacologic spectrum, and potential synergies, medicinal plants as Lippia alba, offer a promising reserve of bioactive molecules. The principal goal of this work is to characterize the inhibitory properties and cellular effects of the Citral and Carvone L. alba chemotype essential oils (EOs) and their main bioactive terpenes (and the synergies among them) on T. cruzi forms. Methods Twelve L. alba EOs, produced under diverse environmental conditions, were extracted by microwave assisted hydrodistillation, and chemically characterized using gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity were determined for each oil, and their major compounds, on epimastigotes (Epi), trypomastigotes (Tryp), amastigotes (Amas), and Vero cells. Pharmacologic interactions were defined by a matrix of combinations among the most trypanocidal terpenes (limonene, carvone; citral and caryophyllene oxide). The treated cell phenotype was assessed by fluorescent and optic microscopy, flow cytometry, and DNA electrophoresis assays. Results The L. alba EOs displayed significant differences in their chemical composition and trypanocidal performance (p = 0.0001). Citral chemotype oils were more trypanocidal than Carvone EOs, with Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) of 14 ± 1.5 μg/mL, 22 ± 1.4 μg/mL and 74 ± 4.4 μg/mL, on Epi, Tryp and Amas, respectively. Limonene exhibited synergistic interaction with citral, caryophyllene oxide and Benznidazole (decreasing by 17 times its IC50) and was the most effective and selective treatment. The cellular analysis suggested that these oils or their bioactive terpenes (citral, caryophyllene oxide and limonene) could be inducing T. cruzi cell death by an apoptotic-like mechanism. Conclusions EOs extracted from L. alba Citral chemotype demonstrated significant trypanocidal activity on the three forms of T. cruzi studied, and their composition and trypanocidal performance were influenced by production parameters. Citral, caryophyllene oxide, and limonene showed a possible induction of an apoptotic-like phenotype. The best selective anti-T. cruzi activity was achieved by limonene, the effects of which were also synergic with citral, caryophyllene oxide and benznidazole.
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Costa S, Cavadas C, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, do Céu Sousa M. In vitro susceptibility of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to selected essential oils and their major components. Exp Parasitol 2018; 190:34-40. [PMID: 29778466 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming for discovering effective and harmless antitrypanosomal agents, 17 essential oils and nine major components were screened for their effects on T. b. brucei. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh plant material and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The trypanocidal activity was assessed using blood stream trypomastigotes cultures of T. b. brucei and the colorimetric resazurin method. The MTT test was used to assess the cytotoxicity of essential oils on macrophage cells and Selectivity Indexes were calculated. Of the 17 essential oils screened three showed high trypanocidal activity (IC50 < 10 μg/mL): Juniperus oxycedrus (IC50 of 0.9 μg/mL), Cymbopogon citratus (IC50 of 3.2 μg/mL) and Lavandula luisieri (IC50 of 5.7 μg/mL). These oils had no cytotoxic effects on macrophage cells showing the highest values of Selectivity Index (63.4, 9.0 and 11.8, respectively). The oils of Distichoselinum tenuifolium, Lavandula viridis, Origanum virens, Seseli tortuosom, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymbra capitata also exhibited activity (IC50 of 10-25 μg/mL) but showed cytotoxicity on macrophages. Of the nine compounds tested, α-pinene (IC50 of 2.9 μg/mL) and citral (IC50 of 18.9 μg/mL) exhibited the highest anti-trypanosomal activities. Citral is likely the active component of C. citratus and α-pinene is responsible for the antitrypanosomal effects of J. oxycedrus. The present work leads us to propose the J. oxycedrus, C. citratus and L. luisieri oils as valuable sources of new molecules for African Sleeping Sickness treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Costa
- Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chemical analysis and giardicidal effectiveness of the aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1745-1755. [PMID: 29666923 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Searching for new effective and safe treatment of Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) parasite is mandatory. The aim was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of Cymbagogon citratus (CcAE) against G. lamblia and to reveal the phenolic and antioxidant properties of CcAE. METHODS CcAE (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 μg/ml) was in vitro incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites in comparison with metronidazole (MTZ 10 and 25 μg/ml). Growth inhibition was evaluated after 3, 24, and 48 h of drug exposure. Infected groups of mice were orally treated for 7 days with CcAE at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day/mouse, in comparison with a group treated with 15 mg/kg/day/mouse MTZ for the same period. The total phenolic components (TPC), the total flavonoid components (TFC), the 2,2,diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantitative and qualitative phenolic content were chemically estimated. After 24 and 48 h of in vitro incubation, the estimated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 500 and 400 μg/ml, respectively, and the concentrations that induced 50% growth inhibition (IC50) were 93.8 and 60.4 μg/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). Mice given 500 mg/kg CcAE showed 100% stool clearance of G. lamblia stages, similar to MTZ-treated control group (P < 0.001). The TPC was 10.7 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g and the TFC was 23.9 ± 0.3 mg quercetin/g, and the estimated IC50 for DPPH free radical scavenging was 16.4 ± 0.1 mg/ml. HPLC revealed the major phenolic components of CcAE to be carnosic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamiac acid, quercetin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, CcAE is significantly effective against G. lamblia in vitro and in vivo, and has considerable phenolic and antioxidant properties.
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Zanusso Junior G, Massago M, Kian D, Toledo MJDO. Efficacy of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum alone and in combination with benznidazole on murine oral infection with Trypanosoma cruzi IV. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:92-97. [PMID: 29305891 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem. One of the causes of the high morbidity and mortality in patients is the lack of an effective drug therapy. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum alone and in combination with benznidazole (BZ) in mice orally inoculated with strain of T. cruzi IV obtained from oral CD outbreak occurred in Western Brazilian Amazonia. All the animals inoculated with metacyclic trypomastigote forms (AM14 strain, BZ resistant), derived from the insect Rhodnius robustus, became infected and there was no difference in the mortality rate between the experimental groups. When compared with untreated control animals (UTC), the treatment with essential oil of S. aromaticum (EOSA) alone promoted reduction in 1/5 parameters derived from the parasitemia curve, whereas the treatments with BZ alone or in combination (BZ + EOSA) promoted reduction in 4/5 of those parameters, presenting similar profiles of parasitemia curve. The animals treated with BZ and with the combination BZ + EOSA presented lower patency periods in comparison with the animals in EOSA group, and lower positivity of blood cultures when compared with the UTC group. The results of molecular analysis by qPCR in both blood and cardiac tissue did not show differences between the groups. The cure rates obtained with the different treatments presented the following ascending order: EOSA = 12.5% (1/8), BZ = 25.0% (2/8) and BZ + EOSA = 37.5% (3/8). Although there are no significant differences between them, these results claims that the use of this essential oil could be of interest for treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Zanusso Junior
- Department of Basic Health Sciences at State University of Maringa, Maringa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miyoko Massago
- Department of Basic Health Sciences at State University of Maringa, Maringa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Danielle Kian
- Department of Microbiology at State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Oliveira de Souza LI, Bezzera-Silva PC, do Amaral Ferraz Navarro DM, da Silva AG, Dos Santos Correia MT, da Silva MV, de Figueiredo RCBQ. The chemical composition and trypanocidal activity of volatile oils from Brazilian Caatinga plants. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1055-1064. [PMID: 29217159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential/volatile oils (EOs) from plants used in the traditional medicine are known as a rich source of chemically diverse compounds with relevant biological activities. In this work we analysed the chemical composition and the in vitro effects of EOs from leaves of Eugenia brejoensis (EBEO), Hyptis pectinata (HPEO), Hypenia salzmannii (HSEO), Lippia macrophylla (LMEO) and seeds of Syagrus coronata (SCEO) on Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. The EOs were extracted through hydrodistillation and its chemical composition analysed by GC/MS. The trypanocidal activity against epi- and trypomastigotes was evaluated by optical microscopy and the cytotoxicity to mammalian cells by MTT. The effects of EOs on parasite infection in macrophages were estimated by determining the survival index and the percentage of infection inhibition. The cytotoxicity against mammalian cells was compared to those of parasite by determining the Selectivity Index (SI). Overall, 114 compounds were identified: The main constituents of EOS were: δ-cadinene (15.88%), trans-caryophyllene (9.77%) e α-Muurolol (9.42%) for EBEO; trans-caryophyllene (15.24%), bicyclogermacrene (7.33%) e cis-calamenene (7.15%) for HFEO; trans-caryophyllene (30.91%), caryophyllene oxide (13.19%) and spathulenol (5.68%) for HPEO; Xanthoxylin (17.20%) trans-caryophyllene (14.34%) and methyl-eugenol (5.60%) for HSEO; Thymol (49.81%), carvacrol (31.6%) and σ-cimene (10.27%) for LMEO and octanoic acid (38.83%) dodecanoic acid (38.45%) and decanoic acid (20.51%) for SCEO. All the tested oils showed an inhibitory effect on the growth and survival of all forms of T. cruzi and moderate cytotoxicity towards the mammalian cells (100 < CC50 < 500 μg/mL). The EO of E. brejoensis was the most effective against the parasite presenting higher Selectivity Index for trypo- (SI = 14.45) and amastigote forms (SI = 20.11). Except for SCEO, which was the most cytotoxic for both parasite and mammalian cells, all the oils demonstrated to be more selective for the parasite than the reference drug benznidazole. Taken together our results point the essential oils from Caatinga plants, especially Eugenia brejoensis, as promissory agents for the development of new drugs against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Isabela Oliveira de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães IAM-FIOCRUZ/PE, Av. Moraes Rego s/n, Campus da UFPE, 50670-420 Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Gomes da Silva
- Núcleo de Bioprospecção e Conservação da Caatinga, Instituto Nacional do Semiárido/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações - INSA/MCTIC, Av. Francisco Lopes de Almeida, s/n, Serrotão, 58429-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Dos Santos Correia
- Núcleo de Bioprospecção e Conservação da Caatinga, Instituto Nacional do Semiárido/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações - INSA/MCTIC, Av. Francisco Lopes de Almeida, s/n, Serrotão, 58429-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Márcia Vanusa da Silva
- Núcleo de Bioprospecção e Conservação da Caatinga, Instituto Nacional do Semiárido/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações - INSA/MCTIC, Av. Francisco Lopes de Almeida, s/n, Serrotão, 58429-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Villamizar LH, Cardoso MDG, de Andrade J, Teixeira ML, Soares MJ. Linalool, a Piper aduncum essential oil component, has selective activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote forms at 4°C. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:131-139. [PMID: 28177047 PMCID: PMC5293122 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies showed that essential oils from different pepper species (Piper spp.) have promising leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities. OBJECTIVES In search for natural compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi, different forms of the parasite were incubated for 24 h at 28ºC or 4ºC with Piper aduncum essential oil (PaEO) or its main constituents linalool and nerolidol. METHODS PaEO chemical composition was obtained by GC-MS. Drug activity assays were based on cell counting, MTT data or infection index values. The effect of PaEO on the T. cruzi cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by flow cytometry. FINDINGS PaEO was effective against cell-derived (IC50/24 h: 2.8 μg/mL) and metacyclic (IC50/24 h: 12.1 μg/mL) trypomastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes (IC50/24 h: 9 μg/mL). At 4ºC - the temperature of red blood cells (RBCs) storage in blood banks - cell-derived trypomastigotes were more sensitive to PaEO (IC50/24 h = 3.8 μg/mL) than to gentian violet (IC50/24 h = 24.7 mg/mL). Cytotoxicity assays using Vero cells (37ºC) and RBCs (4ºC) showed that PaEO has increased selectivity for cell-derived trypomastigotes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PaEO does not affect the cell cycle of T. cruzi epimastigotes, but decreases their mitochondrial membrane potential. GC-MS data identified nerolidol and linalool as major components of PaEO, and linalool had trypanocidal effect (IC50/24 h: 306 ng/mL) at 4ºC. MAIN CONCLUSION The trypanocidal effect of PaEO is likely due to the presence of linalool, which may represent an interesting candidate for use in the treatment of potentially contaminated RBCs bags at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Helena Villamizar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Juliana de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Química, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Maurilio José Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Petrelli R, Ranjbarian F, Dall'Acqua S, Papa F, Iannarelli R, Ngahang Kamte SL, Vittori S, Benelli G, Maggi F, Hofer A, Cappellacci L. An overlooked horticultural crop, Smyrnium olusatrum, as a potential source of compounds effective against African trypanosomiasis. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:146-151. [PMID: 28087440 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among natural products, sesquiterpenes have shown promising inhibitory effects against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae), also known as Alexanders or wild celery, is a neglected horticultural crop characterized by oxygenated sesquiterpenes containing a furan ring. In the present work we explored the potential of its essential oils obtained from different organs and the main oxygenated sesquiterpenes, namely isofuranodiene, germacrone and β-acetoxyfuranoeudesm-4(15)-ene, as inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei. All essential oils effectively inhibited the growth of parasite showing IC50 values of 1.9-4.0μg/ml. Among the main essential oil constituents, isofuranodiene exhibited a significant and selective inhibitory activity against T. brucei (IC50 of 0.6μg/ml, SI=30), with β-acetoxyfuranoeudesm-4(15)-ene giving a moderate potentiating effect. These results shed light on the possible application of isofuranodiene as an antiprotozoal agent to be included in combination treatments aimed not only at curing patients but also at preventing the diffusion of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farahnaz Ranjbarian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Papa
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Essential Oil Citral in Experimental Infection with Staphylococcus aureus in a Model Air Pouch. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2505610. [PMID: 28316634 PMCID: PMC5339496 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2505610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes to implement an alternative and effective strategy for local treatment of disease provoked by S. aureus. For the analysis of possible anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil, after establishing an air pouch model, 48 male mice of Balb/c were treated, infected, and euthanized at 4 and 8 h. Thus, the total and differential white blood cells were counted in the animal's blood, and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were titrated using ELISA in the air pouch lavage. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression was analyzed through an RT-qPCR array, and S. aureus was quantified using qPCR. Our results, p < 0.05, showed that EOC reduced the quantity of microorganisms. The group of mice treated with essential oil citral showed a significant decrease in TNF-α levels in tests demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity. There is no data about the mutual influence of the air pouch model, essential oil citral, and S. aureus. Thus, considering the interaction of these variables and the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil citral, we demonstrated, by alternative local treatment, a new antimicrobial agent that is not an antibiotic.
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Chukwuocha UM, Fernández-Rivera O, Legorreta-Herrera M. Exploring the antimalarial potential of whole Cymbopogon citratus plant therapy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:517-523. [PMID: 27693771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) has been used in traditional medicine as an herbal infusion to treat fever and malaria. Generally, whole plant extracts possess higher biological activity than purified compounds. However, the antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant has not been experimentally tested. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antimalarial activity of an herbal infusion and the whole Cymbopogon citratus plant in two experimental models of malaria. MATERIAL AND METHODS The plant was dried for 10 days at room temperature and was then milled and passed through brass sieves to obtain a powder, which was administered to CBA/Ca mice with a patent Plasmodium chabaudi AS or P. berghei ANKA infection. We analysed the effects of two different doses (1600 and 3200mg/kg) compared with those of the herbal infusion and chloroquine, used as a positive control. We also assessed the prophylactic antimalarial activities of the whole C. citratus plant and the combination of the whole plant and chloroquine. RESULTS The C. citratus whole plant exhibited prolonged antimalarial activity against both P. chabaudi AS and P. berghei ANKA. The low dose of the whole C. citratus plant displayed higher antimalarial activity than the high dose against P. berghei ANKA. As a prophylactic treatment, the whole plant exhibited higher antimalarial activity than either the herbal infusion or chloroquine. In addition, the combination of the whole C. citratus plant and chloroquine displayed higher activity than chloroquine alone against P. berghei ANKA patent infection. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant in two experimental models. The whole C. citratus plant elicited higher anti-malarial activity than the herbal infusion or chloroquine when used as a prophylactic treatment. The antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant supports continued efforts towards developing whole plant therapies for the management of malaria and other infectious diseases prevalent in resource-poor communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu M Chukwuocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Omar Fernández-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Legorreta-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Andrade MA, Azevedo CDS, Motta FN, Santos MLD, Silva CL, Santana JMD, Bastos IMD. Essential oils: in vitro activity against Leishmania amazonensis, cytotoxicity and chemical composition. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:444. [PMID: 27825341 PMCID: PMC5101707 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current chemotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) has a series of drug limitations such as toxic side effects, long duration, high costs and drug resistance, which requires the development of new drugs or effective alternatives to the CL treatment. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of secondary metabolites from various plants. It has been shown that several EOs, or their constituents, have inhibitory activity against protozoa. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the biological activity of different essential oils (EOs) on Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes forms, as well as their cytotoxicity on mammalian cells and chemical composition. METHODS Sixteen EOs were evaluated by mean of IC50/24 h and cytotoxicity against L6 cells (CC50/24 h) using Resazurin assay. Only those EOs that presented better results for IC50/24 h were submitted to GC-MS analysis to determine their chemical constitution. RESULTS The EO from Cinnamodendron dinisii, Matricaria chamomilla, Myroxylon peruiferum, Salvia sclarea, Bulnesia sarmientoi, Ferula galbaniflua, Siparuna guianensis and Melissa officinalis were the most active against L. amazonensis with IC50/24 h ranging from 54.05 to 162.25 μg/mL. Analysis of EOs by GC-MS showed mainly the presence of β-farnesene (52.73 %) and bisabolol oxide (12.09 %) for M. chamomilla; α-copaene (13.41 %), safrole (8.35 %) and δ-cadinene (7.08 %) for M. peruiferum; linalool (28.80 %) and linalyl acetate (60.08 %) for S. sclarea; guaiol (48.29 %) and 2-undecanone (19.49 %) for B. sarmientoi; ethyl phthalate (13.09 %) and methyl-8-pimaren-18-oate (41.82 %) for F. galbaniflua; and neral (37.18 %) and citral (5.02 %) for M. officinalis. CONCLUSION The EO from F. galbaniflua showed to be effective against L. amazonensis promastigotes forms and presented low cytotoxic activity against L6 cells. Thus, it represents a strong candidate for future studies aiming its molecular activity on these pathogenic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Aparecida Andrade
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Clênia Dos Santos Azevedo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nader Motta
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Lasse Silva
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins de Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Izabela M D Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco I, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil.
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Bermudez J, Davies C, Simonazzi A, Pablo Real J, Palma S. Current drug therapy and pharmaceutical challenges for Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2016; 156:1-16. [PMID: 26747009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant health problems in the American continent in terms of human health, and socioeconomic impact is Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection was originally transmitted by reduviid insects, congenitally from mother to fetus, and by oral ingestion in sylvatic/rural environments, but blood transfusions, organ transplants, laboratory accidents, and sharing of contaminated syringes also contribute to modern day transmission. Likewise, Chagas disease used to be endemic from Northern Mexico to Argentina, but migrations have earned it global. The parasite has a complex life cycle, infecting different species, and invading a variety of cells - including muscle and nerve cells of the heart and gastrointestinal tract - in the mammalian host. Human infection outcome is a potentially fatal cardiomyopathy, and gastrointestinal tract lesions. In absence of a vaccine, vector control and treatment of patients are the only tools to control the disease. Unfortunately, the only drugs now available for Chagas' disease, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, are relatively toxic for adult patients, and require prolonged administration. Benznidazole is the first choice for Chagas disease treatment due to its lower side effects than Nifurtimox. However, different strategies are being sought to overcome Benznidazole's toxicity including shorter or intermittent administration schedules-either alone or in combination with other drugs. In addition, a long list of compounds has shown trypanocidal activity, ranging from natural products to specially designed molecules, re-purposing drugs commercialized to treat other maladies, and homeopathy. In the present review, we will briefly summarize the upturns of current treatment of Chagas disease, discuss the increment on research and scientific publications about this topic, and give an overview of the state-of-the-art research aiming to produce an alternative medication to treat T. cruzi infection.
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Kouame NM, Kamagate M, Koffi C, Die-Kakou HM, Yao NAR, Kakou A. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf : ethnopharmacologie, phytochimie, activités pharmacologiques et toxicologie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-015-1014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Andrade MA, Cardoso MDG, Gomes MDS, de Azeredo CMO, Batista LR, Soares MJ, Rodrigues LMA, Figueiredo ACS. Biological activity of the essential oils from Cinnamodendron dinisii and Siparuna guianensis. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221107 PMCID: PMC4512063 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120130683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study had analyzed the antibacterial, antifungal and trypanocidal activity of the essential oils from Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwacke (Canellaceae) and Siparuna guianensis Aublet (Siparunaceae). The essential oils were obtained from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation, using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that these essential oils are rich in monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Activity against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated with the agar cavity diffusion method, while activity on the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium commune was evaluated by the disk diffusion technique. Trypanocidal activity was tested against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, using the Tetrazolium salt (MTT) colorimetric assay. Both essential oils exhibited low inhibitory effect towards bacteria, showing high MIC values (125-500 μg mL (-1) ), with Gram positive bacteria being more susceptible. Better inhibitory effect was obtained for the evaluated fungi, with lower MIC values (7.81-250 μg mL (-1) ), being A. flavus the most susceptible species. Both essential oils presented low trypanocidal activity, with IC 50 /24 h values of 209.30 μg mL (-1) for S. guianensis and 282.93 μg mL (-1) for C. dinisii . Thus, the high values observed for the MIC of evaluated bacteria and for IC 50 /24 h of T. cruzi , suggest that the essential oils have a low inhibitory activity against these microorganisms. In addition, the low MIC values observed for the tested fungi species indicate good inhibitory activity on these microorganisms's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luís Roberto Batista
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina S Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, with emphasis on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:309. [PMID: 25148924 PMCID: PMC4155112 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of secondary metabolites from various plants. It has been shown that several EOs, or their constituents, have inhibitory activity against trypanosomatid protozoa. Thus, we analyzed the biological activity of different EOs on Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as their cytotoxicity on Vero cells. METHODS The following EOs were evaluated on T. cruzi epimastigote forms: Cinnamomum verum, Citrus limon, Cymbopogon nardus, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia uniflora, Myrocarpus frondosus, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Inhibitory activity against T. cruzi (IC50/24 h) and cytotoxicity against Vero cells (CC50/24 h) were evaluated by the MTT assay. The EO of C. verum was selected for further evaluation against trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, as well as on parasite metacyclogenesis. Constituents of C. verum EO were identified by GC-MS. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad version 5.01. RESULTS Cinnamomum verum EO was the most effective against T. cruzi epimastigotes (IC50/24 h = 24.13 μg/ml), followed by Myrocarpus frondosus (IC50/24 h = 60.87 μg/ml) and Eugenia uniflora (IC50/24 h = 70 μg/ml). The EOs of C. citriodora, E. globulus, and R. officinalis showed no activity at concentrations up to 300 μg/ml. Incubation of T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with C. verum EO resulted in IC50/24 h values of 5.05 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml, respectively. Therefore, trypomastigotes are more susceptible than epimastigotes, with selectivity index (SI) about 4.7-fold higher (9.78 and 2.05, respectively). Analysis of C. verum EO by GC-MS showed mainly (E)-cinnamaldehyde (81.52%) and eugenol (16.68%). CONCLUSIONS C. verum essential oil is effective against T. cruzi (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes) and interferes with the parasite differentiation process in vitro. Thus, it represents a strong candidate for further studies to improve its activity on pathogenic trypanosomatids.
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Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of 10 medicinal plants used in northeast Mexico. Acta Trop 2014; 136:14-8. [PMID: 24742906 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen the trypanocidal activity of plants used in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of various diseases related to parasitic infections. Cultured Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were incubated for 96h with different concentrations of methanolic extracts obtained from Artemisia mexicana, Castela texana, Cymbopogon citratus, Eryngium heterophyllum, Haematoxylum brasiletto, Lippia graveolens, Marrubium vulgare, Persea americana, Ruta chalepensis and Schinus molle. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for each extract via a colorimetric method. Among the evaluated species, the methanolic extracts of E. heterophyllum, H. brasiletto, M. vulgare and S. molle exhibited the highest trypanocidal activity, showing percentages of growth inhibition between 88 and 100% at a concentration of 150μg/ml. These medicinal plants may represent a valuable source of new bioactive compounds for the therapeutic treatment of trypanosomiasis.
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Chemical composition, leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils from Mangifera indica L. var. Rosa and Espada. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:734946. [PMID: 25136617 PMCID: PMC4124710 DOI: 10.1155/2014/734946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The essential oils from Mangifera indica var. Rosa and Espada latex were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-seven components were identified. The main compound in the essential oil from M. indica var. Espada (EOMiE) was terpinolene (73.6%). The essential oil of M. indica var. Rosa (EOMiR) was characterized by high amounts of β-pinene (40.7%) and terpinolene (28.3%). In the test for leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis, EOMiR and EOMiE showed IC50 (72 h) of 39.1 and 23.0 μg/mL, respectively. In macrophages, EOMiR and EOMiE showed CC50 of 142.84 and 158.65 μg/mL, respectively. However, both were more specific to the parasite than macrophages, with values of selectivity index of 6.91 for EOMiE and 3.66 for EOMiR. The essential oils were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the human tumor cells HEp-2, HT-29, NCI-H292, and HL-60. The EOMiR and EOMiE were most effective against the HL-60, with IC50 values of 12.3 and 3.6 μg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the essential oils of M. indica can destroy L. amazonensis and inhibit tumor cell growth. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the Brazilian biodiversity as a source of potential therapeutic agents.
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Anti-proliferative effect and phytochemical analysis of Cymbopogon citratus extract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:906239. [PMID: 24791006 PMCID: PMC3984801 DOI: 10.1155/2014/906239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) extracts were investigated. The extracts were isolated by solvent maceration method and thereafter subjected to antiproliferative activity test on five different cancer cells: human colon carcinoma (HCT-116), breast carcinoma (MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231), ovarian carcinoma (SKOV-3 and COAV), and a normal liver cell line (WRL 68). The cell viability was determined using MTT assay. The DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed a concentration dependent trend. A maximum percentage inhibition of 45% and an IC50 of 278 μg/mL were observed when aqueous extract was evaluated. In contrast, 48.3% and IC50 of 258.9 μg/mL were observed when 50% ethanolic extract was evaluated. Both extracts at concentration of 50 to 800 μg/mL showed appreciative metal chelating activity with IC50 value of 172.2 ± 31 μg/mL to 456.5 ± 30 μg/mL. Depending on extraction solvent content, extract obtained from 50% ethanolic solvent proved to be more potent on breast cancer MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 68 μg/mL). On the other hand, 90% ethanolic extract showed a moderate potency on the ovarian cancer (COAV) and MCF-7 cells having an IC50 of 104.6 μg/mL each. These results suggested antiproliferative efficacy of C. citratus ethanolic extract against human cancer cell lines.
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Gomes MS, Cardoso MDG, Soares MJ, Batista LR, Machado SMF, Andrade MA, Azeredo CMOD, Resende JMV, Rodrigues LMA. Use of Essential Oils of the Genus <i>Citrus</i> as Biocidal Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.53041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Activity of Thymus capitellatus volatile extract, 1,8-cineole and borneol against Leishmania species. Vet Parasitol 2013; 200:39-49. [PMID: 24365244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new leishmanicidal agents, Thymus capitellatus Hoffmanns. & Link (family Lamiaceae) volatile extract and its major compounds, 1,8-cineole and borneol, were tested against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. Plant volatile extract (essential oil) was analysed by GC and GC-MS and the activity of essential oil on Leishmania promastigotes viability was assessed using tetrazolium-dye colorimetric method (MTT). The MTT test was also used to assess the cytotoxicity of essential oil on macrophages and bovine aortic endothelial cells. Effects on parasites were also analyzed by flow cytometry in order to assess mitochondrial transmembrane electrochemical gradient (JC-1), analyze phosphatidylserine externalization (annexin V-FITC, propidium iodide) and evaluate cell cycle (DNase-free, RNase, PI). Morphological and ultrastructural studies were performed by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. T. capitellatus volatile extract exhibited anti-parasite activity on Leishmania species, with IC50 values ranging from 35 to 62 μg/ml. However, major compounds 1,8-cineole and borneol did not showed biological activity suggesting that these monoterpenes are not responsible for the antileishmanial activity of T. capitellatus essential oil. Appearance of aberrant-shaped cells, mitochondrial swelling and autophagosomal structures were some of the ultrastructural alterations exhibited among treated promastigote cells. T. capitellatus promoted leishmanicidal effect by triggering a programmed cell death as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidylserine, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell-cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase. The volatile extract did not induced cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Taken together, these results suggest that T. capitellatus may represent a valuable source for therapeutic control of leishmaniasis in humans and animals.
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Azeredo CM, Soares MJ. Combination of the essential oil constituents citral, eugenol and thymol enhance their inhibitory effect on Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma cruzi growth. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Santos AO, Santin AC, Yamaguchi MU, Cortez LER, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Nakamura CV. Antileishmanial activity of an essential oil from the leaves and flowers ofAchilleamillefolium. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 104:475-83. [DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12786389891281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Essential Oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (Asteraceae) Baker. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:727042. [PMID: 23935675 PMCID: PMC3723306 DOI: 10.1155/2013/727042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for new immunopharmacological chemical agents to treat various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, such as leishmaniasis, for example, has led to the exploration of potential products from plant species and their main active ingredients. Antimonial drugs are the current treatment for leishmaniasis. These drugs cause major side effects and frequent discontinuation of treatment. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (VAEO) and its major compound α-bisabolol against Leishmania amazonensis. The essential oil and α-bisabolol showed activity against promastigotes (IC50 7.35 and 4.95 μg/mL resp.) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 12.58 and 10.70 μg/mL, resp.). Neither product showed any cytotoxicity on treated macrophages. The ultrastructural analysis of promastigotes incubated with VAEO or α-bisabolol at 30 μg/mL, showed morphological changes with the accumulation of vesicles electrodense lipid inclusions. The results give evidence that both VAEO and α-bisabolol have potential as new therapeutic agents against leishmaniasis.
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Rodrigues DF, Arenas Velásquez AM, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Martins GZ, Magalhães NO, Martins MBG, Cicarelli RMB, Moreira RRD. Chemical Composition and Trypanocidal Activity of the Essential Oils from Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/639275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the essential oils (EO) from leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium was analyzed both by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Thirty and thirty-nine compounds were identified, respectively, in the oils from leaves and rhizomes, representing 88% and 86.1% of the whole compositions. Caryophyllene oxide is the major component in rhizomes while 1,8-cineole predominates in leaves oil. Essential oils and major components were tested for trypanocidal activity using procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei (427 and 29-13 strains). The cytotoxicity index (CI50), using the MTT colorimetric method, showed that essential oils and 1,8-cineole were inactive (>100 μg·mL−1. Nevertheless, caryophyllene oxide revealed a remarkable activity against both T. brucei strains (CI50 = 65.77 μg·mL−1 and 24.53 μg·mL−1, resp.), and the synergism between caryophyllene oxide plus pentamidine (1 : 1, v/v) highly increased the trypanocidal activity (<1.0 μg·mL−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fernando Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela María Arenas Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilmárcio Zimmermann Martins
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Oliveira Magalhães
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Regina Duarte Moreira
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Vasodilator activity of the essential oil from aerial parts of Pectis brevipedunculata and its main constituent citral in rat aorta. Molecules 2013; 18:3072-85. [PMID: 23470336 PMCID: PMC6269927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil of Pectis brevipedunculata (EOPB), a Brazilian ornamental aromatic grass, is characterized by its high content of citral (81.9%: neral 32.7% and geranial 49.2%), limonene (4.7%) and α-pinene (3.4%). Vasodilation induced by EOPB and isolated citral was investigated in pre-contracted vascular smooth muscle, using thoracic aorta from Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats which was prepared for isometric tension recording. EOPB promoted intense relaxation of endothelium-intact and denuded aortic rings with the concentration to induce 50% of the maximal relaxation (IC50) of 0.044% ± 0.006% and 0.093% ± 0.015% (p < 0.05), respectively. The IC50 values for citral in endothelium-intact and denuded rings were 0.024% ± 0.004% and 0.021% ± 0.004%, respectively (p > 0.05). In endothelium-intact aorta, EOPB-induced vasorelaxation was significantly reduced by L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The vasodilator activity of citral was increased in the KCl-contracted aorta and citral attenuated the contracture elicited by Ca2+ in depolarized aorta. EOPB and citral elicited vasorelaxation on thoracic aorta by affecting the NO/cyclic GMP pathway and the calcium influx through voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels, respectively.
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Trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from medicinal plants of Northeast of Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Machado M, Pires P, Dinis AM, Santos-Rosa M, Alves V, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Sousa MC. Monoterpenic aldehydes as potential anti-Leishmania agents: activity of Cymbopogon citratus and citral on L. infantum, L. tropica and L. major. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:223-31. [PMID: 22227102 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to contribute for the search of new drugs for leishmaniasis, we study the susceptibility of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major to Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and major compounds, mrycene and citral. C. citratus and citral were the most active inhibiting L. infantum, L. tropica and L. major growth at IC(50) concentrations ranging from 25 to 52 μg/ml and from 34 to 42 μg/ml, respectively. L. infantum promastigotes exposed to essential oil and citral underwent considerable ultrastructural alterations, namely mitochondrial and kinetoplast swelling, autophagosomal structures, disruption of nuclear membrane and nuclear chromatin condensation. C. citratus essential oil and citral promoted the leishmanicidal effect by triggering a programmed cell death. In fact, the leishmanicidal activity was mediated via apoptosis as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidylserine, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell-cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase. Taken together, ours findings lead us to propose that citral was responsible for anti-Leishmania activity of the C. citratus and both may represent a valuable source for therapeutic control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Machado
- Faculdade de Farmácia/CEF, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ganjewala D, Gupta AK, Muhury R. An Update on Bioactive Potential of a Monoterpene Aldehyde Citral. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2012.10719126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bidinotto LT, Costa CARA, Costa M, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Modifying effects of lemongrass essential oil on specific tissue response to the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosurea in female BALB/c mice. J Med Food 2011; 15:161-8. [PMID: 22082069 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) essential oil has been used worldwide because of its ethnobotanical and medicinal usefulness. Regarding its medicinal usefulness, the present study evaluated the beneficial effects of lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) oral treatment on cell proliferation and apoptosis events and on early development of hyperplastic lesions in the mammary gland, colon, and urinary bladder induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in female BALB/c mice. The animals were allocated into three groups: G1, treated with LGEO vehicle for 5 weeks (five times per week); G2, treated with LGEO vehicle as for G1 and MNU (two injections each of 30 mg/kg of body weight at weeks 3 and 5); and G3, treated with LGEO (five times each with 500 mg/kg of body weight per week) and MNU as for G2. Twenty-four hours after the last MNU application, all animals were euthanized, and mammary glands, colon, and urinary bladder were collected for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. LGEO oral treatment significantly changed the indexes of apoptosis and/or cellular proliferation for the tissues analyzed. In particular, the treatment reduced the incidence of hyperplastic lesions and increased apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells. This increment in the apoptosis response may be related to a favorable balance in Bcl-2/Bax immunoreactivity in mammary epithelial cells. These findings indicate that LGEO presented a protective role against early MNU-induced mammary gland alterations in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Bidinotto
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Medeiros MDGF, da Silva AC, Citó AMDGL, Borges AR, de Lima SG, Lopes JAD, Figueiredo RCBQ. In vitro antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Veiga Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Natural products and Chagas' disease: a review of plant compounds studied for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:809-23. [PMID: 21290079 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review studies that have investigated the activity of plant-derived compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. In the last decade, more than 300 species belonging to almost 100 families have been evaluated for activity, and here we describe the compounds isolated; 85 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Izumi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid s/n, 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
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42
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Cardoso J, Soares MJ. In vitro effects of citral on Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:1026-32. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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43
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Bidinotto LT, Costa CARA, Salvadori DMF, Costa M, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Protective effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus STAPF) essential oil on DNA damage and carcinogenesis in female Balb/C mice. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:536-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Escobar P, Milena Leal S, Herrera LV, Martinez JR, Stashenko E. Chemical composition and antiprotozoal activities of Colombian Lippia spp essential oils and their major components. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:184-90. [PMID: 20428679 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and biological activities of 19 essential oils and seven of their major components were tested against free and intracellular forms of Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites as well as Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines. The essential oils were obtained from different species of Lippia, a widely distributed genus of Colombian plants. They were extracted by microwave radiation-assisted hydro-distillation and characterised by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major components were geranial, neral, limonene, nerol, carvacrol, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, carvone and thymol. The essential oil of Lippia alba exhibited the highest activity against T. cruzi epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with an IC50 of 5.5 microg/mL and 12.2 microg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of Lippia origanoides had an IC50 of 4.4 microg/mL in L. chagasi promastigotes and exhibited no toxicity in mammalian cells. Thymol (IC50 3.2 +/- 0.4 microg/mL) and S-carvone (IC50 6.1 +/- 2.2 microg/mL), two of the major components of the active essential oils, were active on intracellular amastigotes of T. cruziinfected Vero cells, with a selective index greater than 10. None of the essential oils or major components tested in this study was active on amastigotes of L. chagasi infected THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales.
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Sforcin JM, Amaral JT, Fernandes A, Sousa JPB, Bastos JK. Lemongrass effects on IL-1beta and IL-6 production by macrophages. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1151-9. [PMID: 19662581 DOI: 10.1080/14786410902800681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus has been widely recognised for its ethnobotanical and medicinal usefulness. Its insecticidal, antimicrobial and therapeutic properties have been reported, but little is known about its effect on the immune system. This work aimed to investigate the in vivo effect of a water extract of lemongrass on pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta and IL-6) production by macrophages of BALB/c mice. The action of lemongrass essential oil on cytokine production by macrophages was also analysed in vitro. The chemical composition of the extract and the oil was also investigated. Treatment of mice with water extract of lemongrass inhibited macrophages to produce IL-1beta but induced IL-6 production by these cells. Lemongrass essential oil inhibited the cytokine production in vitro. Linalool oxide and epoxy-linalool oxide were found to be the major components of lemongrass water extract, and neral and geranial were the major compounds of its essential oil. Taken together, these data suggest an anti-inflammatory action of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sforcin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Santin MR, dos Santos AO, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP, Ferreira ICP, Ueda-Nakamura T. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1489-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang Z, Xi J, Li J, Qu W. Biphasic effect of citral, a flavoring and scenting agent, on spatial learning and memory in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:391-6. [PMID: 19490927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although some central effects of citral have been reported, cognitive effects on spatial memory have not been investigated. The evidence showed that citral can regulate the synthesis of retinoic acid (RA), which exerts a vital function in the development and maintenance of spatial memory. In this study, we applied Morris water maze to test the effect of citral on animals' spatial learning and memory. To elucidate the mechanism of this effect, we also measured the retinoic acid concentration in rats' hippocampus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our data implied biphasic effects of citral. The low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of citral improved the spatial learning capability, and enhanced the spatial reference memory of rats, whereas the high dose (1.0 mg/kg) was like to produce the opposite effects. Meanwhile, the low dose of citral increased the hippocampal retinoic acid concentration, while the high dose decreased it. Due to the quick elimination and non-bioaccumulation in the body, effects of citral on spatial memory in this study seemed to be indirect actions. The change in hippocampal retinoic acid concentration induced by different doses of citral might be responsible for the biphasic effect of citral on spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Oliveira VCS, Moura DMS, Lopes JAD, de Andrade PP, da Silva NH, Figueiredo RCBQ. Effects of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Lippia sidoides Cham., and Ocimum gratissimum L. on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:1053-9. [PMID: 19085009 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current therapy for leishmaniasis, which affects annually about 2 million people, is far from satisfactory. All available drugs require parenteral administration and are potentially toxic. Plant essential oils have been traditionally used in folk medicine and appear as valuable alternative source for chemotherapeutic compounds. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia sidoides, and Ocimum gratissimum on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigote forms. Steam distillation was used to isolate the essential oils, and their constituents were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. All essential oils showed in vitro inhibitory action on L. chagasi promastigotes growth in a dose-dependent way, with IC(50)/72 h of 45, 89, and 75 microg/mL for C. citratus, L. sidoides, and O. gratissimum, respectively. Drastic morphological alterations were observed in all essential oil-treated parasites, including cell swelling, accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, and increase of acidocalcisome volume. Furthermore, aberrant-shaped cells with multi-septate body were observed by scanning electron microscopy, suggesting an additional effect on cytokinesis. Taken together, our data show that these essential oils affect the parasite viability being the C. citratus essential oil the most effective against L. chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria C S Oliveira
- Departamento de Química/CCN, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus da Ininga s/no, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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