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Noroozbeygi M, Keshavarzian N, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Haghdoust S, Yeganeh F. Comparison of the long-term and short-term protection in mouse model of Leishmania major infection following vaccination with Live Iranian Lizard Leishmania mixed with chitin microparticles. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13018. [PMID: 37987175 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Inducing long-term immunity is the primary goal of vaccination. Leishmanisation using non-pathogenic to human Leishmania spp. could be considered a reliable approach to immunising subjects against Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the long-term immune responses (14 weeks) after immunisation with either live- or killed-Iranian Lizard Leishmania (ILL) mixed with chitin microparticles (CMPs) against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. In total, nine groups of mice were included in the study. To evaluate short-term immunity, mice were immunised with live-ILL and CMPs and 3 weeks later were challenged with L. majorEGFP . To evaluate the long-term immunity, mice were immunised with either live- or killed-ILL both mixed with CMPs, and 14 weeks after immunisation, mice were challenged with L. majorEGFP . A group of healthy mice who received no injection was also included in the study. Eight weeks after the challenge with L. majorEGFP , all subjects were sacrificed and the parasite burden (quantitative real-time PCR and in vivo imaging), cytokines levels (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10), Leishmania-specific antibody concentration, and total levels of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. In addition, nitric oxide concentration and arginase activity were evaluated. Results showed that in mice that were immunised using live-ILL+CMP, the induced protective immune response lasted at least 14 weeks; since they were challenged with L. majorEGFP at the 14th -week post-immunisation, no open lesion was formed during the 8-week follow-up, and the footpad swelling was significantly lower than controls. They also showed a significant reduction in the parasite burden in splenocytes, compared to the control groups including the group that received killed-ILL+CMP. The observed protection was associated with a higher IFN-γ and a lower IL-10 production by splenocytes. Additionally, the results demonstrated that arginase activity was decreased in the ILL+CMP group compared to other groups. Immunisation with ILL alone reduced the parasite burden compared to non-immunised control; however, it was still significantly higher than the parasite burden in the ILL+CMP groups. In conclusion, the long-term immune response against L. major infection induced by Live-ILL+CMP was more competent than the response elicited by killed-ILL+CMP to protect mice against infection with L. majorEGFP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Noroozbeygi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Keshavarzian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Haghdoust
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang X, Chen J, Zheng J. The roles of COX-2 in protozoan infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:955616. [PMID: 36875123 PMCID: PMC9978824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.955616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases cause great harm in animal husbandry and require human-provided medical treatment. Protozoan infection can induce changes in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The role played by COX-2 in the response to protozoan infection is complex. COX-2 induces and regulates inflammation by promoting the synthesis of different prostaglandins (PGs), which exhibit a variety of biological activities and participate in pathophysiological processes in the body in a variety of ways. This review explains the roles played by COX-2 in protozoan infection and analyzes the effects of COX-2-related drugs in protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kalita E, Panda M, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Exploring the role of secretory proteins in the human infectious diseases diagnosis and therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:231-269. [PMID: 36707203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory proteins are playing important role during the host-pathogen interaction to develop the infection or protection into the cell. Pathogens developing infectious disease to human being are taken up by host macrophages or number of immune cells, play an important role in physiological, developmental and immunological function. At the same time, infectious agents are also secreting various proteins to neutralize the resistance caused by host cells and also helping the pathogens to develop the infection. Secretory proteins (secretome) are only developed at the time of host-pathogen interaction, therefore they become very important to develop the targeted and potential therapeutic strategies. Pathogen specific secretory proteins released during interaction with host cell provide opportunity to develop point of care and rapid diagnostic kits. Proteins secreted by pathogens at the time of interaction with host cell have also been found as immunogenic in nature and numbers of vaccines have been developed to control the spread of human infectious diseases. This chapter highlights the importance of secretory proteins in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to fight against human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
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Alizadeh Z, Omidnia P, Altalbawy FMA, Gabr GA, Obaid RF, Rostami N, Aslani S, Heidari A, Mohammadi H. Unraveling the role of natural killer cells in leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109596. [PMID: 36700775 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known as frontline responders that are efficient in combating several maladies as well as leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania spp. As such they are being investigated to be used for adoptive transfer therapy and vaccine. In spite of the lack of antigen-specific receptors at their surface, NK cells can selectively recognize pathogens, accomplished by the activation of the receptors on the NK cell surface and also as the result of their effector functions. Activation of NK cells can occur through interaction between TLR-2 expressed on NK cells and. LPG of Leishmania parasites. In addition, NK cell activation can occur by cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and IL-12) that also lead to producing cytokines and chemokines and lysis of target cells. This review summarizes several evidences that support NK cells activation for controlling leishmaniasis and the potentially lucrative roles of NK cells during leishmaniasis. Furthermore, we discuss strategies of Leishmania parasites in inhibiting NK cell functions. Leishmania LPG can utilizes TLR2 to evade host-immune responses. Also, Leishmania GP63 can directly binds to NK cells and modulates NK cell phenotype. Finally, this review analyzes the potentialities to harness NK cells effectiveness in therapy regimens and vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), University of Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Duba 71911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Narges Rostami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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El-Dirany R, Fernández-Rubio C, Peña-Guerrero J, Moreno E, Larrea E, Espuelas S, Abdel-Sater F, Brandenburg K, Martínez-de-Tejada G, Nguewa P. Repurposing the Antibacterial Agents Peptide 19-4LF and Peptide 19-2.5 for Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112528. [PMID: 36432719 PMCID: PMC9697117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of safe and cost-effective treatments against leishmaniasis highlights the urgent need to develop improved leishmanicidal agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an emerging category of therapeutics exerting a wide range of biological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and anti-tumoral. In the present study, the approach of repurposing AMPs as antileishmanial drugs was applied. The leishmanicidal activity of two synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides (SALPs), so-called 19-2.5 and 19-4LF was characterized in Leishmania major. In vitro, both peptides were highly active against intracellular Leishmania major in mouse macrophages without exerting toxicity in host cells. Then, q-PCR-based gene profiling, revealed that this activity was related to the downregulation of several genes involved in drug resistance (yip1), virulence (gp63) and parasite proliferation (Cyclin 1 and Cyclin 6). Importantly, the treatment of BALB/c mice with any of the two AMPs caused a significant reduction in L. major infective burden. This effect was associated with an increase in Th1 cytokine levels (IL-12p35, TNF-α, and iNOS) in the skin lesion and spleen of the L. major infected mice while the Th2-associated genes were downregulated (IL-4 and IL-6). Lastly, we investigated the effect of both peptides in the gene expression profile of the P2X7 purinergic receptor, which has been reported as a therapeutic target in several diseases. The results showed significant repression of P2X7R by both peptides in the skin lesion of L. major infected mice to an extent comparable to that of a common anti-leishmanial drug, Paromomycin. Our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the synthetic AMPs 19-2.5 and 19-4LF are promising candidates for leishmaniasis treatment and present P2X7R as a potential therapeutic target in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima El-Dirany
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon
| | - Celia Fernández-Rubio
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - José Peña-Guerrero
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Fadi Abdel-Sater
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Guillermo Martínez-de-Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Singh A, Yadagiri G, Javaid A, Sharma KK, Verma A, Singh OP, Sundar S, Mudavath SL. Hijacking the intrinsic vitamin B 12 pathway for the oral delivery of nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced in vivo anti-leishmanial activity. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5669-5688. [PMID: 36017751 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized vitamin B12 (VB12) biocompatible nanoparticles exploit the well-characterized uptake pathway of VB12, shielding it from enzymatic degradation and inadequate absorption. In this perspective, subsequent to escalated mucus interaction and diffusion analysis, the nanoparticles were investigated by immunostaining with the anti-CD320 antibody, and their internalization mechanisms were examined by selectively blocking specific uptake processes. It was observed that their internalization occurred via an energy-dependent clathrin-mediated mechanism, simultaneously highlighting their remarkable ability to bypass the P-glycoprotein efflux. In particular, the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their cytocompatibility by analyzing cellular proliferation, membrane viscoelasticity, and fluidity by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and oxidative-stress detection, making them well-suited for successful translation to a clinical setup. Our previous in vitro antileishmanial results were paramount for their further in vivo and toxicity analysis, demonstrating their targeted therapeutic efficiency. The augmented surface hydrophilicity, which is attributed to VB12, and monomerization of amphotericin B in the lipid core strengthened the oral bioavailability and stability of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Aaqib Javaid
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Krishna Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244001, India
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244001, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Santos Silva J, França Ferreira ÉL, Maciel Lima A, de Farias RRS, Quirino Araújo B, Quilles Junior JC, Lima Santos RR, de Amorim Carvalho FA, Rai M, Vieira Júnior GM, Chaves MH. Four new cycloartane-type triterpenoids from the leaves of Combretum mellifluum Eichler: assessment of their antioxidant and antileishmanial activities. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:364-375. [PMID: 34933666 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.2015030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial pharmacological actions including antioxidant effects as an antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, and analgesic of compounds isolated from Combretum mellifluum Eichler (Combretaceae) are well established. The aim of the present study was to determine the phytochemistry as well as assess the antioxidant and antileishmanial activities of the leaves from Combretum mellifluum Eichler (Combretaceae). Analysis of ethanolic extract resulted in isolation and identification of two epimeric mixtures of four previously unknown cycloartane-type triterpenoids, methyl quadrangularate M and methyl 24-epiquadrangularate M, and 2α,3β,24β-trihydroxy-cycloart-25-ene and 2α, 3β, 24α-trihydroxy-cycloart-25-ene, and eight known compounds. Their structures were using one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D NMR), 2D NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) analysis. Further, the extract and fractions were tested for antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity against 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) free radicals, which correlated directly with total flavonoid content. All extracts and fractions from C. mellifluum Eichler were assessed for antileishmanial activity. The supernatant fraction exhibited highest potential, inhibiting the growth of Leishmania amazonensis with IC50 value 31.29 μg/ml. Our findings provide information on the chemical composition of C. mellifluum and the potential beneficial therapeutic usefulness as an antioxidant agent in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelson Santos Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Éverton Leandro França Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Serra da Capivara, São Raimundo Nonato, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maciel Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Quirino Araújo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Quilles Junior
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Ritchelle Lima Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, NPPM, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Fernando Aécio de Amorim Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, NPPM, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | | | - Mariana Helena Chaves
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Khandibharad S, Singh S. Computational System Level Approaches for Discerning Reciprocal Regulation of IL10 and IL12 in Leishmaniasis. Front Genet 2022; 12:784664. [PMID: 35126456 PMCID: PMC8807686 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL12 and IL10 are two of the major cytokines which control the fate of Leishmaniasis. This paper presents two models healthy state and diseased state which shows how secretion of IL12 is responsible for parasite elimination and IL10 can jeopardize the parasite elimination and promote its survival. Epigenetic modification in the host IL12 and IL10 promoter can decide the fate of parasites. It was observed that reciprocal relationship exists between IL12 and IL10 and that is majorly controlled by a transcription factor NFAT5 from Rel family of transcription factors. By targeting this transcription factor at the cellular level, it might be possible to modulate the release of powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing parasite survival. The mathematical models developed here serves as a step towards finding a key component that can pave a way for therapeutic investigation.
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Recent Progress in the Development of Indole-Based Compounds Active against Malaria, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010319. [PMID: 35011552 PMCID: PMC8746838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human protozoan diseases represent a serious health problem worldwide, affecting mainly people in social and economic vulnerability. These diseases have attracted little investment in drug discovery, which is reflected in the limited available therapeutic arsenal. Authorized drugs present problems such as low efficacy in some stages of the disease or toxicity, which result in undesirable side effects and treatment abandonment. Moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains makes necessary an even greater effort to develop safe and effective antiparasitic agents. Among the chemotypes investigated for parasitic diseases, the indole nucleus has emerged as a privileged molecular scaffold for the generation of new drug candidates. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the indole-based compounds developed against important parasitic diseases, namely malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, by focusing on the design, optimization and synthesis of the most relevant synthetic indole scaffolds recently reported.
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Alizadeh G, Shahnazi H, Hassanzadeh A. Application of BASNEF model in students training regarding cutaneous leishmaniasis prevention behaviors: a school-based quasi experimental study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1164. [PMID: 34789186 PMCID: PMC8596857 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in 98 countries, and 350 million people are at risk of the disease worldwide. In endemic areas, conducting educational interventions is necessary to change preventive behaviors of CL. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on the BASNEF model on CL preventive behavior in students. METHODS The present quasi-experimental study examined 80 students living in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Isfahan province, Iran based on the BASNEF model. The required data were collected twice before and two months after the educational intervention based on a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been already proven in other studies. The intervention was performed in three educational sessions for the students in the intervention group and 1 educational session for teachers and parents. Data were analyzed by SPSS (VER26) using the chi-square test, independent t-test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and Paired t-test. RESULTS After intervention, the mean scores of Knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P = 0.02), subjective norms (P = 0.04), behavioral intention (P < 0.001), and behavior (P = 0.02) indicated significant differences between the intervention and control groups, but an increase in mean scores of enabling factors was not significant (P = 0. 93). CONCLUSIONS Providing students with the educational intervention based on the BASNEF model improve their ability to the extent that they transmit these educations to their family members, which would be effective in preventing and controlling CL in leishmaniasis-prone areas. TRIAL REGISTRATION Name: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. Registration number: IRCT20201024049131N1. Registration date: 2020-11-20. Registration timing: prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Shahnazi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Malvolti S, Malhame M, Mantel CF, Le Rutte EA, Kaye PM. Human leishmaniasis vaccines: Use cases, target population and potential global demand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009742. [PMID: 34547025 PMCID: PMC8486101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines against one or all forms of human leishmaniasis remains hampered by a paucity of investment, at least in part resulting from the lack of well-evidenced and agreed estimates of vaccine demand. Starting from the definition of 4 main use cases (prevention of visceral leishmaniasis, prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis, prevention of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis), we have estimated the size of each target population, focusing on those endemic countries where incidence levels are sufficiently high to justify decisions to adopt a vaccine. We assumed a dual vaccine delivery strategy, including a wide age-range catch-up campaign before the start of routine immunisation. Vaccine characteristics and delivery parameters reflective of a target product profile and the likely duration of the clinical development effort were considered in forecasting the demand for each of the four indications. Over a period of 10 years, this demand is forecasted to range from 300-830 million doses for a vaccine preventing visceral leishmaniasis and 557-1400 million doses for a vaccine preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis under the different scenarios we simulated. In a scenario with an effective prophylactic visceral leishmaniasis vaccine, demand for use to prevent or treat post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis would be more limited (over the 10 years ~160,000 doses for prevention and ~7,000 doses for treatment). Demand would rise to exceed 330,000 doses, however, in the absence of an effective vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis. Because of the sizeable demand and potential for public health impact, a single-indication prophylactic vaccine for visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, and even more so a cross-protective prophylactic vaccine could attract the interest of commercial developers. Continuous refinement of these first-of-their kind estimates and confirmation of country willingness and ability to pay will be paramount to inform the decisions of policy makers and developers in relation to a leishmaniasis vaccine. Positive decisions can provide a much-needed contribution towards the achievement of global leishmaniasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Epke A. Le Rutte
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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El-Dirany R, Shahrour H, Dirany Z, Abdel-Sater F, Gonzalez-Gaitano G, Brandenburg K, Martinez de Tejada G, Nguewa PA. Activity of Anti-Microbial Peptides (AMPs) against Leishmania and Other Parasites: An Overview. Biomolecules 2021; 11:984. [PMID: 34356608 PMCID: PMC8301979 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), small biologically active molecules, produced by different organisms through their innate immune system, have become a considerable subject of interest in the request of novel therapeutics. Most of these peptides are cationic-amphipathic, exhibiting two main mechanisms of action, direct lysis and by modulating the immunity. The most commonly reported activity of AMPs is their anti-bacterial effects, although other effects, such as anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-parasitic, as well as anti-tumor mechanisms of action have also been described. Their anti-parasitic effect against leishmaniasis has been studied. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease. Currently among parasitic diseases, it is the second most threating illness after malaria. Clinical treatments, mainly antimonial derivatives, are related to drug resistance and some undesirable effects. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic agents has become a priority, and AMPs constitute a promising alternative. In this work, we describe the principal families of AMPs (melittin, cecropin, cathelicidin, defensin, magainin, temporin, dermaseptin, eumenitin, and histatin) exhibiting a potential anti-leishmanial activity, as well as their effectiveness against other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima El-Dirany
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon; (H.S.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Hawraa Shahrour
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon; (H.S.); (F.A.-S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Zeinab Dirany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (Z.D.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Fadi Abdel-Sater
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon; (H.S.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Gustavo Gonzalez-Gaitano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (Z.D.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, 23845 Borstel, Germany;
| | - Guillermo Martinez de Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Paul A. Nguewa
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
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Phuphisut O, Nitatsukprasert C, Pathawong N, Jaichapor B, Pongsiri A, Adisakwattana P, Ponlawat A. Sand fly identification and screening for Leishmania spp. in six provinces of Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:352. [PMID: 34217359 PMCID: PMC8254935 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania spp. At least 27 species of sand flies have been recorded in Thailand. Although human leishmaniasis cases in Thailand are mainly imported, autochthonous leishmaniasis has been increasingly reported in several regions of the country since 1999. Few studies have detected Leishmania infection in wild-caught sand flies, although these studies were carried out only in those areas reporting human leishmaniasis cases. The aim of this study was therefore to identity sand fly species and to investigate Leishmania infection across six provinces of Thailand. Methods Species of wild-caught sand flies were initially identified based on morphological characters. However, problems identifying cryptic species complexes necessitated molecular identification using DNA barcoding in parallel with identification based on morphological characters. The wild-caught sand flies were pooled and the DNA isolated prior to the detection of Leishmania infection by a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Results A total of 4498 sand flies (1158 males and 3340 females) were caught by trapping in six provinces in four regions of Thailand. The sand flies were morphologically classified into eight species belonging to three genera (Sergentomyia, Phlebotomus and Idiophlebotomus). Sergentomyia iyengari was found at all collection sites and was the dominant species at most of these, followed in frequency by Sergentomyia barraudi and Phlebotomus stantoni, respectively. DNA barcodes generated from 68 sand flies allowed sorting into 14 distinct species with 25 operational taxonomic units, indicating a higher diversity (by 75%) than that based on morphological identification. Twelve barcoding sequences could not be assigned to any species for which cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences are available. All tested sand flies were negative for Leishmania DNA. Conclusions Our results confirm the presence of several sand fly species in different provinces of Thailand, highlighting the importance of using DNA barcoding as a tool to study sand fly species diversity. While all female sand flies tested in this study were negative for Leishmania, the circulation of Leishmania spp. in the investigated areas cannot be ruled out. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04856-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Phuphisut
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chanyapat Nitatsukprasert
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattaphol Pathawong
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Jaichapor
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Arissara Pongsiri
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Vector Biology and Control Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Gupta O, Pradhan T, Bhatia R, Monga V. Recent advancements in anti-leishmanial research: Synthetic strategies and structural activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113606. [PMID: 34171661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic neglected tropical disease caused by various species of Leishmania parasite. Despite tremendous advancements in the therapeutic sector and drug development strategies, still the existing anti-leishmanial agents are associated with some clinical issues like drug resistance, toxicity and selectivity. Therefore, several research groups are continuously working towards the development of new therapeutic candidates to overcome these issues. Many potential heterocyclic moieties have been explored for this purpose including triazoles, chalcones, chromone, thiazoles, thiosemicarbazones, indole, quinolines, etc. It is evident from the literature that the majority of anti-leishmanial agents act by interacting with key regulators including PTR-I, DHFR, LdMetAP1, MAPK, 14 α-demethylase and pteridine reductase-I, etc. Also, these tend to induce the production of ROS which causes damage to parasites. In the present compilation, authors have summarized various significant synthetic procedures for anti-leishmanial agents reported in recent years. A brief description of the pharmacological potentials of synthesized compounds along with important aspects related to structural activity relationship has been provided. Important docking outcomes highlighting the possible mode of interaction for the reported compounds have also been included. This review would be helpful to the scientific community to design newer strategies and also to develop novel therapeutic candidates against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojasvi Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Tathagata Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Serrano-Coll H, Cardona-Castro N, Ramos AP, Llanos-Cuentas A. Innate immune response: ally or enemy in cutaneous leishmaniasis? Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6284792. [PMID: 34037758 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious and neglected disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which produces a wide spectrum of cutaneous manifestations. CL research has shown that the innate immune activity of cells such as neutrophils, natural killers, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system are capable of controlling this infection. However, Leishmania can also modulate the immune activity of these cells to promote its own survival and proliferation at the intracellular level. This review discusses the role of the innate immune response in the control and spread of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Serrano-Coll
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación y de la Salud (ICES), UNISANGIL, San Gil, Colombia.,Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical-Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical-Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Pilar Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander Von von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander Von von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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16
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Parab AR, McCall LI. Tryp-ing Up Metabolism: Role of Metabolic Adaptations in Kinetoplastid Disease Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00644-20. [PMID: 33526564 PMCID: PMC8090971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00644-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, more than a billion people-one-sixth of the world's population-are suffering from neglected tropical diseases. Human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania About half a million people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are at risk of contracting one of these three infections. Kinetoplastids have complex life cycles with different morphologies and unique physiological requirements at each life cycle stage. This review covers the latest findings on metabolic pathways impacting disease pathogenesis of kinetoplastids within the mammalian host. Nutrient availability is a key factor shaping in vivo parasite metabolism; thus, kinetoplastids display significant metabolic flexibility. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles show that intracellular trypanosomatids are able to switch to an energy-efficient metabolism within the mammalian host system. Host metabolic changes can also favor parasite persistence, and contribute to symptom development, in a location-specific fashion. Ultimately, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies have been a valuable approach to elucidate the specific biochemical pathways affected by infection within the host, leading to translational drug development and diagnostic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwaita R Parab
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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A Multi-Country, Single-Blinded, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate a Point-of-Need System for Rapid Detection of Leishmaniasis and Its Implementation in Endemic Settings. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030588. [PMID: 33809332 PMCID: PMC7999011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, detection of the pathogenic DNA in clinical samples at point-of-need is no longer a dream. The newly developed recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay incorporated in a suitcase laboratory has shown promising diagnostic efficacy over real-time PCR in detection of leishmania DNA from clinical samples. For broader application of this point-of-need system, we undertook a current multi-country diagnostic evaluation study towards establishing this technique in different endemic settings which would be beneficial for the ongoing elimination programs for leishmaniasis. For this study purpose, clinical samples from confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients were subjected to both real-time PCR and RPA assay in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Further skin samples from confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients were also included from Sri Lanka. A total of 450 clinical samples from VL patients, 429 from PKDL patients, 47 from CL patients, and 322 from endemic healthy/healthy controls were under investigation to determine the diagnostic efficacy of RPA assay in comparison to real-time PCR. A comparative sensitivity of both methods was found where real-time PCR and RPA assay showed 96.86% (95% CI: 94.45–98.42) and 88.85% (95% CI: 85.08–91.96) sensitivity respectively in the diagnosis of VL cases. This new isothermal method also exhibited promising diagnostic sensitivity (93.50%) for PKDL cases, when a skin sample was used. Due to variation in the sequence of target amplicons, RPA assay showed comparatively lower sensitivity (55.32%) than that of real-time PCR in Sri Lanka for the diagnosis of CL cases. Except for India, the assay presented absolute specificity in the rest of the sites. Excellent concordance between the two molecular methods towards detection of leishmania DNA in clinical samples substantiates the application of RPA assay incorporated in a suitcase laboratory for point-of-need diagnosis of VL and PKDL in low resource endemic settings. However, further improvisation of the method is necessary for diagnosis of CL.
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18
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Nandikolla A, Srinivasarao S, Karan Kumar B, Murugesan S, Aggarwal H, Major LL, Smith TK, Chandra Sekhar KVG. Synthesis, study of antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of imidazo pyridine fused triazole analogues. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38328-38343. [PMID: 35517538 PMCID: PMC9057266 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07881f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five novel 1,2,3-triazole analogues of imidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridine-3-carboxamides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity against L. major and T. brucei parasites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Nandikolla
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Singireddi Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani-333031
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani-333031
| | - Himanshu Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Louise L. Major
- Schools of Biology & Chemistry
- BSRC
- The University, St. Andrews
- Fife
- UK
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Schools of Biology & Chemistry
- BSRC
- The University, St. Andrews
- Fife
- UK
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19
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Romero AH, Rodríguez N, Ramírez OG. Optimization of phthalazin-based aryl/heteroarylhydrazones to design new promising antileishmanicidal agents: synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-aryl-6-piperazin-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4- a]phthalazines. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Monosubstituted and 1,4-substituted phthalazins based on aryl/heteroarylhydrazinyl have demonstrated attractive antileishmanial profiles against amastigote forms of the Leishmania braziliensis parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H. Romero
- Cátedra de Química General
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Central de Venezuela
- Los Chaguaramos
- Caracas 1041-A
| | - Noris Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética
- Instituto de Biomedicina
- Facultad de Medicina
- Universidad Central de Venezuela
- San Luis
| | - Oscar G. Ramírez
- Cátedra de Química General
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Central de Venezuela
- Los Chaguaramos
- Caracas 1041-A
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20
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Domagalska MA, Imamura H, Sanders M, Van den Broeck F, Bhattarai NR, Vanaerschot M, Maes I, D’Haenens E, Rai K, Rijal S, Berriman M, Cotton JA, Dujardin JC. Genomes of Leishmania parasites directly sequenced from patients with visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007900. [PMID: 31830038 PMCID: PMC6932831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used for molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of infectious diseases. Current Leishmania genomic studies rely on DNA extracted from cultured parasites, which might introduce sampling and biological biases into the subsequent analyses. Up to now, direct analysis of Leishmania genome in clinical samples is hampered by high levels of human DNA and large variation in parasite load in clinical samples. Here, we present a method, based on target enrichment of Leishmania donovani DNA with Agilent SureSelect technology, that allows the analysis of Leishmania genomes directly in clinical samples. We validated our protocol with a set of artificially mixed samples, followed by the analysis of 63 clinical samples (bone marrow or spleen aspirates) from visceral leishmaniasis patients in Nepal. We were able to identify genotypes using a set of diagnostic SNPs in almost all of these samples (97%) and access comprehensive genome-wide information in most (83%). This allowed us to perform phylogenomic analysis, assess chromosome copy number and identify large copy number variants (CNVs). Pairwise comparisons between the parasite genomes in clinical samples and derived in vitro cultured promastigotes showed a lower aneuploidy in amastigotes as well as genomic differences, suggesting polyclonal infections in patients. Altogether our results underline the need for sequencing parasite genomes directly in the host samples Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by parasitic protozoa of the Leishmania donovani complex and is lethal in the absence of treatment. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of L. donovani clinical isolates revealed hitherto cryptic population structure in the Indian Sub-Continent and provided insights into the epidemiology and potential mechanisms of drug resistance. However, several biases are likely introduced during the culture step. We report here the development of a method that allows determination of parasite genomes directly in clinical samples, and validate it on bone marrow and splenic aspirates of VL patients in Nepal. Our study sheds a new light on the biology of Leishmania in the human host: we found that intracellular parasites of the patients had very low levels of aneuploidy, in sharp contrast to the situation in cultivated isolates. Moreover, the observed differences in genomes between intracellular amastigotes of the patient and the derived cultured parasites suggests polyclonality of infections, with different clones dominating in clinical samples and in culture, likely due to fitness differences. We believe this method is most suitable for clinical studies and for molecular tracking in the context of elimination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata A. Domagalska
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (MAD); (JAC); (JC-D)
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Maes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erika D’Haenens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Keshav Rai
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - James A. Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MAD); (JAC); (JC-D)
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (MAD); (JAC); (JC-D)
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21
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Yousaf R, Khan MA, Ullah N, Khan I, Hayat O, Shehzad MA, Khan I, Taj F, Ud Din N, Khan A, Naeem I, Ali H. Biosynthesis of anti-leishmanial natural products in callus cultures of Artemisia scoparia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1122-1131. [PMID: 30942629 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1593856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, available synthetic chemotherapeutics in the treatment for leishmaniasis are associated with serious complications, such as toxicity and emergence of resistance. Natural products from plants can provide better remedies against the Leishmania parasite and can possibly minimize the associated side effects. In this study, various extracts of the callus cultures of Artimisia scoparia established in response to different plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated for their anti-leishmanial effects against Leishmania tropica promastigotes, followed by an investigation of the possible mechanism of action through reactive apoptosis assay using fluorescent microscopy. Amongst the different callus extracts, higher anti-leishmanial activity (IC50:19.13 µg/mL) was observed in the callus raised in-vitro in the presence of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) plus 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) at the concentration of 1.5 mg/L, each. Further, the results of apoptosis assay showed a large number of early-stage apoptotic (EA) and late-stage apoptotic (LA) cells in the Leishmania under the effect of callus extract grown in-vitro at BA plus 2,4-D. For the determination of the potent natural products in the callus extracts responsible for the anti-leishmanial activity, extracts were subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the metabolite analysis. Nonetheless, higher levels of the metabolites, such as nerolidol (22%), pelletierine (18%), aspidin (15%) and ascaridole (11%) were detected in the callus grown in vitro at BA plus 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L, each). This protocol determines a novel method of production of anti-leishmanial natural products through callus cultures of A. scoparia, a medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Yousaf
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Nazif Ullah
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Imdad Khan
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Obaid Hayat
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Shehzad
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Faqeer Taj
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Nizam Ud Din
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Asghar Khan
- a Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) , Mardan , Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Naeem
- b Department of Biotechnology , University of Swabi , Swabi , Pakistan
| | - Huma Ali
- c Department of Biotechnology , Bacha Khan University , Charsadda , Pakistan
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Deepachandi B, Weerasinghe S, Soysa P, Karunaweera N, Siriwardana Y. A highly sensitive modified nested PCR to enhance case detection in leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:623. [PMID: 31307404 PMCID: PMC6631494 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leishmaniasis is one of the major parasitic diseases with worldwide distribution. Sri Lanka is a recently established focus of leishmaniasis caused by a variant Leishmania donovani. Early case detection and management is a main approach identified for L. donovani control in the regional leishmaniasis elimination drive. Usefulness of light microscopy and in-vitro culture are limited in chronic, atypical or treated lesions though timely and accurate detection of all light microscopy/in-vitro culture negative cases of all forms of leishmaniasis is necessary for treatment. Timely treatment is important to minimize risk for death in visceral disease and undesired sequelae of long standing infection and illness on both patients and community. We described a 100% sensitive, Leishmania spp. specific modified version of a nested PCR (Mo-STNPCR) that also minimizes carry over and cross contaminations while facilitate investigation of light microscopy and in-vitro culture negative clinically suggestive cases of leishmaniasis. METHODS Leishmania DNA was amplified using previously published P221: 5'-GGTTCCTTTCCTGATTTACG-3' and P332: 5'-GGCCGGTAAAGGCCGAATAG-3'outer primers followed by a nested reaction using P223: 5'-TCCCATCGCAACCTCGGTT-3' and P333: 5'-AAGCGGGCGCGGTGCTG-3' inner primers that by passes the requirement of tube handling between the two steps of the conventional nested PCR. Leishmania DNA was detected in a range of infected tissue material. Infected material from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 30), visceral leishmaniasis (n = 10) and from a control group including patients with non-leishmanial skin diseases (n = 10), other systemic diseases (n = 10) and healthy individuals (n = 10) were examined with Mo-STNPCR. Results were further compared with those of light microscopy and in-vitro culture. RESULTS Mo-STNPCR method was 100% sensitive and 100% specific for diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Light microscopy and in-vitro culture were positive in 75.0% (n = 30/40) and 72.5% (n = 29/40) samples respectively where combined results of them gave 87.5% (n = 35/40) sensitivity. Mo-STNPCR did not cross react with control samples. Furthermore, Mo-STNPCR reduces the risk of cross-contaminations and carry over contaminations since the full reaction is carried out without opening the tubes. Per patient cost was calculated as 22 USD while the same was 3 and 6 USD for light microscopy and in-vitro culture respectively. CONCLUSION Mo-STNPCR method is a useful tool in detecting leishmaniasis in minority of cases that go undetected by first line investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya Deepachandi
- Deparment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sudath Weerasinghe
- Deparment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Preethi Soysa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Nadira Karunaweera
- Deparment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Yamuna Siriwardana
- Deparment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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23
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Al-Jabi SW. Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research (1998-2017): a bibliometric study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:625. [PMID: 31118003 PMCID: PMC6532175 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan of the Leishmania genus, and is considered a neglected tropical disease. It still remains a main public health concern at global level and in Arab world mainly in low-income countries. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research. METHODS This study describes a bibliometric review of all leishmaniasis research publications published between January 1998 and December 2017 indexed on the Scopus database. RESULTS The total number of publications published at global level was 17,570 papers, which achieves an average annual productivity of 878.50 papers publications. Brazil was responsible for the greatest output with the total number of publications of 3865 followed by the Unites States (n = 2729), India (n = 2119), the United Kingdom (n = 1363), and Spain (n = 1274). By limiting the analysis to the publications that have been published by Arab world, the research productivity was 993 papers, which represents 5.65% of total research output at global level in research regarding leishmaniasis. Tunisia was responsible for the greatest output from Arab world with the total number of publications of 297 followed by Sudan (n = 192), Saudi Arabia (n = 131), Morocco (n = 119) and Egypt (n = 67). Since 1998, the growth of publications on leishmaniasis fluctuates, overall showing a rising trend in both global and Arab world. There is a highly significant correlation between publication productivity related to leishmaniasis at global level and the Arab world (r = 0.936; p-value< 0.001). Leishmaniasis treatment, intracellular mechanism of infection, and lifecycle of leishmania are the major current hot topics for the research in this subject at global level and the Arab world. CONCLUSIONS The current study presents a novel review of the current Arab leishmaniasis-related research, and how these results are related to worldwide output. In comparison to the global research output, the Arab world produced less leishmaniasis research. The data presented in the current study by this innovative approach may serve relevant researchers to direct the global leishmaniasis research to Arab counties in which leishmaniasis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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24
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Afrin F, Khan I, Hemeg HA. Leishmania-Host Interactions-An Epigenetic Paradigm. Front Immunol 2019; 10:492. [PMID: 30967861 PMCID: PMC6438953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases, for which no vaccines exist. Chemotherapy is hampered by limited efficacy coupled with development of resistance and other side effects. Leishmania parasites elude the host defensive mechanisms by modulating their surface proteins as well as dampening the host's immune responses. The parasites use the conventional RNA polymerases peculiarly under different environmental cues or pressures such as the host's milieu or the drugs. The mechanisms that restructure post-translational modifications are poorly understood but altered epigenetic histone modifications are believed to be instrumental in influencing the chromatin remodeling in the parasite. Interestingly, the parasite also modulates gene expression of the hosts, thereby hijacking or dampening the host immune response. Epigenetic factor such as DNA methylation of cytosine residues has been incriminated in silencing of macrophage-specific genes responsible for defense against these parasites. Although there is dearth of information regarding the epigenetic alterations-mediated pathogenesis in these parasites and the host, the unique epigenetic marks may represent targets for potential anti-leishmanial drug candidates. This review circumscribes the epigenetic changes during Leishmania infection, and the epigenetic modifications they enforce upon the host cells to ensure a safe haven. The non-coding micro RNAs as post-transcriptional regulators and correlates of wound healing and toll-like receptor signaling, as well as prognostic biomarkers of therapeutic failure and healing time are also explored. Finally, we highlight the recent advances on how the epigenetic perturbations may impact leishmaniasis vaccine development as biomarkers of safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inbesat Khan
- Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Peñaloza HF, Alvarez D, Muñoz-Durango N, Schultz BM, González PA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in chronic infectious diseases and the current methodology available for their study. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:857-872. [PMID: 30480847 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-233r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective pathogen has the ability to evade the immune response. The strategies used to achieve this may be based on the direct action of virulence factors or on the induction of host factors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune cells with an incredible ability to suppress the inflammatory response, which makes them excellent targets to be exploited by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites. In this review, we describe the origin and suppressive mechanisms of MDSCs, as well as their role in chronic bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, where their expansion seems to be essential in the chronicity of the disease. We also analyze the disadvantages of current MDSC depletion strategies and the different in vitro generation methods, which can be useful tools for the deeper study of these cells in the context of microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Alvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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