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History, control, epidemiology, ecology, and economy of the invasion of European rabbits in Chile: a comparison with Australia. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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González MG, González J, Valcárcel F, Sánchez M, Tercero JM, Barrios L, Olmeda AS. Seasonal Dynamics of Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae, Ceratophyllidae and Leptopsyllidae) on Oryctolagus cuniculus in a Meso-Mediterranean Area of Central Spain. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1740-1749. [PMID: 33822180 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flea infestations of wild rabbits were examined monthly in central Spain in a meso-Mediterranean area for 5 yr. A total of 1,180 wild rabbits were trapped and 7,022 fleas were collected from them. Overall, the prevalence was 74.1% with a mean flea index of 5.95 fleas per rabbit. Four flea species were identified: Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale, 1878) was the most abundant species (accounting for 74.3% of fleas collected) followed by Xenopsylla cunicularis (Smit, 1957), Odontopsyllus quirosi (Gil Collado, 1934), and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1800) (18.9, 6.7, and 0.1%, respectively). The highest prevalence was observed in S. cuniculi (48.6%) followed by X. cunicularis, O. quirosi, and N. fasciatus (34.3, 20.0, and 0.6%, respectively). Odontopsyllus quirosi and S. cuniculi were mainly collected from autumn to spring with the peak of infestation in winter, while X. cunicularis was mainly found from spring to autumn with maximum levels of infestation during the summer months. The relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G González
- Villamagna S.A., Finca 'La Garganta', 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Animalario del Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - J González
- Villamagna S.A., Finca 'La Garganta', 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - F Valcárcel
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Animalario del Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sánchez
- Villamagna S.A., Finca 'La Garganta', 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain
- Grupo de Parasitología Animal, Animalario del Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Tercero
- Villamagna S.A., Finca 'La Garganta', 14440 Villanueva de Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Barrios
- Statistics Department, Computing Center, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A S Olmeda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Farrell S, Noble PM, Pinchbeck GL, Brant B, Caravaggi A, Singleton DA, Radford AD. Seasonality and risk factors for myxomatosis in pet rabbits in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104924. [PMID: 32114004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatosis is a highly contagious, frequently fatal viral disease affecting both wild and domesticated European rabbits across many areas of the world. Here we used electronic health records (EHRs) collected from pet rabbits attending a sentinel voluntary network of 191 veterinary practices across Great Britain (GB) between March 2014 and June 2019 to identify new features of this disease's epidemiology. From a total of 89,408 rabbit consultations, text mining verified by domain experts identified 207 (0.23 %) cases where myxomatosis was the only differential diagnosis recorded by the attending practitioner. Cases occurred in all months but February and were distributed across the country. Consistent with studies in wild rabbits, the majority of cases occurred between August and November. However, there was also evidence for considerable variation between years. A nested case control study identified important risk factors for myxomatosis within this pet animal population including season, sex, age, vaccination status and distance to likely wild rabbit habitats. Female entire rabbits were twice as likely to be a case (odds ratio (OR) 1.98, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.26-3.13, p = 0.003), suggesting a novel role for behaviour in driving transmission from wild to domesticated rabbits. Vaccination had the largest protective effect with vaccinated rabbits being 8.3 times less likely to be a case than unvaccinated rabbits (OR = 0.12, 95 % CI 0.06-0.21, p = <0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Farrell
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Pj-M Noble
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston,CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston,CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Beth Brant
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston,CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anthony Caravaggi
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, 9 Graig Fach, Pontypridd, UK CF37 4BB, UK
| | - David A Singleton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston,CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston,CH64 7TE, UK.
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Rosell JM, de la Fuente LF, Parra F, Dalton KP, Badiola Sáiz JI, Pérez de Rozas A, Badiola Díez JJ, Fernández de Luco D, Casal J, Majó N, Casas J, Garriga R, Fernández Magariños XM. Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E780. [PMID: 31658748 PMCID: PMC6827050 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective study, we describe the relative occurrence of clinical myxomatosis, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), on 1714 commercial farms visited in Spain, between 1988 and 2018. We determined the annual prevalence based on 817 visits to 394 farms affected by myxomatosis. Myxomatosis was more prevalent from August to March, being lowest in June (3%) and highest in September (8.9%). With regard to RHD, we assessed 253 visits to 156 affected farms. We analyzed mean annual and monthly incidence. Two important RHD epidemics occurred; the first in 1988-1989 due to RHDV GI.1 (also known as RHDV), and the second from 2011 to 2013 due to RHDV GI.2 (RHDV2 or RHDVb). These epidemics occurred at times when effective vaccination had not been carried out. Relative monthly incidence in 2011-2018 was higher from April to August (p < 0.001). The results we obtained from 1404 necropsies on 102 farms did not clearly relate serosanguinous nasal discharge in rabbits with disease caused by GI.2 infection. We also assessed vaccination schedules used on 200 doe farms visited from the end of 2014 to 2018; 95.5% vaccinated against myxomatosis and 97.5% against RHD. Both diseases remain prevalent; however, effective vaccination has produced a steady decline in myxomatosis and RHDV GI.1 and GI.2 on-farm detection. The maintenance of high hygienic standards will be needed to continue and improve this control. However, further studies are required to investigate the causes of sustained virus presence and vaccine breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Rosell
- Cunivet Service. P.O. Box 518, 43080 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - L Fernando de la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avda. Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Calle Doctor Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Calle Doctor Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Ignacio Badiola Sáiz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez de Rozas
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Juan J Badiola Díez
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle de Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Daniel Fernández de Luco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle de Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jordi Casal
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Jordina Casas
- Federació d'Associacions de Cunicultors de Catalunya (FACC). Carrer Ull de Llebre, 13 08734 Olèrdola (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Ricard Garriga
- Federació d'Associacions de Cunicultors de Catalunya (FACC). Carrer Ull de Llebre, 13 08734 Olèrdola (Barcelona), Spain.
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Pacios-Palma I, Santoro S, Bertó-Moran A, Moreno S, Rouco C. Effects of myxoma virus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus on the physiological condition of wild European rabbits: Is blood biochemistry a useful monitoring tool? Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:129-134. [PMID: 27892861 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) are the major viral diseases that affect the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). These diseases arrived in Europe within the last decades and have caused wild rabbit populations to decline dramatically. Both viruses are currently considered to be endemic in the Iberian Peninsula; periodic outbreaks that strongly impact wild populations regularly occur. Myxoma virus (MV) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) alter the physiology of infected rabbits, resulting in physical deterioration. Consequently, the persistence and viability of natural populations are affected. The main goal of our study was to determine if blood biochemistry is correlated with serostatus in wild European rabbits. We carried out seven live-trapping sessions in three wild rabbit populations over a two-year period. Blood samples were collected to measure anti-MV and anti-RHDV antibody concentrations and to measure biochemical parameters related to organ function, protein metabolism, and nutritional status. Overall, we found no significant relationships between rabbit serostatus and biochemistry. Our main result was that rabbits that were seropositive for both MV and RHDV had low gamma glutamyltransferase concentrations. Given the robustness of our analyses, the lack of significant relationships may indicate that the biochemical parameters measured are poor proxies for serostatus. Another explanation is that wild rabbits might be producing attenuated physiological responses to these viruses because the latter are now enzootic in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pacios-Palma
- Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Department, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, AméricoVespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Simone Santoro
- Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Department, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, AméricoVespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Bertó-Moran
- Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Department, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, AméricoVespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Sacramento Moreno
- Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Department, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, AméricoVespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rouco
- Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation Department, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, AméricoVespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain; Wildlife Ecology and Management Team, Landcare Research, PO Box 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Zoology, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Marchandeau S, Pontier D, Guitton JS, Letty J, Fouchet D, Aubineau J, Berger F, Léonard Y, Roobrouck A, Gelfi J, Peralta B, Bertagnoli S. Early infections by myxoma virus of young rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) protected by maternal antibodies activate their immune system and enhance herd immunity in wild populations. Vet Res 2014; 45:26. [PMID: 24589193 PMCID: PMC4014812 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of maternal antibodies is to protect newborns against acute early infection by pathogens. This can be achieved either by preventing any infection or by allowing attenuated infections associated with activation of the immune system, the two strategies being based on different cost/benefit ratios. We carried out an epidemiological survey of myxomatosis, which is a highly lethal infectious disease, in two distant wild populations of rabbits to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Detection of specific IgM and IgG enabled us to describe the pattern of immunity. We show that maternal immunity attenuates early infection of juveniles and enables activation of their immune system. This mechanism associated with steady circulation of the myxoma virus in both populations, which induces frequent reinfections of immune rabbits, leads to the maintenance of high immunity levels within populations. Thus, myxomatosis has a low impact, with most infections being asymptomatic. This work shows that infection of young rabbits protected by maternal antibodies induces attenuated disease and activates their immune system. This may play a major role in reducing the impact of a highly lethal disease when ecological conditions enable permanent circulation of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Marchandeau
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Guitton
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Letty
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 34990 Juvignac, France
| | - David Fouchet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Jacky Aubineau
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Francis Berger
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Léonard
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Alain Roobrouck
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 44323 Nantes, France
| | - Jacqueline Gelfi
- INRA, UMR 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Peralta
- INRA, UMR 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- INRA, UMR 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
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7
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Morley N, Lewis J. Extreme climatic events and host–pathogen interactions: The impact of the 1976 drought in the UK. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
This article describes the viral skin diseases affecting the domestic rabbit, the most important being myxomatosis. Transmission and pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and control are described and the article will be of interest to veterinary practitioners who treat rabbits. Shope fibroma virus, Shope papilloma virus, and rabbitpox are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Meredith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
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9
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10
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Tablado Z, Revilla E, Palomares F. Dying like rabbits: general determinants of spatio-temporal variability in survival. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:150-61. [PMID: 21815891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Identifying general patterns of how and why survival rates vary across space and time is necessary to truly understand population dynamics of a species. However, this is not an easy task given the complexity and interactions of processes involved, and the interpopulation differences in main survival determinants. 2. Here, using European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a model and information from local studies, we investigated whether we could make inferences about trends and drivers of survival of a species that are generalizable to large spatio-temporal scales. To do this, we first focused on overall survival and then examined cause-specific mortalities, mainly predation and diseases, which may lead to those patterns. 3. Our results show that within the large-scale variability in rabbit survival, there exist general patterns that are explained by the integration of factors previously known to be important at the local level (i.e. age, climate, diseases, predation or density dependence). We found that both inter- and intrastudy survival rates increased in magnitude and decreased in variability as rabbits grow old, although this tendency was less pronounced in populations with epidemic diseases. Some causes leading to these higher mortalities in young rabbits could be the stronger effect of rainfall at those ages, as well as, other death sources like malnutrition or infanticide. 4. Predation is also greater for newborns and juveniles, especially in population without diseases. Apart from the effect of diseases, predation patterns also depended on factors, such as, density, season, and type and density of predators. Finally, we observed that infectious diseases also showed general relationships with climate, breeding (i.e. new susceptible rabbits) and age, although the association type varied between myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. 5. In conclusion, large-scale patterns of spatio-temporal variability in rabbit survival emerge from the combination of different factors that interrelate both directly and through density dependence. This highlights the importance of performing more comprehensive studies to reveal combined effects and complex relationships that help us to better understand the mechanisms underlying population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulima Tablado
- Departamento Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Cabezas S, Calvete C, Moreno S. Survival of translocated wild rabbits: importance of habitat, physiological and immune condition. Anim Conserv 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Vaccination of free-living juvenile wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) against myxomatosis improved their survival. Prev Vet Med 2008; 84:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Fouchet D, Guitton JS, Marchandeau S, Pontier D. Impact of myxomatosis in relation to local persistence in wild rabbit populations: the role of waning immunity and the reproductive period. J Theor Biol 2007; 250:593-605. [PMID: 18068733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases are less severe when they are contracted in early life. For highly lethal diseases, such as myxomatosis in rabbits, getting infected early in life can represent the best chance for an individual to survive the disease. For myxomatosis, early infections are attenuated by maternal antibodies. This may lead to the immunisation of the host, preventing the subsequent development of the lethal form of the disease. But early infection of young individuals requires specific demographic and epidemiological contexts, such as a high transmission rate of the pathogen agent. To investigate other factors involved in the impact of such diseases, we have built a stochastic model of a rabbit metapopulation infected by myxomatosis. We show that the impact of the pathogen agent can be reduced by early infections only when the agent has a long local persistence time and/or when the host subpopulations are highly connected. The length of the reproductive period and the duration of acquired immunity are also important factors influencing the persistence of the pathogen and thus, the impact of the disease. Besides confirming the role of classical factors in the persistence of a pathogen agent, such as the size of the subpopulation or the degree of connectivity, our results highlight novel factors that can modulate the impact of diseases whose severity increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fouchet
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, 43 Boul. 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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14
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Hakkarainen H, Huhta E, Koskela E, Mappes T, Soveri T, Suorsa P. Eimeria-parasites are associated with a lowered mother's and offspring's body condition in island and mainland populations of the bank vole. Parasitology 2006; 134:23-31. [PMID: 16948876 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study, based on correlative data, tests the hypothesis that infections withEimeriaspp. parasites exert a significant loss of fitness of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) reflected in lower reproductive success and survival, declining host population densities and are associated positively with population size. The study was conducted in 20 mainland and 27 island populations in central Finland during May–September in 1999. Faecal samples showed that 28% of 767 individuals were infected withEimeriaspp. The presence ofEimeriaparasites was higher in dense mainland populations than in sparsely populated islands. Eimerian infections increased during the course of the breeding season, probably as a result of the high infection rate of young individuals. Accordingly, the body masses of bank voles were negatively related to the presence ofEimeriaspp. Reproductive output, as measured by the breeding probability of females and litter size, was not associated with the presence of eimerian infection. Interestingly, the body condition of the infected mothers appeared to be low. Moreover, mother's body condition was the single most important variable studied that showed a positive correlation to pup's body condition at birth. On small islands ([les ]3·2 ha) that were comprehensively trapped, the mean number ofEimeriaspp. in the bank vole population was negatively related to density changes of the bank vole population during the study. Our data are consistent with the idea that infection with coccidian parasites may be one of the factors responsible for declining host populations in small, isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hakkarainen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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15
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Marchandeau S, Bertagnoli S, Peralta B, Boucraut-Baralon C, Letty J, Reitz F. Possible interaction between myxomatosis and calicivirosis related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease affecting the European rabbit. Vet Rec 2004; 155:589-92. [PMID: 15573951 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.19.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Serological data on myxoma virus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus and RHD-like viruses in juvenile rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) trapped in 1995, 1996 and 1997 in two areas of France were analysed. For each disease, the effects of bodyweight, year, month and seropositivity for the other disease were modelled by using logistic regressions. In one area, a model including RHD seropositivity was selected to explain the myxoma virus seropositivity. Models including myxoma virus seropositivity were selected to explain the RHD seropositivity in both areas, and the odds of a rabbit being seropositive to both viruses were 5.1 and 8.4 times higher than the odds of a rabbit being seronegative to myxoma virus and seropositive to RHD. The year and bodyweight had significant effects for myxomatosis in one area and for RHD in both areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marchandeau
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des Etudes et de la Recherche, 53 rue Russeil, 44000 Nantes, France
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Bilbo SD, Nelson RJ. Sex differences in photoperiodic and stress-induced enhancement of immune function in Siberian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17:462-72. [PMID: 14583238 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Siberian hamsters breed during the long days of spring and summer when environmental conditions (e.g., ambient temperatures, food availability) are favorable for reproduction. Environmental conditions may also influence the onset and severity of infection and disease, and photoperiodic alterations in immune function may comprise part of a repertoire of seasonal adaptations to help survive winter. In order to test the hypothesis that animals use day length to anticipate seasonal stressors and adjust immune function, we measured antigen-specific delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in the skin of male and female hamsters during long, "summer-like," or short, "winter-like" days, at baseline and following acute restraint stress. Sex steroid hormones were lower, and cortisol was higher, in males and females during short days. Baseline DTH was enhanced in short- compared to long-day males, and acute stress augmented this effect. In contrast, photoperiod alone did not influence the DTH response in females. As predicted, female hamsters exhibited significantly higher DTH responses than males during long days, but not during short days. However, this enhancement was observed in acutely stressed females only. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher at baseline in females, and increased more in response to stress, compared to males in both photoperiods. These results suggest that photoperiod provides a useful cue by which stressors in the environment may be anticipated in order to adjust immune function. Furthermore, interactions among reproductive status and stress responses appear to mediate the expression of sex differences in immune responses in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Bilbo SD, Dhabhar FS, Viswanathan K, Saul A, Yellon SM, Nelson RJ. Short day lengths augment stress-induced leukocyte trafficking and stress-induced enhancement of skin immune function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4067-72. [PMID: 11904451 PMCID: PMC122649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions influence the onset and severity of infection and disease. Stressful conditions during winter may weaken immune function and further compromise survival by means of hypothermia, starvation, or shock. To test the hypothesis that animals may use photoperiod to anticipate the onset of seasonal stressors and adjust immune function, we evaluated glucocorticoids and the distribution of blood leukocytes in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to long day lengths (i.e., summer) or short day (SD) lengths (i.e., winter) at baseline and during acute stress. We also investigated the influence of photoperiod and acute stress on a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the skin. SDs increased glucocorticoid concentrations and the absolute number of circulating blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, and natural killer cells at baseline in hamsters. During stressful challenges, it appears beneficial for immune cells to exit the blood and move to primary immune defense areas such as the skin, in preparation for potential injury or infection. Acute (2 h) restraint stress induced trafficking of lymphocytes and monocytes out of the blood. This trafficking occurred more rapidly in SDs compared to long days. Baseline delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were enhanced during SDs; this effect was augmented by acute stress and likely reflected more rapid redistribution of leukocytes out of the blood and into the skin. These results suggest that photoperiod may provide a useful cue by which stressors in the environment may be anticipated to adjust the repertoire of available immune cells and increase survival likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Osácar JJ, Lucientes J, Calvete C, Peribañez MA, Gracia MJ, Castillo JA. Seasonal abundance of fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae, Ceratophyllidae) on wild rabbits in a semiarid area of northeastern Spain. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 38:405-410. [PMID: 11372966 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the annual dynamics of wild rabbit fleas in a study site located in the Middle Ebro Valley, northeastern Spain. Fleas collected directly from wild rabbits included the species Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale), Xenopsylla cunicularis (Smit), Echidnophaga iberica (Ribeiro, Lucientes, Osácar, and Calvete), Caenopsylla laptevi (Beaucournu, Gil-Collado and Gilot), and Pulex irritans (L.). Monthly collections of adult and larval fleas made from within the first meter of selected burrow entrances also yielded fleas belonging to the same five species. Larval specimens of X. cunicularis, E. iberica, and C. laptevi were also found. Spilopsyllus cuniculi, a winter species that can only breed during the rabbit breeding season, was common on hosts from November to April. Xenopsylla cunicularis and E. iberica were summer species, whereas C. laptevi was abundant during the autumn and winter. Xenopsylla cunicularis and E. iberica larvae were found in burrows only during April and May, whereas those of C. laptevi were collected from October to January. The data suggested that X. cunicularis and E. iberica might diapause during the egg stage whereas C. laptevi diapauses during the pupal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Osácar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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Hood G, Chesson P, Pech R. Biological control using sterilizing viruses: host suppression and competition between viruses in non-spatial models. J Appl Ecol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Trout RC, Langton S, Smith GC, Haines-Young RH. Factors affecting the abundance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in England and Wales. J Zool (1987) 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The Welfare of Free-Living Wild Animals in Europe: Harm Caused by Human Activities. Anim Welf 1995. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600017796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs part of a study into the effects of human activities on the welfare of free-living wildlife, the relative scale and severity of welfare problems in wild mammals and birds in Europe were investigated. Major cases were described and compared in terms of the nature and level of harm (pain, stress and fear) they cause, the duration of these effects and the number of individuals affected. The use of anticoagulant rodenticides, myxomatosis in rabbits, the poisoning of wildfowl by ingested lead shot, the contamination of seabirds with fuel oil, the effects of shooting, injuries due to collisions with road traffic and prédation by domestic cats all severely compromise the welfare of large numbers of animals. Practical approaches to the alleviation and prevention of some of these welfare problems are discussed. We suggest that in assessing the environmental impact of new developments and technologies prior to their implementation, possible consequences to wildlife welfare should always be considered.
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