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Penalva YCM, Paschkowsky S, Recinto SJ, Duchesne A, Hammond T, Spiegler P, Jansen G, Levet C, Charron F, Freeman M, McKinney RA, Trempe JF, Munter LM. Eta-secretase-like processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the rhomboid protease RHBDL4. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107541. [PMID: 38992438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key protein in Alzheimer's disease synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated to the plasma membrane where it undergoes proteolytic cleavages by several proteases. Conversely, to other known proteases, we previously elucidated rhomboid protease RHBDL4 as a novel APP processing enzyme where several cleavages likely occur already in the ER. Interestingly, the pattern of RHBDL4-derived large APP C-terminal fragments resembles those generated by the η-secretase or MT5-MMP, which was described to generate so-called Aη fragments. The similarity in large APP C-terminal fragments between both proteases raised the question of whether RHBDL4 may contribute to η-secretase activity and Aη-like fragments. Here, we identified two cleavage sites of RHBDL4 in APP by mass spectrometry, which, intriguingly, lie in close proximity to the MT5-MMP cleavage sites. Indeed, we observed that RHBDL4 generates Aη-like fragments in vitro without contributions of α-, β-, or γ-secretases. Such Aη-like fragments are likely generated in the ER since RHBDL4-derived APP-C-terminal fragments do not reach the cell surface. Inherited, familial APP mutations appear to not affect this processing pathway. In RHBDL4 knockout mice, we observed increased cerebral full-length APP in comparison to wild type (WT) in support of RHBDL4 being a physiologically relevant protease for APP. Furthermore, we found secreted Aη fragments in dissociated mixed cortical cultures from WT mice, however significantly fewer Aη fragments in RHBDL4 knockout cultures. Our data underscores that RHBDL4 contributes to the η-secretease-like processing of APP and that RHBDL4 is a physiologically relevant protease for APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylauna Christine Mégane Penalva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandra Paschkowsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sherilyn Junelle Recinto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony Duchesne
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Hammond
- School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Spiegler
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Jansen
- School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clemence Levet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - François Charron
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale (CRBS), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lisa Marie Munter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences, Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Biomedical Sciences (SBMS), McGill University, Bellini Life Sciences Complex, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale (CRBS), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Neven J, Issayama LK, Dewachter I, Wilson DM. Genomic stress and impaired DNA repair in Alzheimer disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 139:103678. [PMID: 38669748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prominent form of dementia and has received considerable attention due to its growing burden on economic, healthcare and basic societal infrastructures. The two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, i.e., extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, have been the focus of much research, with an eye on understanding underlying disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic avenues. One often overlooked aspect of AD is how Aβ and Tau may, through indirect and direct mechanisms, affect genome integrity. Herein, we review evidence that Aβ and Tau abnormalities induce excessive genomic stress and impair genome maintenance mechanisms, events that can promote DNA damage-induced neuronal cell loss and associated brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Neven
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - David M Wilson
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
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Mohl GA, Dixon G, Marzette E, McKetney J, Samelson AJ, Serras CP, Jin J, Li A, Boggess SC, Swaney DL, Kampmann M. The disease-causing tau V337M mutation induces tau hypophosphorylation and perturbs axon morphology pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597496. [PMID: 38895329 PMCID: PMC11185762 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tau aggregation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. There are disease-causing variants of the tau-encoding gene, MAPT, and the presence of tau aggregates is highly correlated with disease progression. However, the molecular mechanisms linking pathological tau to neuronal dysfunction are not well understood due to our incomplete understanding of the normal functions of tau in development and aging and how these processes change in the context of causal disease variants of tau. To address these questions in an unbiased manner, we conducted multi-omic characterization of iPSC-derived neurons harboring the MAPT V337M mutation. RNA-seq and phosphoproteomics revealed that both V337M tau and tau knockdown consistently perturbed levels of transcripts and phosphorylation of proteins related to axonogenesis or axon morphology. Surprisingly, we found that neurons with V337M tau had much lower tau phosphorylation than neurons with WT tau. We conducted functional genomics screens to uncover regulators of tau phosphorylation in neurons and found that factors involved in axonogenesis modified tau phosphorylation in both MAPT WT and MAPT V337M neurons. Intriguingly, the p38 MAPK pathway specifically modified tau phosphorylation in MAPT V337M neurons. We propose that V337M tau might perturb axon morphology pathways and tau hypophosphorylation via a "loss of function" mechanism, which could contribute to previously reported cognitive changes in preclinical MAPT gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Mohl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary Dixon
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Marzette
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin McKetney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avi J Samelson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlota Pereda Serras
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Julianne Jin
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Boggess
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mukherjee S, Poudyal M, Dave K, Kadu P, Maji SK. Protein misfolding and amyloid nucleation through liquid-liquid phase separation. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4976-5013. [PMID: 38597222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an emerging phenomenon in cell physiology and diseases. The weak multivalent interaction prerequisite for LLPS is believed to be facilitated through intrinsically disordered regions, which are prevalent in neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins. These aggregation-prone proteins also exhibit an inherent property for phase separation, resulting in protein-rich liquid-like droplets. The very high local protein concentration in the water-deficient confined microenvironment not only drives the viscoelastic transition from the liquid to solid-like state but also most often nucleate amyloid fibril formation. Indeed, protein misfolding, oligomerization, and amyloid aggregation are observed to be initiated from the LLPS of various neurodegeneration-related proteins. Moreover, in these cases, neurodegeneration-promoting genetic and environmental factors play a direct role in amyloid aggregation preceded by the phase separation. These cumulative recent observations ignite the possibility of LLPS being a prominent nucleation mechanism associated with aberrant protein aggregation. The present review elaborates on the nucleation mechanism of the amyloid aggregation pathway and the possible early molecular events associated with amyloid-related protein phase separation. It also summarizes the recent advancement in understanding the aberrant phase transition of major proteins contributing to neurodegeneration focusing on the common disease-associated factors. Overall, this review proposes a generic LLPS-mediated multistep nucleation mechanism for amyloid aggregation and its implication in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semanti Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Manisha Poudyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Kritika Dave
- Sunita Sanghi Centre of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pradeep Kadu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
- Sunita Sanghi Centre of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Zou C, Yang T, Huang X, Ren X, Yang C, Xu B, Liu J. Inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion contributes to TDCIPP-induced Aβ1-42 production in N2a-APPswe cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26832. [PMID: 38628727 PMCID: PMC11019100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by cognitive impairment. The disruption of autophagosome-lysosome function has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a widely used organophosphorus flame retardant that has the potential to cause neuronal damage. We found that TDCIPP significantly increased the expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), presenilin-1 (PS1) and Aβ42. Proteomic studies with TMT labeling revealed changes in the profiles of N2a-APPswe cells after exposure to TDCIPP. Proteomic and bioinformatics analyses revealed that lysosomal proteins were dysregulated in N2a-APPswe cells after treatment with TDCIPP. The LC3, P62, CTSD, and LAMP1 levels were increased after TDCIPP exposure, and dysregulated protein expression was validated by Western blotting. The exposure to TDCIPP led to the accumulation of autophagosomes, and this phenomenon was enhanced in the presence of chloroquine (CQ). Our results revealed for the first time that TDCIPP could be a potential environmental risk factor for AD development. The inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion may have a significant impact on the generation of Aβ1-42 in response to TDCIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zou
- College of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- College of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Benhong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Badawy MT, Salama AA, Salama M. Novel Variants Linked to the Prodromal Stage of Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:929. [PMID: 38732343 PMCID: PMC11083733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The symptoms of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), usually do not occur until substantial neuronal loss occurs. This makes the process of early diagnosis very challenging. Hence, this research used variant call format (VCF) analysis to detect variants and novel genes that could be used as prognostic indicators in the early diagnosis of prodromal PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were obtained from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), and we analyzed prodromal patients with gVCF data collected in the 2021 cohort. A total of 304 participants were included, including 100 healthy controls, 146 prodromal genetic individuals, 21 prodromal hyposmia individuals, and 37 prodromal individuals with RBD. A pipeline was developed to process the samples from gVCF to reach variant annotation and pathway and disease association analysis. RESULTS Novel variant percentages were detected in the analyzed prodromal subgroups. The prodromal subgroup analysis revealed novel variations of 1.0%, 1.2%, 0.6%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.4% for the genetic male, genetic female, hyposmia male, hyposmia female, RBD male, and RBD female groups, respectively. Interestingly, 12 potentially novel loci (MTF2, PIK3CA, ADD1, SYBU, IRS2, USP8, PIGL, FASN, MYLK2, USP25, EP300, and PPP6R2) that were recently detected in PD patients were detected in the prodromal stage of PD. CONCLUSIONS Genetic biomarkers are crucial for the early detection of Parkinson's disease and its prodromal stage. The novel PD genes detected in prodromal patients could aid in the use of gene biomarkers for early diagnosis of the prodromal stage without relying only on phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T. Badawy
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Aya A. Salama
- Applied Science, Windows and Web Experience, Microsoft, Cairo 11561, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (IGHHE), The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 X9W9 Dublin, Ireland
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Akhtar A, Singh S, Kaushik R, Awasthi R, Behl T. Types of memory, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and their various pathological cascades as targets for potential pharmacological drugs. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102289. [PMID: 38582379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia accounting for 90% of cases; however, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, etc. prevails only in a minority of populations. The term dementia is defined as loss of memory which further takes several other categories of memories like working memory, spatial memory, fear memory, and long-term, and short-term memory into consideration. In this review, these memories have critically been elaborated based on context, duration, events, appearance, intensity, etc. The most important part and purpose of the review is the various pathological cascades as well as molecular levels of targets of AD, which have extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein as major disease hallmarks. There is another phenomenon that either leads to or arises from the above-mentioned hallmarks, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Several potential drugs like antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, insulin mimetics or sensitizers, etc. studied in various previous preclinical or clinical reports were put as having the capacity to act on these pathological targets. Additionally, agents directly or indirectly targeting amyloid and tau were also discussed. This could be further investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansab Akhtar
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Siddharth Singh
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, UPES University, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Ravinder Kaushik
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, UPES University, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, UPES University, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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Sun H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zeng F. Case of Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease With Negative Findings From PiB-PET Examination. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200119. [PMID: 38130827 PMCID: PMC10732343 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives This study reports an uncommon case of autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (AD) with negative PiB-PET findings. Methods A 55-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to a progressive cognitive decline for over 9 years, along with a possible dementia family history. The patient underwent routine laboratory tests, neuropsychological assessments, and neuroimaging examinations. Additionally, the cerebrospinal fluid sample was analyzed for AD biomarkers using the Single Molecular Array (Simoa) technique. A targeted Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) panel screening was also conducted. Results Routine blood and CSF laboratory tests, as well as CSF tap test, yielded negative results. Cranial MRI showed atrophy of the whole brain. PiB-PET scanning indicated that PiB was merely retained in her brain with an overall standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) <1.0. Simoa analysis showed an increase in the level of CSF t-tau and a decrease in that of CSF Aβ42. NGS panel screening detected a c.G2032A (p.D678N) heterozygous mutation in APP. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with autosomal dominant AD. Discussion We have reported an uncommon case of autosomal dominant AD carrying p.D678N variant in APP with negative PiB-PET results. The diagnosis of AD should not be directly excluded solely based on the negative PiB-PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- From the Department of Neurology (H.S., Y. Wang, Y. Wang, F.Z.), Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; and Department of Neurology (H.S.), The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (H.S., Y. Wang, Y. Wang, F.Z.), Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; and Department of Neurology (H.S.), The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (H.S., Y. Wang, Y. Wang, F.Z.), Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; and Department of Neurology (H.S.), The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- From the Department of Neurology (H.S., Y. Wang, Y. Wang, F.Z.), Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; and Department of Neurology (H.S.), The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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Sande R, Godad A, Doshi G. Zebrafish Experimental Animal Models for AD: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:295-311. [PMID: 38284707 DOI: 10.2174/0127724328279684240104094257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
AD disease (AD) is a multifaceted and intricate neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation and the excessive production and deposition of Aβ senile plaques. While transgenic AD models have been found instrumental in unravelling AD pathogenesis, they involve cost and time constraints during the preclinical phase. Zebrafish, owing to their simplicity, well-defined behavioural patterns, and relevance to neurodegenerative research, have emerged as a promising complementary model. Zebrafish possess glutaminergic and cholinergic pathways implicated in learning and memory, actively contributing to our understanding of neural transmission processes. This review sheds light on the molecular mechanisms by which various neurotoxic agents, including okadaic acid (OKA), cigarette smoke extract, metals, and transgenic zebrafish models with genetic similarities to AD patients, induce cognitive impairments and neuronal degeneration in mammalian systems. These insights may facilitate the identification of effective neurotoxic agents for replicating AD pathogenesis in the zebrafish brain. In this comprehensive review, the pivotal role of zebrafish models in advancing our comprehension of AD is emphasized. These models hold immense potential for shaping future research directions and clinical interventions, ultimately contributing to the development of novel AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksar Sande
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Angel Godad
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Singh A, Singh K, Kaur J, Kaur R, Sharma A, Kaur J, Kaur U, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Diversity of 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold in Drug Development: Design Strategies, Structural Insights, and Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3291-3317. [PMID: 37683129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a most prevalent form of dementia all around the globe and currently poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Currently available drugs only slow the progression of this disease rather than provide proper containment. Identification of multiple targets responsible for this disease in the last three decades established it as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that needs novel multifunctional agents for its management and the possible reason for the failure of currently available single target clinical drugs. 1,2,3-Triazole is a miraculous nucleus in medicinal chemistry and the first choice for development of multifunctional hybrid molecules. Apart from that, it is an integral component of various drugs in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. This review is focused on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and 1,2,3-triazole containing derivatives developed in recent decades as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. The review will provide (A) precise insight of various established targets of Alzheimer's disease including cholinergic, amyloid, tau, monoamine oxidases, glutamate, calcium, and reactive oxygen species hypothesis and (B) design hypothesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological outcomes of 1,2,3-triazole containing multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. This review will provide a baseline for various research groups working on Alzheimer's drug development in designing potent, safer, and effective multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's candidates of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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Collins JD, Henley SMD, Suárez-González A. A systematic review of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and apathy in frontotemporal dementia, atypical and young-onset Alzheimer's disease, and inherited dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2023; 35:457-476. [PMID: 32684177 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610220001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depression, anxiety, and apathy are the most commonly reported neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding their prevalence in rarer dementias such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA), posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), young-onset AD (YOAD), and inherited dementias has implications for both clinical practice and research. In this study, we aimed to examine the current state of knowledge of the prevalence of these three NPS in less prevalent dementias. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review based on searches of EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed up to September 2019. RESULTS 47 articles meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Depression, anxiety, and apathy were commonly reported across the phenotypes studied but their prevalence showed large variation between studies. Apathy showed the highest reported frequency in FTD (50-100% across studies), behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) (73-100%), and YOAD (44-100%). Anxiety was frequently reported in FTD (0-100%) and bvFTD (19-63%). Depression showed the highest prevalence in FTD (7-69%) and YOAD (11-55%). Among the three variants of PPA, sv-PPA is the one most investigated (seven articles). Three or fewer articles were identified examining NPS in the remaining PPA variants, PCA, familial AD, and familial FTD. Inconsistency in the tools used to measure symptoms and small sample sizes were common methodological limitations. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should consider the inclusion of larger sample sizes (e.g. through multicenter collaborations) and the use of harmonized protocols that include the combination of caregiver and patient-derived measures and symptom-specific questionnaires. More research is needed on the phenotype-specific barriers and facilitators for people living with dementia to successfully engage in self-reports of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Collins
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susie M D Henley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aida Suárez-González
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Rudge JD. The Lipid Invasion Model: Growing Evidence for This New Explanation of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221175. [PMID: 37302030 PMCID: PMC10357195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Lipid Invasion Model (LIM) is a new hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) which argues that AD is a result of external lipid invasion to the brain, following damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The LIM provides a comprehensive explanation of the observed neuropathologies associated with the disease, including the lipid irregularities first described by Alois Alzheimer himself, and accounts for the wide range of risk factors now identified with AD, all of which are also associated with damage to the BBB. This article summarizes the main arguments of the LIM, and new evidence and arguments in support of it. The LIM incorporates and extends the amyloid hypothesis, the current main explanation of the disease, but argues that the greatest cause of late-onset AD is not amyloid-β (Aβ) but bad cholesterol and free fatty acids, let into the brain by a damaged BBB. It suggests that the focus on Aβ is the reason why we have made so little progress in treating the disease in the last 30 years. As well as offering new perspectives for further research into the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AD, based on protecting and repairing the BBB, the LIM provides potential new insights into other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.
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13
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Kloske CM, Barnum CJ, Batista AF, Bradshaw EM, Brickman AM, Bu G, Dennison J, Gearon MD, Goate AM, Haass C, Heneka MT, Hu WT, Huggins LKL, Jones NS, Koldamova R, Lemere CA, Liddelow SA, Marcora E, Marsh SE, Nielsen HM, Petersen KK, Petersen M, Piña-Escudero SD, Qiu WQ, Quiroz YT, Reiman E, Sexton C, Tansey MG, Tcw J, Teunissen CE, Tijms BM, van der Kant R, Wallings R, Weninger SC, Wharton W, Wilcock DM, Wishard TJ, Worley SL, Zetterberg H, Carrillo MC. APOE and immunity: Research highlights. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2677-2696. [PMID: 36975090 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At the Alzheimer's Association's APOE and Immunity virtual conference, held in October 2021, leading neuroscience experts shared recent research advances on and inspiring insights into the various roles that both the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and facets of immunity play in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. METHODS The meeting brought together more than 1200 registered attendees from 62 different countries, representing the realms of academia and industry. RESULTS During the 4-day meeting, presenters illuminated aspects of the cross-talk between APOE and immunity, with a focus on the roles of microglia, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and components of inflammation (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]). DISCUSSION This manuscript emphasizes the importance of diversity in current and future research and presents an integrated view of innate immune functions in Alzheimer's disease as well as related promising directions in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre F Batista
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary D Gearon
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany 3 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Center for Healthy Aging, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lenique K L Huggins
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nahdia S Jones
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- EOH, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Neuroscience & Physiology and of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Dept. of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Dept. of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kellen K Petersen
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine, Institute of Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Stefanie D Piña-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Banner Research, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- CTRND, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tyler James Wishard
- Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan L Worley
- Independent science writer, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Tsoi PS, Quan MD, Ferreon JC, Ferreon ACM. Aggregation of Disordered Proteins Associated with Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3380. [PMID: 36834792 PMCID: PMC9966039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular deposition of protein aggregates, one of the hallmarks of neurodegeneration, disrupts cellular functions and leads to neuronal death. Mutations, posttranslational modifications, and truncations are common molecular underpinnings in the formation of aberrant protein conformations that seed aggregation. The major proteins involved in neurodegeneration include amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, and TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These proteins are described as intrinsically disordered and possess enhanced ability to partition into biomolecular condensates. In this review, we discuss the role of protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically highlighting implications of changes to the primary/secondary (mutations, posttranslational modifications, and truncations) and the quaternary/supramolecular (oligomerization and condensation) structural landscapes for the four aforementioned proteins. Understanding these aggregation mechanisms provides insights into neurodegenerative diseases and their common underlying molecular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josephine C. Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allan Chris M. Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Chen J, Shi B, Li Y, Feng Y, Ni J, Shi J, Luo C, Wang J, Tian J. An AS-qPCR-based method for the detection of Alzheimer's disease-related SNPs. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:118-126. [PMID: 36436137 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most serious neurodegenerative diseases in the world and has a strong genetic predisposition. At present, there is still no effective method for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD. Accumulating evidence shows the association of several loci with AD risk, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40). However, for routine disease diagnosis in clinics, genotype detection methods based on gene sequencing technology are time-consuming and excessively costly. Thus, in this study, we developed a high-sensitivity, low-cost, and convenient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection assay method based on allele-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (AS-qPCR) technology, which can be used to determine the SNP genotype in APOE and TOMM40. A total of 40 patients were recruited from the outpatient department of the memory clinic of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The SNP detection assay method includes three steps. First, positive plasmids with different genotypes (TT/CC/TC) in APOE rs429358, rs7412, and TOMM40 rs11556505 were prepared. Second, 3'-T/3'-C primers were designed to amplify these positive plasmids for each SNP site. Finally, we calculated the log10 of the copy number ratio for each positive plasmid, and the genotype interpretation interval was established. Based on this method, we investigated whether the SNPs in 40 patients could be accurately calculated using AS-qPCR technology. The accuracy of SNP detection was verified by PCR-Pooling sequencing. The results showed that SNP genotypes assessed by AS-qPCR technology corresponded perfectly to the results obtained by conventional DNA sequencing. We have developed a genotype detection method for AD based on AS-qPCR, which can be performed easily, rapidly, accurately, and at low cost. The method will contribute to the early diagnosis of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's and the detection of large clinical samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingnian Ni
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyi Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhou Tian
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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16
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Wolfrum P, Fietz A, Schnichels S, Hurst J. The function of p53 and its role in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease compared to age-related macular degeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1029473. [PMID: 36620455 PMCID: PMC9811148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1029473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p53 is the main human tumor suppressor. Since its discovery, extensive research has been conducted, which led to the general assumption that the purview of p53 is also essential for additional functions, apart from the prevention of carcinogenesis. In response to cellular stress and DNA damages, p53 constitutes the key point for the induction of various regulatory processes, determining whether the cell induces cell cycle arrest and DNA repair mechanisms or otherwise cell death. As an implication, aberrations from its normal functioning can lead to pathogeneses. To this day, neurodegenerative diseases are considered difficult to treat, which arises from the fact that in general the underlying pathological mechanisms are not well understood. Current research on brain and retina-related neurodegenerative disorders suggests that p53 plays an essential role in the progression of these conditions as well. In this review, we therefore compare the role and similarities of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), two of the most prevalent neurological diseases, to the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is among the most common forms of retinal degeneration.
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17
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Clark C, Rabl M, Dayon L, Popp J. The promise of multi-omics approaches to discover biological alterations with clinical relevance in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1065904. [PMID: 36570537 PMCID: PMC9768448 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the core features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, i.e. amyloid pathology, tau-related neurodegeneration and microglia response, multiple other molecular alterations and pathway dysregulations have been observed in AD. Their inter-individual variations, complex interactions and relevance for clinical manifestation and disease progression remain poorly understood, however. Heterogeneity at both pathophysiological and clinical levels complicates diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and drug design and testing. High-throughput "omics" comprise unbiased and untargeted data-driven methods which allow the exploration of a wide spectrum of disease-related changes at different endophenotype levels without focussing a priori on specific molecular pathways or molecules. Crucially, new methodological and statistical advances now allow for the integrative analysis of data resulting from multiple and different omics methods. These multi-omics approaches offer the unique advantage of providing a more comprehensive characterisation of the AD endophenotype and to capture molecular signatures and interactions spanning various biological levels. These new insights can then help decipher disease mechanisms more deeply. In this review, we describe the different multi-omics tools and approaches currently available and how they have been applied in AD research so far. We discuss how multi-omics can be used to explore molecular alterations related to core features of the AD pathologies and how they interact with comorbid pathological alterations. We further discuss whether the identified pathophysiological changes are relevant for the clinical manifestation of AD, in terms of both cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and for clinical disease progression over time. Finally, we address the opportunities for multi-omics approaches to help discover novel biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of relevant pathophysiological processes, along with personalised intervention strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Christopher Clark,
| | - Miriam Rabl
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland,Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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López Ricardo Y, Reyes Zamora MC, Perodin Hernández J, Rodríguez Martínez C. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in rural and urban areas in Cuba and factors influencing on its occurrence: epidemiological cross-sectional protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052704. [PMID: 36323463 PMCID: PMC9639064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the World Alzheimer's Report 2019, around 50 million people suffer from dementia, worldwide. Observational analysis revealed the existence of particular factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are no international homogeneous principles for the early detection and evaluation of memory impairment and possible AD. This work aimed at (1) determining the prevalence of possible AD in the elderly residing in urban and rural regions in Cuba and (2) identifying the main factors that could significantly influence on its occurrence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study includes four neuropsychological tests (Clock Drawing Test, Mini-Mental Status Examination, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale) and two scales (Clinical Dementia Rating and Global Deterioration Scale). Moreover, the protocol includes a survey with demographic and socioeconomic information, educational level, occupation, health, neuropsychological status of subjects, familial pathological history, comorbidities and lifestyles. The study will comprise a total of 1092 subjects aged ≥60, of both genders, and from every ethnic group settled in rural and urban areas. PRIMARY OUTCOMES prevalence of possible AD. SECONDARY OUTCOMES correlation among risk and protective factors and AD, and comparison of the performance of neuropsychological tests and scales. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This research met the ethical codes of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Scientific Research Council of the Promoting Research Institute and the Ethics Committee of the Health Authorities approved the protocol. The proper written informed consent is also incorporated. The results of the survey will be published in scientific papers and shared with the Health Authorities of each municipality.
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19
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Purushotham M, Tashrifwala F, Jena R, Vudugula SA, Patil RS, Agrawal A. The Association Between Alzheimer's Disease and Epilepsy: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e30195. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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20
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Greene AN, Solomon MB, Privette Vinnedge LM. Novel molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: The potential role of DEK in disease pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1018180. [PMID: 36275000 PMCID: PMC9582447 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1018180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and age-related dementias (AD/ADRD) are debilitating diseases that exact a significant physical, emotional, cognitive, and financial toll on the individual and their social network. While genetic risk factors for early-onset AD have been identified, the molecular and genetic drivers of late-onset AD, the most common subtype, remain a mystery. Current treatment options are limited for the 35 million people in the United States with AD/ADRD. Thus, it is critically important to identify novel molecular mechanisms of dementia-related pathology that may be targets for the development of new interventions. Here, we summarize the overarching concepts regarding AD/ADRD pathogenesis. Then, we highlight one potential molecular driver of AD/ADRD, the chromatin remodeling protein DEK. We discuss in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo findings, from our group and others, that link DEK loss with the cellular, molecular, and behavioral signatures of AD/ADRD. These include associations between DEK loss and cellular and molecular hallmarks of AD/ADRD, including apoptosis, Tau expression, and Tau hyperphosphorylation. We also briefly discuss work that suggests sex-specific differences in the role of DEK in AD/ADRD pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss future directions for exploiting the DEK protein as a novel player and potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD/ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie N. Greene
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matia B. Solomon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lisa M. Privette Vinnedge
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Lisa M. Privette Vinnedge,
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21
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Analysis of SOD2 rs4880 Genetic Variant in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4406-4414. [PMID: 36286017 PMCID: PMC9600469 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A few gene loci that contribute to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) onset have been identified. Few studies have been published about the relationship between SOD2 rs4880 single nucleotide variant and AD, revealing inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to further examine the role of the SOD2 rs4880 in AD. We performed a case-control study with a total of 641 subjects (320 patients with probable AD, and 321 healthy controls). The statistical analysis was performed assuming five genetic models. The threshold for statistical significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed no association between SOD2 rs4880 and AD in any of the assumed genetic models that were examined [log-additive OR = 0.95 (0.76–1.19), over-dominant OR = 1.15 (0.85–1.57), recessive OR = 0.85 (0.59–1.22), dominant OR = 1.03 (0.72–1.47), and co-dominant OR1 = 1.10 (0.75–1.60) and OR2 = 0.90 (0.58–1.40)]. Adjustment for sex and subgroup analyses based on sex did not reveal any statistically significant results either. Based on our findings, SOD2 rs4880 does not appear to play a determining role in the risk of developing AD. Larger studies are warranted to elucidate the connection between rs4880 and AD.
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22
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Liu C, Cong L, Zhu M, Wang Y, Tang S, Han X, Zhang Q, Tian N, Liu K, Liang X, Fa W, Wang N, Hou T, Du Y. Screening for Genetic Mutations Associated with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:724-733. [PMID: 36306459 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is highly influenced by genetic factors. Numerous mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been identified for EOAD, but they can only account for a small proportion of EOAD cases. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to screen genetic mutations and variants associated with EOAD among Han Chinese adults. METHODS This study included 34 patients with EOAD and 26 controls from a population-based study and neurological ward. We first sequenced mutations in APP/PSENs and then performed whole-exome sequencing in the remaining patients with negative mutations in APP/PSENs to screen for additional potential genetic variants. Among patients who were negative in genetic screening tests, we further evaluated the risk burden of genes related to the Aβ metabolism-centered network to search for other probable causes of EOAD. RESULTS We identified 7 functional variants in APP/PSENs in 8 patients, including 1 APP mutation (p. Val715Met), 3 PSEN1 mutations (p. Phe177Ser; p. Arg377Met; p. Ile416Thr), and 3 PSEN2 mutations (p. Glu24Lys; p. Gly34Ser; p. Met239Thr). Of the remaining 26 EOAD cases without mutations in APP/PSENs, the proportion of carrying rare variants of genes involved in Aβ and APP metabolism was significantly higher than that of controls (84.6% vs. 73.1%, P=0.042). Thirty-one risk genes with 47 variants were identified in 22 patients. However, in 26 normal subjects, only 20 risk genes with 29 variants were identified in 19 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the role of APP/PSENs mutations in EOAD, identifying a new PSEN2 missense mutation, and further offer valuable insights into the potential genetic mechanisms of EOAD without APP/PSENs mutations among Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
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23
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Sen T, Thummer RP. CRISPR and iPSCs: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Disease Modelling, Research, and Therapeutics. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1597-1623. [PMID: 36044181 PMCID: PMC9428373 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are prominent causes of pain, suffering, and death worldwide. Traditional approaches modelling neurodegenerative diseases are deficient, and therefore, improved strategies that effectively recapitulate the pathophysiological conditions of neurodegenerative diseases are the need of the hour. The generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has transformed our ability to model neurodegenerative diseases in vitro and provide an unlimited source of cells (including desired neuronal cell types) for cell replacement therapy. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has also been gaining popularity because of the flexibility they provide to generate and ablate disease phenotypes. In addition, the recent advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 technology enables researchers to seamlessly target and introduce precise modifications in the genomic DNA of different human cell lines, including iPSCs. CRISPR-iPSC-based disease modelling, therefore, allows scientists to recapitulate the pathological aspects of most neurodegenerative processes and investigate the role of pathological gene variants in healthy non-patient cell lines. This review outlines how iPSCs, CRISPR/Cas9, and CRISPR-iPSC-based approaches accelerate research on neurodegenerative diseases and take us closer to a cure for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthankar Sen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
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24
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Kalkan H, Akkaya UM, Inal-Gültekin G, Sanchez-Perez AM. Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease by a Novel Image-Based Representation of Gene Expression. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081406. [PMID: 36011317 PMCID: PMC9407775 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention can delay the progress of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), but currently, there are no effective prediction tools. The goal of this study is to generate a reliable artificial intelligence (AI) model capable of detecting the high risk of AD, based on gene expression arrays from blood samples. To that end, a novel image-formation method is proposed to transform single-dimension gene expressions into a discriminative 2-dimensional (2D) image to use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classification. Three publicly available datasets were pooled, and a total of 11,618 common genes’ expression values were obtained. The genes were then categorized for their discriminating power using the Fisher distance (AD vs. control (CTL)) and mapped to a 2D image by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Then, a six-layer CNN model with 292,493 parameters were used for classification. An accuracy of 0.842 and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.875 were achieved for the AD vs. CTL classification. The proposed method obtained higher accuracy and AUC compared with other reported methods. The conversion to 2D in CNN offers a unique advantage for improving accuracy and can be easily transferred to the clinic to drastically improve AD (or any disease) early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habil Kalkan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.M.S.-P.)
| | - Umit Murat Akkaya
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Güldal Inal-Gültekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Okan University, 34959 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ana Maria Sanchez-Perez
- Faculty of Health Science and Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, 12071 Castellon, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.M.S.-P.)
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25
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Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Johnson TP, La Joie R, Yokoyama JS. Dissecting the clinical heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2674-2688. [PMID: 35393555 PMCID: PMC9156414 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is a rare but particularly devastating form of AD. Though notable for its high degree of clinical heterogeneity, EOAD is defined by the same neuropathological hallmarks underlying the more common, late-onset form of AD. In this review, we describe the various clinical syndromes associated with EOAD, including the typical amnestic phenotype as well as atypical variants affecting visuospatial, language, executive, behavioral, and motor functions. We go on to highlight advances in fluid biomarker research and describe how molecular, structural, and functional neuroimaging can be used not only to improve EOAD diagnostic acumen but also enhance our understanding of fundamental pathobiological changes occurring years (and even decades) before the onset of symptoms. In addition, we discuss genetic variation underlying EOAD, including pathogenic variants responsible for the well-known mendelian forms of EOAD as well as variants that may increase risk for the much more common forms of EOAD that are either considered to be sporadic or lack a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Intriguingly, specific pathogenic variants in PRNP and MAPT-genes which are more commonly associated with other neurodegenerative diseases-may provide unexpectedly important insights into the formation of AD tau pathology. Genetic analysis of the atypical clinical syndromes associated with EOAD will continue to be challenging given their rarity, but integration of fluid biomarker data, multimodal imaging, and various 'omics techniques and their application to the study of large, multicenter cohorts will enable future discoveries of fundamental mechanisms underlying the development of EOAD and its varied clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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26
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Olfactory Evaluation in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050607. [PMID: 35624994 PMCID: PMC9139301 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is considered a pre-cognitive biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because the olfactory system is highly conserved across species, mouse models corresponding to various AD etiologies have been bred and used in numerous studies on olfactory disorders. The olfactory behavior test is a method required for early olfactory dysfunction detection in AD model mice. Here, we review the olfactory evaluation of AD model mice, focusing on traditional olfactory detection methods, olfactory behavior involving the olfactory cortex, and the results of olfactory behavior in AD model mice, aiming to provide some inspiration for further development of olfactory detection methods in AD model mice.
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27
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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28
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Spatharas PM, Nasi GI, Tsiolaki PL, Theodoropoulou MK, Papandreou NC, Hoenger A, Trougakos IP, Iconomidou VA. Clusterin in Alzheimer's disease: An amyloidogenic inhibitor of amyloid formation? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Tau proteins in blood as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and other proteinopathies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:239-259. [PMID: 35175385 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized neuropathologically by extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. While in AD tau pathology probably follows early alterations in Aβ metabolism, it develops independently in the so-called primary tauopathies, the main form being frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology. Tau pathology in AD brain is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by elevated levels of the two AD tau biomarkers total and phosphorylated tau, which are now used for routine diagnostic purposes. On the contrary, no established neurochemical biomarkers exist for tau pathology in primary tauopathies. Thanks to recent technological advances, total and phosphorylated tau can now be quantified also on peripheral blood, and accumulating evidence shows that measurement of plasma phosphorylated tau species (P-tau181, P-tau217, and P-tau231) has high performances in discriminating AD patients from cognitively unimpaired subjects but also from patients with other dementias. Moreover, plasma P-tau levels are associated with tracer uptake on tau- and amyloid-PET as well as with brain atrophy, cognitive measures and longitudinal changes of these parameters. These features, together with the low invasiveness, scalability, and ease of longitudinal sampling, which differentiate plasma P-tau species from their CSF counterparts, make these proteins promising peripheral biomarkers for AD in both research and clinical setting. This review discusses the recent developments in the field of plasma tau proteins as diagnostic, pathophysiological and prognostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease; additional findings from the fields of genetic forms of AD and of non-AD proteinopathies are also summarized.
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30
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Neuroimaging of Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020305. [PMID: 35203515 PMCID: PMC8869427 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have made great strides in the diagnosis and our understanding of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Despite the knowledge gained from human studies, mouse models have and continue to play an important role in deciphering the cellular and molecular evolution of AD. MRI and PET are now being increasingly used to investigate neuroimaging features in mouse models and provide the basis for rapid translation to the clinical setting. Here, we provide an overview of the human MRI and PET imaging landscape as a prelude to an in-depth review of preclinical imaging in mice. A broad range of mouse models recapitulate certain aspects of the human AD, but no single model simulates the human disease spectrum. We focused on the two of the most popular mouse models, the 3xTg-AD and the 5xFAD models, and we summarized all known published MRI and PET imaging data, including contrasting findings. The goal of this review is to provide the reader with broad framework to guide future studies in existing and future mouse models of AD. We also highlight aspects of MRI and PET imaging that could be improved to increase rigor and reproducibility in future imaging studies.
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31
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Gender Differences in Demographic and Pharmacological Factors in Patients Diagnosed with Late-Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020160. [PMID: 35203924 PMCID: PMC8870110 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether gender differences exist in late-onset of Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) treated with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) is not fully understood. This study investigated demographic and pharmacological characteristics in LOAD patients to determine gender differences in LOAD patients treated with ChEIs alone and ChEIs with other medications. Methods: This 5-year retrospective data analysis included 9290 LOAD AD patients with 2949 men patients and 6341 women. Potential predictors of demographic and pharmacological characteristics associated gender differences in patients treated with and without ChEIs therapy were determined using univariate analysis, while multivariable models adjusted for demographic and pharmacological variables. Results: In the adjusted analysis, men patients with LOAD that presented with a history of alcohol use (ETOH) (OR = 1.339, 95% CI, 1.072–1.672, p = 0.010), treated with second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (OR = 1.271, 95% CI, 1.003–1.610, p = 0.047), citalopram (OR = 5.103, 95% CI, 3.423–7.607, p < 0.001), memantine (OR = 4.409, 95% CI, 3.704–5.249, p < 0.001), and buspirone (OR = 2.166, 95% CI, 1.437–3.264, p < 0.001) were more likely to receive ChEIs therapy, whereas older men were less likely to be treated with ChEIs therapy. Women who were African Americans (OR = 1.387, 95% CI, 1.168–1.647, p < 0.001), that received memantine (OR = 3.412, 95% CI, 3.034–3.837, p < 0.001), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) (OR = 1.143, 95% CI, 1.016–1.287, p = 0.026), and a history of ETOH (OR = 2.109, 95% CI, 1.724–2.580, p < 0.001) were more likely to receive ChEIs therapy, whereas older women were less likely to receive ChEIs therapy. Conclusion: In both men and women patients, those with increasing age were less likely to be treated with ChEI therapy, while patients treated with memantine were also likely to receive ChEI therapy. Our findings highlight the importance for clinicians to optimize ChEI in LOAD to improve treatment effectiveness and eliminate gender differences in ChEI therapy.
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32
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Morozova A, Zorkina Y, Abramova O, Pavlova O, Pavlov K, Soloveva K, Volkova M, Alekseeva P, Andryshchenko A, Kostyuk G, Gurina O, Chekhonin V. Neurobiological Highlights of Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1217. [PMID: 35163141 PMCID: PMC8835608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on several psychiatric disorders in which cognitive impairment is a major component of the disease, influencing life quality. There are plenty of data proving that cognitive impairment accompanies and even underlies some psychiatric disorders. In addition, sources provide information on the biological background of cognitive problems associated with mental illness. This scientific review aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia, depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease).The review provides data about the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with mental illness and associated biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Abramova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Pavlova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Konstantin Pavlov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Volkova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Polina Alekseeva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Alisa Andryshchenko
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgiy Kostyuk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Sivagurunathan N, Ambatt ATS, Calivarathan L. Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:84-96. [PMID: 35081899 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220126095847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of diseases that are now one of the leading causes of morbidity in the elderly population. These diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), etc. Although these diseases have a common characteristic feature of progressive neuronal loss from various parts of the brain, they differ in the clinical symptoms and risk factors, leading to the development and progression of the diseases. AD is a neurological condition that leads to dementia and cognitive decline due to neuronal cell death in the brain, whereas PD is a movement disorder affecting neuro-motor function and develops due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the brain, resulting in decreased dopamine levels. Currently, the only treatment available for these neurodegenerative diseases involves reducing the rate of progression of neuronal loss. This necessitates the development of efficient early biomarkers and effective therapies for these diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) belong to a large family of non-coding transcripts with a minimum length of 200 nucleotides. They are implied to be involved in the development of the brain, a variety of diseases, and epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels of gene regulation. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs in the CNS is considered to play a major role in the development and progression of AD and PD, two of the most leading causes of morbidity among elderly populations. In this mini-review, we discuss the role of various long non-coding RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, which can further be studied for the development of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Department of Life Sciences, Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
| | - Aghil T S Ambatt
- Department of Life Sciences, Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Department of Life Sciences, Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
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Kou Y, Zhao H, Cui D, Han H, Tong Z. Formaldehyde toxicity in age-related neurological dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101512. [PMID: 34798299 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The primordial small gaseous molecules, such as: NO, CO, H2S and formaldehyde (FA) are present in the brains. Whether FA as well as the other molecules participates in brain functions is unclear. Recently, its pathophysiological functions have been investigated. Notably, under physiological conditions, learning activity induces a transient generation of hippocampal FA, which promotes memory formation by enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-currents. However, ageing leads to FA accumulation in brain for the dysregulation of FA metabolism; and excessive FA directly impairs memory by inhibiting NMDA-receptor. Especially, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) accelerates FA accumulation by inactivating alcohol dehydrogenase-5; in turn, FA promotes Aβ oligomerization, fibrillation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hence, there is a vicious circle encompassing Aβ assembly and FA generation. Even worse, FA induces Aβ deposition in the extracellular space (ECS), which blocks the medicines (dissolved in the interstitial fluid) flowing into the damaged neurons in the deep cortex. However, phototherapy destroys Aβ deposits in the ECS and restores ISF flow. Coenzyme Q10, which scavenges FA, was shown to ameliorate Aβ-induced AD pathological phenotypes, thus suggesting a causative relation between FA toxicity and AD. These findings suggest that the combination of these two methods is a promising strategy for treating AD.
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Mckean NE, Handley RR, Snell RG. A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer's Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13168. [PMID: 34884970 PMCID: PMC8658123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the looming health crises of the near future. Increasing lifespans and better medical treatment for other conditions mean that the prevalence of this disease is expected to triple by 2050. The impact of AD includes both the large toll on individuals and their families as well as a large financial cost to society. So far, we have no way to prevent, slow, or cure the disease. Current medications can only alleviate some of the symptoms temporarily. Many animal models of AD have been created, with the first transgenic mouse model in 1995. Mouse models have been beset by challenges, and no mouse model fully captures the symptomatology of AD without multiple genetic mutations and/or transgenes, some of which have never been implicated in human AD. Over 25 years later, many mouse models have been given an AD-like disease and then 'cured' in the lab, only for the treatments to fail in clinical trials. This review argues that small animal models are insufficient for modelling complex disorders such as AD. In order to find effective treatments for AD, we need to create large animal models with brains and lifespan that are closer to humans, and underlying genetics that already predispose them to AD-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Elizabeth Mckean
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (N.E.M.); (R.R.H.)
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Renee Robyn Handley
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (N.E.M.); (R.R.H.)
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Russell Grant Snell
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (N.E.M.); (R.R.H.)
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Kalampokini S, Georgouli D, Patrikiou E, Provatas A, Valotassiou V, Georgoulias P, Spanaki C, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Xiromerisiou G. Τhe Greek Variant in APP Gene: The Phenotypic Spectrum of APP Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212355. [PMID: 34830236 PMCID: PMC8622139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) cause autosomal dominant inherited Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We present a case of a 68-year-old female who presented with epileptic seizures, neuropsychiatric symptoms and progressive memory decline and was found to carry a novel APP variant, c.2062T>G pLeu688Val. A comprehensive literature review of all reported cases of AD due to APP mutations was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases. We reviewed 98 studies with a total of 385 cases. The mean age of disease onset was 51.3 ± 8.3 (31–80 years). Mutations were most often located in exons 17 (80.8%) and 16 (12.2%). The most common symptoms were dementia, visuospatial symptoms, aphasia, epilepsy and psychiatric symptoms. Mutations in the β-amyloid region, and specifically exon 17, were associated with high pathogenicity and a younger age of disease onset. We describe the second reported APP mutation in the Greek population. APP mutations may act variably on disease expression and their phenotype is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kalampokini
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22603911; Fax: +357-22603467
| | - Despoina Georgouli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Eleni Patrikiou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41223 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Varvara Valotassiou
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Cleanthe Spanaki
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
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Armbrust F, Bickenbach K, Marengo L, Pietrzik C, Becker-Pauly C. The Swedish dilemma - the almost exclusive use of APPswe-based mouse models impedes adequate evaluation of alternative β-secretases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119164. [PMID: 34699873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, however incurable so far. It is widely accepted that aggregated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides play a crucial role for the pathogenesis of AD, as they cause neurotoxicity and deposit as so-called Aβ plaques in AD patient brains. Aβ peptides derive from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) upon consecutive cleavage at the β- and γ-secretase site. Hence, mutations in the APP gene are often associated with autosomal dominant inherited AD. Almost thirty years ago, two mutations at the β-secretase site were observed in two Swedish families (termed Swedish APP (APPswe) mutations), which led to early-onset AD. Consequently, APPswe was established in almost every common AD mouse model, as it contributes to early Aβ plaque formation and cognitive impairments. Analyzing these APPswe-based mouse models, the aspartyl protease BACE1 has been evolving as the prominent β-secretase responsible for Aβ release in AD and as the most important therapeutic target for AD treatment. However, with respect to β-secretase processing, the very rare occurring APPswe variant substantially differs from wild-type APP. BACE1 dominates APPswe processing resulting in the release of Aβ1-x, whereas N-terminally truncated Aβ forms are scarcely generated. However, these N-terminally truncated Aβ species such as Aβ2-x, Aβ3-x and Aβ4-x are elevated in AD patient brains and exhibit an increased potential to aggregate compared to Aβ1-x peptides. Proteases such as meprin β, cathepsin B and ADAMTS4 were identified as alternative β-secretases being capable of generating these N-terminally truncated Aβ species from wild-type APP. However, neither meprin β nor cathepsin B are capable of generating N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides from APPswe. Hence, the role of BACE1 for the Aβ formation during AD might be overrepresented through the excessive use of APPswe mouse models. In this review we critically discuss the consideration of BACE1 as the most promising therapeutic target. Shifting the focus of AD research towards alternative β secretases might unveil promising alternatives to BACE1 inhibitors constantly failing in clinical trials due to ineffectiveness and harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Armbrust
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kira Bickenbach
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Liana Marengo
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Kaldun JC, Lone SR, Humbert Camps AM, Fritsch C, Widmer YF, Stein JV, Tomchik SM, Sprecher SG. Dopamine, sleep, and neuronal excitability modulate amyloid-β-mediated forgetting in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001412. [PMID: 34613972 PMCID: PMC8523056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the main causes of age-related dementia and neurodegeneration. However, the onset of the disease and the mechanisms causing cognitive defects are not well understood. Aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides is a pathological hallmark of AD and is assumed to be a central component of the molecular disease pathways. Pan-neuronal expression of Aβ42Arctic peptides in Drosophila melanogaster results in learning and memory defects. Surprisingly, targeted expression to the mushroom bodies, a center for olfactory memories in the fly brain, does not interfere with learning but accelerates forgetting. We show here that reducing neuronal excitability either by feeding Levetiracetam or silencing of neurons in the involved circuitry ameliorates the phenotype. Furthermore, inhibition of the Rac-regulated forgetting pathway could rescue the Aβ42Arctic-mediated accelerated forgetting phenotype. Similar effects are achieved by increasing sleep, a critical regulator of neuronal homeostasis. Our results provide a functional framework connecting forgetting signaling and sleep, which are critical for regulating neuronal excitability and homeostasis and are therefore a promising mechanism to modulate forgetting caused by toxic Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer C. Kaldun
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shahnaz R. Lone
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Cornelia Fritsch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves F. Widmer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Seth M. Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Zhao H, Huang X, Tong Z. Formaldehyde-Crosslinked Nontoxic Aβ Monomers to Form Toxic Aβ Dimers and Aggregates: Pathogenicity and Therapeutic Perspectives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3376-3390. [PMID: 34396700 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques in the brain. However, medicines targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have not achieved the expected clinical effects. This review focuses on the formation mechanism of the Aβ dimer (the basic unit of oligomers and fibrils) and its tremendous potential as a drug target. Recently, age-associated formaldehyde and Aβ-derived formaldehyde have been found to crosslink the nontoxic Aβ monomer to form the toxic dimers, oligomers and fibrils. Particularly, Aβ-induced formaldehyde accumulation and formaldehyde-promoted Aβ aggregation form a vicious cycle. Subsequently, formaldehyde initiates Aβ toxicity in both the early-and late-onset AD. These facts also explain why AD drugs targeting only Aβ do not have the desired therapeutic effects. Development of the nanoparticle-based medicines targeting both formaldehyde and Aβ dimer is a promising strategy for improving the drug efficacy by penetrating blood-brain barrier and extracellular space into the cortical neurons in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xuerong Huang
- Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital 3, Department of Neurology, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanodelivery of oxiracetam enhances memory, functional recovery and induces neuroprotection following concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:139-230. [PMID: 34560921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel are the most susceptible to concussive head injury (CHI) caused by explosion, blast or missile or blunt head trauma. Mild to moderate CHI could induce lifetime functional and cognitive disturbances causing significant decrease in quality of life. Severe CHI leads to instant death and lifetime paralysis. Thus, further exploration of novel therapeutic agents or new features of known pharmacological agents are needed to enhance quality of life of CHI victims. Previous reports from our laboratory showed that mild CHI induced by weight drop technique causing an impact of 0.224N results in profound progressive functional deficit, memory impairment and brain pathology from 5h after trauma that continued over several weeks of injury. In this investigation we report that TiO2 nanowired delivery of oxiracetam (50mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 5 days after CHI resulted in significant improvement of functional deficit on the 8th day. This was observed using Rota Rod treadmill, memory improvement assessed by the time spent in finding hidden platform under water. The motor function improvement is seen in oxiracetam treated CHI group by placing forepaw on an inclined mesh walking and foot print analysis for stride length and distance between hind feet. TiO2-nanowired oxiracetam also induced marked improvements in the cerebral blood flow, reduction in the BBB breakdown and edema formation as well as neuroprotection of neuronal, glial and myelin damages caused by CHI at light and electron microscopy on the 7th day after 5 days TiO2 oxiracetam treatment. Adverse biochemical events such as upregulation of CSF nitrite and nitrate, IL-6, TNF-a and p-Tau are also reduced significantly in oxiracetam treated CHI group. On the other hand post treatment of 100mg/kg dose of normal oxiracetam in identical conditions after CHI is needed to show slight but significant neuroprotection together with mild recovery of memory function and functional deficits on the 8th day. These observations are the first to point out that nanowired delivery of oxiracetam has superior neuroprotective ability in CHI. These results indicate a promising clinical future of TiO2 oxiracetam in treating CHI patients for better quality of life and neurorehabilitation, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mao C, Li J, Dong L, Huang X, Lei D, Wang J, Chu S, Liu C, Peng B, Román GC, Cui L, Gao J. Clinical Phenotype and Mutation Spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease with Causative Genetic Mutation in a Chinese Cohort. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:265-272. [PMID: 34102969 PMCID: PMC8506917 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210608120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease with a causative genetic mutation (AD-CGM) is an uncommon form, characterized by a heterogeneous clinical phenotype and variations in the genotype of racial groups affected. Objective We aimed to systemically describe the phenotype variance and mutation spectrum in the large sample size of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) cohort, Beijing, China. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out in 1108 patients diagnosed with dementia. A total of 40 Han Chinese patients with three AD gene mutations were enrolled. A systemic review of all the patients was performed, including clinical history, neurocognitive assessment, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Results We studied the following gene mutation variants: 12 AβPP, 13 PSEN1, and 9 PSEN2, and 23 among them were novel. Most of them were early-onset, but PSEN1 mutation carriers had the youngest onset age. The commonest symptoms were similar to those of AD, including an amnestic syndrome, followed by psychiatric symptoms and movement disorder. On MRI, parietal and posterior temporal atrophy was prominent in PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutation carriers, while AβPP mutation carriers had more vascular changes. The CSF biomarkers profile was indistinguishable from sporadic AD. Conclusion We identified a small group of AD-CGM subjects representing 3.6% among more than 1000 demented patients in the PUMCH cohort. These subjects usually presented with early-onset
dementia and exhibited significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Identification required complete screening of genetic mutations using NGS. Although family history was usually present, we found non-familial cases of all three genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liling Dong
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dan Lei
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Caiyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gustavo C Román
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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Drabik K, Piecyk K, Wolny A, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Dębska-Vielhaber G, Vielhaber S, Duszyński J, Malińska D, Szczepanowska J. Adaptation of mitochondrial network dynamics and velocity of mitochondrial movement to chronic stress present in fibroblasts derived from patients with sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21586. [PMID: 33960016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001978rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Only 10% of all cases are familial form, the remaining 90% are sporadic form with unknown genetic background. The etiology of sporadic AD is still not fully understood. Pathogenesis and pathobiology of this disease are limited due to the limited number of experimental models. We used primary culture of fibroblasts derived from patients diagnosed with sporadic form of AD for investigation of dynamic properties of mitochondria, including fission-fusion process and localization of mitochondria within the cell. We observed differences in mitochondrial network organization with decreased mitochondrial transport velocity, and a drop in the frequency of fusion-fission events. These studies show how mitochondrial dynamics adapt to the conditions of long-term mitochondrial stress that prevails in cells of sporadic form of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Piecyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wolny
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Aghakhanyan G, Saur D, Rullmann M, Weise CM, Schroeter ML, Marek K, Jamra RA, Tiepolt S, Strauss M, Scherlach C, Hoffmann KT, Sabri O, Classen J, Barthel H. PET/MRI Delivers Multimodal Brain Signature in Alzheimer's Disease with De Novo PSEN1 Mutation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:178-184. [PMID: 33855944 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210414111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known so far about the brain phenotype and the spatial interplay of different Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers with structural and functional brain connectivity in the early phase of autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD). Multimodal PET/MRI might be suitable to fill this gap. MATERIAL AND METHODS We presented a 31-year-old male patient without a family history of dementia with progressive worsening of memory and motor function. Two separate sessions of 3T PET/MRI acquisitions were arranged with the ß-amyloid tracer [18F]Florbetaben and the secondgeneration tau tracer [18F]PI-2620. Simultaneously acquired MRI consisted of high-resolution 3D T1, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), and resting-state fMRI. PET/MRI data were compared with ten age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Widespread β-amyloid depositions were found in cortical regions, and striatum (Thal stage III) along with tau pathology restricted to the mesial-temporal structures (Braak stage III/IV). Volumetric/shape analysis of subcortical structures revealed atrophy of the hippocampal-amygdala complex. In addition, cortical thinning was detected in the right middle temporal pole. Alterations of multiple DTI indices were noted in the major white matter fiber bundles, together with disruption of default mode and sensory-motor network functional connectivity. Molecular genetic analysis by next-generation sequencing revealed a heterozygote missense pathogenic variant of the PSEN1 (Met233Val). CONCLUSION Multimodal PET/MR imaging is able to deliver, in a one-stop-shop approach, an array of molecular, structural and functional brain information in AD due to de novo pathogenic variant, which can be studied for spatial interplay and might provide a rationale for initiating anti- amyloid/tau therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothee Saur
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ken Marek
- Invicro, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cordula Scherlach
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Any type of seizure can be observed in Alzheimer's disease. Antiepileptic drugs seem to prevent the recurrence of epileptic seizures in most people with Alzheimer's disease. There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for epilepsy in people with Alzheimer's disease, however there are no current systematic reviews to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of these treatments. This review aims to investigate these different modalities. This is an updated version of the Cochrane Review previously published in 2018. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of epilepsy in people with Alzheimer's disease (including sporadic Alzheimer's disease and dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease). SEARCH METHODS For the latest update, on 3 August 2020 we searched the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) and MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 31 July 2020). CRS Web includes randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials from PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the Specialized Registers of Cochrane Review Groups, including Cochrane Epilepsy. In an effort to identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials, we searched ongoing trials registers, reference lists and relevant conference proceedings; we also contacted trial authors and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials investigating treatment for epilepsy in people with Alzheimer's disease, with the primary outcomes of proportion of participants with seizure freedom and proportion of participants experiencing adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of identified records, selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, cross-checked the data for accuracy and assessed the methodological quality. We performed no meta-analyses due to there being limited available data. MAIN RESULTS We included one randomized controlled trial (RCT) on pharmacological interventions; the trial included 95 participants. No studies were found for non-pharmacological interventions. Concerning the proportion of participants with seizure freedom, no significant differences were found for the comparisons of levetiracetam versus lamotrigine (RR) 1.20, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.71; 67 participants; very low-certainty evidence), levetiracetam versus phenobarbital (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.19; 66 participants; very low-certainty evidence), or lamotrigine versus phenobarbital (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.35 to 2.02; 57 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It seemed that levetiracetam could improve cognition and lamotrigine could relieve depression, while phenobarbital and lamotrigine could worsen cognition, and levetiracetam and phenobarbital could worsen mood. The risk of bias relating to allocation, blinding and selective reporting was unclear. We judged the certainty of the evidence for all outcomes to be very low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review does not provide sufficient evidence to support levetiracetam, phenobarbital or lamotrigine for the treatment of epilepsy in people with Alzheimer's disease. Regarding efficacy and tolerability, no significant differences were found between levetiracetam, phenobarbital and lamotrigine. Large RCTs with a double-blind, parallel-group design are required to determine the efficacy and tolerability of treatment for epilepsy in people with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100070 Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Ning Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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45
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Musa G, Slachevsky A, Muñoz-Neira C, Méndez-Orellana C, Villagra R, González-Billault C, Ibáñez A, Hornberger M, Lillo P. Alzheimer's Disease or Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia? Review of Key Points Toward an Accurate Clinical and Neuropsychological Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:833-848. [PMID: 31884475 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the most common neurodegenerative early-onset dementias. Despite the fact that both conditions have a very distinctive clinical pattern, they present with an overlap in their cognitive and behavioral features that may lead to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis. The current review intends to summarize briefly the main differences at the clinical, neuropsychological, and behavioral levels, in an attempt to suggest which aspects would facilitate an adequate diagnosis in a clinical setting, especially in Latin American and low- and middle-income countries, where the resources needed for a differential diagnosis (such as MRI or biomarkers) are not always available. A timely diagnosis of AD and FTD have significant implications for the medical management and quality of life of patients and careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gada Musa
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Department of Physiopathology, ICBM, Department of Neurosciences, Department of East Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Capredena, Health and Rehabilitation Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Department of Physiopathology, ICBM, Department of Neurosciences, Department of East Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department- Hospital del Salvador and University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Medicina, Servicio de Neurología, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Neira
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department- Hospital del Salvador and University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Research into Memory, Brain Sciences and Dementia Group (ReMemBr Group), Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carolina Méndez-Orellana
- Carrera de Fonoaudiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roque Villagra
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Department of Physiopathology, ICBM, Department of Neurosciences, Department of East Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Patricia Lillo
- Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Providencia, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neurology South, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yadav J, Verma AK, Ahmad MK, Garg RK, Shiuli, Mahdi AA, Srivastava S. Metals toxicity and its correlation with the gene expression in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3245-3252. [PMID: 33970397 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population and a leading cause of dementia. Genetics and environmental risk factors were considered to play a major role in the onset of the disease. This study aimed to examine the correlation between different metals levels and the gene expression in Alzheimer's patients with age-matched control subjects. Non- essential metals were measured in the whole blood due to its higher concentration in red blood corpuscles (RBCs) and essential biometals in the serum samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) that allows the analysis and detection of the different elements at low levels. Gene expression level was performed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In this study, the levels of Lead and Arsenic metals were not detected in the AD patient samples. Cadmium, Mercury, and Aluminum were found higher in cases as compared to controls with 0.009240 ± 0.0007707 (P = < 0.0001), 0.02332 ± 0.001041 (P = < 0.0001), and 0.09222 ± 0.02804 (P = 0.0087) respectively. Essential biometal like copper was higher 0.1274 ± 0.02453 (P = 0.0254) in cases, while iron 0.1117 ± 0.009599 (P = 0.0304) and zinc 0.03800 ± 0.003462 mg/L were found significantly lower as compared to controls. All targeted genes such as APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE4 were found up-regulated in AD patients. We concluded that there was no significant correlation between metals dyshomeostasis and gene expressions in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Yadav
- Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Verma
- Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | | | | | - Shiuli
- Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
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47
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Richens JL, Bramble JP, Spencer HL, Cantlay F, Butler M, O'Shea P. Towards defining the Mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease based on a contextual analysis of molecular pathways. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is posing an increasingly profound problem to society. Our genuine understanding of the pathogenesis of AD is inadequate and as a consequence, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are currently insufficient. The understandable focus of many studies is the identification of molecules with high diagnostic utility however the opportunity to obtain a further understanding of the mechanistic origins of the disease from such putative biomarkers is often overlooked. This study examines the involvement of biomarkers in AD to shed light on potential mechanisms and pathways through which they are implicated in the pathology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. The computational tools required to analyse ever-growing datasets in the context of AD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Bramble
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. Spencer
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Cantlay
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Butler
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Shea
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Address as of 1st July 2016: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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48
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Galkin AP, Sysoev EI. Stress Response Is the Main Trigger of Sporadic Amyloidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4092. [PMID: 33920986 PMCID: PMC8071232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases associated with the formation of pathological protein fibrils with cross-β structures. Approximately 5-10% of the cases of these diseases are determined by amyloidogenic mutations, as well as by transmission of infectious amyloids (prions) between organisms. The most common group of so-called sporadic amyloidoses is associated with abnormal aggregation of wild-type proteins. Some sporadic amyloidoses are known to be induced only against the background of certain pathologies, but in some cases the cause of amyloidosis is unclear. It is assumed that these diseases often occur by accident. Here we present facts and hypotheses about the association of sporadic amyloidoses with vascular pathologies, trauma, oxidative stress, cancer, metabolic diseases, chronic infections and COVID-19. Generalization of current data shows that all sporadic amyloidoses can be regarded as a secondary event occurring against the background of diseases provoking a cellular stress response. Various factors causing the stress response provoke protein overproduction, a local increase in the concentration or modifications, which contributes to amyloidogenesis. Progress in the treatment of vascular, metabolic and infectious diseases, as well as cancers, should lead to a significant reduction in the risk of sporadic amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P. Galkin
- St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgeniy I. Sysoev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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49
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Cash MK, Rockwood K, Fisk JD, Darvesh S. Clinicopathological correlations and cholinesterase expression in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease with the presenilin 1 mutation, Leu235Pro. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:31-41. [PMID: 33789210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SpAD), acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, co-regulators of acetylcholine, are associated with β-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in patterns suggesting a contribution to neurotoxicity. This association has not been explored in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). We investigated whether cholinesterases are observed in the neuropathological hallmarks in FAD expressing the presenilin 1 Leu235Pro mutation. Brain tissues from three FAD cases and one early-onset SpAD case were stained and analyzed for β-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. AD pathology was prominent throughout the rostrocaudal extent of all 4 brains but α-synuclein-positive neurites were present in only one familial case. In FAD and SpAD cases, cholinergic activity was associated with plaques and tangles but not with α-synuclein pathology. Both cholinesterases showed similar or decreased plaque staining than detected with β-amyloid immunostaining but greater plaque deposition than observed with thioflavin-S histofluorescence. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase are highly associated with AD pathology in inherited disease and both may represent specific diagnostic and therapeutic targets for all AD forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John D Fisk
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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50
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Hole KL, Williams RJ. Flavonoids as an Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Hurdles Towards Defining a Mechanism of Action. Brain Plast 2021; 6:167-192. [PMID: 33782649 PMCID: PMC7990465 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to develop a disease modifying intervention for Alzheimer's disease (AD) through targeting amyloid β (Aβ) have so far been unsuccessful. There is, therefore, a need for novel therapeutics against alternative targets coupled with approaches which may be suitable for early and sustained use likely required for AD prevention. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that flavonoids can act within processes and pathways relevant to AD, such as Aβ and tau pathology, increases in BDNF, inflammation, oxidative stress and neurogenesis. However, the therapeutic development of flavonoids has been hindered by an ongoing lack of clear mechanistic data that fully takes into consideration metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids in vivo. With a focus on studies that incorporate these considerations into their experimental design, this review will evaluate the evidence for developing specific flavonoids as therapeutics for AD. Given the current lack of success of anti-Aβ targeting therapeutics, particular attention will be given to flavonoid-mediated regulation of tau phosphorylation and aggregation, where there is a comparable lack of study. Reflecting on this evidence, the obstacles that prevent therapeutic development of flavonoids will be examined. Finally, the significance of recent advances in flavonoid metabolomics, modifications and influence of the microbiome on the therapeutic capacity of flavonoids in AD are explored. By highlighting the potential of flavonoids to target multiple aspects of AD pathology, as well as considering the hurdles, this review aims to promote the efficient and effective identification of flavonoid-based approaches that have potential as therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriona L. Hole
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
| | - Robert J. Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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