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Komatsu T, Ohya K, Ota A, Nishiuchi Y, Yano H, Matsuo K, Odoi JO, Suganuma S, Sawai K, Hasebe A, Asai T, Yanai T, Fukushi H, Wada T, Yoshida S, Ito T, Arikawa K, Kawai M, Ato M, Baughn AD, Iwamoto T, Maruyama F. Unique genomic sequences in a novel Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis lineage enable fine scale transmission route tracing during pig movement. One Health 2023; 16:100559. [PMID: 37363238 PMCID: PMC10288077 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is one of the most prevalent mycobacteria causing non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease in humans and animals. Of note, MAH is a major cause of mycobacterial granulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis outbreaks in pig populations. To determine the precise source of infection of MAH in a pig farm and to clarify the epidemiological relationship among pig, human and environmental MAH lineages, we collected 50 MAH isolates from pigs reared in Japan and determined draft genome sequences of 30 isolates. A variable number of tandem repeat analysis revealed that most pig MAH isolates in Japan were closely related to North American, European and Russian human isolates but not to those from East Asian human and their residential environments. Historical recombination analysis revealed that most pig isolates could be classified into SC2/4 and SC3, which contain MAH isolated from pig, European human and environmental isolates. Half of the isolates in SC2/4 had many recombination events with MAH lineages isolated from humans in East Asia. To our surprise, four isolates belonged to a new lineage (SC5) in the global MAH population. Members of SC5 had few footprints of inter-lineage recombination in the genome, and carried 80 unique genes, most of which were located on lineage specific-genomic islands. Using unique genetic features, we were able to trace the putative transmission route via their host pigs. Together, we clarify the possibility of species-specificity of MAH in addition to local adaptation. Our results highlight two transmission routes of MAH, one exposure on pig farms from the environment and the other via pig movement. Moreover, our study also warns that the evolution of MAH in pigs is influenced by MAH from patients and their residential environments, even if the MAH are genetically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Komatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Tobu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohya
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ota
- Data Science Center, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsuo
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Kumamoto Prefectural Aso Public Health Center, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Justice Opare Odoi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shota Suganuma
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sawai
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akemi Hasebe
- Toyama Prefectural Meat Inspection Center, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Hiwa Natural History Museum, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Wada
- Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiomi Yoshida
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, Proteome Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kawai
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anthony D. Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Krajewska-Wędzina M, Krzysiak MK, Bruczyńska M, Orłowska B, Didkowska A, Radulski Ł, Wiśniewski J, Olech W, Nowakiewicz A, Welz M, Kaczor S, Weiner M, Anusz K. Ten Years of Animal Tuberculosis Monitoring in Free-Living European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071205. [PMID: 37048461 PMCID: PMC10093704 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the period 1996–2012, two outbreaks of animal tuberculosis were noted in the population of free-living European bison (Bison bonasus caucasicus) in the Bieszczady Mountains, Southern Poland. As the European bison is an endangered species and particularly susceptible to tuberculosis, not to mention a national icon, the decision was made to test all deceased bison for TB in Poland. The screened bison were obtained by elimination due to poor health or natural death. A total of 159 European bison have been examined over the last 10 years. The individuals came from four regions of Poland (Białowieża Forest, Bieszczady Mountains, Borecka Forest, Knyszyńska Forest), not only from the area where tuberculosis is still endemic. Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium spp. hominisuis were identified in two different herds. The isolation of M. bovis from European bison was the first case described in Poland. So far, the only causative agent of tuberculosis identified in European bison in Poland, both in the wild and in captive herds, was Mycobacterium caprae. The isolated M. bovis spoligotype has not previously been registered in international spoligotype databases so far. The obtained results highlight the need to monitor TB in European bison in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krajewska-Wędzina
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał K. Krzysiak
- Białowieża National Park, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruczyńska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Orężna 9, 05-501 Piaseczno, Poland
| | - Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Radulski
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, C.K. Norwida 17, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jan Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- Provincial Veterinary Inspectorate, Piotra Ścigiennego 6a, 38-400 Krosno, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kaczor
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Młynarska 45, 38-500 Sanok, Poland
| | - Marcin Weiner
- Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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García-Díez J, Saraiva S, Moura D, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT, Saraiva C. The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:167. [PMID: 36851472 PMCID: PMC9959654 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
From the point of public health, the objective of the slaughterhouse is to guarantee the safety of meat in which meat inspection represent an essential tool to control animal diseases and guarantee the public health. The slaughterhouse can be used as surveillance center for livestock diseases. However, other aspects related with animal and human health, such as epidemiology and disease control in primary production, control of animal welfare on the farm, surveillance of zoonotic agents responsible for food poisoning, as well as surveillance and control of antimicrobial resistance, can be monitored. These controls should not be seen as a last defensive barrier but rather as a complement to the controls carried out on the farm. Regarding the control of diseases in livestock, scientific research is scarce and outdated, not taking advantage of the potential for disease control. Animal welfare in primary production and during transport can be monitored throughout ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse, providing valuable individual data on animal welfare. Surveillance and research regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at slaughterhouses is scarce, mainly in cattle, sheep, and goats. However, most of the zoonotic pathogens are sensitive to the antibiotics studied. Moreover, the prevalence at the slaughterhouse of zoonotic and foodborne agents seems to be low, but a lack of harmonization in terms of control and communication may lead to underestimate its real prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Díez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Sónia Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Dina Moura
- Divisão de Intervenção de Alimentação e Veterinária de Vila Real e Douro Sul, Direção de Serviços de Alimentação e Veterinária da Região Norte, Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Lugar de Codessais, 5000-567 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beniamino Terzo Cenci-Goga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Cristina Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Varela-Castro L, Barral M, Arnal MC, Fernández de Luco D, Gortázar C, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA. Beyond Tuberculosis: Diversity and implications of non-tuberculous mycobacteria at the wildlife-livestock interface. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2978-e2993. [PMID: 35780316 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) circulate between the environment, animals and humans entailing a double concern: their ability to interfere with tuberculosis diagnosis and their potential to cause infections in their hosts. However, published records on NTM infections in animals are still scarce. The aims of the present study were to describe the diversity of NTM circulating among wild and domestic species from Spain, and to analyse their implications as potential pathogenic microorganisms or as sources of interferences in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Overall, 293 NTM isolates of 277 animals were obtained from tissue samples collected between 2012 and 2019, and analysed through a multigene approach for mycobacteria identification. Thirty-one species were identified, being M. avium subsp. avium (Maa) and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah), but also M. bouchedurhonense, M. nonchromogenicum and M. lentiflavum, the most abundant ones. Maa and M. lentiflavum were isolated in several animals showing tuberculosis-like lesions. Maa, Mah and M. nonchromogenicum were recovered from many cattle that had reacted to the tuberculin skin test (TST). Other NTM were also associated to these phenomena. These four mycobacterial species were geographically associated between wild boar and other hosts. The findings of the present study suggest that a high diversity of NTM circulates among wildlife and livestock. Wild boar and M. avium seem to play a relevant role in this epidemiological scenario. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Varela-Castro
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, Derio, E-48160, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, Derio, E-48160, Spain
| | - María Cruz Arnal
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández de Luco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Grupo de Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio). Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha (UCLM), Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, Derio, E-48160, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, Derio, E-48160, Spain
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Ghielmetti G, Rosato G, Trovato A, Friedel U, Kirchgaessner C, Perroulaz C, Pendl W, Schulthess B, Bloemberg GV, Keller PM, Stephan R, Tortoli E. Mycobacterium helveticum sp. nov., a novel slowly growing mycobacterial species associated with granulomatous lesions in adult swine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 71. [PMID: 33355527 PMCID: PMC7968739 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in different hosts and their implication as obligate or opportunistic pathogens remain mainly unclear. Mycobacteriosis in pigs is usually associated with members of the Mycobacterium avium complex and, in particular, with ‘Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis’. Here we describe a novel slow-growing mycobacterial species isolated from lymph nodes obtained from two sows housed in different Swiss farms. The animals presented chronic inappetence and mild diarrhoea. Gross pathology revealed focal caseous lymphadenopathy of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Complete genome sequencing of the two isolates from the two sows was performed. The genomes comprised 5.76 Mb and an average nucleotide identity score of 99.97 %. Whole genome sequence, mycolic acid and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the two isolates were not related to any previously described Mycobacterium species. The closest related species was Mycobacterium parmense, a slow-growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium first isolated from a cervical lymph node of a 3-year-old child. The name proposed for the new species is Mycobacterium helveticum sp. nov. and 16-83T (=DSM 109965T= LMG 2019-02457T) is the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Ghielmetti,
| | - Giuliana Rosato
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Trovato
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Ute Friedel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Kirchgaessner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Perroulaz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Pendl
- Department for Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Schulthess
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido V. Bloemberg
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Swiss National Centre for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter M. Keller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tortoli
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Gerber PF, Gould N, McGahan E. Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6664-6684. [PMID: 33248583 PMCID: PMC7705057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in demand and cost of chicken bedding has stimulated interest in alternative bedding sources worldwide. However, risks arising from the use of alternative bedding materials for raising meat chickens are currently unknown. Organic chemicals, elemental, and biological contaminants, as well as physical and management hazards need to be managed in litter to protect the health of chickens and consequently that of human consumers. This requires access to information on the transfer of contaminants from litter to food to inform risk profiles and assessments to guide litter risk management. In this review, contaminants and hazards of known and potential concern in alternative bedding are described and compared with existing standards for feed. The contaminants considered in this review include organic chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and lead), biological contaminants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and microorganisms), physical hazards, and management hazards. Reference is made to scientific literature for acceptable levels of the above contaminants in chicken feed that can be used for guidance by those involved in selecting and using bedding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Nic Gould
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
| | - Eugene McGahan
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
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Differential Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium Complex and Its Implications in Clinical and Environmental Epidemiology. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010098. [PMID: 31936743 PMCID: PMC7022546 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have greatly increased, becoming a major worldwide public health problem. Among numerous NTM species, the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most predominant species, causing disease in humans. MAC is recognized as a ubiquitous microorganism, with contaminated water and soil being established sources of infection. However, the reason for the recent increase in MAC-associated disease has not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, human MAC infections are associated with a variety of infection sources. To improve the determination of infection sources and epidemiology of MAC, feasible and reliable genotyping methods are required to allow for the characterization of the epidemiology and biology of MAC. In this review, we discuss genotyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a variable number of tandem repeats, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable number of tandem repeats, and repetitive element sequence-based PCR that have been applied to elucidate the association between the MAC genotypes and epidemiological dominance, clinical phenotypes, evolutionary process, and control measures of infection. Characterizing the association between infection sources and the epidemiology of MAC will allow for the development of novel preventive strategies for the effective control of MAC infection.
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8
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Wagner KM, Schulz J, Kemper N. Examination of the hygienic status of selected organic enrichment materials used in pig farming with special emphasis on pathogenic bacteria. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 30338121 PMCID: PMC6180386 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enrichment materials for pigs, particularly organic materials, are becoming increasingly important in order to reduce abnormal behaviour such as tail biting. However, potential health risks posed by these materials (such as the introduction of pathogens into the herd) have not been sufficiently studied to date. Therefore, 21 different organic materials used as enrichment materials in pig farming were tested for total viable count of mesophilic bacteria, moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium spp. Additionally, dry matter content and water activity were determined. Results The materials differed considerably in their hygienic status. In three materials, no microorganisms were detected. However, the bacterial count in the other materials ranged up to 7.89 log10 cfu/g dry matter (maize silage). The highest coliform and mould counts were found in hay (6.45 and 6.94 log10 cfu/g dry matter, respectively). Important bacteria presenting a risk to human or animal health such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp., and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any of the materials. Hemp straw contained Mycobacterium smegmatis, and peat was contaminated with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium vulneris. Conclusions Most of the tested organic materials are probably not likely to pose a hygienic risk to pigs and are suitable as enrichment material. Nonetheless the detected mycobacteria rule out peat as being a safe and hygienic enrichment material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Marie Wagner
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour (ITTN), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), 30173 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Yano H, Iwamoto T, Nishiuchi Y, Nakajima C, Starkova DA, Mokrousov I, Narvskaya O, Yoshida S, Arikawa K, Nakanishi N, Osaki K, Nakagawa I, Ato M, Suzuki Y, Maruyama F. Population Structure and Local Adaptation of MAC Lung Disease Agent Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2403-2417. [PMID: 28957464 PMCID: PMC5622343 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is one of the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial species responsible for chronic lung disease in humans. Despite increasing worldwide incidence, little is known about the genetic mechanisms behind the population evolution of MAH. To elucidate the local adaptation mechanisms of MAH, we assessed genetic population structure, the mutual homologous recombination, and gene content for 36 global MAH isolates, including 12 Japanese isolates sequenced in the present study. We identified five major MAH lineages and found that extensive mutual homologous recombination occurs among them. Two lineages (MahEastAsia1 and MahEastAsia2) were predominant in the Japanese isolates. We identified alleles unique to these two East Asian lineages in the loci responsible for trehalose biosynthesis (treS and mak) and in one mammalian cell entry operon, which presumably originated from as yet undiscovered mycobacterial lineages. Several genes and alleles unique to East Asian strains were located in the fragments introduced via recombination between East Asian lineages, suggesting implication of recombination in local adaptation. These patterns of MAH genomes are consistent with the signature of distribution conjugative transfer, a mode of sexual reproduction reported for other mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Igor Mokrousov
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Narvskaya
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Shiomi Yoshida
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken Osaki
- TOMY Digital Biology Co. Ltd, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Yoshida S, Araki T, Asai T, Tsuyuguchi K, Arikawa K, Iwamoto T, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Ohya K, Yanai T, Wada T, Yamamoto T. Phylogenetic uniqueness of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis isolated from an abnormal pulmonary bovine case. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:122-129. [PMID: 29673985 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is an important cause of infection in human pulmonary and swine intestinal cases. Although MAH is isolated from environmental sources frequently, infections of other animals have rarely been analysed. Recently, we detected granulomatous inflammation in bovine lung as an abnormal postmortem inspection case. To ascertain its genetic profile, we conducted a variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis and genomic characterization using deep sequencing. The VNTR type was a unique profile that differed from reported genotypes, but it was assigned within a broad genotypic complex of isolates from human patients and bathrooms. Genomic comparison with 116 registered genome sequences of the subspecies revealed that the strain was separate from five major genetic population groups proposed previously. Although the infection source remains unclear, its isolation from various resources such as animal infection cases should be elucidated more extensively to reveal its genetic diversity and ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Araki
- Environmental Health Division, Health and Medical Care Office, Department of Health and Public Welfare, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohito Asai
- Institute of Social Welfare and Public Health, Nishi-, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tsuyuguchi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan; The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan; The Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohya
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Wada
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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11
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Scherrer S, Landolt P, Carroli N, Stephan R. Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of Two Groups of Lymph Nodes, Being Intradermal Tuberculin or Interferon-Gamma Test Positive and Negative, Isolated from Swiss Cattle at Slaughter. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:32. [PMID: 29556502 PMCID: PMC5844927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is an important zoonotic pathogen with raising global health concerns. In humans, MAH is one of the most widespread non-tuberculous mycobacterial species responsible for lung disease. In animals, MAH is frequently isolated from pigs; however, it is also an opportunistic pathogen for other mammals including cattle. To elucidate the genetic diversity of MAH in cattle, a molecular characterization of isolates (n = 26) derived from lymph nodes was performed. Fourteen isolates originated from slaughtered cattle with visible altered lymph nodes at meat inspection, whereas 12 isolates were from lymph nodes without any gross pathological changes of healthy slaughtered cattle. Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis was performed at 20 loci to examine genetic differences of isolates and to compare to previously reported VNTR data of human isolates from different countries. Genetic elements IS901, IS1245, IS1311, LSPA17, ITS1 sequevar, and hsp65 code were determined. Interestingly, two bovine MAH isolates harbored ISMav6 and hsp65 code 15, which so far has only been observed in human isolates. We supposed that VNTR data of Swiss samples would show clustering with European samples. Minimum spanning tree and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages analyses based on the VNTR data indicated a specific cluster of MAH isolates obtained from lymph nodes without any gross pathological changes of healthy slaughtered cattle. Comparing Swiss isolates with isolates from different other countries, no geographical clustering was observed; however, four Swiss isolates had an identical VNTR profile as human isolates from the Netherlands, the United States, and Japan. These findings indicate a possible public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Landolt
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Carroli
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Soetaert K, Vluggen C, Duytschaever L, Denoël J, Roupie V, Smeets F, Bruffaerts N, Huygen K, Fretin D, Diels M, Rigouts L, Saegerman C, Mathys V. Trend analysis suggested a change in subspecies among Mycobacterium avium isolated from pigs in Belgium, 1967-2013. Vet Rec 2017; 180:449. [PMID: 28283669 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Soetaert
- Bacterial Diseases Service, Operational Direction Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Vluggen
- Bacterial Diseases Service, Operational Direction Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Duytschaever
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research, Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Denoël
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research, Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - V Roupie
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock Unit, Operational Direction Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Smeets
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research, Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Bruffaerts
- Immunology Service, Operational Direction Communicable and infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Huygen
- Immunology Service, Operational Direction Communicable and infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Fretin
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock Unit, Operational Direction Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Diels
- BCCM/ITM Mycobacteria Collection, Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Rigouts
- BCCM/ITM Mycobacteria Collection, Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research, Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - V Mathys
- Bacterial Diseases Service, Operational Direction Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium avium subspecies are generally not considered food pathogens, the infections caused by these particular nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can represent a serious threat to immunocompromised population. Additionally, infections with a member of Mycobacterium Avium Compex (MAC) can affect the efficiency of BCG vaccines used for the humans. In infected animals, M. avium may be present in different tissues without apparent clinical symptoms and macroscopic lesions. Veterinary meat inspection would then fail to recognize infected animals and such meat and meat products thereof could enter the human diet. The aim of this paper is also to analyze the current control policy in Europe according to infections of pigs with the members of MAC, and point out the risks for public health. By analyzing a large number of meat samples and other dietary nutrients, different groups of authors have provided evidence to support the hypothesis that M. avium is present in the everyday environment. Therefore, food as a source of infection with mycobacteria should not be ignored. The control of mycobacteria requires a better diagnostic approach, having in mind recent positive cases of M. avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) in an increasing number of exported pigs from EU countries to Serbia. The introduction of reliable diagnostic methods for MAH could result in decreasing the occurrence of infection in pigs, as well as in humans, having in mind that WHO reported 10 million new cases of tuberculosis-mycobacteriosis in the human population in 2015 with 21% of these cases occurring in immunocompromised individuals and children.
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14
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Vluggen C, Soetaert K, Duytschaever L, Denoël J, Fauville-Dufaux M, Smeets F, Bruffaerts N, Huygen K, Fretin D, Rigouts L, Saegerman C, Mathys V. Genotyping and strain distribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis isolated from humans and pigs in Belgium, 2011-2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30111. [PMID: 26835872 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.3.30111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium represents a health concern for both humans and pigs. The characterisation of its subspecies is an important step improving the understanding of the epidemiology and the control of this pathogen. Ninety-two human M. avium strains were selected for a retrospective study. Subspecies determination by rpoB sequencing and IS1245/IS901 analysis showed that 98.9% of Belgian human M. avium strains belong to the subspecies hominissuis (MAH). Some of these MAH strains present particular IS1245/IS901 profiles (absence of IS1245 and false IS901 detection provoked by the presence of ISMav6). In addition, 54 MAH strains isolated from submandibular lymph nodes of Belgian pigs with lymphadenitis were included in this study. Genotyping of human and porcine isolates was performed using multispacer sequence typing (MST). In total, 49 different MST types were identified among pig (n = 11) and human (n = 43) MA isolates, with only five shared by both hosts. Among these MST types, 34 were newly identified. Our findings demonstrate the extensive genetic diversity among MAH isolates. Some genotypes were more prevalent in human or pigs but no correlation was observed between MST type and place of residence or the farm of origin for human and porcine isolates respectively, suggesting an environmental source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Vluggen
- Bacterial Diseases Service, Operational Direction Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Arrazuria R, Sevilla IA, Molina E, Pérez V, Garrido JM, Juste RA, Elguezabal N. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of slaughtered rabbits. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:130. [PMID: 26063469 PMCID: PMC4461944 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabbits are susceptible to infection by different species of the genus Mycobacterium. Particularly, development of specific lesions and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, both subspecies of the M. avium complex, has been reported in wildlife conditions. Although, rabbit meat production worldwide is 200 million tons per year, microbiological data on this source of meat is lacking and more specifically reports of mycobacterial presence in industrially reared rabbit for human consumption have not been published. To this end, we sought mycobacteria by microbiological and histopathological methods paying special attention to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rabbits from commercial rabbitries from the North East of Spain. Results M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was not detected either by culture or PCR. However, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium was detected in 15.15 % (10/66) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis was detected in 1.51 % (1/66) of gut associated lymphoid tissue of sampled animals by PCR, whereas caecal contents were negative. 9 % (6/66) of the animals presented gross lesions suggestive of lymphoid activation, 6 % (4/66) presented granulomatous lesions and 3 % (2/66) contained acid fast bacilli. Mycobacterial isolation from samples was not achieved, although colonies of Thermoactinomycetes sp. were identified by 16s rRNA sequencing in 6 % (4/66) of sampled animals. Conclusions Apparently healthy farmed rabbits that go to slaughter may carry M. avium subspecies in gut associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Arrazuria
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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16
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Tuberculosis in swine co-infected withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.hominissuisandMycobacterium bovisin a cluster from Argentina. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:966-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881400332x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn Argentina little is known about the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) infection in swine. We characterized the epidemiological dynamics ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) infection in a swine population of Argentina using molecular tools and spatial analysis techniques. Isolates (n = 196) obtained from TB-like lesions (n = 200) were characterized by polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were positive to eitherM. bovis(IS6110) (n = 160) orM. avium(IS1245) (n= 16) while the remaining 20 (10·2%) isolates were positive to bothM. bovisandM. avium. The detection of both bacteria together suggests co-infection at the animal level. In addition, MAC-positive isolates (n = 36) were classified asM. aviumsubsp.avium(MAA) (n = 30) andM. aviumsubsp.hominissuis(MAH) (n = 6), which resulted in five genotypes when they were typed using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit, variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). One significant (P = 0·017) spatial clustering of genotypes was detected, in which the proportion of MAH isolates was larger than expected under the null hypothesis of even distribution of genotypes. These results show that in Argentina the proportion of TB cases in pigs caused byM. aviumis larger than that reported in earlier studies. The proportion ofM. bovis–MAC co-infections was also higher than in previous reports. These results provide valuable information on the epidemiology of MAC infection in swine in Argentina.
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17
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in swine associated with peat used for bedding. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:189649. [PMID: 25431762 PMCID: PMC4241287 DOI: 10.1155/2014/189649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is an environmental bacterium causing opportunistic infections in swine, resulting in economic losses. Additionally, the zoonotic aspect of such infections is of concern. In the southeastern region of Norway in 2009 and 2010, an increase in condemnation of pig carcasses with tuberculous lesions was seen at the meat inspection. The use of peat as bedding in the herds was suspected to be a common factor, and a project examining pigs and environmental samples from the herds was initiated. Lesions detected at meat inspection in pigs originating from 15 herds were sampled. Environmental samples including peat from six of the herds and from three peat production facilities were additionally collected. Samples were analysed by culture and isolates genotyped by MLVA analysis. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis was detected in 35 out of 46 pigs, in 16 out of 20 samples of peat, and in one sample of sawdust. MLVA analysis demonstrated identical isolates from peat and pigs within the same farms. Polyclonal infection was demonstrated by analysis of multiple isolates from the same pig. To conclude, the increase in condemnation of porcine carcasses at slaughter due to mycobacteriosis seemed to be related to untreated peat used as bedding.
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18
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Leão C, Canto A, Machado D, Sanches IS, Couto I, Viveiros M, Inácio J, Botelho A. Relatedness of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis clinical isolates of human and porcine origins assessed by MLVA. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:92-100. [PMID: 25085520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is an important opportunistic pathogen, infecting humans and animals, notably pigs. Several methods have been used to characterize MAH strains. RFLP and PFGE typing techniques have been used as standard methods but are technically demanding. In contrast, the analysis of VNTR loci is a simpler, affordable and highly reliable PCR-based technique, allowing a numerical and reproductive digitalization of typing data. In this study, the analysis of Mycobacterium avium tandem repeats (MATRs) loci was adapted to evaluate the genetic diversity of epidemiological unrelated MAH clinical strains of human (n=28) and porcine (n=69) origins, collected from diverse geographical regions across mainland Portugal. These MAH isolates were found to be genetically diverse and genotypes are randomly distributed across the country. Some of the human strains shared identical VNTR profiles with porcine isolates. Our study shows that the VNTR genotyping using selected MATR loci is a useful analysis technique for assessing the genetic diversity of MAH isolates from Portugal. This typing method could be successfully applied in other countries toward the implementation of a worldwide open-access database of MATR-VNTR profiles of MAH isolates, allowing a better assessment of the global epidemiology traits of this important pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Leão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, IP), Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Canto
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, IP), Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Machado
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova deLisboa (IHMT/UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ilda Santos Sanches
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova deLisboa (IHMT/UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova deLisboa (IHMT/UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, IP), Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Botelho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, IP), Estrada de Benfica 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal.
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19
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Pérez de Val B, Grau-Roma L, Segalés J, Domingo M, Vidal E. Mycobacteriosis outbreak caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium detected through meat inspection in five porcine fattening farms. Vet Rec 2013; 174:96. [PMID: 24336794 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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20
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of domestic sheep and goats. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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21
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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22
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of bovine animals. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk-based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk-categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post-mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post-mortem inspection is applied.
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Miranda C, Matos M, Pires I, Correia-Neves M, Ribeiro P, Alvares S, Vieira-Pinto M, Coelho AC. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex in granulomatous lymphadenitis in slaughtered domestic pigs. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:401-5. [PMID: 22784782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in lymph nodes with granulomatous lymphadenitis from slaughtered domestic pigs. Fifty affected lymph nodes were collected from 50 pigs and examined microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microscopically, granulomatous lesions were observed in 92% of the samples, consisting mostly of central necrosis (78%) with dystrophic calcification (46%) and associated with inflammatory infiltration by epithelioid giant cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils (92%), eosinophils (60%) and Langhans-type cells (70%). In 64% of the lesions, a capsule of connective tissue was found. Acid-fast bacilli were observed in all cases. PCR detected DNA from Mycobacterium spp. in 82% (41/50) of the lymph nodes. MAC was confirmed in 58% (24/41) and M. avium avium/silvaticum subspecies in 39% (16/41). The results of this study suggest that combined histopathology and PCR of lymph nodes are useful in the diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis in slaughtered pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real.
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Faldyna M, Göpfert E, Kudlackova H, Stepanova H, Kaevska M, Slana I, Pavlik I. Usability of a gamma interferon release assay in the diagnosis of naturally infected pigs with Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:376-8. [PMID: 22362535 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711435141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the results of an intradermal tuberculin test and a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay were compared. IFN-γ release assay is based on the detection of IFN-γ production after in vitro stimulation with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium-specific antigen for the discrimination of pigs naturally infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Fifty-five clinically healthy pigs were used in the study. Three of these were proven by culture and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods to be infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis (2 animals) and Mycobacterium xenopi (1 animal). No animals were positive by the tuberculin test. Both M. avium subsp. hominissuis-positive pigs were evaluated as positive by the IFN-γ release assay. Bacteriologically negative and M. xenopi-positive pigs were unresponsive in the IFN-γ release assay, indicating the specificity of the method. The results suggest that the IFN-γ release assay has a higher sensitivity than the tuberculin test and that the assay can be used for diagnosis of M. avium infections in live, naturally infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Agdestein A, Johansen TB, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Jørgensen A, Djønne B, Olsen I. A comparative study of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis in experimentally infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:11. [PMID: 22284630 PMCID: PMC3296603 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are opportunistic pathogens that may infect several species, including humans and pigs. Mah is however more frequently isolated from pigs than Maa, and it is unclear if this is due to difference in virulence or in exposure to the two organisms. Clinical isolates of each subspecies were administered perorally to ten domestic pigs, respectively. The animals were sacrificed at six and 12 weeks after inoculation. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions were recorded, and tissue samples were collected for mycobacterial culture, IS1245 real time PCR and histopathological examination. Culturing was also performed on faecal samples collected at necropsy. Results Macroscopic and histopathological lesions were detected in pigs infected with each subspecies, and bacterial growth and histopathological changes were demonstrated, also in samples from organs without gross pathological lesions. Six weeks after inoculation, live Mah was detected in faeces, as opposed to Maa. The presence of live mycobacteria was also more pronounced in Mah infected tonsils. In comparison, the Maa isolate appeared to have a higher ability of intracellular replication in porcine macrophages compared to the Mah isolate. Conclusions The study shows that both subspecies were able to infect pigs. Additionally, the more extensive shedding of Mah might cause pig-to-pig transmission and contribute to the higher incidence of infection caused by this subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Agdestein
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Agdestein A, Johansen TB, Polaček V, Lium B, Holstad G, Vidanović D, Aleksić-Kovačević S, Jørgensen A, Žultauskas J, Nilsen SF, Djønne B. Investigation of an outbreak of mycobacteriosis in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:63. [PMID: 22014189 PMCID: PMC3215643 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high proportion of pigs imported to Serbia from a Lithuanian breeding herd reacted positively against avian and/or bovine tuberculin. The pigs were euthanized and lesions characteristic for mycobacterial infection were detected. An investigation of potential mycobacteriosis in the pigs imported to Serbia and the possible source of infection in the Lithuanian herd were therefore initialised. Results Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded lymph nodes from tuberculin positive animals were examined by real-time PCR for IS1245 and IS6110. IS1245 was detected in 55% and IS6110 in 11% of the samples. Seven of the ten IS6110 positive samples were positive for IS1245. Eleven lymph nodes from 10 pigs and 15 environmental samples were collected from the Lithuanian breeding herd and cultured for mycobacteria. M. avium subsp. hominissuis was detected in all lymph nodes and from eight samples of peat and sawdust. Isolates with identical and related IS1245- and IS1311 RFLP profiles were detected from swine and peat. Conclusions This study demonstrated cross reactions between avian and bovine tuberculin in pigs. Real-time PCR indicated infection with M. avium in the Serbian pigs. However, as a small proportion of the lymph nodes were positive for IS6110, infection with bacteria in the M. tuberculosis complex could not be ruled out. Analyses confirmed the presence of M. avium subsp. hominissuis in porcine and environmental samples from the Lithuanian breeding herd. The results indicate peat as a source of M. avium subsp. hominissuis infection in these pigs, and that the pigs imported to Serbia were infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis.
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for public health hazards to be covered by meat inspection of swine. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Dagleish MP, Stevenson K, Foster G, McLuckie J, Sellar M, Harley J, Evans J, Brownlow A. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis Infection in a captive-bred kiang (Equus kiang). J Comp Pathol 2011; 146:372-7. [PMID: 21906752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equids are considered highly resistant to mycobacterial infections and clinical cases have been described in domestic horses only. Mycobacterium bovis is the most common species reported, although a single report exists of disease due to definitively diagnosed infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis in two domestic horses. This is the first report of a mycobacterial infection in a kiang (Equus kiang), or indeed any wild equid. The animal had chronic loss of condition and serum biochemical changes suggestive of liver disease and chronic infection. Further investigation showed a chronic granulomatous enteritis, lymphadenitis and hepatitis with focal granulomatous pneumonia due to systemic infection with M. avium subsp. hominissuis. The distribution and severity of the lesions suggested that the route of infection was alimentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, Scotland, UK.
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