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Arienti F, Casazza G, Franco G, Lazzeri G, Monfrini E, Di Maio A, Erro R, Barone P, Tamma F, Caputo E, Volontè MA, Cacciaguerra L, Pilotto A, Padovani A, Comi C, Magistrelli L, Valzania F, Cavallieri F, Avanzino L, Marchese R, Sensi M, Carroli G, Eleopra R, Cilia R, Spagnolo F, Tessitore A, De Micco R, Ceravolo R, Palermo G, Malaguti MC, Lopiano L, Tocco P, Sorbera C, Tinazzi M, Ciammola A, Ottaviani D, Valente EM, Albanese A, Blandini F, Canesi M, Antonini A, Carecchio M, Fetoni V, Colosimo C, Volpe D, Tambasco N, Cossu G, Zappia M, Di Fonzo A. Family History in Parkinson's Disease: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 39269187 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common finding in PD patients. However, a few studies have systematically examined this aspect. OBJECTIVES We investigated the family history of PD patients, comparing demographic and clinical features between familial PD (fPD) and sporadic PD (sPD). METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolling 2035 PD patients was conducted in 28 Italian centers. Clinical data and family history up to the third degree of kinship were collected. RESULTS Family history of PD was determined in 21.9% of patients. fPD patients had earlier age at onset than sporadic patients. No relevant differences in the prevalence of motor and nonmotor symptoms were detected. Family history of mood disorders resulted more prevalently in the fPD group. CONCLUSIONS fPD was found to recur more frequently than previously reported. Family history collection beyond the core family is essential to discover disease clusters and identify novel risk factors for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Arienti
- Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Franco
- Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzeri
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Gaetano Pini-CTO, Parkinson Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana,", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana,", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Filippo Tamma
- Department of Neurology, "F. Miulli" General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Elena Caputo
- Department of Neurology, "F. Miulli" General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cacciaguerra
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit and Neurobiorepository and Laboratory of Advanced Biological Markers, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit and Neurobiorepository and Laboratory of Advanced Biological Markers, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Franco Valzania
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavallieri
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-UOC Genetica Medica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Marchese
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-UOC Genetica Medica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Carroli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosa De Micco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineCenter for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineCenter for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Malaguti
- Neurology Unit, Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lopiano
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Sorbera
- Neurorehabilitation Unit IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo," Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciammola
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- Neurology Unit, Rovereto Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Canesi
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Moriggia Pelascini Hospital, Gravedona, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CENSE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CENSE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenza Fetoni
- Neurology Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Daniele Volpe
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Parkinson's Disease Excellence Center, Casa di Cura Villa Margherita via Costacolonna n 1 Arcugnano, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Tambasco
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology Department, Perugia General Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cossu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
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Mercer HM, Nair AM, Ridgel A, Piontkivska H. Alterations in RNA editing in skeletal muscle following exercise training in individuals with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287078. [PMID: 38134032 PMCID: PMC10745226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease behind Alzheimer's Disease, currently affecting more than 10 million people worldwide and 1.5 times more males than females. The progression of PD results in the loss of function due to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The etiology of PD is multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental origins. Here we explored changes in RNA editing, specifically editing through the actions of the Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs), in the progression of PD. Analysis of ADAR editing of skeletal muscle transcriptomes from PD patients and controls, including those that engaged in a rehabilitative exercise training program revealed significant differences in ADAR editing patterns based on age, disease status, and following rehabilitative exercise. Further, deleterious editing events in protein coding regions were identified in multiple genes with known associations to PD pathogenesis. Our findings of differential ADAR editing complement findings of changes in transcriptional networks identified by a recent study and offer insights into dynamic ADAR editing changes associated with PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Milliken Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, United States of America
- Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Aiswarya Mukundan Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Angela Ridgel
- School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
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Caritativo ECA, Yu JRT, Bautista JMP, Nishioka K, Jamora RDG, Yalung PM, Ng AR, Hattori N. Genetic screening of Filipinos suspected with familial Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 108:105319. [PMID: 36774704 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although genetic factors are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), true prevalence of familial PD is unknown. We conducted this pilot study to identify genes implicated in familial Parkinson's disease among Filipinos. METHODS Eighteen Filipino patients belonging to 11 families with personal and family history of PD underwent thorough evaluation by movement disorders specialists. Samples were analyzed in Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. Sanger sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products was performed. Each sample was screened for 23 genes (SNCA, PARK 2, UCHL1, PINK 1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, GIGYF2, HTRA2, PLA266, FBX07, VPS35, EIF461, DNAJC13, CHCHD2, GCH1, MAPT, NR4A2, VPS13c, PSEN1, and GRN). RESULTS Out of 18 patients, six harbored Parkinson-related gene mutations. Five individuals from three families were positive for PINK1 c.10140T > C(p.L347P) mutation while one had heterozygous variant PRKN c.136G>T(p.A465) gene mutation. Three families displayed autosomal recessive pattern while one family with PINK1 mutation showed autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Bradykinesia and tremor were predominant symptoms. Mean age at onset of symptoms was 40.4 years among those with PINK1 mutations. CONCLUSION In this study, we presented the clinical profiles and identified two genetic mutations among a small group of Filipino patients with familial PD. They were congruent with most studies showing these mutations as the most common causes of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Preliminary data from this pilot study will guide planning for larger scale studies, such as collaborative projects including The Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeryl Ritzi T Yu
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines; Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, OH, USA
| | - Juan Miguel P Bautista
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines.
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roland Dominic G Jamora
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patrick M Yalung
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines
| | - Arlene R Ng
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokyo, Japan
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Jawad Ul Hasnain M, Amin F, Ghani A, Ahmad S, Rahman Z, Aslam T, Pervez MT. Structural and Functional Impact of Damaging Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on Human VPS35 Protein Using Computational Approaches. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:3715-3724. [PMID: 34613918 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2021.3118054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Mutations in retromer complex subunit and VPS35 represent the second most common cause of late-onset familial Parkinson's disease. The mutation in VPS35 can disrupt the normal protein functions resulting in Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was the identification of deleterious missense Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and their structural and functional impact on the VPS35 protein. In this study, several insilico tools were used to identify deleterious and disease-associated nsSNPs. 3D structure of VPS35 protein was constructed through MODELLER 9.2, normalized using FOLDX, and evaluated through RAMPAGE and ERRAT whereas, FOLDX was used for mutagenesis. 25 ligands were obtained from literature and docked using PyRx 0.8 software. Based on the binding affinity, five ligands i.e., PG4, MSE, GOL, EDO, and CAF were further analyzed. Molecular Dynamic simulation analysis was performed using GROMACS 5.1.4, where temperature, pressure, density, RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA graphs were analyzed. The results showed that the mutations Y67H, R524W, and D620N had a structural and functional impact on the VPS35 protein. The current findings will help in appropriate drug design against the disease caused by these mutations in a large population using in-vitro study.
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32352027 PMCID: PMC7181694 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks a cure. Modeling diseases of the central nervous system in vitro with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is still in its infancy but has the potential to expedite the discovery and validation of new treatments. Here, we discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions and midbrain neuronal impairments in people living with PD. We first summarize the prevalence of causal Parkinson's genes and risk factors reported in 74 epidemiological and genomic studies. We then present a meta-analysis of 385 hiPSC-derived neuronal lines from 67 recent independent original research articles, which point towards specific impairments in neurons from Parkinson's patients, within the context of genetic predispositions. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the disease, current iPSC models reveal converging molecular pathways underlying neurodegeneration in a range of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Altogether, consolidating our understanding of robust cellular phenotypes across genetic cohorts of Parkinson's patients may guide future personalized drug screens in preclinical research.
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Lill CM. WITHDRAWN: Genetics of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Probes 2020:101471. [PMID: 31978549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2016.11.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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Lill CM. Genetics of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:386-396. [PMID: 27818248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost two decades after the identification of SNCA as the first causative gene in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the subsequent understanding that genetic factors play a substantial role in PD development, our knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying this disease has vastly improved. Approximately 5-10% of patients suffer from a monogenic form of PD where autosomal dominant mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35 and autosomal recessive mutations in PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin cause the disease with high penetrance. Furthermore, recent whole-exome sequencing have described autosomal recessive DNAJC6 mutations in predominately atypical, but also cases with typical PD. In addition, several other genes have been linked to atypical Parkinsonian phenotypes. However, the vast majority of PD is genetically complex, i.e. it is caused by the combined action of common genetic variants in concert with environmental factors. By the application of genome-wide association studies, 26 PD risk loci have been established to date. Similar to other genetically complex diseases, these show only moderate effects on PD risk. Increasing this etiologic complexity, many of the involved genetic and environmental risk factors likely interact in an intricate fashion. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge in PD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Balint B, Erro R, Brugger F, Jha A, Batla A, Ganos C, Antelmi E, Bhatia KP. Conjugal Parkinson's disease - Real or chance? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 33:146-148. [PMID: 27743702 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Balint
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Erro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Florian Brugger
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ashwani Jha
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Amit Batla
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Antelmi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Pan-Montojo F, Reichmann H. Considerations on the role of environmental toxins in idiopathic Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:10. [PMID: 24826210 PMCID: PMC4019355 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive dysfunction of the nervous system. Often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous structures, they include diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias, Genetic Brain Disorders, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease), Huntington’s Disease, Prion Diseases, and others. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased over the last years. This has had a major impact both on patients and their families and has exponentially increased the medical bill by hundreds of billions of Euros. Therefore, understanding the role of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of PD is crucial to develop preventive strategies. While some authors believe that PD is mainly genetic and that the aging of the society is the principal cause for this increase, different studies suggest that PD may be due to an increased exposure to environmental toxins. In this article we review epidemiological, sociological and experimental studies to determine which hypothesis is more plausible. Our conclusion is that, at least in idiopathic PD (iPD), the exposure to toxic environmental substances could play an important role in its aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Approximately 20 % of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) report a positive family history. Yet, a large portion of causal and disease-modifying variants is still unknown. We used exome sequencing in two affected individuals from a family with late-onset PD to identify 15 potentially causal variants. Segregation analysis and frequency assessment in 862 PD cases and 1,014 ethnically matched controls highlighted variants in EEF1D and LRRK1 as the best candidates. Mutation screening of the coding regions of these genes in 862 cases and 1,014 controls revealed several novel non-synonymous variants in both genes in cases and controls. An in silico multi-model bioinformatics analysis was used to prioritize identified variants in LRRK1 for functional follow-up. However, protein expression, subcellular localization, and cell viability were not affected by the identified variants. Although it has yet to be proven conclusively that variants in LRRK1 are indeed causative of PD, our data strengthen a possible role for LRRK1 in addition to LRRK2 in the genetic underpinnings of PD but, at the same time, highlight the difficulties encountered in the study of rare variants identified by next-generation sequencing in diseases with autosomal dominant or complex patterns of inheritance.
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Schulte EC, Stahl I, Czamara D, Ellwanger DC, Eck S, Graf E, Mollenhauer B, Zimprich A, Lichtner P, Haubenberger D, Pirker W, Brücke T, Bereznai B, Molnar MJ, Peters A, Gieger C, Müller-Myhsok B, Trenkwalder C, Winkelmann J. Rare variants in PLXNA4 and Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79145. [PMID: 24244438 PMCID: PMC3823607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) report a positive family history. Yet, a large portion of causal and disease-modifying variants is still unknown. We used exome sequencing in two affected individuals from a family with late-onset familial PD followed by frequency assessment in 975 PD cases and 1014 ethnically-matched controls and linkage analysis to identify potentially causal variants. Based on the predicted penetrance and the frequencies, a variant in PLXNA4 proved to be the best candidate and PLXNA4 was screened for additional variants in 862 PD cases and 940 controls, revealing an excess of rare non-synonymous coding variants in PLXNA4 in individuals with PD. Although we cannot conclude that the variant in PLXNA4 is indeed the causative variant, these findings are interesting in the light of a surfacing role of axonal guidance mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders but, at the same time, highlight the difficulties encountered in the study of rare variants identified by next-generation sequencing in diseases with autosomal dominant or complex patterns of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C. Schulte
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel Stahl
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Max-Planck Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel C. Ellwanger
- Chair for Genome-Oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eck
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Georg August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Brücke
- Department of Neurology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Bereznai
- Center for Molecular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria J. Molnar
- Center for Molecular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute for Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute for Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max-Planck Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Georg August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Parkinsonism. Neurogenetics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139087711.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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A mutation in VPS35, encoding a subunit of the retromer complex, causes late-onset Parkinson disease. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:168-75. [PMID: 21763483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify rare causal variants in late-onset Parkinson disease (PD), we investigated an Austrian family with 16 affected individuals by exome sequencing. We found a missense mutation, c.1858G>A (p.Asp620Asn), in the VPS35 gene in all seven affected family members who are alive. By screening additional PD cases, we saw the same variant cosegregating with the disease in an autosomal-dominant mode with high but incomplete penetrance in two further families with five and ten affected members, respectively. The mean age of onset in the affected individuals was 53 years. Genotyping showed that the shared haplotype extends across 65 kilobases around VPS35. Screening the entire VPS35 coding sequence in an additional 860 cases and 1014 controls revealed six further nonsynonymous missense variants. Three were only present in cases, two were only present in controls, and one was present in cases and controls. The familial mutation p.Asp620Asn and a further variant, c.1570C>T (p.Arg524Trp), detected in a sporadic PD case were predicted to be damaging by sequence-based and molecular-dynamics analyses. VPS35 is a component of the retromer complex and mediates retrograde transport between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network, and it has recently been found to be involved in Alzheimer disease.
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Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26 Suppl 1:S1-58. [PMID: 21626386 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large extent-at least partly due to methodological differences between studies-but are consistently higher in men than in women. Several genes that cause familial as well as sporadic PD have been identified and familial aggregation studies support a genetic component. Despite a vast literature on lifestyle and environmental possible risk or protection factors, consistent findings are few. There is compelling evidence for protective effects of smoking and coffee, but the biologic mechanisms for these possibly causal relations are poorly understood. Uric acid also seems to be associated with lower PD risk. Evidence that one or several pesticides increase PD risk is suggestive but further research is needed to identify specific compounds that may play a causal role. Evidence is limited on the role of metals, other chemicals and magnetic fields. Important methodological limitations include crude classification of exposure, low frequency and intensity of exposure, inadequate sample size, potential for confounding, retrospective study designs and lack of consistent diagnostic criteria for PD. Studies that assessed possible shared etiological components between PD and other diseases show that REM sleep behavior disorder and mental illness increase PD risk and that PD patients have lower cancer risk, but methodological concerns exist. Future epidemiologic studies of PD should be large, include detailed quantifications of exposure, and collect information on environmental exposures as well as genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Gender differences in the risk of familial parkinsonism: beyond LRRK2? Neurosci Lett 2011; 496:125-8. [PMID: 21511009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G2019S mutations in the LRRK2 gene are responsible for up to 18% of PD in individuals of Jewish descent. While a male preponderance of Parkinson disease (PD) has been consistently reported, this gender difference is not noted in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers. In order to test whether there is an increased genetic component in women of Jewish background in general, we examined family history of parkinsonism in 175 Jewish PD patients (82 female and 93 male) and assessed whether parkinsonism was more frequent in family members of women with PD in comparison with family members of men with PD, adjusting for LRRK2 G2019S mutations in the proband. Using Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the risk of parkinsonism among family members of PD subjects, having a daughter with PD compared with a son was associated with increased risk of parkinsonism in the parent (HR 2.59, p=0.014) as was having a child with a LRRK2 G2019S mutation (HR 3.19, p=0.003). The increased risk among parents of women with PD persisted when adjusting for LRRK2 status (HR 2.19, p=0.023). Among individuals of Jewish descent, there is a relatively greater genetic load in women with PD, and this is not fully accounted for by the G2019S mutation. Further study that evaluates family information bias and assesses the role of glucocerebrosidase mutations is indicated.
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Shino MY, McGuire V, Van Den Eeden SK, Tanner CM, Popat R, Leimpeter A, Bernstein AL, Nelson LM. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in a multiethnic community-based case-control study. Mov Disord 2010; 25:2587-94. [PMID: 20842689 PMCID: PMC2978761 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease (PD), we compared the cumulative incidence of PD among first-degree relatives of PD cases and controls. We identified newly diagnosed patients with PD (n = 573) during 1994 to 1995 within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California and recruited 496 cases (87%) for the case-control study. Of 720 eligible controls matched by birth year and sex to cases, 541 (75%) agreed to participate. Information on family history of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases was obtained by in-person structured interview. We used the reconstructed cohort approach that provides a better estimate of the risk. The cumulative incidence of PD was significantly higher among relatives of PD patients compared with relatives of controls (2.0 vs. 0.7%; relative risk (RR) = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-5.9; P = 0.0001). The degree of familial aggregation was higher among first-degree relatives of Hispanic PD cases compared with Hispanic controls (3.7% vs. 0.4%; RR = 8.5, 95% CI 1.0-68.9) than it was among non-Hispanic Caucasian cases and controls (2.0% vs. 0.8%; RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-5.1; P = 0.02). The familial aggregation of PD was stronger among the siblings of PD cases (RR = 5.4, 95% CI 1.8-16.0) than among parents (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.2). The incidence and familial aggregation of PD is highest among Hispanics, warranting further studies of genetic and environmental risk factors in the Hispanic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Shino
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Lrrk2 R1441G-related Parkinson's disease: evidence of a common founding event in the seventh century in Northern Spain. Neurogenetics 2009; 10:347-53. [PMID: 19308469 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene together represent the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) identified to date. The vast majority of patients with LRRK2-related PD reported in the literature carry one of three pathogenic substitutions: G2019S, R1441C, or R1441G. While G2019S and R1441C are geographically widespread, R1441G is most prevalent in the Basque Country and is rare outside of Northern Spain. We sought to better understand the processes that have shaped the current distribution of R1441G. We performed a haplotype analysis of 29 unrelated PD patients heterozygous for R1441G and 85 wild-type controls using 20 markers that spanned 15.1 Mb across the LRRK2 region. Nine of the patients were of Basque origin and 20 were non-Basques. We inferred haplotypes using a Bayesian approach and utilized a maximum-likelihood method to estimate the age of the most recent common ancestor. Significant but incomplete allele sharing was observed over a distance of 6.0 Mb and a single, rare ten-marker haplotype 5.8 Mb in length was seen in all mutation carriers. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor lived 1,350 (95% CI, 1,020-1,740) years ago in approximately the seventh century. We hypothesize that R1441G originated in the Basque population and that dispersion of the mutation then occurred through short-range gene flow that was largely limited to nearby regions in Spain.
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Thacker EL, Ascherio A. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2008; 23:1174-83. [PMID: 18442112 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the relative risk (RR) of Parkinson's disease (PD) for having a first-degree relative with PD versus having no first-degree relative with PD. Studies of familial aggregation of PD were identified by searching Medline and other sources. From each study, RRs were extracted or calculated based on the published data. Studies were categorized according to methodological characteristics, as well as by first-degree relationship type and age at PD onset restrictions. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were based on random effect models. Twenty-nine studies of familial aggregation of PD were identified with results for first-degree relatives. The best estimate of the RR of PD for having a first-degree relative with PD was 2.9 (95% CI: 2.2, 3.8; P = 2.2 E-14), based on the studies with the most rigorous methods. The RR for sibling pairs was 4.4 (95% CI: 3.1, 6.1; P < 1.0 E-30), while for child-parent pairs it was 2.7 (95% CI: 2.0, 3.7; P = 3.6 E-10). The RR for early onset PD was 4.7 (95% CI: 3.2, 6.8; P = 6.7 E-16), while for late onset PD it was 2.7 (95% CI: 1.9, 3.9; P = 1.8 E-8). Inclusion of methodologically less rigorous investigations tended to increase the RR estimates. Summary RRs were clearly elevated above one for all study methods, all first-degree relationship types, and all age at onset categories. Familial aggregation of PD is strong and unlikely to be due to chance or to deficiencies in study methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Thacker
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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García-Martín E, Ayuso P, Luengo A, Martínez C, Agúndez JA. Genetic variability of histamine receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:15. [PMID: 18366640 PMCID: PMC2292154 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Changes in the density and expression of histamine receptors (HRH) have been detected in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and HRH antagonists bring about improvements in motor and other symptoms, thus suggesting that HRH play a role in the clinical response of PD patients. This study is aimed to analyse polymorphic variations of HRH in patients with PD. Methods Leukocytary DNA from 195 PD patients and a control group of 231 unrelated healthy individuals was studied for the nonsynonymous HRH1Leu449Ser and the promoter HRH2G-1018A polymorphisms by using amplification-restriction analyses. Results The HRH1Leu449Ser amino acid substitution was identified in two women with late-onset PD whereas it was not observed among healthy subjects. The HRH2G-1018A polymorphism was observed with allele frequencies = 3.59 (95% CI = 1.74–5.44) and 5.0 (95% CI = 3.00–6.96) for patients with PD and healthy controls, respectively. These frequencies were independent of gender and age of onset of the disease. Multiple comparison analyses revealed that differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion These results indicate that the polymorphisms analyzed are not a major risk factor for PD, although the HRH1Leu449Ser amino acid substitution might be related to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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21
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Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms of Histamine-Metabolising Enzymes in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 10:10-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-007-8017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Papapetropoulos S, Adi N, Ellul J, Argyriou AA, Chroni E. A prospective study of familial versus sporadic Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:424-7. [PMID: 17934325 DOI: 10.1159/000107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Most cases are sporadic but about 10-15% of patients have a positive family history of PD. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical phenotypes between familial (fPD) and sporadic (sPD) PD patients. METHODS Fifty-nine consecutive patients with at least one first-degree relative with PD were prospectively studied. After exclusion of 9 PD patients with positive family carrying known disease causing mutations, the remaining 50 were compared with 50 age- and sex-matched sPD patients. RESULTS Despite our methodological approach (strict diagnostic criteria, validated scales, structured interviews, multi- and two-member group formation and exclusion of patients with identifiable mutations) no major differences in the clinical phenotype between fPD and sPD were found. CONCLUSION Similar phenotypic characteristics of motor signs and symptoms suggest that at least the topography of the neurodegenerative insult leading to the parkinsonian clinical syndrome in fPD and sPD is similar. Similar etiologies are also suggested.
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Xiong D, Wang W, Chen Y, Jiang H, Deng HW. Genetic determination in onset age of wrist fracture. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:481-484. [PMID: 17457512 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset age of fracture may be useful to explore the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of fracture study. In the present study, we investigated the heritability of the onset age of wrist fracture (OAWF) in 30 female full-sib pairs. The phenotypic correlation coefficient of OAWF was 0.309 (P=0.09) for this cohort of female sib pairs, and the narrow-sense heritability (h2) was estimated to be 0.618 (P=0.09). In addition, the h2 derived from the variance component model implemented in SOLAR was 0.722 (P<0.05). This study, for the very first time, suggested that OAWF is under genetic control and thus potentially helps clarify genetic heterogeneity of wrist fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, People's Republic of China
- Osteoporosis Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, People's Republic of China.
- M3-CO3 Medical School, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, People's Republic of China.
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Kasten M, Chade A, Tanner CM. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 83:129-51. [PMID: 18808913 PMCID: PMC7112363 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Classically, PD refers to progressive parkinsonism caused by loss of pigmented aminergic brainstem neurons without an identifiable cause, while parkinsonism refers simply to the syndrome of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural reflex impairment. Over nearly two centuries, Parkinson's clinical description has provided the framework for clinical investigations, including epidemiologic ones. Descriptions of PD were limited to selected clinical settings until the middle of the 20th century. Since then, epidemiologic approaches have been used not only to investigate the population distribution of PD, but also as a way to glean clues as to the cause of this “idiopathic” disorder. Because PD is relatively infrequent, a large base population must be surveyed to identify sufficient numbers of cases for a study. In some instances, PD cases can be identified through health service rosters within defined geographic areas or in enumerated populations. In others, cases of PD are sought independently of the health care system, such as through door-to-door surveys. While the latter approach is theoretically least likely to exclude cases, the time and cost involved are also greatest using this approach.
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25
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Zabetian CP, Hutter CM, Yearout D, Lopez AN, Factor SA, Griffith A, Leis BC, Bird TD, Nutt JG, Higgins DS, Roberts JW, Kay DM, Edwards KL, Samii A, Payami H. LRRK2 G2019S in families with Parkinson disease who originated from Europe and the Middle East: evidence of two distinct founding events beginning two millennia ago. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:752-8. [PMID: 16960813 PMCID: PMC1592578 DOI: 10.1086/508025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation is the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson disease (PD) identified to date. It accounts for 1%-7% of PD in patients of European origin and 20%-40% in Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs with PD. Previous studies concluded that patients from these populations all shared a common Middle Eastern founder who lived in the 13th century. We tested this hypothesis by genotyping 25 microsatellite and single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers in 22 families with G2019S and observed two distinct haplotypes. Haplotype 1 was present in 19 families of Ashkenazi Jewish and European ancestry, whereas haplotype 2 occurred in three European American families. Using a maximum-likelihood method, we estimated that the families with haplotype 1 shared a common ancestor 2,250 (95% confidence interval 1,650-3,120) years ago, whereas those with haplotype 2 appeared to share a more recent founder. Our data suggest two separate founding events for G2019S in these populations, beginning at a time that coincides with the Jewish Diasporas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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Sellbach AN, Boyle RS, Silburn PA, Mellick GD. Parkinson's disease and family history. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12:399-409. [PMID: 16797215 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of family history in Parkinson's disease (PD) has resulted in considerable debate over the role of genetic factors in the development of PD. Despite this, family history is consistently identified as an independent risk factor for PD. A multifactorial disease process in which genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors culminate in overall risk seems most likely. This article reviews existing studies of familial aggregation in PD. Recent insights into rare genetic causes of PD have affirmed the importance of ongoing family history research. Future efforts should emphasise well-designed family studies with extensive, non-exclusive phenotyping and ideally long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella N Sellbach
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
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Abstract
Since the first description of Parkinson's disease (PD) in 1817 attempts have been made to resolve the etiology of this common neurodegenerative disorder. In the last century the influence of heredity in PD was controversial. The identification of mutations in six genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD; alpha-synuclein (SNCA), parkin (PRKN), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), oncogene DJ-1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and most recently leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), has confirmed the role of genetics in familial forms of the disease. The exact relationship of these familial disorders and related genes to the more common sporadic form is currently uncertain. The identification of LRRK2 mutations and the association of common variants in SNCA and UCH-L1 in apparently sporadic late-onset disease indicate these genes may be of greater importance than previously believed. The protein products of the six genes are involved in different pathways of neurodegeneration and have opened new avenues of research. This focused research will lead to the development of novel targeted therapies, which may revolutionize the treatment of PD for a substantial proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gosal
- Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Swerdlow RH, Weaver B, Grawey A, Wenger C, Freed E, Worrall BB. Complex I polymorphisms, bigenomic heterogeneity, and family history in Virginians with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2006; 247:224-30. [PMID: 16784756 PMCID: PMC1713224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The electron transport chain enzyme complex I may play a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Association studies considering whether or not complex I-relevant gene polymorphisms contribute to PD risk are discordant. We evaluated four complex I-relevant gene polymorphisms alternatively reported to associate and not associate with PD (tRNA(Gln) T4336C, ND1 T4216C, ND2 G5460A, and the NDUFV2 exon 2 C182T transition). Our study included 111 PD subjects and 106 controls in central Virginia. Individuals with at least one copy of the NDUFV2 182T allele were more likely to report a PD family history than non-carriers, but aside from this no positive associations were found. Indeed, the tRNA(Gln) 4336C variant occurred more frequently in controls. We also observed that individuals in both groups often carried more than one of the assayed polymorphisms, and for the first time show bigenomic polymorphic variation (between nuclear and mtDNA complex I subunit genes) commonly occurs within individuals. In an exploratory sub-analysis, more control than case women had an ND1 4216C, NDUFV2 homozygous 182C compound genotype. Complex I compound genotype variation commonly occurs and may explain why particular complex I gene polymorphisms associate with PD in some populations but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, #800394, University of Virginia Health System, McKim Hall, 1 Hospital Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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29
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McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Elbaz A, Strain KJ, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Rocca WA. Complex segregation analysis of Parkinson's disease: The Mayo Clinic Family Study. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:788-95. [PMID: 16634030 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct complex segregation analyses of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Data on the familial aggregation of PD remain conflicting. We conducted a historical cohort study of 1,234 relatives of 162 patients with PD representative of people of Olmsted County, MN, and of 3,009 relatives of 411 patients with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic. Relatives were interviewed and screened for parkinsonism either directly or through a proxy, those who screened positive were examined, or a copy of their medical record was obtained to confirm the diagnosis. For subjects who resided in Olmsted County, additional information was obtained from the archives of the Olmsted County Historical Society and from a records-linkage system. RESULTS Thirty-two relatives of population-based probands and 69 relatives of referral patients developed PD (101 in total). Combining population-based and referral samples, the model that best explained the familial clustering of PD overall was a major gene with additive effect on the penetrance. This model predicted an average decrease in age at onset of PD of approximately 18 years for each copy of the putative high-risk allele. The best fitting model for younger onset PD (age <or= 59 years) was an autosomal recessive model. The best fitting models for older onset PD (age > 59 years) were a recessive or an additive model. INTERPRETATION The familial aggregation of PD may be explained in part by a major gene with additive effect on the penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Lladó A, Gaig C, Molinuevo JL. Genética de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas más prevalentes. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 126:662-70. [PMID: 16759568 DOI: 10.1157/13087844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A large number of mutations and polymorphisms associated with neurodegenerative disorders have been described during the last years. These findings have been helpful to improve our knowledge about the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review we describe the genetic alterations and variants that cause or predispose to develop several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonisms. We also comment on the possible pathogenic mechanism of these mutations, clinical features and the usefulness of this information for the diagnosis and management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lladó
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
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31
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Genetics of parkinsonism. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Rocca WA, Peterson BJ, McDonnell SK, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Schaid DJ, Maraganore DM. The Mayo Clinic family study of Parkinson's disease: study design, instruments, and sample characteristics. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 24:151-67. [PMID: 15677876 DOI: 10.1159/000083612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the Mayo Clinic Family Study of Parkinson's disease (PD), including the overall study design (historical cohort study of relatives from birth to onset of PD or censoring), the data collection instruments, the strategies implemented to prevent or measure biases, and the sample obtained. These methodological details may provide assistance to other investigators designing studies of the familial aggregation of PD or other aging-related chronic diseases. We investigated the incidence of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases among 1,001 first-degree relatives of 162 patients with PD and 851 relatives of 147 controls representative of the population of Olmsted County, Minn., USA. In addition, we studied 2,713 first-degree relatives of 411 patients with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic. Finally, we studied a group of 625 spouses of either cases or controls. Relatives with PD or other neurodegenerative diseases were ascertained using the family study method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Rocca
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn., USA.
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Westberg L, Håkansson A, Melke J, Shahabi HN, Nilsson S, Buervenich S, Carmine A, Ahlberg J, Grundell MB, Schulhof B, Klingborg K, Holmberg B, Sydow O, Olson L, Johnels EB, Eriksson E, Nissbrandt H. Association between the estrogen receptor beta gene and age of onset of Parkinson's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29:993-8. [PMID: 15219649 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor beta gene to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several lines of evidence from human and animal studies suggest a protective role for estrogen in PD. Recently the estrogen receptor beta subtype was reported to be an important mediator of estrogen actions in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms at position 1730 and 1082 in the ER beta gene were genotyped, using pyrosequencing, in 260 patients with PD and 308 controls recruited from the Swedish population. Neither of the two estrogen receptor beta polymorphisms was associated with an increased risk for PD. However, the G allele of the A1730G polymorphism was more frequent in patients with an early age of onset than in patients with a late age of onset of PD (P = 0.006). Patients carrying the GG genotype had an odds ratio of 2.2 for having an early onset of PD compared to non-carriers. In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic variation in the estrogen receptor beta gene may influence the age of onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Westberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Korchounov A, Schipper HI, Preobrazhenskaya IS, Kessler KR, Yakhno NN. Differences in age at onset and familial aggregation between clinical types of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2004; 19:1059-64. [PMID: 15372596 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) can be subdivided by its patterns of motor symptoms into tremor-dominant (TDT), akinetic-rigid (ART), and mixed type (MT). Our objective was to determine whether age at onset and family history are different in these three types. In total, 366 patients with PD were assigned in a standardized approach to one of the three subtypes. Age at onset and family history were obtained in all patients and all presumably affected family members were examined. Mean ages at disease onset were similar in all three groups, but distribution of age at onset was markedly different: monophasic in TDT with a peak around 60 years, biphasic in ART with two peaks, one in the middle of the sixth decade (earlier onset, ART-EO), another during the first half of the seventh decade (later onset, ART-LO), and increasing with age only in MT patients A positive family history was significantly associated only with TDT (odds ratio = 5.7) and ART-EO (odds ratio = 7.8), but not with MT or ART-LO patients. Segregation analysis suggested an autosomal recessive mode of transmission in ART-EO and an autosomal dominant mode of transmission in TDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Korchounov
- Department of Neurology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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35
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Papapetropoulos S, Argyriou AA, Ellul J, Chroni E. Comparison of motor fluctuations and l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:115-9. [PMID: 14748772 DOI: 10.1046/j.1351-5101.2003.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the characteristics of motor complications in a group of familial Parkinson's disease (fPD) patients in comparison with matched sporadic PD (sPD) patients. Fifty-one fPD and 51 sPD patients matched for age and disease duration, used as controls, were included in the study. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was completed during clinical examination and all patients were questioned about the characteristics of motor complications. The mean time from start of L-dopa therapy to the onset of motor fluctuations (MF) and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) as well as the mean time from symptom onset to the development of MF and LID was significantly shorter in the fPD group of patients. An analysis revealed a higher occurrence of MF and LID in fPD patients in the group with disease duration of 5 years or less. FPD may be associated with a higher prevalence and earlier onset of motor complications during the initial stages of the disease. Genetic factors may contribute to the specific characteristics of motor complications in fPD.
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36
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Rocca WA, McDonnell SK, Strain KJ, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Elbaz A, Schaid DJ, Maraganore DM. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: The Mayo Clinic family study. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:495-502. [PMID: 15455403 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Data on the familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain conflicting. We conducted a historical cohort study of 1,001 first-degree relatives of 162 probands with PD and of 851 relatives of 147 control probands representative of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota (from 1976 through 1995). In addition, we studied 2,713 first-degree relatives of 411 probands with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic from 1996 through 2000 and 625 spouses of PD or control probands. Whenever possible, relatives were interviewed and screened for parkinsonism either directly or through a proxy, and those who screened positive were examined or a copy of their medical record was obtained to confirm the diagnosis (family study method). Thirty relatives of population-based PD probands, 18 relatives of population-based control probands, 65 relatives of referral PD probands, and 8 spouses had developed PD. Combining population-based with referral PD probands and population-based control probands with spouses, the relative risk was modestly increased (relative risk, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.64). Relatives of probands with younger onset (</=66 years; first tertile) had a more significantly increased risk (relative risk, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.15), whereas relatives of probands with later onset had no increased risk. The relative risk decreased when the incidence of all types of parkinsonism was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Rocca
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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37
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Bertoli-Avella AM, Giroud-Benitez JL, Bonifati V, Alvarez-Gonzalez E, Heredero-Baute L, van Duijn CM, Heutink P. Suggestive linkage to chromosome 19 in a large Cuban family with late-onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18:1240-9. [PMID: 14639663 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of disease genes using family-based approaches has provided important insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrating the importance of genetic studies on monogenic forms of the disease. We studied a large Cuban family with typical, late-onset PD and probable autosomal dominant inheritance. Mean age at onset was 61.2 years (+/- 12.53, 45-76). Other phenotypes such as essential tremor and atypical parkinsonism were observed in this family. We carried out a genome-wide scan and linkage analyses. The genetic data were analyzed using a conservative model in which only patients with clinically definite or likely PD were considered affected, other phenotypes were regarded as "unknown." Multipoint analyses yielded a maximum LOD of 2.26 between markers D19S221 and D19S840. Haplotype analysis showed a region on chromosome 19 shared by six of seven PD patients. The essential tremor phenotype and the atypical parkinsonism do not segregate with this haplotype, suggesting a different etiology. Our findings suggest the presence of a novel locus for PD on chromosome 19p13.3-q12. We propose that an oligogenic model with moderate contribution of two or three genes rather than a "pure" monogenic model might explain better the wide range in age at onset, the reduced penetrance and the phenotypical variability observed in PD families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida M Bertoli-Avella
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Marder K, Levy G, Louis ED, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Andrews H, Harris J, Waters C, Ford B, Frucht S, Fahn S, Ottman R. Familial aggregation of early- and late-onset Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003; 54:507-13. [PMID: 14520664 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of heredity in early- versus late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. We estimated the degree of increased risk of PD in first-degree relatives of 221 PD probands with age of onset 50 years or younger and 266 PD probands with age of onset older than 50 years compared with the first-degree relatives of 409 control probands. Risk of PD was similar among first-degree relatives of early-onset PD probands (risk ratio [RR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-5.0; p = 0.0002) and late-onset PD probands (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6-4.4; p = 0.0002) when each was compared with first-degree relatives of controls. However, siblings of early-onset PD probands were at markedly increased risk of PD compared with siblings of controls (RR, 7.9; 95% CI, 2.5-25.5; p = 0.0005), whereas parents of early-onset PD probands were not at significantly increased risk compared with parents of controls (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9-3.3; p = 0.2). In late-onset families, both siblings (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.3; p = 0.02) and parents (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.6; p = 0.003) were at increased risk compared with control relatives. This pattern is consistent with an autosomal recessive contribution to the inheritance of early but not late-onset PD. Genetic factors are important in both early- and late-onset PD, but specific genes and mode of inheritance may differ between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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39
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Duzcan F, Zencir M, Ozdemir F, Cetin GO, Bagci H, Heutink P, Bonifati V, Sahiner T. Familial influence on parkinsonism in a rural area of Turkey (Kizilcaboluk-Denizli): a community-based case-control study. Mov Disord 2003; 18:799-804. [PMID: 12815659 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This population-based study on parkinsonism in a genetically isolated community from a rural area of Turkey aimed to provide a selective evaluation of environmental and heritable risk factors. An increased prevalence of parkinsonism (4.1%) was detected in the village of Kizilcaboluk for people 65 years of age and older. This study included 36 patients with parkinsonism living in Kizilcaboluk and three times that number of age- and sex-matched people serving as controls. A questionnaire including demographic data, family history, education, occupation, data on exposures to pesticides, smoking, alcohol intake, and head trauma was administered. We found a significant association of parkinsonism cases with a positive family history in first-degree relatives (odds ratio [OR], 7.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.52-22.17; P < 0.0001) and with pesticide exposure (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.31-6.69; P = 0.015) compared to the control subjects. The value of genetically isolated populations for the identification of genetic risk factors for common and complex disorders has gained much attention recently because the genetic make-up of these populations is likely to be less complex than that of the general population and our findings should prompt investigations to the nature of a familial aggregation of parkinsonism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Duzcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- L V P Korlipara
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom, NW3 2PF
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41
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Abstract
Although the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease are not fully understood, considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors can influence susceptibility to the disease. In this article, we critically review this evidence and examine studies estimating patterns of inheritance. In a few families, Parkinson's disease is clearly inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and in some of these the disease causing genes have already been identified. Possible pathogenic mechanisms by which these genes cause Parkinson's disease are discussed. Further candidate genes and systematic efforts to identify genes influencing susceptibility to the disease in general are also summarised. The identification of such susceptibility genes will eventually enable us to more accurately classify this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Foltynie
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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42
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Zareparsi S, Camicioli R, Sexton G, Bird T, Swanson P, Kaye J, Nutt J, Payami H. Age at onset of Parkinson disease and apolipoprotein E genotypes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 107:156-61. [PMID: 11807891 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the variable age at onset of Parkinson disease (PD) is likely influenced by genes. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is associated with onset of Alzheimer disease, and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders. APOE has been investigated in relation to onset of PD, but results have been inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to determine if APOE genotypes are associated with onset age of PD, using a patient population large enough to assure sufficient power. We studied 521 unrelated Caucasian patients with idiopathic PD from movement disorder clinics in Oregon and Washington. Genotyping and statistical analyses were carried out using standard methods. Age at onset of PD was significantly earlier in patients with the varepsilon3varepsilon4/varepsilon4varepsilon4 genotype than in patients with the varepsilon3varepsilon3 genotype (56.1 +/- 10.9 vs. 59.6 +/- 11.0, P = 0.003). The significantly earlier onset of PD was not influenced by the possible effects of recruitment site, family history and gender. The effect of the varepsilon2varepsilon3 genotype on onset of PD differed between the two recruitment sites. There was a trend for earlier onset of PD in varepsilon2varepsilon3 patients than in varepsilon3varepsilon3 patients only in the Oregon sample. In conclusion, APOE is associated with age at onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zareparsi
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
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43
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Muñoz E, Pastor P, José Martí M, Valldeoriola F, Oliva R, Tolosa E. [Sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease: comparative study]. Med Clin (Barc) 2001; 116:601-4. [PMID: 11412643 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(01)71919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that 13 to 33% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit a positive familial history. The goals of this work were to identify patients with familial PD and to analyse whether there existed distinctive features between familial and sporadic cases. PATIENTS AND METHOD 402 patients with PD from the Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona were evaluated prospectively. Clinical assessment was done using different scales in 169 patients. The disease was classified as tremorigenic, rigid or mixed according to the predominant symptoms. RESULTS The frequency of familial PD was 13%. The age at onset was not different between familial and sporadic cases but it was significantly higher in females (57.4 [13] years) than in males (54.8 [11.4] years) (p < 0.05). The tremorigenic type of PD was more common in familial cases (35.5%) (p < 0.05). In familial PD cases, the age at onset was lower in descendents (53 [13] years) than in parents (68 [7.8] years) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors may play an important role in the development of PD and gender-associated factors may modulate the age at onset. Familial PD cases differ from sporadic cases in the higher frequency of predominantly tremorigenic forms. The lower age at onset in descendents than in parents suggests the existence of a genetic anticipation phenomenon in familial PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Muñoz
- Unidad de Movimientos Anormales, Servicios de Neurología, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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44
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45
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Gasser T. Autosomal-dominantly inherited forms of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2000:31-40. [PMID: 11128611 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6284-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Today, a genetic contribution to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is generally accepted, based on the demonstration of a familial aggregation of the disease, as demonstrated by several case-control and twin-studies. However, most cases of PD appear to be sporadic, and in the majority of those with a positive family history, no clear mendelian mode of inheritance can be established. Therefore, a polygenic mode of inheritance or a multifactorial etiology is likely in these cases. On the other hand, a number of families have been identified, in whom parkinsonism is inherited as an apparently monogenic mendelian trait with high penetrance. In several of these families, the disease genes have been mapped and mutations have been identified in some of them. The first gene locus has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4 in a small number of families with autosomal-dominant inheritance and typical Lewy-body pathology (PARK 1), and mutations have been identified in the gene for alpha-synuclein in these kindreds. Two other loci in families with dominant inheritance have been mapped, to chromosome 2p13 (PARK 3) and to chromosome 4p, respectively. A gene causing autosomal recessive parkinsonism of juvenile onset has been mapped to chromosome 6 (PARK 2), and the causative gene has been identified and named parkin. Each of these genetically defined familial disorders share clinical characteristics that fulfill the criteria accepted for idiopathic Parkinson's disease but, as in sporadic PD, also show a variability of clinical expressions, both within and between families. At present, there is no direct evidence that any of these genes for familial Parkinsonian syndromes have a direct role in the etiology of the common sporadic form of PD. However, the elucidation of the molecular sequence of events leading to nigral degeneration in these inherited cases is likely to shed light also on the molecular pathogenesis of the common sporadic form of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gasser
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany.
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46
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Tsui JK, Calne DB, Wang Y, Schulzer M, Marion SA. Occupational risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1999. [PMID: 10570579 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An apparent excess of teachers and healthcare workers among the Parkinson's disease patients of a large tertiary care movement disorders clinic suggested the hypothesis that high exposure to viral (or other) respiratory infections in these occupations might be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. METHODS A case-control study of the association between occupation and Parkinson's disease was conducted. Cases (414) were all Parkinson's disease patients seen at the University of British Columbia Hospital Movement Disorders Clinic between 1986 and 1993, residing in Greater Vancouver, and under 65 in 1991. Controls (6,659) were randomly selected from the 1991 Canadian Census. FINDINGS Parkinson's disease was associated with teaching (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.67-3.74) and occupation in healthcare services (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.34-3.20), but there were several other substantial associations, both positive and negative. INTERPRETATION While referral bias cannot be ruled out, the authors find the consistency of the overall pattern of associations with the respiratory infection hypothesis striking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Tsui
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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47
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Abstract
Since the first description of Parkinson's disease in 1817 there have been numerous attempts to clarify the relative contribution of hereditary and environmental factors in its aetiology. Epidemiological and case-control studies as well as the existence of families with monogenic Parkinson's disease point clearly to a genetic contribution. Insights into the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease will lead to a greater understanding of the condition at a molecular level which will in turn allow the development of new rational therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Spacey
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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48
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION What is the role of genetic factors in the pathophysiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders? In the past two years, identification of two genes and localization of a third one have supported the hypothesis that genetics factors are involved in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. We present arguments that support such hypothesis, and describe recent advances in genetic studies of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS The first gene identified on chromosome 4 encodes alpha-synuclein. It causes a rare form of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. A locus on the short arm of chromosome 2 was recently identified in families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. More recently, the gene encoding Parkin (located on chromosome 6) has been described. It already appears to be an important locus for juvenile parkinsonism with autosomal recessive transmission. CONCLUSION We now have to understand how mutations in these genes lead to selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and to determine whether or not they participate in the genetic susceptibility of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brassat
- Fédération de neurologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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49
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Joost O, Taylor CA, Thomas CA, Cupples LA, Saint-Hilaire MH, Feldman RG, Baldwin CT, Myers RH. Absence of effect of seven functional mutations in the CYP2D6 gene in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1999; 14:590-5. [PMID: 10435495 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199907)14:4<590::aid-mds1007>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction or loss of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity as a result of mutations in the CYP2D6 gene has been suggested as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Conflicting results among reported studies of the prevalence of mutations among patients with PD suggested a more comprehensive genotyping and an analysis of the interactions with other suspected risk factors and family history. We determined the frequency of seven CYP2D6 mutations among 109 patients with PD and 110 control subjects. Family history of PD, age of onset, exposure to pesticides or herbicides, and well-water consumption were obtained for all cases. There was no significant difference in frequency between patients with PD and control subjects for any mutant allele and no significant association with family history, onset age, or environmental exposures. We sought to increase the power of our study by combining reports from the literature, choosing allele frequencies as the most informative measure. Although we found variability in reported allele frequencies for control subjects that made a meta-analysis problematic, summing all reports demonstrated no difference in CYP2D6 mutation frequency between patients with PD and control subjects. This comprehensive study of CYP2D6 mutations demonstrates that other genes or shared environmental exposures account for the familial risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Joost
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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50
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Elbaz A, Grigoletto F, Baldereschi M, Breteler MM, Manubens-Bertran JM, Lopez-Pousa S, Dartigues JF, Alpérovitch A, Tzourio C, Rocca WA. Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: a population-based case-control study in Europe. EUROPARKINSON Study Group. Neurology 1999; 52:1876-82. [PMID: 10371537 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.52.9.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the familial aggregation of PD in a large collaborative population-based case-control study. BACKGROUND Most previous case-control studies of the familial aggregation of PD have been hospital- or clinic-based. METHODS We included 219 prevalent cases ascertained in three European populations (centers), using a two-phase design consisting of screening and examination by a neurologist. Each case was matched by age, sex, and center to three controls drawn from the same populations (n = 657). Presence of PD among first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) was determined using the family history approach for 175 cases and 481 controls. RESULTS Overall, a positive family history (at least one parent or sibling affected by PD) was reported in 10.3% of patients and 3.5% of controls (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 6.6). A similar association was observed when analyses were restricted to nondemented patients and controls (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.7 to 8.7) or to newly diagnosed patients (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 0.9 to 11.9). We found a significant trend of increasing risk with increasing number of affected relatives (p = 0.003). Analyses stratified by age showed a stronger association for younger PD patients (OR = 7.6; 95% CI = 1.5 to 38.9) than for older patients (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1 to 5.7). CONCLUSIONS In this large sample of prevalent PD patients and population-matched controls, PD significantly aggregates in families, with the strength of the association being age-dependent. Therefore, familial factors, which can be genetic, environmental, or both, play a role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elbaz
- INSERM U 360, Recherches Epidémiologiques en Neurologie et Psychopathologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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