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Lu L, Bu L, Laidemitt MR, Zhang SM, Loker ES. Different metazoan parasites, different transcriptomic responses, with new insights on parasitic castration by digenetic trematodes in the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:608. [PMID: 38886647 PMCID: PMC11184841 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastropods of the genus Biomphalaria (Family Planorbidae) are exploited as vectors by Schistosoma mansoni, the most common causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Using improved genomic resources, overviews of how Biomphalaria responds to S. mansoni and other metazoan parasites can provide unique insights into the reproductive, immune, and other systems of invertebrate hosts, and their responses to parasite challenges. RESULTS Using Illumina-based RNA-Seq, we compared the responses of iM line B. glabrata at 2, 8, and 40 days post-infection (dpi) to single infections with S. mansoni, Echinostoma paraensei (both digenetic trematodes) or Daubaylia potomaca (a nematode parasite of planorbid snails). Responses were compared to unexposed time-matched control snails. We observed: (1) each parasite provoked a distinctive response with a predominance of down-regulated snail genes at all time points following exposure to either trematode, and of up-regulated genes at 8 and especially 40dpi following nematode exposure; (2) At 2 and 8dpi with either trematode, several snail genes associated with gametogenesis (particularly spermatogenesis) were down-regulated. Regarding the phenomenon of trematode-mediated parasitic castration in molluscs, we define for the first time a complement of host genes that are targeted, as early as 2dpi when trematode larvae are still small; (3) Differential gene expression of snails with trematode infection at 40dpi, when snails were shedding cercariae, was unexpectedly modest and revealed down-regulation of genes involved in the production of egg mass proteins and peptide processing; and (4) surprisingly, D. potomaca provoked up-regulation at 40dpi of many of the reproduction-related snail genes noted to be down-regulated at 2 and 8dpi following trematode infection. Happening at a time when B. glabrata began to succumb to D. potomaca, we hypothesize this response represents an unexpected form of fecundity compensation. We also document expression patterns for other Biomphalaria gene families, including fibrinogen domain-containing proteins (FReDs), C-type lectins, G-protein coupled receptors, biomphalysins, and protease and protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our study is relevant in identifying several genes involved in reproduction that are targeted by parasites in the vector snail B. glabrata and that might be amenable to manipulation to minimize their ability to serve as vectors of schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA.
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Martina R Laidemitt
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Eric S Loker
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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Sokolov SG, Vlasenkov SA, Bugmyrin SV, Kalmykov AP, Lebedeva DI. Phylogeny and morphology of some European cyathocotylid digeneans (Trematoda: Diplostomoidea). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e44. [PMID: 38818780 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 is a family of primitive diplostomoid trematodes important for understanding the evolution of the superfamily Diplostomoidea. However, cyathocotylids remain poorly studied with the use of molecular techniques. In this study we sequenced the 5.8S + ITS2 region, 28S rRNA, and cox1 genes of two cyathocotylid species and obtained new morphological data on them. We propose Georduboisia nom. nov. instead of the preoccupied name Duboisia Szidat, 1936 (junior homonym of Duboisia Stremme, 1911). Adults of Georduboisia cf. teganuma (Ishii, 1935) and Paracoenogonimus ovatus Katsurada, 1914 were collected from fish-eating birds in the south of the European part of Russia. Georduboisia cf. teganuma was very similar to G.teganuma but differed from it in the shape of the testes. The 28S rRNA gene dataset provided the best-resolved phylogeny of the Cyathocotylidae to date. In the phylogram based on partial sequences of this gene, P. ovatus was close to members of Holostephanoides Dubois, 1983, Neogogatea Chandler & Rausch, 1947 and Gogatea Szidat, 1936. Georduboisia cf. teganuma clustered with members of Cyathocotyle Mühling, 1896 and Holostephanus Szidat, 1936. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5.8S + ITS2 dataset showed that adults of P. ovatus examined in our study were conspecific with the metacercariae from the musculature of fish collected in Hungary and Italy. It also revealed probable misidentifications of larvae and adults of cyathocotylids whose sequences are deposited in GenBank NCBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sokolov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - S A Vlasenkov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
| | - S V Bugmyrin
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
| | - A P Kalmykov
- Astrakhan State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan414021, Russia
- Astrakhan Museum-Reserve, Astrakhan414000, Russia
| | - D I Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Petrozavodsk185000, Russia
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Yu M, Li W, He X, He G, Yao Y, Wang Y, Shao M, Xiong T, Xu H, Zhao J. Metabarcoding of protozoa and helminth in black-necked cranes: a high prevalence of parasites and free-living amoebae. Parasite 2024; 31:28. [PMID: 38819296 PMCID: PMC11141520 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites and free-living amoebae (FLA) are common pathogens that pose threats to wildlife and humans. The black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is a near-threatened species and there is a shortage of research on its parasite diversity. Our study aimed to use noninvasive methods to detect intestinal parasites and pathogenic FLA in G. nigricollis using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on the 18S rDNA V9 region. A total of 38 fresh fecal samples were collected in Dashanbao, China, during the overwintering period (early-, middle I-, middle II-, and late-winter). Based on the 18S data, eight genera of parasites were identified, including three protozoan parasites: Eimeria sp. (92.1%) was the dominant parasite, followed by Tetratrichomonas sp. (36.8%) and Theileria sp. (2.6%). Five genera of helminths were found: Echinostoma sp. (100%), Posthodiplostomum sp. (50.0%), Euryhelmis sp. (26.3%), Eucoleus sp. (50.0%), and Halomonhystera sp. (2.6%). Additionally, eight genera of FLA were detected, including the known pathogens Acanthamoeba spp. (n = 13) and Allovahlkampfia spp. (n = 3). Specific PCRs were used to further identify the species of some parasites and FLA. Furthermore, the 18S data indicated significant changes in the relative abundance and genus diversity of the protozoan parasites and FLA among the four periods. These results underscore the importance of long-term monitoring of pathogens in black-necked cranes to protect this near-endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Yu
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Wenhao Li
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Xin He
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences Chengdu 610000 PR China
| | - Guiwen He
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
| | - Yonfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Yuanjian Wang
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Mingcui Shao
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Tingsong Xiong
- Management Bureau of Dashanbao Black-Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province Zhaotong 657000 Yunnan PR China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University Ya’an 625014 PR China
| | - Junsong Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University Zhaotong 657000 PR China
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Jung BK, Chang T, Ryoo S, Hong S, Lee J, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Khieu V, Huy R, Chai JY. High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:572-576. [PMID: 38407225 PMCID: PMC10902544 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.240001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was consumption of Pila sp. snails, a finding confirmed morphologically and molecularly.
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Presswell B, Bennett J. Gastrointestinal helminths of the Australasian harrier ( Circus approximans Peale, 1848) in New Zealand, and description of a new species of nematode, Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Habronematidae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e6. [PMID: 38213187 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Australasian harrier Circus approximans, a native of Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific, is an opportunistic hunter of small prey, although a large part of its diet consists of carrion, mainly from roadkill. Besides a record of a single, unnamed species of capillariid nematode there have been no investigations into the parasites of Australasian harriers in New Zealand. In this study, a helminthological survey of sixty-five deceased harriers from southern New Zealand uncovered a gastrointestinal helminth fauna consisting of six parasite species. Porrocaecum circinum (Nematoda) was previously described only from fragmented females, and a redescription is presented here. Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Nematoda) is described, and distinguished from its congeners by its slender body shape and shorter spicules. Strigea falconis (Trematoda) is reported for the first time in New Zealand. Cladotaenia anomalis (Cestoda) and Polymorphus circi (Acanthocephala) were previously described as new species elsewhere. An unnamed species of capillariid appears to be mainly confined to North Island and is rare in South Island. Prevalence and intensity metrics are given, and DNA sequences provided to accompany new re/descriptions. Potential intermediate hosts are discussed, and the origins of the helminths and their potential for pathogenicity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cutmore SC, Corner RD, Cribb TH. Morphological constraint obscures richness: a mitochondrial exploration of cryptic richness in Transversotrema (Trematoda: Transversotrematidae). Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:595-635. [PMID: 37488048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Species of Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 (Transversotrematidae) occupy a unique ecological niche for the Trematoda, living externally under the scales of their teleost hosts. Previous studies of the genus have been impeded partly by limited variation in ribosomal DNA sequence data between closely related species and partly by a lack of morphometrically informative characters. Here, we assess richness of the tropical Indo-west Pacific species through parallel phylogenetic and morphometric analyses, generating cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial sequence data and morphometric data for hologenophore specimens from Australia, French Polynesia, Japan and Palau. These analyses demonstrate that molecular data provide the only reliable basis for species identification; host distribution, and to a lesser extent morphology, are useful for identifying just a few species of Transversotrema. We infer that a combination of morphological simplicity and infection site constraint has led to the group displaying exceptionally low morphological diversification. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial data broadly support previous systematic interpretations based on ribosomal data, but also demonstrate the presence of several morphologically and ecologically cryptic species. Ten new species are described, eight from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Transversotrema chrysallis n. sp., Transversotrema daphnidis n. sp., Transversotrema enceladi n. sp., Transversotrema hyperionis n. sp., Transversotrema iapeti n. sp., Transversotrema rheae n. sp., Transversotrema tethyos n. sp., and Transversotrema titanis n. sp.) and two from off Japan (Transversotrema methones n. sp. and Transversotrema panos n. sp.). There are now 26 Transversotrema species known from Australian marine fishes, making it the richest trematode genus for the fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | - Richard D Corner
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Sokolov SG, Khasanov FK, Lebedeva DI. Phylogenetic assessment of some Palearctic Allocreadium spp. (Trematoda, Gorgoderoidea: Allocreadiidae). Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07893-5. [PMID: 37326846 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The genus Allocreadium is a group of digenetic trematodes whose adult representatives mainly parasitize the intestines of freshwater fishes. The aim of this research is to reconstruct the phylogeny of four Palearctic species of this genus, Allocreadium dogieli, Allocreadium isoporum, Allocreadium papilligerum, and Allocreadium sp. ex Oreoleuciscus potanini from Mongolia. The DNA sequences of the 28S rRNA gene and the rDNA ITS2 region were obtained and then analyzed for phylogenetic inference. The analysis is complemented with the morphological descriptions for all four species. Phylogenetic analyses show that the newly obtained isolate of A. isoporum appeared to be genetically similar to previously obtained isolates of A. isoporum. Allocreadium dogieli probably belongs to the same evolutionary lineage of Allocreadium as A. crassum, while A. papilligerum to the same evolutionary lineage as Alocreadium transversale ex Cobitis taenia from Lithuania, but the detailed species composition of these lineages requires further elucidation. Allocreadium sp. was genetically close to Allocreadium sp. ex P. phoxinus from Primorski Krai, Russia, and a group of these Allocreadium had a sister relationship with Allocreadium khankaiensis. Our findings contradict some recent hypotheses about the phylogeography of Allocreadium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sokolov
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - F K Khasanov
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria I Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, 185000, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
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Zaleśny G, Kanarek G, Pyrka E, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Zalewski A, Hildebrand J. The genetic structure of populations of Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Does the host's diet matter? Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:188. [PMID: 37287028 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we provide a comparative analysis of the genetic structure of populations (based on nad1 mtDNA) of Isthmiophora melis isolated from the American mink (Neogale vison), an introduced invasive species, commonly occurring in the territory of Poland, and from the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). METHODS A total of 133 specimens of I. melis were obtained from naturally infected N. vison collected from six localities in Poland (108 samples) and 25 individuals of I. melis from A. agrarius. All sequences of the nad1 gene obtained during the present study were assembled and aligned. The standard statistics for haplotype composition, i.e., the number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and average number of nucleotide differences, were calculated. Haplotype analysis and visualization of haplotype frequency among populations were performed using a median-joining network. RESULTS Based on the samples collected from different localities in Poland, our study revealed that the overall genetic diversity of I. melis isolated from the American mink and of the striped field mouse do not differ significantly. The median-joining network showed that the three main haplotypes are in the centre of a star-like structure, with the remaining haplotypes as the satellites, reflecting the recent expansion of the populations. CONCLUSIONS The overall genetic diversity of I. melis isolated from the American mink and striped field mouse reveals a high level of homogeneity. Moreover, regional differences in the food composition of the definitive hosts play an important role in shaping the genetic structure of the trematode populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Zaleśny
- Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5B, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Gerard Kanarek
- Ornithological Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Pyrka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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Vainutis KS, Voronova AN, Urabe M, Kazarin VM. Integrative approach for discovering of the new species within the genus Allocreadium Looss, 1900 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) and framing of biogeographical hypotheses for the genus. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:189-213. [PMID: 36522565 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-022-10081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In July 2012 new Allocreadium species was isolated from Carassius gibelio caught in the Arsenyevka River, Primorsky region, Russia. Analyses on the morphometrics and internal organs' topology revealed that these worms are morphologically closest with A. isoporum but both species are independent according to high genetic distances based on the 28S gene fragment (5.434±0.0073%). Unlike A. isoporum found earlier in Europe, the new species named A. pseudoisoporum sp. nov. has a shorter body length and the vitellarium not reaching the posterior end of the body at some distance and its anterior border is on the level of the ventral sucker. Allocreadium pseudoisoporum sp. nov. differs from seven species previously found in the Russian Far East with the following features: smaller size of the body, suckers' ratio, range values, and topology of internal structures. Newly localities in the Pavlovka River and the Artyomovka River were discovered for A. khankaiensis. Morphological variability of the worms from the Pavlovka River was observed in comparison with A. khankaiensis from the Komissarovka River. Using scanning electron microscope, we examined external surfaces of three species (A. pseudoisoporum sp. nov., A. khankaiensis, A. hemibarbi) and observed structures reminiscent sensory receptors. This study was aimed to describe species diversity of allocreadiids inhabiting the south of Primorsky region, and to clarify phylogenetic relationships between the species from the genus Allocreadium Looss, 1900 using molecular genetic methods. The phylogenetic Bayesian tree based on the 28S gene showed a clear separation of ten Allocreadium species and confirmed the validity of A. pseudoisoporum sp. nov. Allocreadium pseudoisoporum sp. nov. is most similar to A. gotoi (genetic distances - 3.578±0.0051% in 28S, and 18.777±0.0149% in cox1), and represented the earliest divergent lineage in Allocreadium clade on the phylogenetic tree based on the 28S gene, thereby indicating its proximity to the ancestral node. Also, dichotomous keys for 25 Palearctic species of Allocreadium were prepared based on the morphology of the adult worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Vainutis
- Pacific Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography", 4 Alley Shevchenko, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690091. .,The Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (FESTFU), 52B Lugovaya Street, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690087. .,Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letija, 159, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690022.
| | - Anastasia N Voronova
- Pacific Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography", 4 Alley Shevchenko, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690091
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Faculty of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Vitaly M Kazarin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letija, 159, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690022
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Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Synanthropic Neozoan Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca, Linnaeus 1766) in Germany. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have shown that the transmission and passage of alien and native pathogens play a critical role in the establishment process of an invasive species and its further spread. Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) are neozotic birds on various continents. They live not only in the countryside near fresh water bodies but also in urban habitats in Central Europe with close contact to humans and their pets. Although their rapid distribution in Europe is widely debated, scientific studies on the anthropozoonotic risks of the population and studies on the present endoparasites in Egyptian geese are rare worldwide. In the present study, 114 shot Egyptian geese and 148 non-invasively collected faecal samples of wild Egyptian geese from 11 different Federal States in Germany were examined. A total of 13 metazoan endoparasite species in 12 different genera were identified. The main endoparasites found were Hystrichis tricolor, Polymorphus minutus, and, in lesser abundance, Cloacotaenia sp. and Echinuria uncinata. Adult stages of Echinostoma revolutum, an anthropozoonotic heteroxenic trematode, were found in 7.9% of the animals examined postmortem. This species was additionally identified by molecular analysis. Although Egyptian geese live in communities with native waterfowl, it appears that they have a lower parasitic load in general. The acquisition of generalistic parasites in an alien species and the associated increased risk of infection for native species is known as “spill-back” and raises the question of impacts on native waterfowl. Differences between animals from rural populations and urban populations were observed. The present study represents the first large-scale survey on gastrointestinal parasites of free-ranging Egyptian geese.
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Pool R, Shiozaki A, Raga JA, Fernández M, Aznar FJ. Molecular phylogeny of the Pseudaliidae (Nematoda) and the origin of associations between lungworms and marine mammals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2023; 20:192-202. [PMID: 36969083 PMCID: PMC10034209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Metastrongyloid lungworms from the family Pseudaliidae infect the lungs and cranial sinuses of cetaceans worldwide, except Stenuroides herpestis, which exhibits a striking terrestrial association with the Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon. Previous phylogenies of the Metastrongyloidea that included some (2-7) marine species of the Pseudaliidae confirmed that these species are closely related, but also grouped species of Parafilaroides (family Filaroididae) between the members of the Pseudaliidae. In this study we extracted DNA from representatives of all six genera of the Pseudaliidae and amplified the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) genes in order to investigate the concept of the Pseudaliidae as a monophyletic unit. Three species of Parafilaroides were also included in the analysis. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses of the concatenated genes resulted in a well-supported clade including the marine pseudaliids, S. herpestis and Parafilaroides spp. These findings validate the status of S. herpestis as a pseudaliid species and support the inclusion of Parafilaroides in the Pseudaliidae. Although males of Parafilaroides spp. lack a copulatory bursa, this trait itself is highly variable in the Pseudaliidae, which include abursate species. Furthermore, life cycles seem to be closely similar between both taxa. When all the available phylogenetic data on the Metastrongyloidea were mapped of onto a phylogeny of the Laurasiatheria, there was a strong suggestion that the Pseudaliidae may have descended from ancestors infecting terrestrial carnivores, with odontocetes being colonized in the marine realm as a result of a host-switching event from pinnipeds through shared fish prey. The origin of the association between S. herpestis and mongooses remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pool
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Akira Shiozaki
- Marine Mammal Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Aznar
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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12
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Buddhachat K, Sriuan S, Nak-On S, Chontananarth T. Differentiating paramphistome species in cattle using DNA barcoding coupled with high-resolution melting analysis (Bar-HRM). Parasitol Res 2023; 122:769-779. [PMID: 36604333 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Paramphistomosis is caused by paramphistome or amphistome parasites, including Fischoederius elongatus, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Orthocoelium parvipapillatum, and Paramphistomum epiclitum. The control and prevention of these parasite outbreaks are difficult because of the wide occurrence of these species. Besides, the clinical manifestations and their egg characteristics are similar to those of other intestinal flukes in the paramphistome group, leading to misdiagnosis. Here, we employed DNA barcoding using NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone, alpha 1) (ND1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), coupled with high-resolution melting analysis (Bar-HRM), for species differentiation. As a result, ParND1_3 and ParCOI4 resulted in positive amplification in the paramphistomes and Fasciola gigantica, with significantly different melting curves for each species. The melting temperatures of each species obtained clearly differed. Regarding sensitivity, the limit of detection (LoD) for all species of paramphistomes was 1 pg/µl. Our findings suggest that Bar-HRM using ParND1_3 is highly suitable for the differentiation of paramphistome species. This approach can be used in parasite detection and epidemiological studies in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittisak Buddhachat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Biosciences, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirikhwan Sriuan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sirapat Nak-On
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand. .,Research and Innovation Unit for Diagnosis of Medical and Veterinary Important Parasites, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
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13
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Enabulele EE, Lawton SP, Walker AJ, Kirk RS. Molecular epidemiological analyses reveal extensive connectivity between Echinostoma revolutum (sensu stricto) populations across Eurasia and species richness of zoonotic echinostomatids in England. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270672. [PMID: 36745633 PMCID: PMC9901765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinostoma revolutum (sensu stricto) is a widely distributed member of the Echinostomatidae, a cosmopolitan family of digenetic trematodes with complex life cycles involving a wide range of definitive hosts, particularly aquatic birds. Integrative taxonomic studies, notably those utilising nad1 barcoding, have been essential in discrimination of E. revolutum (s.s.) within the 'Echinostoma revolutum' species complex and investigation of its molecular diversity. No studies, however, have focussed on factors affecting population genetic structure and connectivity of E. revolutum (s.s.) in Eurasia. Here, we used morphology combined with nad1 and cox1 barcoding to determine the occurrence of E. revolutum (s.s.) and its lymnaeid hosts in England for the first time, in addition to other echinostomatid species Echinoparyphium aconiatum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum and Hypoderaeum conoideum. Analysis of genetic diversity in E. revolutum (s.s.) populations across Eurasia demonstrated haplotype sharing and gene flow, probably facilitated by migratory bird hosts. Neutrality and mismatch distribution analyses support possible recent demographic expansion of the Asian population of E. revolutum (s.s.) (nad1 sequences from Bangladesh and Thailand) and stability in European (nad1 sequences from this study, Iceland and continental Europe) and Eurasian (combined data sets from Europe and Asia) populations with evidence of sub-population structure and selection processes. This study provides new molecular evidence for a panmictic population of E. revolutum (s.s.) in Eurasia and phylogeographically expands the nad1 database for identification of echinostomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egie E. Enabulele
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Northern Faculty, Scotland’s Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth S. Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Valadão MC, Alves PV, López-Hernández D, Assis JCA, Coelho PRS, Geiger SM, Pinto HA. A new cryptic species of Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) closely related to Echinostoma paraensei found in Brazil. Parasitology 2023; 150:1-11. [PMID: 36632020 PMCID: PMC10090611 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Echinostoma paraensei, described in Brazil at the end of the 1960s and used as a biological model for a range of studies, belongs to the ‘revolutum’ complex of Echinostoma comprising species with 37 collar spines. However, molecular data are available only for a few isolates maintained under laboratory conditions, with molecular prospecting based on specimens originating from naturally infected hosts virtually lacking. The present study describes Echinostoma maldonadoi Valadão, Alves & Pinto n. sp., a species cryptically related to E. paraensei found in Brazil. Larval stages (cercariae, metacercariae and rediae) of the new species were found in the physid snail Stenophysa marmorata in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, the same geographical area where E. paraensei was originally described. Adult parasites obtained experimentally in Meriones unguiculatus were used for morphological (optical microscopy) and molecular [28S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nad1 and cox1] characterization. The morphology of larval and adult parasites (most notable the small-sized dorsal spines in the head collar), associated with low (0–0.1%) molecular divergence for 28S gene or ITS region, and only moderate divergence for the mitochondrial cox1 gene (3.83%), might suggest that the newly collected specimens should be assigned to E. paraensei. However, higher genetic divergence (6.16–6.39%) was found in the mitochondrial nad1, revealing that it is a genetically distinct, cryptic lineage. In the most informative phylogenetic reconstruction, based on nad1, E. maldonadoi n. sp. exhibited a strongly supported sister relationship with E. paraensei, which may indicate a very recent speciation event giving rise to these 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C. Valadão
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Philippe V. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Section of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordana C. A. Assis
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. S. Coelho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stefan M. Geiger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson A. Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Alcantara EP, Úngari LP, Müller MI, Ferreira-Silva C, Emmerich E, O'Dwyer LH, Silva RJ. Phylogenetic position of Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), a parasite of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 82:e263745. [PMID: 36629540 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During a parasite survey in Brazilian amphibians from São Paulo state, Brazil, Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 was found in the urinary bladder (11 adult worms) and (five juvenile worms) in the kidneys of the pepper-frog Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824). Parasites were examined by microscopy and 28S rDNA and COI gene were sequenced and analyzed for the molecular study. The phylogenetic reconstructions resulted in identical topologies with highly supported values in the nodes in most clades using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods and positioned G. parvicava in the subclade formed by species of subfamily Gorgoderinae parasitizing the urinary bladder of amphibians. Molecular phylogenetic data showed that this species is related to other species of Gorgoderina. In addition, new molecular data and the analyses of genetic distances provide extra comparative data, which can be applied in further investigations on the taxonomic status and the diversity among Gorgoderina spp. and host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Alcantara
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - L P Úngari
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M I Müller
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucão, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Unidade José Filippi, Diadema, SP, Brasil
| | - C Ferreira-Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - E Emmerich
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - L H O'Dwyer
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - R J Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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16
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Molecular and phylogenetic analysis and risk assessment of a trematode parasite, Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex Lane, 1915 with a new host record from India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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A Phylogenetic Re-Evaluation of the Stenakrine Opecoelids (Trematoda, Digenea: Opecoeloidea) with Some Taxonomic Novelties. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Opecoeloidea is a large group of xiphidiate digeneans parasitizing marine and freshwater fishes. According to the current taxonomic model, this superfamily contains only one family with numerous subfamilies. This study is devoted to the members of the Stenakrinae. Based on phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of 18S and 28S rRNA genes of stenakrine opecoelids Caudotestis dobrovolski, C. cf. dobrovolski, Hexagrammia zhukovi, Stenakron vetustum, as well as the deep-sea xiphidiate digenean Zdzitowieckitrema incognitum, which so far has had an ambiguous phylogenetic status, we erect a new opecoeloid family, the Zdzitowieckitrematidae fam. nov. The genera Holsworthotrema and Scorpidotrema are removed from the Stenakrinae to the Scorpidotrematinae subfam. nov. within the Opecoelidae. We also remove the Stenakrinae from the Opecoelidae and recognize it as a separate family within the Opecoeloidea. The Stenakridae stat. nov. is a sister taxon to a well-supported Opecoelidae. The Zdzitowieckitrematidae occupies a sister position relative to the stenakrids and the opecoelids taken together. All three families are clearly phylogenetically distinct, however convincing morphological differences are revealed only between the Zdzitowieckitrematidae and the Stenakridae and between the Opecoelidae and the Stenakridae.
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18
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The Genetic Diversity and the Divergence Time in Extant Primitive Mayfly, Siphluriscus chinensis Ulmer, 1920 Using the Mitochondrial Genome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101780. [PMID: 36292664 PMCID: PMC9601863 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Siphluriscus chinensis (Ephemeroptera: Siphluriscidae) were evaluated in specimens collected from two sites in China: Niutou Mountain, Zhejiang Province (S. chinensis NTS) and Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province (S. chinensis LGS) and were successfully sequenced. The lengths of the mt genomes of S. chinensis NTS and S. chinensis LGS were 15,904 bp (ON729390) and 15,212 bp (ON729391), respectively. However, an in-depth comparison of the two mt genomes showed significant differences between the specimens collected from the two sites. A detailed analysis of the genetic distance between S. chinensis NTS and S. chinensis LGS was undertaken to further achieve an accurate delimitation of S. chinensis. The genetic distance between S. chinensis NTS and the other three species within Siphluriscidae was a high value, above 12.2%. The two mt genomes were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence time. The results demonstrated robust differences between S. chinensis NTS and S. chinensis LGS, which revealed that a kind of cryptic species existed. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses produced well-supported phylogenetic trees that showed evolutionary relationships between Siphluriscidae (((S. chinensis HQ875717 + S. chinensis MF352165) + S. chinensis LGS) + S. chinensis NTS). The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of four species within Siphluriscidae began to diversify during the Neogene [11.80 million years ago (Mya); 95% highest posterior densities (HPD) = 6.17–19.28 Mya], and S. chinensis NTS was first to diverge from the branches of S. chinensis LGS. In short, based on mitochondrial genomes, our results showed that the specimens collected from Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province (S. chinensis LGS) belonged to S. chinensis, and the specimens collected from Niutou Mountain, Zhejiang Province (S. chinensis NTS) were a cryptic species of S. chinensis.
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Perales Macedo DMB, Díaz Pernett SC, Díaz González MG, Torres Nieves GM, Santos Flores CJ, Díaz Lameiro AM, Locke SA. Autochthonous transmission of the Indomalayan parasite, Transversotrema patialense, in the Caribbean: Molecular, morphological, and experimental evidence. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108368. [PMID: 36044962 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Asian freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata has been established since the 1960s in the Americas, where it transmits cercariae of a small number of digenetic trematode species from its native range. In 2021-2022, 24 M. tuberculata were discovered shedding transversotrematid cercariae in Puerto Rico, where parasites of this snail have not been previously studied. Adult transversotrematids (in some cases, gravid) were found on field-caught fish and on fish exposed to shedding snails, including on fish species native to Puerto Rico. Adults and cercariae were identified as Transversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924), a species native to the Indomalayan region. Morphological identification was supported with 28S rDNA sequences closely matching that from unidentified transversotrematid cercariae in Thailand. The absence of T. patialense in snails collected prior to 2021, increasing prevalence of infection in snails collected thereafter, and lack of variation in parasite DNA sequences (28S, internal transcribed spacer 2, cytochrome c oxidase I) from three isolates are consistent with a recently introduced and possibly expanding parasite population. Transversotrema patialense has been recorded outside its native range before, but most studies (including a prior record in the Americas) reported the parasite from captive hosts from commercial sources such as pet shops. The present results thus provide the first demonstration of natural transmission of T. patialense in the Americas. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S but not of ITS2 show the transversotrematid genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 is paraphyletic, with Crusziella Cribb, Bray and Barker1992 nested within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M B Perales Macedo
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Sandra C Díaz Pernett
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - María G Díaz González
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Gabriel M Torres Nieves
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Carlos J Santos Flores
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Alondra M Díaz Lameiro
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Sean A Locke
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
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20
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Ebbs ET, Loker ES, Bu L, Locke SA, Tkach VV, Devkota R, Flores VR, Pinto HA, Brant SV. Phylogenomics and Diversification of the Schistosomatidae Based on Targeted Sequence Capture of Ultra-Conserved Elements. Pathogens 2022; 11:769. [PMID: 35890014 PMCID: PMC9321907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomatidae Stiles and Hassall 1898 is a medically significant family of digenetic trematodes (Trematoda: Digenea), members of which infect mammals or birds as definitive hosts and aquatic or amphibious gastropods as intermediate hosts. Currently, there are 17 named genera, for many of which evolutionary interrelationships remain unresolved. The lack of a resolved phylogeny has encumbered our understanding of schistosomatid evolution, specifically patterns of host-use and the role of host-switching in diversification. Here, we used targeted sequence capture of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) from representatives of 13 of the 17 named genera and 11 undescribed lineages that are presumed to represent either novel genera or species to generate a phylogenomic dataset for the estimation of schistosomatid interrelationships. This study represents the largest phylogenetic effort within the Schistosomatidae in both the number of loci and breadth of taxon sampling. We present a near-comprehensive family-level phylogeny providing resolution to several clades of long-standing uncertainty within Schistosomatidae, including resolution for the placement of the North American mammalian schistosomes, implying a second separate capture of mammalian hosts. Additionally, we present evidence for the placement of Macrobilharzia at the base of the Schistosoma + Bivitellobilharzia radiation. Patterns of definitive and intermediate host use and a strong role for intermediate host-switching are discussed relative to schistosomatid diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T. Ebbs
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, The State University of New York, Purchase, NY 10577, USA
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Sean A. Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez 00681-9000, Puerto Rico;
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Grand Forks Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Ramesh Devkota
- Vance Granville Community College, Henderson, NC 27536, USA;
| | - Veronica R. Flores
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina;
| | - Hudson A. Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
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21
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Parasites of Selected Freshwater Snails in the Eastern Murray Darling Basin, Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127236. [PMID: 35742485 PMCID: PMC9223292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic snails serve an important role in the ecosystem. They also play an essential role in the life cycle of many parasites as hosts and may pose risks to animal and human health. In Australia, the role of snails in the transmission of parasites of livestock is well studied. However, despite the country’s unique biodiversity and wildlife, little is known about the role of snails in the transmission and survival of parasites in other ecosystems, including aquatic and aquaculture systems. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of parasites in freshwater snails in the eastern Murray Darling Basin. A total of 275 snails were collected from various localities, including aquaculture fishery ponds and natural creeks during the summer and autumn months in the southern hemisphere. Three different species of freshwater snails, all common to the area, were found, including Bullastra lessoni (n = 11), Isidorella hainesii (n = 157), and Haitia acuta (n = 107), of which 9.1%, 1.3%, and 4.7%, respectively, were found to be harboring various developmental stages of Trematoda. No other parasite was found in the examined snails. Parasites were identified as Choanocotyle hobbsi, Plagiorchis sp. and Petasiger sp. based on the sequences of their ITS2, 18S, and 28S ribosomal DNA region. Herein, we report a native parasite Choanocotyle hobbsi in an introduced snail, Haitia acuta, from both natural and aquaculture ponds. As there are no genetic sequences for adult specimens of Petasiger spp. and Plagiorchis spp. collected in Australia for comparison, whether the specimens collected in this study are the larval stage of one of the previously described species or are a new, undescribed species cannot yet be determined. Our results also suggest snails collected from aquaculture ponds may be infected with considerably more parasites.
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22
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Assis JCAD, Pulido-Murillo E, Melo ALD, Martins NRDS, Pinto HA. Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100701. [PMID: 35256126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Costa Alves de Assis
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças das Aves, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Valadão MC, López-Hernández D, Alves PV, Pinto HA. A new species of Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the ' revolutum' group found in Brazil: refuting the occurrence of Echinostoma miyagawai (= E. robustum) in the Americas. Parasitology 2022; 149:325-336. [PMID: 35264265 PMCID: PMC11010529 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although Echinostoma robustum (currently a synonym of E. miyagawai) was reported in the Americas based on molecular data, morphological support on adult parasites is still required. Herein, a new species of Echinostoma is described based on worms found in a chicken from Brazil. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S (1063 bp), ITS (947 bp) and Nad-1 (442 bp) datasets reveal the inclusion of the new species within Echinostoma ‘revolutum’ species complex. Moreover, it was verified the conspecificity between cercariae previously identified as E. robustum in Brazil [identical ITS and only 0.3% of divergence (1 nucleotide) in Nad-1]. Species discovery analyses show that these two isolates form an independent lineage (species) among Echinostoma spp. Compared to E. miyagawai, the new species presents relatively high divergence in Nad-1 (7.88–9.09%). Morphologically, the specimens are distinguished from all nominal species from the ‘revolutum’ species complex by the more posterior position of the testes (length of post-testicular field as a proportion of body length about 20%). They further differ from E. miyagawai and South American Echinostoma spp. by the higher proportion of forebody to the body length. Therefore, combined molecular and morphological evidence supports the proposal of the species named here as Echinostoma pseudorobustum sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C. Valadão
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Philippe V. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson A. Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chan AHE, Saralamba N, Saralamba S, Ruangsittichai J, Thaenkham U. The potential use of mitochondrial ribosomal genes (12S and 16S) in DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of trematodes. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:104. [PMID: 35130837 PMCID: PMC8822746 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic markers like the nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, internal transcribed spacer regions, mitochondrial protein-coding genes, and genomes have been utilized for molecular identification of parasitic trematodes. However, challenges such as the design of broadly applicable primers for the vast number of species within Digenea and the genetic markers’ ability to provide sufficient species-level resolution limited their utility. This study presented novel and broadly applicable primers using the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes for Digenea and aimed to show their suitability as alternative genetic markers for molecular identification of orders Plagiorchiida, Echinostomida, and Strigeida. Results Our results revealed that the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes are suitable for trematode molecular identification, with sufficient resolution to discriminate closely related species and achieve accurate species identification through phylogenetic placements. Moreover, the robustness of our newly designed primers to amplify medically important parasitic trematodes encompassing three orders was demonstrated through successful amplification. The convenience and applicability of the newly designed primers and adequate genetic variation of the mitochondrial rRNA genes can be useful as complementary markers for trematode molecular-based studies. Conclusions We demonstrated that the mitochondrial rRNA genes could be alternative genetic markers robust for trematode molecular identification and potentially helpful for DNA barcoding where our primers can be widely applied across the major Digenea orders. Furthermore, the potential of the mitochondrial rRNA genes for molecular systematics can be explored, enhancing their appeal for trematode molecular-based studies. The novelty of utilizing the mitochondrial rRNA genes and the designed primers in this study can potentially open avenues for species identification, discovery, and systematics in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08302-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hui En Chan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Saralamba
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompob Saralamba
- Mathematical and Economic Modelling (MAEMOD), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Cháves-González LE, Morales-Calvo F, Mora J, Solano-Barquero A, Verocai GG, Rojas A. What lies behind the curtain: Cryptic diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100094. [PMID: 35800064 PMCID: PMC9253710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasite cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct organisms, leading to taxa with unclear species boundaries. Speciation mechanisms such as cospeciation, host colonization, taxon pulse, and oscillation may lead to the emergence of cryptic species, influencing host-parasite interactions, parasite ecology, distribution, and biodiversity. The study of cryptic species diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance has gained relevance, since their distribution may affect clinical and epidemiological features such as pathogenicity, virulence, drug resistance and susceptibility, mortality, and morbidity, ultimately affecting patient management, course, and outcome of treatment. At the same time, the need for recognition of cryptic species diversity has implied a transition from morphological to molecular diagnostic methods, which are becoming more available and accessible in parasitology. Here, we discuss the general approaches for cryptic species delineation and summarize some examples found in nematodes, trematodes and cestodes of medical and veterinary importance, along with the clinical implications of their taxonomic status. Lastly, we highlight the need for the correct interpretation of molecular information, and the correct use of definitions when reporting or describing new cryptic species in parasitology, since molecular and morphological data should be integrated whenever possible. Cryptic diversity has been described in helminths of human and animal importance. Cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct organisms. These entities emerge by different evolutionary and speciation mechanisms. Analysis of molecular and morphological data is needed for cryptic species delimitation. Cryptic diversity may affect pathogenicity, virulence and drug resistance of helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Cháves-González
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Morales-Calvo
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Mora
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Solano-Barquero
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guilherme G. Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Corresponding author. Twitter icon
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Comparative Comprehensive Analysis on Natural Infections of Hymenolepis Diminuta and Hymenolepis Nana in Commensal Rodents. Helminthologia 2021; 58:248-262. [PMID: 34934388 PMCID: PMC8647958 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This first comprehensive report from Punjab province of India relates to patho-physiological alterations alongwith morpho-molecular characterisation and risk assessment of natural infections of Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana in 291commensal rodents including house rat, Rattus rattus (n=201) and lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bangalensis (n=90). Small intestine of 53.61 and 64.95 % rats was found infected with H. diminuta and H. nana, respectively with a concurrent infection rate of 50.86 %. There was no association between male and female rats and H. diminuta and H. nana infections (ᵡ2 = 0.016 and 0.08, respectively, d.f.= 1, P>0.05), while the host age had significant effect on prevalence of H. diminuta and H. nana (ᵡ2 = 28.12 and 7.18, respectively, d.f.= 1, P≤0.05) infection. Examination of faecal samples and intestinal contents revealed globular shaped eggs of H. diminuta without polar filaments (76.50 ± 3.01μm x 67.62 ± 2.42 μm), while smaller sized oval eggs of H. nana were with 4 – 8 polar filaments (47.87 ± 1.95 μm x 36.12 ± 3.05 μm). Cestode infection caused enteritis, sloughing of intestinal mucosa, necrosis of villi and inflammatory reaction with infiltration of mononuclear cells in the mucosa and submucosa. Morphometric identification of the adult cestodes recovered from the intestinal lumen was confirmed by molecular characterisation based on nuclear ITS-2 loci which showed a single band of 269 bp and 242 bp for H. diminuta and H. nana, respectively. Pairwise alignment of the ITS-2 regions showed 99.46 % similarity with sequences of H. diminuta from USA and 100 % similarity with sequences of H. nana from Slovakia, Kosice.
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Bia MM, Choe S, Ndosi BA, Park H, Kang Y, Eamudomkarn C, Nath TC, Kim S, Jeon HK, Lee D, Eom KS. Genotypes of Echinococcus Species from Cattle in Tanzania. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:457-464. [PMID: 34724764 PMCID: PMC8561054 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus species. Tanzania is one of the endemic countries with cystic echinococcosis. This study focussed on identifying genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania. We collected 7 cysts from cattle in Mwanza municipal (n=4) and Loliondo district (n=3). The cysts from Mwanza were all E. ortleppi and fertile. In contrast, the cysts from Loliondo were all E. granulosus sensu stricto and sterile. Two from the 4 cysts were a new haplotype of E. ortleppi (G5). These results can improve the preventive and control programs for humans and livestock in Tanzania. To our knowledge, this study is considered the first to identify the genotype and haplotype of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Barakaeli Abdieli Ndosi
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority, P.O. Box 2658 Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yeseul Kang
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Sunmin Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Pholeter gastrophilus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae), a parasite of dolphins from Brazilian waters. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Franceschini L, Aguiar A, Zago AC, de Oliveira Fadel Yamada P, Bertholdi Ebert M, da Silva RJ. Three new species of Creptotrema (Trematoda, Allocreadiidae) with an amended diagnosis of the genus and reassignment of Auriculostoma (Allocreadiidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:69. [PMID: 34643505 PMCID: PMC8513519 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of Creptotrema was investigated using morphological and molecular tools, including data for Creptotrema creptotrema (type-species). Three new species, parasites of Brazilian fishes, are described: Creptotrema conconae n. sp. (type-host, Imparfinis mirini Haseman), Creptotrema schubarti n. sp. (type-host, Characidium schubarti Travassos) and Creptotrema megacetabularis n. sp. (type-host, Auchenipterus osteomystax (Miranda Ribeiro)). The diagnosis of the genus was amended to include new features. The new species differ from each other mainly in terms of body shape, relative sucker size, and testes position. DNA sequences were obtained from Creptotrema spp. from Brazil, including 28S, ITS and COI. Genetic divergences among the new species and C. creptotrema varied from 2.1 to 5.2% (21–49 bp) for 28S, and 6.6 to 16.4% (21–45 bp) for COI. Phylogenetic analysis (28S) placed the newly generated DNA sequences of Creptotrema in a clade (Creptotrema clade sensu stricto) composed of C. creptotrema, the new species described herein, and all species previously described as Auriculostoma, revealing that Auriculostoma is best interpreted as a synonym of Creptotrema based on the principle of priority of zoological nomenclature. Creptotrema funduli, the single sequence of the genus previously available, was not grouped within the Creptotrema clade sensu stricto, suggesting the need for reevaluation of the taxonomic status of this species. Our results showed that Creptotrema represents a monophyletic genus of trematodes widely distributed across the Americas, which currently comprises 19 valid species of parasites of teleosts and anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Franceschini
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Section of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, n° 250, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Aline Aguiar
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biodiversity, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Zago
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Section of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, n° 250, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Priscilla de Oliveira Fadel Yamada
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Section of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, n° 250, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bertholdi Ebert
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Section of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, n° 250, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Section of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, n° 250, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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Assis JCA, López-Hernández D, Favoretto S, Medeiros LB, Melo AL, Martins NRS, Pinto HA. Identification of the avian tracheal trematode Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) in a host-parasite-environment system: diagnosis, life cycle and molecular phylogeny. Parasitology 2021; 148:1383-1391. [PMID: 34103107 PMCID: PMC11010135 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Typhlocoelum cucumerinum is a tracheal parasite of birds widely distributed across the globe. Nevertheless, aspects of the biology of this cyclocoelid are still poorly understood. Herein, we report the finding of T. cucumerinum in definitive and intermediate hosts from an urban waterbody of Brazil. The parasite was initially detected during the necropsy of domestic Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) found dead in the locality. Coproparasitological tests in live animals revealed that 12/47 (25.53%) Muscovy ducks and 2/8 (25%) mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) were infected with T. cucumerinum. Moreover, rediae and metacercariae morphologically similar to T. cucumerinum were found in 3/248 (1.33%) Biomphalaria straminea collected in the same waterbody frequented by the birds. The conspecificity between the adult and the larval stages was confirmed molecularly (100% similarity in Cox-1). Moreover, the phylogenetic position of T. cucumerinum was determined for the first time based on partial fragments of the 28S, Cox-1 and Nad-1 genes. The species grouped with other members of the subfamily Typhlocoelinae with sequences available, but the data obtained do not support the distinctiveness of the genera Typhlocoelum and Tracheophilus. Further studies involving a broader range of species can result in taxonomic rearrangements in Typhlocoelinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana C. A. Assis
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samantha Favoretto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Lilian B. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Doenças das Aves, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alan L. Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson R. S. Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças das Aves, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson A. Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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31
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Izrailskaia AV, Besprozvannykh VV, Tatonova YV. Echinostoma chankensis nom. nov., other Echinostoma spp. and Isthmiophora hortensis in East Asia: morphology, molecular data and phylogeny within Echinostomatidae. Parasitology 2021; 148:1366-1382. [PMID: 34103113 PMCID: PMC11010142 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Life cycles, and morphological and molecular data were obtained for Echinostoma chankensis nom. nov., Echinostoma cinetorchis, Echinostoma miyagawai and Isthmiophora hortensis from East Asia. It was established that, based on both life cycle and morphology data, one of the trematodes is identical to the worms designated as Euparyphium amurensis. Genetic data showed that this trematode belongs to Echinostoma. The complex data on biological, morphological and genetic characterizations establish that the distribution of the morphologically similar species, I. hortensis and Isthmiophora melis, in the Old World are limited by the East Asian and European regions, respectively. Data on mature worms of East Asian E. miyagawai revealed morphological and genetic identity with E. miyagawai from Europe. However, E. miyagawai from Europe differs from E. miyagawai from the type locality (East Asia) in terms of reaching maturity and the morphology of cercariae. These data indicate that the European worm, designated E. miyagawai, does not belong to this species. An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Echinostomatidae was conducted based on the 28S, ITS2 and nad1 markers. Analysis using the nad1 gene for the known representatives of Echinostomatidae is carried out for the first time, showing that nuclear markers are ineffective separate from mitochondrial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Izrailskaia
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 100-letiya Street, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Sukhanova, 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Besprozvannykh
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 100-letiya Street, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V. Tatonova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 100-letiya Street, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Sukhanova, 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation
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Chibwana F, Katandukila J. Occurrence of echinostomatoids (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) in Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea): first insights into the DNA barcodes from Lake Victoria, Tanzania. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2021.1958056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chibwana
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jestina Katandukila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Pantoja C, Faltýnková A, O'Dwyer K, Jouet D, Skírnisson K, Kudlai O. Diversity of echinostomes (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in their snail hosts at high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:59. [PMID: 34319230 PMCID: PMC8336728 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems globally still leaves much to be discovered, not least in the trematode parasite fauna they support. Echinostome trematode parasites have complex, multiple-host life-cycles, often involving migratory bird definitive hosts, thus leading to widespread distributions. Here, we examined the echinostome diversity in freshwater ecosystems at high latitude locations in Iceland, Finland, Ireland and Alaska (USA). We report 14 echinostome species identified morphologically and molecularly from analyses of nad1 and 28S rDNA sequence data. We found echinostomes parasitising snails of 11 species from the families Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae, Physidae and Valvatidae. The number of echinostome species in different hosts did not vary greatly and ranged from one to three species. Of these 14 trematode species, we discovered four species (Echinoparyphium sp. 1, Echinoparyphium sp. 2, Neopetasiger sp. 5, and Echinostomatidae gen. sp.) as novel in Europe; we provide descriptions for the newly recorded species and those not previously associated with DNA sequences. Two species from Iceland (Neopetasiger islandicus and Echinoparyphium sp. 2) were recorded in both Iceland and North America. All species found in Ireland are new records for this country. Via an integrative taxonomic approach taken, both morphological and molecular data are provided for comparison with future studies to elucidate many of the unknown parasite life cycles and transmission routes. Our reports of species distributions spanning Europe and North America highlight the need for parasite biodiversity assessments across large geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic - Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anna Faltýnková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katie O'Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Damien Jouet
- BioSpecT EA7506, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic - Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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First Report of Blood Fluke Pathogens with Potential Risk for Emerging Yellowtail Kingfish ( Seriola lalandi) Aquaculture on the Chilean Coast, with Descriptions of Two New Species of Paradeontacylix (Aporocotylidae). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070849. [PMID: 34357999 PMCID: PMC8308527 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flukes are digeneans that infect wild and farmed fish that can cause a severe and potentially lethal disease in farmed fish. These parasites are undetectable in the larval stage based on macroscopic observations in the definitive host with the infection becoming evident when eggs accumulate in the branchial vessels. There are nine known species of the genus Paradeontacylix and seven exclusively parasitize Seriola spp. from several geographical areas. Seriola lalandi aquaculture farms are emerging at various localities in northern Chile. Here, we report, for the first time, two blood fluke species parasitizing S. lalandi in the Southeastern Pacific (Chile). In the laboratory, the gills and heart of fish were removed. The retained blood flukes were separated according to the infection site, fixed in 70% or 95% ethanol for taxonomic and molecular analysis, respectively. Morphometrical differences among the fluke species were evaluated with a principal component analysis (PCA) using proportional body measurements. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on 28S rDNA, cox1 mDNA using Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML). Based on morphology, morphometry, and molecular analyses, two new species are proposed: P. humboldti n. sp. from the gills and P. olivai n. sp. from the heart of S. lalandi. Both were clearly distinguished from other species of Paradeontacylix by a combination of morphologic features (posterior tegumental spines, testes arrangement, body size). The genetic distance (based on cox1) among species was >10%. P. humboldti n. sp. and P. olivai n. sp. are sister species (with a common ancestor) independent of P. godfreyi from S. lalandi in Australia. The newly identified parasites may pose a risk to farmed S. lalandi as aporocotylids have been the cause of diseases in farmed fish from other geographical areas. In addition, some cages of S. lalandi are currently maintained in an open circulating system, which could favor the transmission of these parasites (if involved hosts are present in the environment).
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Achatz TJ, Bennett DM, Martens JR, Sorensen RE, Nelson RG, Bates KM, Serbina EA, Tkach VV. DESCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF A NEW SPECIES OF NEOPSILOTREMA (DIGENEA: PSILOSTOMIDAE) FROM LESSER SCAUP, AYTHYA AFFINIS (ANSERIFORMES: ANATIDAE). J Parasitol 2021; 107:566-574. [PMID: 34310683 DOI: 10.1645/21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neopsilotrema is a small genus of psilostomid digeneans parasitic in the intestine of birds in the Palearctic and Nearctic. At present, the genus includes 4 species: Neopsilotrema lisitsynae from the Palearctic and Neopsilotrema affine, Neopsilotrema lakotae, and Neopsilotrema marilae from the Nearctic. Herein, we describe a new species, Neopsilotrema itascae n. sp., from lesser scaup Aythya affinis collected in Minnesota. The species can be distinguished from congeners on the basis of the ventral sucker:oral sucker width ratio, body width:length ratio, and cirrus sac size, along with other characters. We generated new 28S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and NADH dehydrogenase (ND1) mitochondrial DNA sequence data of a variety of psilostomids from the Palearctic and Nearctic along with sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) from 3 Neopsilotrema species. The molecular phylogenetic affinities of a variety of psilostomid taxa were studied using 28S sequence data. The 28S sequences of psilostomids demonstrated 1-7.9% intergeneric divergence, whereas the sequences of ND1 had 17.7-34.1% intergeneric divergence. The interspecific divergence among members of Neopsilotrema was somewhat lower (0.2-0.5% in 28S; 0.3-0.4% in ITS; 12-15.7% in ND1). Our comparison of DNA sequences along with morphologic study suggests Holarctic distribution of N. lisitsynae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Dana M Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University Mankato, Trafton Science Center S, Mankato, Minnesota 56001
| | - Jakson R Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Robert E Sorensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University Mankato, Trafton Science Center S, Mankato, Minnesota 56001
| | - Roy G Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Kimberly M Bates
- Department of Biology, Winona State University, Pasteur Hall, Winona, Minnesota 55987
| | - Elena A Serbina
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Frunze Street, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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Vainutis KS, Voronova AN, Urabe M. Systematics of Crepidostomum species from the Russian Far East and northern Japan, with description of a new species and validation of the genus Stephanophiala. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102412. [PMID: 34166787 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current article touched upon the issue of the complicated taxonomic status of some species from the genus Crepidostomum collected from the freshwater fish in the rivers of Primorsky region, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido Islands. Primary morphological analyses showed affiliation of the worms to the species C. farionis (Müller, 1784) Lühe, 1909; C. metoecus Braun, 1900b; C. chaenogobii Yamaguti and Matsumura, 1942; C. nemachilus Krotov, 1959. We described the new species Crepidostomum achmerovi sp. nov. that is a sibling species of C. nemachilus. Molecular-genetic investigation have shown that C. nemachilus and C. achmerovi sp. nov. are closely related to C. metoecus in both 28S rDNA and cox1 mtDNA markers. Crepidostomum nemachilus forms a separate branch within the C. metoecus clade on the 28S BI tree with strong statistical support and separate clade in relation to C. metoecus clade on the cox1 BI tree. Values of p-distances between Crepidostomum species were at intergeneric level. Crepidostomum metoecus species complex including five species (C. metoecus, C. nemachilus, C. oschmarini, C. brinkmanni, and C. achmerovi sp. nov.) was reconsidered as independent genus Crepidostomum sensu stricto. Minimum Spanning Network showed that C. nemachilus, C. metoecus and C. achmerovi sp. nov. were separated by large number of mutational events and represent independent phyletic lines. An amended diagnosis is provided for the subfamily Crepidostomatinae, the genera Crepidostomum s. str. and Stephanophiala Nicoll, 1909, along with keys to species of both genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Vainutis
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the RAS, pr. 100-letija, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Anastasia N Voronova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the RAS, pr. 100-letija, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
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Nakao M, Sasaki M. Trematode diversity in freshwater snails from a stopover point for migratory waterfowls in Hokkaido, Japan: An assessment by molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102329. [PMID: 33753234 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cryptic diversity of trematodes was evaluated in the Nagayama-Shinkawa River, an artificial canal of the Ishikari River System of Hokkaido, Japan. Numerous migratory waterfowls use the canal as a stopover point in every spring season. The lymnaeid snail, Radix auricularia, and the semisulcospirid snail, Semisulcospira libertina, colonize the static and flowing water areas, respectively. The trematode fauna of the two snails was assessed by molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Each of distinctive clades in mitochondrial DNA trees was arbitrarily set as a species. In total, 14 species of the families Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Notocotylidae, Plagiorchiidae, and Strigeidae occurred in R. auricularia, wherease S. libertina harbored 10 species of the families Echinochasmidae, Heterophyidae, Notocotylidae, and Lecithodendridae and Cercaria creta, an unclassified species whose adult stage is still unknown. The species diversity of the larval trematodes could be recognized as a "hot spot", suggesting that the seasonal visit of waterfowls is very important to spread trematodes and to keep their diversity. A high intraspecific genetic diversity was observed in the echinostomatid, notocotylid, echinochasmid, and heterophyid species, whose definitive hosts include birds. It seems likely that each of the parasite populations is always disturbed by repeated visits of waterfowls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Locke SA, Drago FB, López-Hernández D, Chibwana FD, Núñez V, Van Dam A, Achinelly MF, Johnson PTJ, de Assis JCA, de Melo AL, Pinto HA. Intercontinental distributions, phylogenetic position and life cycles of species of Apharyngostrigea (Digenea, Diplostomoidea) illuminated with morphological, experimental, molecular and genomic data. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:667-683. [PMID: 33716019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to molecular study, species of digeneans believed to be cosmopolitan are usually found to consist of complexes of species with narrower distributions. We present molecular and morphological evidence of transcontinental distributions in two species of Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1924, based on samples from Africa and the Americas. Sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I and, in some samples, internal transcribed spacer, revealed Apharyngostrigea pipientis (Faust, 1918) in Tanzania (first known African record), Argentina, Brazil, USA and Canada. Sequences from A. pipientis also match previously published sequences identified as Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800) originating in Mexico. Hosts of A. pipientis surveyed include definitive hosts from the Afrotropic, Neotropic and Nearctic, as well as first and second intermediate hosts from the Americas, including the type host and type region. In addition, metacercariae of A. pipientis were obtained from experimentally infected Poecilia reticulata, the first known record of this parasite in a non-amphibian second intermediate host. Variation in cytochrome c oxidase I haplotypes in A. pipientis is consistent with a long established, wide-ranging species with moderate genetic structure among Nearctic, Neotropic and Afrotropic regions. We attribute this to natural dispersal by birds and find no evidence of anthropogenic introductions of exotic host species. Sequences of CO1 and ITS from adult Apharyngostrigea simplex (Johnston, 1904) from Egretta thula in Argentina matched published data from cercariae from Biomphalaria straminea from Brazil and metacercariae from Cnesterodon decemmaculatus in Argentina, consistent with previous morphological and life-cycle studies reporting this parasite-originally described in Australia-in South America. Analyses of the mitochondrial genome and rDNA operon from A. pipientis support prior phylogenies based on shorter markers showing the Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 to be polyphyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, USA.
| | - Fabiana B Drago
- Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fred D Chibwana
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Verónica Núñez
- Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Van Dam
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, USA
| | | | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jordana Costa Alves de Assis
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chai JY, Jung BK, Chang T, Shin H, Cho J, Ryu JY, Kim HS, Park K, Jeong MH, Hoang EH, Abdullah MBM. Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Echinostomatidae) from Ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia with Special Reference to Its Synonymy with Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:35-45. [PMID: 33684985 PMCID: PMC7939967 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult echinostomes having 37 collar spines collected from the intestine of Pitalah ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia in 2018 were morphologically and molecularly determined to be Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Among 20 ducks examined, 7 (35.0%) were found to be infected with this echinostome, and the number of flukes collected was 48 in total with average 6.9 (1-17) worms per duck. The adult flukes were 7.2 (6.1-8.5) mm in length and 1.2 (1.0-1.4) mm in width (pre-ovarian or testicular level) and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternating rows), including 5 end group spines, and variable morphology of the testes, irregularly or deeply lobed (3-5 lobes) at times with horizontal extension. The eggs within the worm uterus were 93 (79-105) µm long and 62 (56-70) µm wide. These morphological features were consistent with both E. miyagawai and Echinostoma robustum, for which synonymy to each other has been raised. Sequencing of 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed high homology with E. miyagawai (98.6-100% for cox1 and 99.0-99.8% for nad1) and also with E. robustum (99.3-99.8% for nad1) deposited in GenBank. We accepted the synonymy between the 2 species and diagnosed our flukes as E. miyagawai (syn. E. robustum) with redescription of its morphology. Further studies are required to determine the biological characteristics of E. miyagawai in Aceh Province, Indonesia, including the intermediate host and larval stage information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyejoo Shin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jin-Youp Ryu
- Bureau of Health Examination and Management, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Bureau of Health Examination and Management, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Park
- Bureau of Health Examination and Management, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Mun-Hyoo Jeong
- Bureau of Health Examination and Management, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Eui-Hyug Hoang
- Bureau of Health Examination and Management, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
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Dunghungzin C, Chontananarth T. The prevalence of cercarial infection and development of a duplex PCR for detection of the cercarial stage of Haplorchis taichui and H. pumilio in first intermediate hosts from Chai Nat province, Thailand. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105795. [PMID: 33310080 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cercarial infections in freshwater snails collected from the Chai Nat province of Central Thailand. Moreover, we aimed to develop a duplex PCR technique, using the ITS2 and candidate MT-ND1 gene, to determine the dissemination of H. taichui and H. pumilio, respectively. Six types of cercariae were discovered with an overall prevalence of 4.71% (59/1,252). The parapleurolophocercous cercariae were demonstrated to be the dominant type, infecting only Melanoides tuberculata snails. The duplex PCR was optimized for specific amplification of ITS2 for H. taichui (115 bp) and MT-ND1 for H. pumilio (335 bp). Both specific primers confirmed the specificity of the duplex PCR reaction, with no cross-reactivity with other heterophyids or related species. In addition, this duplex PCR could be used to detect co-infection at a concentration of 3.0 ng/µL. For the molecular identification, 9 of 22 parapleurolophocercous cercaria specimens in Chai Nat province generated the specific DNA fragment of H. pumilio. These results proved that the MT-ND1 gene is a species-specific method for heterophyid detection and provides a rapid method for identification based on larval and adult stages of H. taichui and H. pumilio in their intermediate and/or definitive hosts in the infected area.
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Abraham JS, Somasundaram S, Maurya S, Gupta R, Makhija S, Toteja R. Characterization of Euplotes lynni nov. spec., E. indica nov. spec. and description of E. aediculatus and E. woodruffi (Ciliophora, Euplotidae) using an integrative approach. Eur J Protistol 2021; 79:125779. [PMID: 33706203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four species belonging to the genus Euplotes have been investigated, namely: E. lynni nov. spec., E. indica nov. spec., E. aediculatus, and E. woodruffi. All populations are from India and were investigated using morphological and molecular markers. The phylogenetic relationships were inferred from small subunit ribosomal rRNA gene (SSU rRNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Predicted secondary structure models for two new species using the hypervariable region of the SSU rRNA gene and ITS2 region support the distinctness of both species. Morphological characters were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic variations were studied in-depth to analyze the relatedness of the two new species with their congeners. An integrative approach combining morphological features, molecular analysis, and ecological characteristics was carried out to understand the phylogenetic position of the reported species within the different clades of the genus Euplotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Susan Abraham
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sripoorna Somasundaram
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Swati Maurya
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Bapu Dham, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Seema Makhija
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India.
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Chai JY, Sohn WM, Cho J, Jung BK, Chang T, Lee KH, Khieu V, Huy R. Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:47-53. [PMID: 33684986 PMCID: PMC7939970 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma mekongi was reported as a new species in 2020 based on specimens collected from humans in Kratie and Takeo Province, Cambodia. In the present study, its metacercarial stage has been discovered in Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis snails purchased from a local market nearby the Tonle Sap Lake, Pursat Province, Cambodia. The metacercariae were fed orally to an experimental hamster, and adult flukes were recovered at day 20 post-infection. They were morphologically examined using light and scanning electron microscopes and molecularly analyzed by sequencing of their mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes. A total of 115 metacercariae (1-8 per snail) were detected in 60 (60.0%) out of 100 Filopaludina snails examined. The metacercariae were round, 174 µm in average diameter (163-190 µm in range), having a thin cyst wall, a head collar armed with 37 collar spines, and characteristic excretory granules. The adult flukes were elongated, ventrally curved, 7.3 (6.4-8.2)×1.4 (1.1-1.7) mm in size, and equipped with 37 collar spines on the head collar (dorsal spines in 2 alternating rows), being consistent with E. mekongi. In phylogenetic analyses, the adult flukes showed 99.0-100% homology based on cox1 sequences and 98.9-99.7% homology based on nad1 sequences with E. mekongi. The results evidenced that F. martensi cambodjensis snails act as the second intermediate host of E. mekongi, and hamsters can be used as a suitable experimental definitive host. As local people favor to eat undercooked snails, these snails seem to be an important source of human infection with E. mekongi in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Keon Hoon Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Pyrka E, Kanarek G, Zaleśny G, Hildebrand J. Leeches as the intermediate host for strigeid trematodes: genetic diversity and taxonomy of the genera Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Cotylurus Szidat, 1928. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:44. [PMID: 33436032 PMCID: PMC7805170 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leeches (Hirudinida) play a significant role as intermediate hosts in the circulation of trematodes in the aquatic environment. However, species richness and the molecular diversity and phylogeny of larval stages of strigeid trematodes (tetracotyle) occurring in this group of aquatic invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we report our use of recently obtained sequences of several molecular markers to analyse some aspects of the ecology, taxonomy and phylogeny of the genera Australapatemon and Cotylurus, which utilise leeches as intermediate hosts. Methods From April 2017 to September 2018, 153 leeches were collected from several sampling stations in small rivers with slow-flowing waters and related drainage canals located in three regions of Poland. The distinctive forms of tetracotyle metacercariae collected from leeches supplemented with adult Strigeidae specimens sampled from a wide range of water birds were analysed using the 28S rDNA partial gene, the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) region and the cytochrome c oxidase (COI) fragment. Results Among investigated leeches, metacercariae of the tetracotyle type were detected in the parenchyma and musculature of 62 specimens (prevalence 40.5%) with a mean intensity reaching 19.9 individuals. The taxonomic generic affiliation of metacercariae derived from the leeches revealed the occurrence of two strigeid genera: Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Cotylurus Szidat, 1928. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the partial 28S rRNA gene, ITS2 region and partial COI gene confirmed the separation of the Australapatemon and Cotylurus clades. Taking currently available molecular data and our results into consideration, recently sequenced tetracotyle of Australapatemon represents most probably Au. minor; however, unclear phylogenetic relationships between Au. burti and Au. minor reduce the reliability of this conclusion. On the other hand, on the basis of the obtained sequences, supplemented with previously published data, the metacercariae of Cotylurus detected in leeches were identified as two species: C. strigeoides Dubois, 1958 and C. syrius Dubois, 1934. This is the first record of C. syrius from the intermediate host. Conclusions The results of this study suggest the separation of ecological niches and life cycles between C. cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) and C. strigeoides/C. syrius, with potential serious evolutionary consequences for a wide range of host–parasite relationships. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses corroborated the polyphyletic character of C. syrius, the unclear status of C. cornutus and the separate position of Cotylurus raabei Bezubik, 1958 within Cotylurus. The data demonstrate the inconsistent taxonomic status of the sequenced tetracotyle of Australapatemon, resulting, in our opinion, from the limited availability of fully reliable, comparative sequences of related taxa in GenBank.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pyrka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gerard Kanarek
- Ornithological Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Zaleśny
- Department of Systematic and Ecology of Invertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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Schultz JH, Bu L, Kamel B, Adema CM. RNA-seq: The early response of the snail Physella acuta to the digenetic trematode Echinostoma paraensei. J Parasitol 2021; 106:490-505. [PMID: 32726421 DOI: 10.1645/19-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the response of the snail Physella acuta to Echinostoma paraensei, a compatible digenetic trematode, Illumina RNA-seq data were collected from snails with early infection (5 snails at 2 days post-exposure [DPE]) and established infection (4 snails, 8 DPE), and 7 control (unexposed) snails. A reference transcriptome (325,563 transcripts, including 98% of eukaryotic universal single-copy orthologs; BUSCO) and a draft P. acuta genome (employing available genomic Illumina reads; 799,945 scaffolds, includes 88% BUSCO genes) were assembled to guide RNA-seq analyses. Parasite exposure of P. acuta led to 10,195 differentially expressed (DE) genes at 2 DPE and 8,876 DE genes at 8 DPE with only 18% of up-regulated and 22% of down-regulated sequences shared between these time points. Gene ontology (GO) analysis yielded functional annotation of only 1.2% of DE genes but did not indicate major changes in biological activities of P. acuta between 2 and 8 DPE. Increased insights were achieved by analysis of expression profiles of 460 immune-relevant DE transcripts, identified by BLAST and InterProScan. Physella acuta has expanded gene families that encode immune-relevant domains, including CD109/TEP, GTPase IMAP, Limulus agglutination factor (dermatopontin), FReD (≥82 sequences with fibrinogen-related domains), and transcripts that combine C-type lectin (C-LECT) and C1q domains, novel among metazoa. Notably, P. acuta expressed sequences from these immune gene families at all time points, but the assemblages of unique transcripts from particular immune gene families differed between 2 and 8 DPE. The shift in profiles of DE immune genes, from early exposure to parasite establishment, suggests that compatible P. acuta initially respond to infection but switch to express immune genes that likely are less effective against E. paraensei but counter other types of (opportunistic) pathogens and parasites. We propose that the latter expression profile is part of an extended phenotype of E. paraensei, imposed upon P. acuta through parasite manipulation of the host, following successful parasite establishment in the snail after 2 DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Schultz
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Bishoy Kamel
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Coen M Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Butboonchoo P, Wongsawad C, Wongsawad P, Chai JY. Morphology and Molecular Identification of Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma macrorchis in Freshwater Snails and Experimental Hamsters in Upper Northern Thailand. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:499-511. [PMID: 33202502 PMCID: PMC7672236 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostome metacercariae were investigated in freshwater snails from 26 districts in 7 provinces of upper northern Thailand. The species identification was carried out based on the morphologies of the metacercariae and adult flukes harvested from experimental hamsters, and on nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Twenty-four out of 26 districts were found to be infected with echinostome metacercariae in freshwater snails with the prevalence of 40.4%. The metacercariae were found in all 6 species of snails, including Filopaludina martensi martensi (21.9%), Filopaludina doliaris (50.8%), F. sumatrensis polygramma (61.3%), Bithynia siamensis siamensis (14.5%), Bithynia pulchella (38.0%), and Anenthome helena (4.9%). The echinostome metacercariae found in these snails were identified as Echinostoma revolutum (37-collar-spined) and Echinostoma macrorchis (45-collar-spined) morphologically and molecularly. The 2-week-old adult flukes of E. revolutum revealed unique features of the cirrus sac extending to middle of the ventral sucker and smooth testes. E. macrorchis adults revealed the cirrus sac close to the right lateral margin of the ventral sucker and 2 large and elliptical testes with slight indentations and pointed posterior end of the posterior testis. The ITS2 and nad1 sequences confirmed the species identification of E. revolutum, and the sequences of E. macrorchis have been deposited for the first time in GenBank. The presence of the life cycle of E. macrorchis is a new record in Thailand and the snail F. doliaris as their second intermediate host seems to be new among the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaporn Butboonchoo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chalobol Wongsawad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pheravut Wongsawad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Economic Plant Genome Service Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion (KAHP), Seoul 07649, Korea
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Biswas PG, Ohari Y, Mohanta UK, Itagaki T. Molecular characterization of Oxyspirura mansoni and Philophthalmus gralli collected from the eyes of domestic chickens in Bangladesh. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102243. [PMID: 33186725 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of helminths have been found in domestic chickens in Bangladesh, but little is known about their gene sequences. Here, parasitic nematodes and trematodes were collected from the eyes of domestic chickens and analyzed for their morphological and morphometric characteristics, and characterized molecularly. The helminths were identified as Oxyspirura mansoni and Philophthalmus gralli. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of O. mansoni were 532 bp and 306 bp in length, respectively, and showed low identity (50.7-62.7%) with those of O. petrowi and O. conjunctivalis. Furthermore, the O. mansoni CO1 sequences (393 bp) showed five haplotypes (97.5-99.5% similarity) that formed a monophyletic clade. With respect to P. gralli, the ITS1 (452 bp) and ITS2 (736 bp) sequences showed 100% similarity with the reference sequences in GenBank. Both the ND1 and CO1 phylograms showed that P. gralli from Bangladesh, Costa Rica and Peru form a monophyletic clade, distinct from the clades of P. lucipetus and P. lacrymosus. Our data show that, Philophthalmus gralli isolates from Bangladesh, Costa Rica and Peru are genetically close to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peru Gopal Biswas
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Uday Kumar Mohanta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Ebert MB, Fernández M, Valente ALS, Cremer MJ, de Castilho PV, da Silva RJ. Ascocotyle longa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) infecting dolphins from the Atlantic Ocean. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:347-353. [PMID: 33169307 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the infection of dolphins with Ascocotyle longa found in the intestines of three different species, Sotalia guianensis, Steno bredanensis, and Tursiops truncatus gephyreus, which were found washed ashore along the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast. The worms were identified based on morphological and molecular data using the 28S rDNA gene and the COI gene. Specimens of A. longa from the pinniped Otaria flavescens were also analyzed. As the first isolation of A. longa from cetaceans, the present study increases the distribution area and range of definitive hosts of this trematode, and provides new molecular data to complement the phylogeny of the group in future studies, thus contributing to the scientific knowledge of this potentially zoonotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bertholdi Ebert
- Laboratory of Parasitology of Wild Animals, Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park University of Valencia (UV), Paterna, Spain
| | - Ana Luisa Schifino Valente
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marta Jussara Cremer
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Coastal and Marine Tetrapods, University of the Region of Joinville (UNIVILLE), São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pedro Volkmer de Castilho
- Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Fishery and Biology Engineering, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Laguna, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology of Wild Animals, Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Botucatu, Brazil
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Cho J, Jung BK, Chang T, Sohn WM, Sinuon M, Chai JY. Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:431-443. [PMID: 32871637 PMCID: PMC7462798 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and </>nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Muth Sinuon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Chai JY, Cho J, Chang T, Jung BK, Sohn WM. Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:343-371. [PMID: 32871630 PMCID: PMC7462802 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma flukes armed with 37 collar spines on their head collar are called as 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. (group) or 'Echinostoma revolutum group'. At least 56 nominal species have been described in this group. However, many of them were morphologically close to and difficult to distinguish from the other, thus synonymized with the others. However, some of the synonymies were disagreed by other researchers, and taxonomic debates have been continued. Fortunately, recent development of molecular techniques, in particular, sequencing of the mitochondrial (nad1 and cox1) and nuclear genes (ITS region; ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), has enabled us to obtain highly useful data on phylogenetic relationships of these 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. Thus, 16 different species are currently acknowledged to be valid worldwide, which include E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013. The validity of the other 10 species is retained until further evaluation, including molecular analyses; E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi. In this review, the history of discovery and taxonomic debates on these 26 valid or validity-retained species are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
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Eliuk L, Brown S, Wyeth R, Detwiler J. Parasite-modified behaviour in non-trophic transmission: trematode parasitism increases the attraction between snail intermediate hosts. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites with complex life cycles cause host behavioural changes that increase the likelihood of transmission to the next host. Parasite modification is often found in trophic transmission, but its influence on non-trophic transmission is unclear. In trematodes, transmission from the first to second intermediate host is non-trophic, suggesting that free-swimming larvae (cercariae) emerging in closer proximity to the next host would have higher transmission success. We performed a series of behavioural experiments with echinostome trematodes and their snail hosts to determine if potential second hosts (ramshorn snail, genus Planorbella Haldeman, 1842) were more attracted to parasitized first hosts (marsh pondsnail, Lymnaea elodes Say, 1821). In a Y maze, a responding snail (Planorbella sp.) was placed in the base and its response to five treatments was assessed: no stimulus, turion duckweed (Lemna turionifera Landolt; a food item), non-parasitized L. elodes, parasitized L. elodes, and finally parasitized versus non-parasitized L. elodes. Snails showed some attraction to uninfected snails, but had a stronger response to infected first host snails. These results indicate that potential second host snails were more attracted to parasitized, heterospecific first host snails over non-parasitized heterospecific snails. This study demonstrates that echinostome trematodes alter snail behaviour by changing navigational choices in uninfected potential hosts through a chemical communication mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.K. Eliuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - S. Brown
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - R.C. Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - J.T. Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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