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Jin Z, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Rong F, Yu W, Sun Y, Tao F, Wan Y. Interaction effect of screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages with depressive symptoms in adolescents: evidence from a large sample-based survey in China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02414-w. [PMID: 38512474 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Excessive screen time and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages are found to be independent predictors of depressive symptoms. However, the potential interaction effect of screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages, that is, whether one exposure factor strengthens the association of another with depressive symptoms, remains unclear. A large-scale adolescent health surveillance survey was conducted in 27 schools in eight regions across China. A total of 22,868 students were recruited to complete an eligible questionnaire to provide details of their screen time and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multiplicative and additive interaction models were performed to estimate the interaction effects of screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages on depressive symptoms, and whether the relationship varied by age group was also examined. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that even if the confounding factors were controlled, screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages were still risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescents. Interaction models indicated that screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages in combination were related to greater odds of depressive symptoms. Compared with late adolescents, early adolescents had a higher probability of depressive symptoms when exposed to the joint effects. Our study may hopefully deepen the understanding of the association between screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages and depressive symptoms. Future research should further explore how and why screen time and sugar-sweetened beverages affect individuals more profoundly in early adolescence than in late adolescence and how to mitigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengge Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wan Xiao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Rong
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiqiang Yu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Harandian K, Necsa B, Barnett TA, Pagani LS. Family Meal Environment Differentially Conditions the Prospective Association between Early Childhood Screen Time and Key Social Relationships in Adolescent Girls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:145. [PMID: 38397257 PMCID: PMC10886694 DOI: 10.3390/children11020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: Despite screen time recommendations, children are increasingly spending time on electronic devices, rendering it an important risk factor for subsequent social and developmental outcomes. Sharing meals could offer a way to promote psychosocial development. This study examines the interaction between family meal environment and early childhood screen time on key adolescent social relationships. Methods: Participants are 1455 millennial children (49% boys) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort. Parents reported on child screen use at ages 2 and 6 years and family meal environment quality at age 6 years. Parents and children reported on parent-child relationships and peer victimization experiences, respectively, at age 13 years. Sex-stratified multiple regression estimated the direct association between screen time trends, family meal environment quality, and their interaction on later social relationship outcomes. Results: For girls, when preschool screen time increased, sharing family meals in high-quality environments was associated with more positive and less conflictual relationships with their mothers, whereas meals shared in low- and moderate-quality environments were associated with fewer instances of victimization by their peers. Non-linear associations were not significant for boys. Conclusion: Capitalizing on family meal environment represents a simple/cost-efficient activity that can compensate for some long-term risks associated with increased screen use, above and beyond pre-existing and concurrent individual and family characteristics. Public health initiatives may benefit from considering family meals as a complementary intervention strategy to screen use guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Harandian
- School of Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (K.H.); (B.N.)
- School Environment Research Group, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Beatrice Necsa
- School of Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (K.H.); (B.N.)
| | - Tracie A. Barnett
- Sainte-Justine’s Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Linda S. Pagani
- School of Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (K.H.); (B.N.)
- School Environment Research Group, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Sainte-Justine’s Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
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Zhu AY, Crawford MH. Risk factors associated with adolescent suicidality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2023; 53:981-993. [PMID: 37650548 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on youth suicidal behaviors. METHOD This study examined two national surveys of high school students, the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (ABES). RESULTS The YRBS 2019 had 13,677 entries: 18.6% (17.5-19.8) (weighted percentage and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of youth had suicidal ideation (SI) and 8.9% (7.9-10.0) had at least one suicide attempt (SA). The ABES 2021 had 7705 entries: 19.9% (18.0-22.0) of youth had SI and 9.0% (7.7-10.5) had SA. In ABES 2021, both the percentage of youth with SI or SA was highest at age 14, at 21.8% (16.9-27.8) and 10.0% (6.6-14.8), respectively. The top factors associated with both SI and SA were parental abuse, sexual violence, illicit drug use, misuse of prescription pain medicine, and being bullied electronically. Screen time ≥3 h per day (not including schoolwork) was associated with a lower risk of SA (odds ratio [OR] 0.553, 95% CI: 0.382-0.799), but not SI (OR 1.011, 0.760-1.344). CONCLUSIONS Earlier onset of adolescent suicidality, at age 14, was noted during the pandemic. The association of higher non-school work-related screen time with lower SA is unexpected and warrants validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y Zhu
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael H Crawford
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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Forte C, O'Sullivan D, McDowell CP, Hallgren M, Woods CB, Herring MP. Associations between screen-time, physical activity and depressive symptoms differ based on gender and screen-time mode. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2313-2322. [PMID: 36097092 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) are associated with positive and negative mental health outcomes among adolescents, respectively. Research is needed to determine the interrelationship between ST and PA with depressive symptoms and the influence of ST modes. This study examines the associations between ST and PA level with depressive symptoms among 1756 adolescents (15.2 ± 1.6y; 995 female) in Ireland. Participants completed the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and self-reported weekly ST (TV, computer, and phone use) and PA level (low, moderate, and high). Linear regressions examined associations between ST mode, PA level and relevant covariates with depressive symptoms in the full sample by gender, and in a sample stratified by PA level. Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA examined gender differences in hours of ST, PA levels, and depressive symptoms. Differential associations were observed depending on the gender and ST mode. Higher levels of computer (β = 0.106, p ≤ 0.000) and phone use (β = 0.138, p ≤ 0.000) showed the strongest associations with depressive symptoms. PA level was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (β = - 0.175, p ≤ 0.000). When the sample was stratified by PA level, only associations between phone use and depressive symptoms were moderated by PA level for males and females. These findings highlight the complex interrelationships between ST, PA, and depressive symptoms, and that associations may vary based on gender and ST mode. This may have implications for future interventions. Increasing PA and reducing ST should be targeted concurrently with consideration given to different media and genders. Future research should explore longitudinal and prospective associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Forte
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Darragh O'Sullivan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cillian P McDowell
- Health Information and Quality Authority, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Smithfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mats Hallgren
- Epidemiology of Psychiatric Conditions, Substance Use, and Social Environment (EPiCSS), Department of Global Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine B Woods
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Matthew P Herring
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Wood G, Goodyear V, Adab P, Al-Janabi H, Fenton S, Jones K, Michail M, Morrison B, Patterson P, Sitch AJ, Wade M, Pallan M. Smartphones, social Media and Adolescent mental well-being: the impact of school policies Restricting dayTime use-protocol for a natural experimental observational study using mixed methods at secondary schools in England (SMART Schools Study). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075832. [PMID: 37407051 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smartphone and social media use is prevalent during adolescence, with high levels of use associated with lower levels of mental well-being. Secondary schools in the UK have introduced policies that restrict daytime use of smartphones and social media, but there is no evaluation on the impact of these policies on adolescent mental well-being. The SMART Schools Study aims to determine the impact of daytime restrictions of smartphone and social media use on indicators of adolescent mental well-being, anxiety, depression, physical activity, sleep, classroom behaviour, attainment and addictive social media use. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a natural experimental observational study using mixed methods. Secondary schools within a 100 mile radius of the recruiting centre in the West Midlands (UK) have been categorised into two groups: Schools that restrict (intervention) and permit (comparator) daytime use of smartphones. We aim to recruit 30 schools (20 restrictive, 10 permissive) and 1170 pupils aged 12-13 and 14-15 years. We will collect data on mental well-being, anxiety and depressive symptoms, phone and social media use, sleep and physical activity from pupil surveys, and accelerometers. Policy implementation measures and data on individual pupil factors will be collected through school staff surveys, and website/policy analysis. Six case study schools will explore individual, school and family/home factors that influence relationships between school smartphone policies, smartphone/social media use, and mental well-being. Economic evaluation will be completed through a cost-consequence analysis from an education sector perspective. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Birmingham's Research Ethics Committee (ERN_22-0723). Parents/carers of pupil participants can complete a form to opt their child out of the study. Pupil, school staff and parent/carer participants are asked to complete online/written consent (or assent). Findings will be disseminated through policy briefings, resources for schools, social media, reports, and open access publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN77948572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Wood
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Victoria Goodyear
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peymane Adab
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hareth Al-Janabi
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Fenton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kirsty Jones
- Head of School Support, Services for Education, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Michail
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Breanna Morrison
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Patterson
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice J Sitch
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew Wade
- ukactive Research Institute, London, UK
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University College of Health Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield, UK
| | - Miranda Pallan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Zhu X, Griffiths H, Xiao Z, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Yang Y, Murray AL. Trajectories of Screen Time across Adolescence and Their Associations with Adulthood Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1433-1447. [PMID: 37148440 PMCID: PMC10175337 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive screen time among adolescents is discussed as a significant public health concern. Identifying adolescent longitudinal patterns of time spent on regularly-used media screens and understanding their young adulthood mental health and behavioral issue correlates may help inform strategies for improving these outcomes. This study aimed to characterize joint developmental patterns of time spent on videogames, surfing/chatting the Internet, and TV/DVDs during adolescence (at ages 11, 13, 15, 17) and their associations with mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-injury) and behavioral issues (i.e., substance use, delinquency, aggression) in early adulthood (at age 20). A parallel-process latent class growth analysis was used to model data from a diverse community-ascertained sample of youth in Zurich, Switzerland (n = 1521; 51.7% males). Results suggested that a five-class model best fitted the data: (1) low-screen use, 37.6%; (2) increasing chatting/surfing, 24.0%; (3) moderate-screen use, 18.6%; (4) early-adolescence screen use, 9.9%; and (5) increasing videogame and chatting/surfing, 9.9%. After adjusting for baseline levels of outcomes (primarily at age 11), the trajectory groups differed in their associations with adulthood outcomes of mental health and behavioral problems, indicating the importance of problematic screen usage patterns in predicting these outcomes. Future research to test the directionality of these associations will be important. These findings suggest which patterns of screen use may be a marker for later mental health and behavioral issues in different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Helen Griffiths
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zhuoni Xiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Sánchez-Oliva D, Leech RM, Esteban-Cornejo I, Cristi-Montero C, Pérez-Bey A, Cabanas-Sánchez V, Grao-Cruces A, Castro-Piñero J. Sedentary behaviour profiles and longitudinal associations with academic performance in youth: The UP&DOWN study. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:181-189. [PMID: 37125866 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2204584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated longitudinal associations between profile transitions of context-specific sedentary behaviour (SB) and changes in academic performance (AP) among school-aged youth. Participants were 466 children and 717 adolescents (50.8% males) aged 8-18 years (children = 7.92 ± 0.41 years; adolescents = 11.85 ± 1.53 years). Non-school SBs and AP were evaluated at baseline and two years later. General linear mixed models were implemented, controlling for age, region, parental education, body mass index, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Cross-sectionally, participants with an Educative-profile (i.e., highest scores in doing homework with/without computer and reading for fun) had higher AP when compared to other profiles. Longitudinally, males who changed from a Screen- to an Educative-profile had higher AP than males who changed from an Educative- to a Social- or Screen-SB profile (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in females. These findings show the importance of analysing SB patterns from a qualitative perspective (i.e., context-specific for boosting school children AP) and highlighting time spent in educative as the most positive for AP, as well the need to implement interventions to reduce time on screen and social behaviours, especially targeting males.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Oliva
- ACAFYDE Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rebecca M Leech
- The Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Bey
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Grao-Cruces
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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Ringin E, Meyer D, Neill E, Phillipou A, Tan EJ, Toh WL, Sumner PJ, Owen N, Hallgren M, Dunstan DW, Rossell SL, Van Rheenen TE. Psychological-health correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour during the COVID pandemic. Ment Health Phys Act 2022; 23:100481. [PMID: 36406837 PMCID: PMC9664206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While physical inactivity is associated with adverse psychological outcomes, less is known about the psychological outcomes associated with sedentary behaviour, and specifically, its mentally active and passive forms. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a unique opportunity to study associations between these variables in light of widespread stay-at-home mandates and restrictions on outdoor exercise/social activities. Using a cross-sectional dataset acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, we examined whether physical activity and sedentary behaviour were associated with subjective quality of life (sQoL) and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depressive symptoms. METHODS 658 participants (males = 169, females = 489) self-reported data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in an online survey during May 2020-May 2021. Data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (both mentally active and passive types) was compared according to whether it was collected during or out of a lockdown period. Regression models were used to test associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with sQoL and subjective cognitive dysfunction, and whether these associations were mediated by depression severity. RESULTS Physical activity was beneficially associated with sQoL, whereas sedentary behaviour (both total hours and the reduction of mentally active/increase in mentally passive behaviour) was detrimentally associated with sQoL. These associations were mediated by depression severity. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were also indirectly associated with subjective cognitive dysfunction by virtue of their associations with depression severity. CONCLUSIONS There are important differences in the psychological correlates of mentally passive and active sedentary behaviours. Our findings suggest that health promotion strategies should focus on not only increasing physical activity but also reducing passive sedentary behaviours as a means of maintaining good psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysha Ringin
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denny Meyer
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erica Neill
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- St Vincent's Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mental Health, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric J Tan
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- St Vincent's Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Toh
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip J Sumner
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mats Hallgren
- Epidemiology of Psychiatric Conditions, Substance Use and Social Environment (EPiCSS), Department of Global Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
- St Vincent's Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Duncan MJ, Riazi NA, Faulkner G, Gilchrist JD, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA. The association of physical activity, sleep, and screen time with mental health in Canadian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal isotemporal substitution analysis. Ment Health Phys Act 2022; 23:100473. [PMID: 36156917 PMCID: PMC9482721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of COVID-19 on adolescent mental health is a global concern. Increased screen time and reduced physical activity due to the lockdown measures have been linked to detrimental mental health outcomes; however, the literature remains limited by cross-sectional and retrospective designs, and consideration of behaviours in isolation. Prospective evidence is necessary to examine whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep and screen time influenced changes in mental health. METHOD Analyses used data from a prospective cohort study of secondary school students in Canada with baseline data from the 2018-2019 school year and linked follow-up data from online surveys completed during the initial COVID-19 outbreak (May-July 2020). Multilevel linear regression models were used to evaluate the within- and between-person isotemporal substitution effects of sleep, MVPA and screen time behaviours on depression, anxiety, subjective well-being, and trait emotional dysregulation. RESULTS Linked longitudinal data from 2645 students attending 44 schools were available. Between-person effects indicated that individuals who engaged in more MVPA and sleep while minimizing screen time had lower depression scores, less severe emotional dysregulation, and better subjective well-being. While controlling for between-person effects, within-person year-on-year change suggests those who increased screen time while decreasing either MVPA or sleep experienced mental health decline on all outcomes. CONCLUSION MVPA and sleep were associated with youth mental health during the early COVID-19 lockdown. Increasing MVPA and sleep (or at least mitigating the increase of screen time) compared to the prior year was associated with better mental health during the early pandemic. A limitation to consider is that the screen time measure represents a combination of screen behaviours, and effects of replacing screen time may have varied if distinctions were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Joseph Duncan
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Negin Alivia Riazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Lower Mall Research Station,2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jenna Diane Gilchrist
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott Thomas Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen Allison Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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Huang S, Lai X, Zhao X, Dai X, Yao Y, Zhang C, Wang Y. Beyond Screen Time: Exploring the Associations between Types of Smartphone Use Content and Adolescents’ Social Relationships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158940. [PMID: 35897307 PMCID: PMC9331893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed controversy over whether the use of digital technology has damaged or enhanced adolescents’ social relationships, which influences their development. In this study, we addressed this debate by specifying the effect of different types of smartphone use content on social relationships, rather than simply relying on screen time spent on digital media. To avoid selective analysis and report of different variables, we used specification curve analysis (SCA) in a large dataset (N = 46,018) to explore the correlations between 20 types of smartphone use content and adolescents’ social relationships (parent–child, peer, and teacher–student). The types of smartphone use content were measured by the revised version of Mobile Phone Use Pattern Scale, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale, the Peer Relationship Scale, and the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale assessed three different social relationships, respectively. Of the 20 types of smartphone use content, only playing games (negatively explaining 1% of the variation), taking online courses (positively explaining 1.6% of the variation), using search engines (positively explaining 1.2% of the variation), using a dictionary (positively explaining 1.3% of the variation), and obtaining life information (positively explaining 1.5% of the variation) showed a significant effect size. The association between smartphone use and adolescents’ social relationships depends on the various types of content with which adolescents engage during smartphone use. The various effects of different types of smartphone use content deserve the attention of both the public and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoxiong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xinran Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yuanwei Yao
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cai Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Balanzá-Martínez V, Cervera-Martínez J. Lifestyle Prescription for Depression with a Focus on Nature Exposure and Screen Time: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5094. [PMID: 35564489 PMCID: PMC9104582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent lifestyles changes have favored increased time in contact with screens and a parallel reduction in contact with natural environments. There is growing awareness that nature exposure and screen time are related to depression. So far, the roles of how these environmental lifestyles affect depressive symptoms and disorders have not been reviewed simultaneously. The aim of this review was to gather the literature regarding the role of nature exposure and screen time in depression. An emphasis was made on clinical samples of patients with well-defined depression and the different methodological approaches used in the field. A second goal was to suggest an agenda for clinical practice and research. Studies were included if they assessed depressive symptoms in patients with a clinical diagnosis of depression. An overview of the published literature was conducted using three scientific databases up to December 2021. Several interventions involving nature exposure have shown positive effects on depressive symptoms and mood-related measures. The most consistent finding suggests that walks in natural environments may decrease depressive symptoms in patients with clinical depression. Less researched interventions, such as psychotherapy delivered in a forest or access to natural environments via virtual reality, may also be effective. In contrast, fewer observational studies and no experimental research on screen time have been conducted in patients with clinical depression. Thus, recommendations for practice and research are also discussed. Scarce research, diverse interventions, and several methodological shortcomings prevent us from drawing conclusions in this area. More high-quality experimental research is needed to establish interventions with proven efficacy in clinical depression. At this stage, it is too early to formulate practice guidelines and advise the prescription of these lifestyles to individuals with depression. The present findings may serve as a basis to develop strategies based on nature exposure and screen time targeting clinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Cervera-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Hospital de Denia-Marina Salud, 03700 Denia, Spain
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12
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Kandola A, Del Pozo Cruz B, Hayes JF, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Hallgren M. Impact on adolescent mental health of replacing screen-use with exercise: A prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022; 301:240-247. [PMID: 34999126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen-based device use could increase the risk of adolescent depression. Distinct modalities of screen-use may have differential effects on mental health. We used compositional data analysis to examine how theoretically replacing different screen-uses with exercise might influence future adolescent emotional distress. METHODS In 4,599 adolescents (55% female) from a nationally-representative, prospective cohort, we used time-use diary data at age 14 to estimate daily screen use (television, social media, video game, general computer use) and exercise (team sport and individual exercise). The outcome was emotional distress at age 17, assessed using the emotional symptoms subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS Theoretically replacing 60 min of total screen time with exercise at age 14 was associated with a 0.05 (95%CI -0.08, -0.02) score reduction on the emotional symptoms' subscale at 17 in fully-adjusted models. Replacing 60 min of television or social media use with team sports was associated with a reduction of 0.17 (95%CI, -0.31, -0.04) and 0.15 (95%CI, -0.29, -0.01) in emotional symptom scores, respectively. We found no change in emotional symptom scores when replacing video game or general computer use with team sport, or when replacing any screen time with individual exercise. LIMITATIONS No direct measure of depressive symptoms at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Replacing any screen time with exercise could reduce emotional distress, but the largest effect sizes were associated with replacing time in television watching and social media with team sports. Recommendations to limit screen-use in adolescents may require a nuanced approach for protecting mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kandola
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Centre for Active and Healthy Ageing, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Joseph F Hayes
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neville Owen
- Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mats Hallgren
- Epidemiology of Psychiatric Conditions, Substance Use and Social Environment (EPiCSS), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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13
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Appelqvist-Schmidlechner K, Raitanen J, Vasankari T, Kyröläinen H, Häkkinen A, Honkanen T, Vaara JP. Relationship Between Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Mental Health in Young Finnish Men. Front Public Health 2022; 10:820852. [PMID: 35252097 PMCID: PMC8894611 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy lifestyle behaviors including physical activity (PA) have been recognized to contribute positively to mental health. Most of the evidence on relationship between PA and mental health relies on self-reported PA results. Device-based measures on PA or sedentary behavior (SB) are less frequently used in mental health research. The present study aimed at examining the relationship between mental health and PA/SB measured by accelerometers in young Finnish men. The sample consisted of 409 men (mean age 28 ± 7 years), who participated in the military refresher training in Finland. Self-rated mental health was measured with Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) and short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) measuring mental health both from the perspective of mental health problems and mental well-being. PA was measured with accelerometer from the perspective of light, moderate, vigorous, and total activity, as well as SB. Linear regression models and compositional analysis were applied. Age, education, marital status, employment status, BMI, alcohol use and smoking were used as covariates. Evidence on relationship between total PA (standardized regression coefficient 0.340; 95% CI 0.022-0.657, p = 0.036) and SB (standardized regression coefficient -0.340; 95% CI -0.657 to -0.022, p = 0.036) with symptoms of mental health problems was found after adjusting for age, education, marital and employment status. The relationship was marginally significant (p = 0.056) after adjusting also for BMI, alcohol use and smoking. No evidence on relationship between PA or SB and mental well-being was found, neither in standard linear regression analysis nor in compositional approach. In our sample of young adult men, PA seemed to have a stronger relationship with symptoms of mental health problems rather than with mental well-being. The findings lead to a conclusion that all PA per se may not be independently associated with mental well-being in young adult males and raise the question whether the domain of PA and its context play a critical role in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaija Appelqvist-Schmidlechner
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Raitanen
- Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Jani P. Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
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Li L, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Zeng G, Huang H, Zhuge J, Kuang X, Yang S, Yang D, Chen Z, Gan Y, Lu Z, Wu C. Screen time and depression risk: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1058572. [PMID: 36620668 PMCID: PMC9815119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1058572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of screen time on mental health, including depression, has attracted increasing attention from not only children and adolescents but also the elderly. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of cohort studies to evaluate the association between screen time and depression risk. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for cohort studies up to May 2022, and the reference lists of the included studies were also retrieved. A random-effect model was used to estimate the combined effect size. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I 2 statistic. Potential publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's tests. RESULTS The final analysis included 18 cohort studies with a combined total of 241,398 participants. The pooled risk ratio (RR) was 1.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.14), with significant heterogeneity (I 2 = 82.7%, P < 0.001). The results of subgroup analyses showed that the pooled RRs varied according to geographic locations, gender, age group, screen time in the control group, depression at the baseline, and whether the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. No obvious evidence of publication bias was found. CONCLUSION This study indicates that screen time is a predictor of depressive symptoms. The effects of screen time on depression risk may vary based on the participant's age, gender, location, and screen time duration. The findings could have important implications for the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Li
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Department of Health Management Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Zhuge
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaorui Kuang
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sule Yang
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Di Yang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Research Center of Health Policy and Innovation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Gan
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zuxun Lu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunmei Wu
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Werneck AO, Hoare E, Stubbs B, van Sluijs EMF, Corder K. Association of mentally-active and mentally-passive sedentary behaviour with depressive symptoms among adolescents. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:143-150. [PMID: 34298218 PMCID: PMC7612671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence on the association between sedentary behaviour and depression in adolescence is mixed. We aimed to investigate the association between mentally-active and mentally-passive sedentary behaviours at 11 years (11y) and depressive symptoms at 14y, and to examine potential mediators. METHODS UK Millennium Cohort Study data were used (n=7,124; 49% boys). At 11y, participants self-reported frequency of mentally-passive (listening to music, internet use) and mentally-active sedentary behaviours (reading, playing electronic games). Additional parental-reported behaviours (mentally-passive: TV viewing; mentally-active: homework) were summed with self-reported behaviours to represent continuous indicators of mentally-active and mentally-passive sedentary behaviour. Depressive symptoms were assessed (at 11y and 14y) using the short-version of Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI), mentally-passive sedentary behaviour and cognition at 14y were examined as potential mediators. Linear regression models were adjusted for confounders and stratified by sex. Subsequent mediation analyses reporting e-values were used to assess unmeasured confounding. RESULTS Among girls, mentally-passive sedentary behaviour at 11y was associated with later depressive symptoms (14y) [β:0.089 (95%CI:0.055-0.122), e-value:1.32]. This association was mediated by BMI [5.6% (95%CI:4.1%-8.6%)] and mentally-passive sedentary behaviour [105.6% (95%CI:79.6%-156.7%)]. No associations were observed in boys or between mentally-active sedentary behaviour and later depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The parental report of behaviours and the assessment of mediators and outcome in the same wave are the main limitations. CONCLUSION Future interventions aiming to improve mental health among girls could aim to reduce mentally-passive sedentary behaviour in early teens and could target potential mediators including BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O. Werneck
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Physical Education. Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Erin Hoare
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Food & Mood Centre, Centre for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom and South London,Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Esther M. F. van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsten Corder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Electronic media use and symptoms of depression among adolescents in Norway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254197. [PMID: 34234359 PMCID: PMC8263301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the association between electronic media use, including use of social media and gaming, and symptoms of depression, and whether gender or having friends moderated these associations. METHODS This study was based on self-reported cross-sectional data from the Ungdata survey, conducted in 2018 by the Norwegian Social Research (NOVA) Institute in cooperation with seven regional drug and alcohol competence centres. The target group comprised 12,353 15-16 years old adolescents. Binominal logistic regression was used to analyse the association between electronic media use and symptoms of depression. RESULTS The odds of having symptoms of depression were higher for those who used social media more than 3 hours per day (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.43-1.80), compared to those who used social media 3 hours or less per day. Additionally, the odds of having symptoms of depression was higher for those who used more than 3 hours on gaming per day (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.36-1.80), compared to those who used 3 hours and less on gaming per day after adjustment for potential confounders. There were no interaction effects between social media and gaming use with symptoms of depression. Neither were the associations between social media use and gaming with symptoms of depression moderated by gender or having friends. CONCLUSIONS The odds of having symptoms of depression were significantly higher for adolescents with a more frequent use of electronic media.
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