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Ito A, Yoshida T, Wandra T, Sudewi AR, Susilawathi NM, Swastika K, Purba IE, Li T, Budke CM. Implementation of Taenia solium control measures in Bali, Indonesia: Survey findings and a historical overview. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106297. [PMID: 34968452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Historically, cysticercosis cases caused by infection with the larval stage of the Taenia solium tapeworm have occurred sporadically in Bali, with taeniasis carriers found primarily in villages located in the Kubu subdistrict of Karangasem. As Bali is a well-known tourist destination, living standards are relatively high on the island, except for an area located beneath the northeast slope of the active volcano Mt. Agung (Alt. 3031 m), which includes Kubu. Over the last 30 years, pigs originating from this area have been found with T. solium cysticerci, whereas pigs from other parts of the island have not been shown to be infected. Out of 108 individuals screened via fecal sample examination in Kubu during 2019, 3 cases of T. solium taeniasis (2.8%) were identified. There was no significant difference in taeniasis prevalence from surveys conducted in 2011-2016 (1.0%, 11/1089) (p = 0.123). Out of 110 humans and 140 pigs tested serologically in Kubu during 2019, no cases of cysticercosis were identified. This is in contrast to a seroprevalence of 4.1% (42/1025) in humans during 2011-2016 and a seroprevalence of 13.1% (43/329) in pigs during 2011-2013. Over the last decade, improved drinking water and sanitary systems have been employed in addition to health education targeting primary school children, including emphasis on washing hands before eating and after defecation. This review provides previously unpublished survey data and a historical overview of T. solium infection in Bali and offers guidance on best practices to ensure that remaining pockets of transmission are addressed.
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Detha A, Pandarangga P, Nope Y. Seroprevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:30-34. [PMID: 35369580 PMCID: PMC8924377 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.30-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease with a global concern. Estimation of the prevalence and identification of potential risk factors are necessary for the prevention and control of the disease. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of cysticercosis and the correlation of the increased prevalence with several potential risk factors. Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), developed by the Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, to detect Cysticercus cellulosae. This study used serum samples from 62 pigs taken from two regencies on Timor Island. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software 20.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA) to evaluate ELISA results and the strength of the relationship between risk factors and the prevalence of disease using the odds ratio (OR). Results: Serum samples from 18 out of the 62 pigs were found to be positive; the seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 29%. The results showed that an extensive farming system led to a higher prevalence of cysticercosis compared to an intensive farming system, namely, 10 out of 18 (56.6%), and that the possibility of identifying cysticercosis in pigs in an extensive farming system was 5 times greater than that in pigs in an intensive farming system. In addition, the results showed that nine out of 18 households who did not have toilet facilities were found to be seropositive, indicating a significant relationship between the risk factor of toilet availability with cysticercosis in pigs, with an OR of 4.5. In addition, the results showed that there was no significant relationship between the risk factor of the feed source and the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 29% in domestic pigs of Timor Island. The risk factors of an extensive pig farming system andtoilet availabilityin community houses were significantly related to the possibility of cysticercosis on Timor Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annytha Detha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nusa Cendana University, Jl. Adi Sucipto, Penfui, PO BOX 104, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Putri Pandarangga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Nusa Cendana University, Jl. Adi Sucipto, Penfui, PO BOX 104, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Yunita Nope
- Livestock Service Office of Kupang City, Provincial Government, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Yanagida T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Sako Y, Wandra T, Ito A, Okamoto M. Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua, Indonesia. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102285. [PMID: 33486126 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 1677-1, Japan
| | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan.
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Soejitno A, Niryana IW, Sriwidyani NP, Susilawathi NM, Witari NP, Sudewi AR. Neurocysticercosis presented as a solitary cystic parenchymal lesion mimicking primary brain tumor: A case report. IDCases 2020; 22:e01004. [PMID: 33204635 PMCID: PMC7649621 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an endemic zoonotic infection in pork-eating region, including Bali. Despite its high prevalence, diagnosing an NCC can be challenging due to the protean clinical manifestations. Herein we describe an NCC case mistakenly diagnosed as a brain tumor, only later that we discovered the active larvae of Taenia solium, the pathogen which causes NCC. A high index of suspicion towards NCC should always be maintained, particularly among patients originated from endemic area. Appropriate treatment with anthelminthic may result in full disease resolution, thus precluding unnecessary invasive approach.
Introduction Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system by the larval stage of pork tapeworm (Taenia solium/T. solium). Diagnosing NCC can be challenging, particularly among those who reside in areas with rare occurrence of NCC and atypical manifestation such as a solitary parenchymal lesion. We treated a patient whose initially was diagnosed with brain abcess and later, brain tumor, only finally revealed to be an NCC case. Case report A 25-year old male suffered from multiple focal-to-bilateral tonic clonic seizures, was initially diagnosed as brain abscess. He was given antibiotics and anti-seizure medication but the seizure relapsed with a typical semiology. Physical examination demonstrated grade I papilledema, grade 4+ hemiparesis, and headache of vascular origin. Patient was suspected to have oligodendroglioma after underwent head MRI examination and subsequent tumor resection was performed. Pathological anatomy evaluation demonstrated multiple cystic segments containing larva of tapeworm, supporting a diagnosis of active NCC infection. After 14-day course of antheminthic treatment and resumed AED, patient was seizure-free and NCC was not found upon follow-up CT scan. Conclusion NCC, with respect to clinical and radiological manifestations, can be protean. A high index of suspicion towards NCC should always be maintained, particularly among patients originated from endemic area. Appropriate treatment with anthelminthic may result in full disease resolution, thus precluding unnecessary invasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Soejitno
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Niryana
- Departement of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Putu Sriwidyani
- Departement of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Susilawathi
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
- Corresponding authors at: Jl. Kesehatan no. 1, Denpasar, 80114, Indonesia.
| | - Ni Putu Witari
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - A.A. Raka Sudewi
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
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BIZHANI N, HASHEMI HAFSHEJANI S, MOHAMMADI N, REZAEI M, ROKNI MB. Human Cysticercosis in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1839-1847. [PMID: 33346233 PMCID: PMC7719645 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysticercosis in among the neglected tropical disease caused by eating the egg of parasite Taenia solium. In this review, we aimed to verify the prevalence of human cysticercosis in different countries of Asia using systematic review and meta-analysis approach. METHODS Based of the protocol, reliable databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1990-2018 were searched using a panel of keywords. Overall, 48 countries of Asia were searched in turn and data were analyzed using a category of statistical tests. RESULTS Out of 28 included studies, 586175 samples were collected and included in the data analysis. Based on the meta-analysis results, the overall pooled percent of cysticercosis was estimated 3.8% (95% CI: [2.0, 7.0]). According to the result of heterogeneity statistics including I-squared, chi-square, and tau-squared, it was statistically significant (Tau2 = 2.94, chi2 = 12733.31, P<0.001, I2 = 100%) therefore a random effect model was used to handle the heterogeneity of studies. To evaluate the trend of cysticercosis over the time, Cumulative meta-analysis was performed and the result showed that there was a minor upward tendency in the prevalence of cysticercosis over the time. CONCLUSION Although, considering the religious culture and food habits in Asia, we might have expected to witness a low prevalence of human cysticercosis, but we noticed more or less significant infection in some countries of the region. Regarding the new feature of immigration and travel between countries, all authorities are advised to take measures on controlling and monitoring the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar BIZHANI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh HASHEMI HAFSHEJANI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda MOHAMMADI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi REZAEI
- Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Bagher ROKNI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dharmawan NS, Damriyasa IM, Mahardika IG, Swastika K, Hartiningsih LP, Agustina KK. A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13:284-289. [PMID: 32255970 PMCID: PMC7096293 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.284-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Taenia saginata hazardously affects human and animal health. The distribution of this disease is found almost all over the world. The study aimed to obtain epidemiological information concerning prevalence and the distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 267 community-owned Bali cattle serum samples from the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara were examined. The study was conducted by examining the serum of Bali cattle using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Risk factors related to cysticercosis that analyzed were sex, breeding type, age, physical condition, source of drinking water, pen condition, and latrine availability. Results: Seven of 91 Bali cattle sera from all regencies/cities in Bali showed a positive result. Those positive sera were originated from Buleleng (1), Gianyar (2), Denpasar (2), and Klungkung (2). Meanwhile, four of 92 Bali cattle sera from West Nusa Tenggara and seven of 84 from East Nusa Tenggara occurred antibodies against T. saginata. We identified that two risk factors that influence the incidence of T. saginata infection in Bali cattle in Bali were the sex and the cattle breeding type. Conclusion: Through this research can be made a map of bovine cysticercosis in Bali cattle in Bali and Nusa Tenggara region. By mapping the disease, it is recommended that the animal health officers should be more accurate when conducting postmortem examination, especially on cattle from a positive region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Center for Study on Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Damriyasa
- Center for Study on Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Mahardika
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Luh Putu Hartiningsih
- Center for Study on Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Center for Study on Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Susilawathi NM, Suryapraba AAA, Soejitno A, Asih MW, Swastika K, Wandra T, Budke CM, Ito A, Sudewi AAR. Neurocysticercosis cases identified at Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia from 2014 to 2018. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105208. [PMID: 31589829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since this time, sporadic cases have been reported annually. This study reports information on 29 NCC cases (20 males and 9 females) admitted to a referral hospital in Denpasar, Bali from 2014 until 2018. Twenty-four cases were from Bali, 2 were from the province of East Nusa Tenggara, and 3 were from the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Mean patient age was 37.2 years and 69.0% (20/29) were male. Epileptic seizures were the most common clinical manifestation (65.5%, 19/29). Serology (ELISA) was used in 14 cases (48.2%, 14/29), but only 6 cases, including one case with an inactive calcified lesion, were positive (42.9%, 6/14). Two cases underwent surgical resection after their lesions were initially misdiagnosed as brain tumors. These hospital-based findings are discussed along with the present status of NCC in Bali.
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Swasti Wulanyani NM, Pratama YS, Swastika K, Sudarmaja IM, Wandra T, Yoshida T, Budke CM, Ito A. A preliminary study to assess the use of a "Snakes and Ladders" board game in improving the knowledge of elementary school children about taeniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105117. [PMID: 31369727 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate if elementary school children were able to answer correctly more questions about Taenia saginata and Taenia solium transmission and control after playing the game compared to before playing the game. In total, 78 children (9-12 years of age) from Dukuh elementary school in Karangasem District, Bali, Indonesia, were evaluated. The children were asked to complete a pre- and post-test assessment before and after playing the game a single time. Overall proportion of correct answers was 40.3% before playing the game and 58.8% after playing the game. There was a greater proportion of correct answers for questions pertaining to the transmission route for T. saginata (p < 0.001) and T. solium (p < 0.001), human infection type with T. solium (p = 0.035) and T. saginata (p < 0.001), and animal infection type with T. solium or T. saginata (p < 0.001) after playing the game compared to before playing the game. However, there was no significant difference for any question for the youngest grade level. Use of this popular board game appears to be a promising tool for teaching older (10 years of age and above) children about taeniasis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory of NTDs, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Ito A, Li T, Wandra T, Dekumyoy P, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Budke CM. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia: A review with emphasis on molecular approaches and local lifestyles. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105075. [PMID: 31295430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taeniasis is an important parasitic condition in Asia, especially since all three human-infecting Taenia spp., Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica are found in this region. These three species are believed to be sympatrically distributed, with the largest disease burden found in remote and rural areas where people raise pigs and cattle in a traditional manner. Recent studies revealed that T. asiatica and T. saginata are genetically-related sister species that are not completely reproductively isolated from each other. Current evidence indicates that most T. asiatica adult worms are hybrid-derived descendants. Moving forward, nuclear DNA analysis will be critical in further assessing the species circulating locally. Lifestyle choices, such as the consumption of undercooked meat, are important in maintaining the life cycles of these parasites. In addition, poor hygiene and sanitation, in highly endemic areas, make disease control difficult, resulting in the need for sustainable education programs. An overview of the present situation of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia is provided, followed by a discussion of molecular approaches to species assessment and the impact of human lifestyles on parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory of NTDs, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Tiaoying Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Lee J, Ryu JS. Current Status of Parasite Infections in Indonesia: A Literature Review. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:329-339. [PMID: 31533400 PMCID: PMC6753303 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia and South Korea have become inseparable in various respects since the 2 countries established diplomatic relation in 1973. Indonesia is a tropical region that stretches across the equator, comprised of 5 main islands (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua) and 4 archipelagoes (Riau, Bangka Belitung, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku). As most population of Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Papua and Nusa Tenggara & Maluku) live in poor areas, it is expected that there will be many parasites. Nevertheless, little is known about the status of parasites in Indonesia. This study examines the prevalences of malaria and lymphatic filaria, which are prevalent in Indonesia, as well as those of soil-transmitted-helminths (STH). As a result, the Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax case loads are almost equal. The current prevalence of P. vivax is uniformly low (<5%) in all age groups and annual parasite incidence (API) showed decreasing tendency as 0.84 per 1,000 population in 2016. However, more than 65 million people still live in malaria epidemic regions. Lymphatic filariasis remains an important public health problem and 236 cities were classified as endemic areas in 514 cities/districts in 2017. It is difficult to ascertain the current prevalence rate of STH in Indonesia, although West Sumba and Southwest Sumba in East Nusa Tenggara reported prevalence rate of more than 20%. The study also considers the (sero) prevalences of other parasites identified in Indonesia. This report should be useful not only to parasitologists but also to travelers and people with business in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Lee
- Department of Malay-Indonesian Interpretation and Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Sutisna P, Kapti IN, Wandra T, Dharmawan NS, Swastika K, Raka Sudewi A, Susilawathi NM, Sudarmaja IM, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Yoshida T, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW, Ito A. Towards a cysticercosis-free tropical resort island: A historical overview of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Bali. Acta Trop 2019; 190:273-283. [PMID: 30385216 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Taeniasis and cysticercosis are known to be endemic in several Indonesian islands, although relatively little recent epidemiological data are available. As most Indonesian people are Muslims, taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, has a restricted presence in non-Muslim societies and is endemic only among some Hindu communities on the island of Bali. Bali has long been known to be endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis; almost a century ago levels of cysticercosis of 20-30% were described in cattle and 2-3% in pigs. Few studies of taeniasis/cysticercosis were undertaken in Bali prior to a series of research programs commenced since the 1990s. Both Taenia saginata and T. solium continue to be endemic in Bali. Molecular studies have revealed that all T. saginata-like tapeworms detected in Bali are T. saginata. No evidence has been found for the presence of Taenia asiatica in Bali. Economic, sanitary and education improvements across much of the island over the past decades have been associated with a decline in the amount of transmission of T. solium such that the parasite now seems to be restricted to the eastern part of the island, a small area on the northeastern slope of Mt. Agung, the highest mountain in Bali. The living environment including sanitation and hygiene condition in this endemic area remains relatively poor especially during the half-year dry season, and pigs continue to roam freely. In this review, historical records and ongoing projects towards elimination of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Bali are reviewed to provide a better understanding of the present situation of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Bali towards a future, cysticercosis-free tropical resort island.
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Zein U, Siregar S, Janis I, Pane AH, Purba JM, Sardjono TW, Wandra T, Swastika K, Lim H, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Ito A. Identification of a previously unidentified endemic region for taeniasis in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Acta Trop 2019; 189:114-116. [PMID: 30321521 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In North Sumatra, Indonesia, taeniasis has previously been reported solely from Samosir Island located in Lake Toba. In 2014, however, three individuals were identified with taeniasis after voluntarily reporting for treatment, stimulating a subsequent investigation conducted in 2017. This investigation indicated that a previously unidentified endemic area exists in Simalungun District. Molecular analysis showed the worms to be hybrid-derived descendants of Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata, which is consistent with specimens identified previously from Samosir Island.
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Braae UC, Hung NM, Satrija F, Khieu V, Zhou XN, Willingham AL. Porcine cysticercosis (Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica): mapping occurrence and areas potentially at risk in East and Southeast Asia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:613. [PMID: 30497522 PMCID: PMC6267083 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the relative short life span and the limited spatial movement, porcine cysticercosis is an excellent indicator of current local active transmission. The aim of this study was to map at province-level, the occurrence of T. solium and T. asiatica in pigs and areas at risk of transmission to pigs in East and Southeast Asia, based on the density of extensive pig production systems and confirmed reports of porcine cysticercosis. Methods This study covered East and Southeast Asia, which consist of the following countries: Brunei, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. Literature searches were carried out to identify current epidemiological data on the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis caused by T. solium and T. asiatica infections. Modelled densities of pigs in extensive production systems were mapped and compared to available data on porcine cysticercosis. Results Porcine cysticercosis was confirmed to be present during the period 2000 to 2018 in eight out of the 16 countries included in this study. Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis was confirmed from all eight countries, whereas only one country (Laos) could confirm the presence of T. asiatica porcine cysticercosis. Province-level occurrence was identified in five countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) across 19 provinces. Smallholder pig keeping is believed to be widely distributed throughout the region, with greater densities predicted to occur in areas of China, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam. Conclusions The discrepancies between countries reporting taeniosis and the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis, both for T. solium and T. asiatica, suggests that both parasites are underreported. More epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the societal burden of both parasites. This study highlights a straightforward approach to determine areas at risk of porcine cysticercosis in the absence of prevalence data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3203-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Nguyen Manh Hung
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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14
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Sahu PS, Lim YAL, Mahmud R, Somanath SD, Tan CT, Ramachandran CP. Needs of exploring the burden of recent onset seizures due to neurocysticercosis and challenges in southeast Asia focusing on scenario in Malaysia. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:332-340. [PMID: 28552103 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures due to neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a neglected human-to-human transmitted disorder and an emerging problem worldwide. A substantial portion of recent onset seizures is known to be attributed to NCC in Taenia solium (T. solium) endemic areas where populations which neither raise pigs nor eat pig meat are also at risk. High prevalence of NCC causing epilepsy has been reported in the underdeveloped areas of Southeast Asia (SEA) however, only fragmentary information on its incidence is available in countries like Malaysia. In Malaysia T. solium infection was previously thought to be infrequent due to Muslim population majority and the religious prohibition of consuming pork, but it is not totally absent. There is an evident lack of knowledge and awareness of the actual burden, routes of transmission, and the impact of NCC in this region. The problem is assumed to be more prevalent particularly in cities because of the frequent inflow of possibly T. solium infected individuals or carriers among those who migrate from neighboring endemic countries to Malaysia. The issue of imported cases that are likely to be emerging in Malaysia is highlighted here. An accurate quantification of regional burdens of epilepsy due to NCC in Malaysia is warranted considering the disease emergence in its neighboring countries. It is suggested that the importance of NCC be recognized through quantification of its burden, and also to collect epidemiological data for its subsequent elimination in line of World Health Organization's mission for control of cysticercosis as a neglected tropical disease. In this review the need as well as a strategy for neuro-care center screening of epilepsy cases, and various issues with possible explanations are discussed. It is also proposed that NCC be declared as a reportable disease which is one of the eradicable public health problems in SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi S Sahu
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sushela D Somanath
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chong T Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C P Ramachandran
- Programme Review Group, Neglected Tropical Diseases-WHO-Western Pacific Region, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Wu HW, Ito A, Ai L, Zhou XN, Acosta LP, Lee Willingham A. Cysticercosis/taeniasis endemicity in Southeast Asia: Current status and control measures. Acta Trop 2017; 165:121-132. [PMID: 26802488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic zoonoses cysticercosis/taeniasis is among the 17 major Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) identified by the WHO as a focus for research and control. It is caused by a larval stage (cysticercus) infection of Taenia solium tapeworm in both humans and pigs. Cysticercosis occurs in many resource-poor countries, especially those with warm and mild climates in the regions of Latin America (LA), Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The prevalence of human cysticercosis is marked in those areas where individuals are traditionally keen to consume raw or insufficiently cooked pork and/or where the husbandry of pigs is improper. The worldwide burden of cysticercosis is unclear and notably, large-scale control initiatives are lacking in all regions. This review focuses on the current endemic status of cysticercosis caused by T. solium infection in both humans and pigs living in 13 Southeast Asian countries. We will also emphasize epidemiological data as well as prevention and control of human neurocysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Laboratory, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Luz P Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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16
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Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Suardita IK, Kepeng IN, Wandra T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Yanagida T, Sasaki M, Giraudoux P, Nakao M, Yoshida T, Eka Diarthini LP, Sudarmaja IM, Purba IE, Budke CM, Ito A. Swine cysticercosis in the Karangasem district of Bali, Indonesia: An evaluation of serological screening methods. Acta Trop 2016; 163:46-53. [PMID: 27480240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A serological assessment was undertaken on pigs from the Kubu and Abang sub-districts of Karangasem on the island of Bali, Indonesia, where earlier studies had detected patients with cysticercosis. Antigens purified from Taenia solium cyst fluid by cation-exchange chromatography were used to evaluate antibody responses in the pigs and the serological tests were also evaluated using sera from pigs experimentally infected with T. solium eggs. A total of 392 serum samples from naturally exposed pigs were tested using an ELISA that could be read based on both a colour change perceptible by the naked eye and an ELISA based on absorbance values. Twenty six (6.6%) pigs were found seropositive by the naked-eye ELISA and were categorized into three groups: strongly positive (absorbance values >0.8, n=6), moderately positive (absorbance values between 0.2 and 0.8, n=7), and weakly positive (absorbance values <0.2, n=13). Necropsies performed on 11 strongly and moderately positive pigs revealed that six strongly positive pigs were infected either solely with T. solium cysticerci (n=3), or co-infected with both T. solium and Taenia hydatigena (n=3). Four moderately positive pigs were infected solely with T. hydatigena. No cysticerci were found in one pig that was moderately positive by the naked-eye ELISA. Two experimentally infected pigs became antibody positive by 6 weeks post-infection, whereas eight control pigs remained negative. An additional 60 pigs slaughtered at authorized abattoirs on Bali were tested using the same ELISA. All 60 pigs were seronegative with no evidence of Taenia infection at necropsy. The results confirm the presence of porcine cysticercosis on Bali and, while the serological responses seen in T. solium infected animals were much stronger than those infected with T. hydatigena, the diagnostic antigens are clearly not species specific. Further studies are necessary to confirm if it is possible to draw a cut off line for differentiation of pig infected with T. solium from those infected with T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Suardita
- Karangasem District Livestock, Fisheries and Marine Office Services, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Kepeng
- Karangasem District Livestock, Fisheries and Marine Office Services, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment Lab, UMR6249, University of Franche-Comté/CNRS and Institut Universitaire de France, Besançon, France
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Luh Putu Eka Diarthini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine' Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ivan Elisabeth Purba
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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17
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Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Ito A. Simple Identification of Human Taenia Species by Multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification in Combination with Dot Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1318-23. [PMID: 27044566 PMCID: PMC4889751 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For differential detection of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene has been recently developed and shown to be sensitive, specific, and effective. However, to achieve differential identification, one specimen requires three reaction mixtures containing a primer set of each Taenia species separately, which is complex and time consuming and increases the risk of cross-contamination. In this study, we developed a simple differential identification of human Taenia species using multiplex LAMP (mLAMP) in combination with dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA). Forward inner primers of T. solium, T. saginata, and T. asiatica labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), digoxigenin (DIG), and tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), respectively, and biotin-labeled backward inner primers were used in mLAMP. The mLAMP assay succeeded in specific amplification of each respective target gene in a single tube. Furthermore, the mLAMP product from each species was easily distinguished by dot-ELISA with an antibody specific for FITC, DIG, or TAMRA. The mLAMP assay in combination with dot-ELISA will make identification of human Taenia species simpler, easier, and more practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Nkouawa
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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18
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Aung AK, Spelman DW. Taenia solium Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:947-54. [PMID: 26834197 PMCID: PMC4856625 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium has been identified as a potentially eradicable disease by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication of the World Health Organization. In southeast Asia, T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is considered one of the major neglected tropical diseases afflicting the region. In the last few decades, a considerable effort has been invested toward establishing the epidemiology and burden of disease in several southeast Asian countries. Moreover, further evidence is emerging as to understanding the dynamics of disease transmission and cultural, political, and socioeconomic factors influencing the success of control and eradication efforts within the region. However, despite major collaborations by several champion groups, advances have been slow and little remains known about the complete epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis and the barriers to programmatic success. This review article aims to address the above issues with a further focus on the challenges to control and eradicate taeniasis/cysticercosis within the southeast Asia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar Kar Aung
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denis W Spelman
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Singhi P, Saini AG. Pediatric neurocysticercosis: current challenges and future prospects. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2016; 7:5-16. [PMID: 29388588 PMCID: PMC5683283 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s79058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an acquired infection of the nervous system caused by encysted larvae of Taenia solium. It is a major cause of epilepsy in the tropics and the commonest cause of focal seizures in North Indian children. T. solium teniasis-cysticercosis is considered a parasitic "Neglected Tropical Diseases" endemic throughout Southeast Asia. NCC in children has pleomorphic manifestations depending on the location, number and viability of the cysts, and host response. Even with advancing knowledge of the disease manifestations, many aspects related to diagnosis and treatment, particularly in children, still remain controversial and pose challenges to clinical practice. There is no gold standard test to diagnose NCC and the management recommendations are still emerging. This review provides an overview of diagnosis of NCC in children and its management with special focus on current challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arushi Gahlot Saini
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Ito A, Yanagida T, Nakao M. Recent advances and perspectives in molecular epidemiology of Taenia solium cysticercosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 40:357-367. [PMID: 26112071 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of Taenia solium is spreading all over the world through globalization and is one of the most neglected, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). In the present study, the reason why T. solium cysticercosis has been neglected is discussed at first, and followed with an overview on the most recent advances and perspectives in molecular approaches for epidemiology of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, since although taeniasis does not constitute recognized zoonoses, transmission and complete development are dependent on human definitive hosts. Main topics are discussions on (1) the two, Asian and Afro/American, genotypes of T. solium, (2) comparative analysis of mitochondrial (haploid) and nuclear (diploid) genes, and (3) the presence of hybrids of these two genotypes which indicates out-crossing of two genotypes in hermaphrodite tapeworms in Madagascar. Additional topics are on (4) the usefulness of phylogeographic analyses to discuss where the infection was acquired from, and (5) miscellaneous unsolved topics around these genetic diversity of T. solium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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Wandra T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Purba IE, Sudarmaja IM, Yoshida T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Eka Diarthini NLP, Sri Laksemi DAA, Yanagida T, Nakao M, Ito A. The present situation and towards the prevention and control of neurocysticercosis on the tropical island, Bali, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:148. [PMID: 25881045 PMCID: PMC4356148 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, was common in Bali, Indonesia until the early 1990s. However, improved education on hygiene and sanitation, a move to keeping pigs indoors, and improvement of economic and living conditions have substantially reduced the occurrence of NCC in Bali. Since 2011, T. solium tapeworm carriers (T. solium taeniasis) and heavily infected pigs and dogs have exclusively been detected from villages in mountainous regions of northeastern Bali where NCC and ocular cysticercosis (OCC) cases have also been identified. In response to this continued area of high infection, a one-day workshop was convened to discuss how to prevent and control this potentially lethal zoonotic parasitic infection in Bali. This review presents an overview of the current status of T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Indonesia and proposes a strategy for the prevention and control of this zoonosis in Bali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Wandra
- Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
| | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Section of Wildlife Diversity, Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Nyoman S Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | | | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Wildlife Diversity, Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
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22
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Ito A, Budke CM. Culinary delights and travel? A review of zoonotic cestodiases and metacestodiases. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:582-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Ale A, Victor B, Praet N, Gabriël S, Speybroeck N, Dorny P, Devleesschauwer B. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:45. [PMID: 24450957 PMCID: PMC3900737 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia asiatica has made a remarkable journey through the scientific literature of the past 50 years, starting with the paradoxical observation of high prevalences of T. saginata-like tapeworms in non-beef consuming populations, to the full description of its mitochondrial genome. Experimental studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s have made it clear that the life cycle of T. asiatica is comparable to that of T. saginata, except for pigs being the preferential intermediate host and liver the preferential location of the cysts. Whether or not T. asiatica can cause human cysticercosis, as is the case for Taenia solium, remains unclear. Given the specific conditions needed to complete its life cycle, in particular the consumption of raw or poorly cooked pig liver, the transmission of T. asiatica shows an important ethno-geographical association. So far, T. asiatica has been identified in Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, south-central China, Vietnam, Japan and Nepal. Especially this last observation indicates that its distribution is not restricted to South-East-Asia, as was thought so far. Indeed, the molecular tools developed over the last 20 years have made it increasingly possible to differentiate T. asiatica from other taeniids. Such tools also indicated that T. asiatica is related more closely to T. saginata than to T. solium, feeding the debate on its taxonomic status as a separate species versus a subspecies of T. saginata. Furthermore, the genetic diversity within T. asiatica appears to be very minimal, indicating that this parasite may be on the verge of extinction. However, recent studies have identified potential hybrids between T. asiatica and T. saginata, reopening the debate on the genetic diversity of T. asiatica and its status as a separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Nothing is perfect! Trouble-shooting in immunological and molecular studies of cestode infections. Parasitology 2013; 140:1551-65. [PMID: 23790247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This personal review focuses on ways to approach and overcome some of the more common issues encountered while studying cestode zoonoses. The information presented here is based on the author's own experiences with immunological and molecular approaches for the detection of these parasites. There are many incongruities between immunological and molecular studies due to biased work. Nothing is perfect. Indirect approaches using either immunological, or even molecular tools, are limited without confirmation from direct evidence of infection. The dilemma of whether developing countries should develop their own diagnostic tests or rely on commercially available kits is also discussed.
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