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Mwakasungula S, Rougeron V, Arnathau C, Boundenga L, Miguel E, Boissière A, Jiolle D, Durand P, Msigwa A, Mswata S, Olotu A, Sterkers Y, Roche B, Killeen G, Cerqueira F, Bitome‐Essono PY, Bretagnolle F, Masanja H, Paupy C, Sumaye R, Prugnolle F. Using haematophagous fly blood meals to study the diversity of blood-borne pathogens infecting wild mammals. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2915-2927. [PMID: 35730337 PMCID: PMC9796008 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many emerging infectious diseases originate from wild animals, so there is a profound need for surveillance and monitoring of their pathogens. However, the practical difficulty of sample acquisition from wild animals tends to limit the feasibility and effectiveness of such surveys. Xenosurveillance, using blood-feeding invertebrates to obtain tissue samples from wild animals and then detect their pathogens, is a promising method to do so. Here, we describe the use of tsetse fly blood meals to determine (directly through molecular diagnostic and indirectly through serology), the diversity of circulating blood-borne pathogens (including bacteria, viruses and protozoa) in a natural mammalian community of Tanzania. Molecular analyses of captured tsetse flies (182 pools of flies totalizing 1728 flies) revealed that the blood meals obtained came from 18 different vertebrate species including 16 non-human mammals, representing approximately 25% of the large mammal species present in the study area. Molecular diagnostic demonstrated the presence of different protozoa parasites and bacteria of medical and/or veterinary interest. None of the six virus species searched for by molecular methods were detected but an ELISA test detected antibodies against African swine fever virus among warthogs, indicating that the virus had been circulating in the area. Sampling of blood-feeding insects represents an efficient and practical approach to tracking a diversity of pathogens from multiple mammalian species, directly through molecular diagnostic or indirectly through serology, which could readily expand and enhance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious agents and their interactions with their hosts in wild animal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Mwakasungula
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches de FrancevilleFrancevilleGabon,Department of AnthropologyDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Eve Miguel
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Anne Boissière
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,UMR CIRAD‐INRA ASTRECIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Davy Jiolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
| | - Alphonce Msigwa
- Tanzania National ParksBurigi‐Chato National ParkBiharamuloTanzania
| | - Sarah Mswata
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Ally Olotu
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Gerard Killeen
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania,School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Frédérique Cerqueira
- Plateforme Génotypage – SéquençageInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHEMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | - Honorati Masanja
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Robert Sumaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
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Zwyer M, Çavusoglu C, Ghielmetti G, Pacciarini ML, Scaltriti E, Van Soolingen D, Dötsch A, Reinhard M, Gagneux S, Brites D. A new nomenclature for the livestock-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on phylogenomics. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:100. [PMID: 37645186 PMCID: PMC10445919 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14029.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The bacteria that compose the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans and in different animals, including livestock. Much progress has been made in understanding the population structure of the human-adapted members of the MTBC by combining phylogenetics with genomics. Accompanying the discovery of new genetic diversity, a body of operational nomenclature has evolved to assist comparative and molecular epidemiological studies of human TB. By contrast, for the livestock-associated MTBC members, Mycobacterium bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis, there has been a lack of comprehensive nomenclature to accommodate new genetic diversity uncovered by emerging phylogenomic studies. We propose to fill this gap by putting forward a new nomenclature covering the main phylogenetic groups within M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis. Methods: We gathered a total of 8,736 whole-genome sequences (WGS) from public sources and 39 newly sequenced strains, and selected a subset of 829 WGS, representative of the worldwide diversity of M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis. We used phylogenetics and genetic diversity patterns inferred from WGS to define groups. Results: We propose to divide M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis in three main phylogenetic lineages, which we named La1, La2 and La3, respectively. Within La1, we identified several monophyletic groups, which we propose to classify into eight sublineages (La1.1-La1.8). These sublineages differed in geographic distribution, with some being geographically restricted and others globally widespread, suggesting different expansion abilities. To ease molecular characterization of these MTBC groups by the community, we provide phylogenetically informed, single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used as barcodes for genotyping. These markers were implemented in KvarQ and TB-Profiler, which are platform-independent, open-source tools. Conclusions: Our results contribute to an improved classification of the genetic diversity within the livestock-associated MTBC, which will benefit future molecular epidemiological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zwyer
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cengiz Çavusoglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Dick Van Soolingen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands Antilles
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Dötsch
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Reinhard
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brites
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Dwyer RA, Witte C, Buss P, Goosen WJ, Miller M. Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black ( Diceros bicornis) and White ( Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580476. [PMID: 33330701 PMCID: PMC7672123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of tuberculosis (TB) resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have been recorded in captive white (Ceratotherium simum) and black (Diceros bicornis) rhinoceros. More recently, cases have been documented in free-ranging populations of both species in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) endemic areas of South Africa. There is limited information on risk factors and transmission patterns for MTBC infections in African rhinoceros, however, extrapolation from literature on MTBC infections in other species and multi-host systems provides a foundation for understanding TB epidemiology in rhinoceros species. Current diagnostic tests include blood-based immunoassays but distinguishing between subclinical and active infections remains challenging due to the lack of diagnostic techniques. In other species, demographic risk factors for MTBC infection include sex and age, where males and adults are generally at higher risk than females and younger individuals. Limited available historical information reflects similar age- and sex-associated patterns for TB in captive black and white rhinoceros, with more reports of MTBC-associated disease in black rhinoceros than in white rhinoceros. The degree of MTBC exposure in susceptible wildlife depends on their level of interaction, either directly with other infected individuals or indirectly through MTBC contaminated environments, which is dependent on the presence and abundance of infected reservoir hosts and the amount of MTBC shed in their excreta. Captive African rhinoceros have shown evidence of MTBC shedding, and although infection levels are low in free-ranging rhinoceros, there is a risk for intraspecies transmission. Free-ranging rhinoceros in bTB endemic areas may be exposed to MTBC from other infected host species, such as the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), through shared environmental niches, and resource co-utilization. This review describes current knowledge and information gaps regarding the epidemiology of TB in African rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dwyer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carmel Witte
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Chu C, Steyl J, Du Plessis EC, Reininghaus B, Mitchell EP. A review of pathological findings in impalas (Aepyceros melampus) in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2020; 91:e1-e10. [PMID: 32787424 PMCID: PMC7479362 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Impalas (Aepyceros melampus) are common African antelope. A retrospective study was conducted of 251 impala cases from game farms, national parks and zoos submitted by veterinarians and pathologists in South Africa (2003-2016). Histopathology slides as well as records of macroscopic lesions and additional diagnostic tests performed were examined. Non-infectious conditions, such as acute pulmonary congestion and oedema, cachexia, traumatic injury and anaesthetic-related mortality were the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. Bacterial sepsis was the most common infectious disease, whilst skeletal muscle and myocardial sarcocystosis and verminous cholangitis and pneumonia were the most common parasitic diseases. Although the retrospective nature of this study limits the significance of the relative prevalence of lesions in the three locations, management decisions and diagnostic plans may be informed by the results. Impala from game farms had significantly more cachexia cases than those from other locations. Impala from zoos had significantly more lymphoid depletion than those from other locations. These findings suggest that nutrition and pasture management, enclosure design, management of intra- and interspecies aggression and improved anaesthetic protocols could improve animal welfare and survival of impala on game farms and in zoos. This report presents a detailed survey of diseases and conditions found in impala that provides baseline data for veterinary pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chu
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, United States; and, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville.
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6
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Roug A, Muse EA, Clifford DL, Larsen R, Paul G, Mathayo D, Mpanduji D, Mazet JAK, Kazwala R, Kiwango H, Smith W. Seasonal movements and habitat use of African buffalo in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:6. [PMID: 32013942 PMCID: PMC6998266 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing wildlife movements and habitat use is important for species conservation and management and can be informative for understanding population dynamics. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania has been declining, and little was known about the movement, habitat selection, and space use of the population, which is important for understanding possible reasons behind the decline. A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. Movements were assessed over 2 years from 11 animals. Results The space use of the individual collared buffaloes as an approximation of the 95% home range size estimated using Brownian bridge models, ranged from 73 to 601 km2. The estimated home ranges were larger in the wet season than in the dry season. With the exception of one buffalo all collared animals completed a wet season migration of varying distances. A consistent pattern of seasonal movement was observed with one herd, whereas the other herds did not behave the same way in the two wet seasons that they were tracked. Herd splitting and herd switching occurred on multiple occasions. Buffaloes strongly associated with habitats near the Great Ruaha River in the dry season and had little association to permanent water sources in the wet season. Daily movements averaged 4.6 km (standard deviation, SD = 2.6 km), with the longest distances traveled during November (mean 6.9 km, SD = 3.6 km) at the end of the dry season and beginning of the wet season. The shortest daily distances traveled occurred in the wet season in April–June (mean 3.6 km, SD = 1.6–1.8 km). Conclusion The Great Ruaha River has experienced significant drying in the last decades due to water diversions upstream, which likely has reduced the suitable range for buffaloes. The loss of dry season habitat due to water scarcity has likely contributed to the population decline of the Ruaha buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Roug
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 1594 West North Temple, Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, UT, 84116, USA.
| | - Epaphras A Muse
- Ruaha National Park, Tanzania National Parks, PO Box 369, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Deana L Clifford
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road Suite D, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA
| | - Randy Larsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Goodluck Paul
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Daniel Mathayo
- Ruaha National Park, Tanzania National Parks, PO Box 369, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Donald Mpanduji
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Halima Kiwango
- Ruaha National Park, Tanzania National Parks, PO Box 369, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Woutrina Smith
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Abstract
In association with a study investigating the apparent decline of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, 40 buffalos were screened for selected diseases. Bovine tuberculosis was detected in 23%, and exposure to Brucella abortus and Rift Valley fever virus in 18% and 8%, respectively, of buffalos tested.
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8
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Kiffner C, Latzer M, Vise R, Benson H, Hammon E, Kioko J. Comparative knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies in three districts of northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1625. [PMID: 31796011 PMCID: PMC6889212 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys regarding zoonotic diseases are crucial to understanding the extent of knowledge among citizens and for guiding health-related education programs. Method Employing a structured questionnaire, we interviewed residents (n = 388) in three districts of northern Tanzania (Karatu n = 128, Monduli n = 114, Babati n = 146) to assess knowledge, attitudes and reported practices regarding three zoonotic diseases that occur in the region (anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies). We used generalized linear mixed effects models and multi-model inference to identify demographic correlates of knowledge. Results Proportional average district- and disease- specific knowledge scores ranged from 0.14–0.61. We found positive correlations between age and knowledge of symptoms, causes and treatments of anthrax (three districts), brucellosis (three districts), and rabies (one district). Gender, ethnic identity, formal education and ownership of livestock or dogs had variable effects on knowledge among the interviewed population. Risk perceptions regarding different diseases varied across districts and were positively correlated with knowledge of the specific diseases. Direct interactions with livestock and domestic dogs were reported to occur across all demographic groups, suggesting that most people living in rural settings of our study area are potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. Behaviors which may favor transmission of specific pathogens (such as consumption of raw milk or meat) were occasionally reported and varied by district. Wildlife was generally regarded as negative or neutral with regard to overall veterinary and human health. Conclusion The combination of variable knowledge about zoonotic diseases in the three districts, reported occurrence of practices that are conducive to pathogen transmission, and previously documented circulation of pathogens causing anthrax, brucellosis and rabies in our study system, call for health education programs embedded in a holistic One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania.
| | - Michelle Latzer
- School of Public Health, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| | - Ruby Vise
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hayley Benson
- College of Computer, Mathematics, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - John Kioko
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarad Paudel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | - Toshio Tsubota
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Katale BZ, Mbugi EV, Siame KK, Keyyu JD, Kendall S, Kazwala RR, Dockrell HM, Fyumagwa RD, Michel AL, Rweyemamu M, Streicher EM, Warren RM, van Helden P, Matee MI. Isolation and Potential for Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis at Human-livestock-wildlife Interface of the Serengeti Ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:815-825. [PMID: 26563417 PMCID: PMC5434928 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a multihost pathogen of public health and veterinary importance. We characterized the M. bovis isolated at the human-livestock-wildlife interface of the Serengeti ecosystem to determine the epidemiology and risk of cross-species transmission between interacting hosts species. DNA was extracted from mycobacterial cultures obtained from sputum samples of 472 tuberculosis (TB) suspected patients and tissue samples from 606 livestock and wild animal species. M. bovis isolates were characterized using spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) on 24 loci. Only 5 M. bovis were isolated from the cultured samples. Spoligotyping results revealed that three M. bovis isolates from two buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) and 1 African civet (Civettictis civetta) belonged to SB0133 spoligotype. The two novel strains (AR1 and AR2) assigned as spoligotype SB2290 and SB2289, respectively, were identified from indigenous cattle (Bos indicus). No M. bovis was detected from patients with clinical signs consistent with TB. Of the 606 animal tissue specimens and sputa of 472 TB-suspected patients 43 (7.09%) and 12 (2.9%), respectively, yielded non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), of which 20 isolates were M. intracellulare. No M. avium was identified. M. bovis isolates from wildlife had 45.2% and 96.8% spoligotype pattern agreement with AR1 and AR2 strains, respectively. This finding indicates that bTB infections in wild animals and cattle were epidemiologically related. Of the 24 MIRU-VNTR loci, QUB 11b showed the highest discrimination among the M. bovis strains. The novel strains obtained in this study have not been previously reported in the area, but no clear evidence for recent cross-species transmission of M. bovis was found between human, livestock and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Z. Katale
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Dar es SalaamTanzania
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)ArushaTanzania
| | - E. V. Mbugi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Dar es SalaamTanzania
| | - K. K. Siame
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis ResearchDivision of Molecular Biology and Human GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa
| | - J. D. Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)ArushaTanzania
| | - S. Kendall
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic diseasesRoyal Veterinary College (RVC)Hawkshead LaneNorth MymmsHatfieldHertfordshireUK
| | - R. R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)MorogoroTanzania
| | - H. M. Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)LondonUK
| | - R. D. Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)ArushaTanzania
| | - A. L. Michel
- Department Veterinary Tropical DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaOnderstepoortSouth Africa
| | - M. Rweyemamu
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance (SACIDS)Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - E. M. Streicher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis ResearchDivision of Molecular Biology and Human GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa
| | - R. M. Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis ResearchDivision of Molecular Biology and Human GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa
| | - P. van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis ResearchDivision of Molecular Biology and Human GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa
| | - M. I. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)Dar es SalaamTanzania
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Baum SE, Machalaba C, Daszak P, Salerno RH, Karesh WB. Evaluating one health: Are we demonstrating effectiveness? One Health 2016; 3:5-10. [PMID: 28616496 PMCID: PMC5458598 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The perceived benefits of a One Health approach are largely hinged on increasing public health efficiency and cost effectiveness through a better understanding of disease risk-through shared control and detection efforts, and results that benefit human, animal and ecosystem health. However, there have been few efforts to identify and systematize One Health metrics to assess these perceived efficiencies. Though emphasis on the evaluation of One Health has increased, widely cited benefits of One Health approaches have mainly been based on modeled projections, rather than outcomes of implemented interventions. We conducted a review of One Health literature to determine the current status of One Health frameworks and case studies reporting One Health metrics. Of 1839 unique papers, only 7 reported quantitative outcomes; these assessments did not follow shared methodology and several reviewed only intermediate outcomes. For others, the effectiveness of One Health approaches was often assumed without supporting evidence or determined subjectively. The absence of a standardized framework to capture metrics across disciplines, even in a generic format, may hinder the more widespread adoption of One Health among stakeholders. We review possible outcome metrics suitable for the future evaluation of One Health, noting the relevance of cost outcomes to the three main disciplines associated with One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Baum
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Barnard College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Catherine Machalaba
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - William B. Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Corresponding author at: 460 West 34th St, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10001, United States.460 West 34th St, 17th FloorNew YorkNY10001United States
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DIAGNOSIS AND IMPLICATIONS OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS INFECTION IN BANDED MONGOOSES (MUNGOS MUNGO) IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:19-29. [PMID: 27788055 DOI: 10.7589/2015-11-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was first diagnosed in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in 1990. Research has since focused on the maintenance host, the African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) and clinically affected lion ( Panthera leo ). However, little is known about the role of small predators in tuberculosis epidemiology. During 2011-12, we screened banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ) in the bTB high-prevalence zone of the KNP for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members. Fecal swabs, tracheal swabs, and tracheal lavages of 76 banded mongooses caught in cage traps within a 2-km radius of Skukuza Rest Camp were submitted for Mycobacterium culture, isolation, and species identification. Lesions and lymph node samples collected from 12 animals at postmortem examination were submitted for culture and histopathology. In lung and lymph nodes of two banded mongooses, well demarcated, irregularly margined, gray-yellow nodules of up to 5 mm diameter were identified with either central necrosis or calcification, characterized on histopathology as caseating necrosis with epithelioid macrophages or necrogranuloma with calcified centre. No acid fast bacteria were identified with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. We isolated Mycobacterium bovis from lung, lymph node, and liver samples, as well as from tracheal lavages and tracheal swab from the same two banded mongooses. Blood samples were positive by ElephantTB STAT-PAK® Assay for 12 and Enferplex™ TB Assay for five animals. Only the two banded mongooses positive on pathology and M. bovis culture were positive on both serologic assays. We provide evidence of bTB infection in banded mongooses in the KNP, demonstrate their ability to shed M. bovis , and propose a possible antemortem diagnostic algorithm. Our findings open the discussion around possible sources of infection and their significance at the human/wildlife interface in and around Skukuza.
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Roug A, Muse EA, Smith WA, Mazet JAK, Kazwala RR, Harvey D, Paul G, Meing'ataki GO, Banga P, Clifford DL. Demographics and parasites of African buffalo ( Syncerus cafferSparrman, 1779) in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Roug
- Wildlife Health Center; One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Epaphras A. Muse
- Ruaha National Park; Tanzania National Parks; PO Box 369 Iringa Tanzania
| | - Woutrina A. Smith
- Wildlife Health Center; One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center; One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health; Sokoine University of Agriculture; PO Box 3021 Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Division of Biostatistics; School of Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Goodluck Paul
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health; Sokoine University of Agriculture; PO Box 3021 Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Godwell O. Meing'ataki
- Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania (SPANEST); PO Box 2404 Iringa Tanzania
| | - Paul Banga
- Ruaha National Park; Tanzania National Parks; PO Box 369 Iringa Tanzania
| | - Deana L. Clifford
- Wildlife Health Center; One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife; Wildlife Investigations Laboratory; 1701 Nimbus Road Rancho Cordova CA 95670 U.S.A
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Roug A, Clifford D, Mazet J, Kazwala R, John J, Coppolillo P, Smith W. Spatial predictors of bovine tuberculosis infection and Brucella spp. exposure in pastoralist and agropastoralist livestock herds in the Ruaha ecosystem of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:837-43. [PMID: 24659301 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While many studies investigate animal-related risk factors for disease, few have considered environmental or spatial risk factors in the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and brucellosis. In the Ruaha ecosystem of Tanzania, we investigated the role of household location as a predictor for infection with Mycobacterium bovis and exposure to Brucella in pastoralist and agropastoralist cattle herds in a typical African wildlife-livestock-human interface. ArcGIS was utilized to calculate Euclidian distances between households and the nearest river, village center, protected area, and other infected households, followed by multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between risk factors and herd-level bTB and Brucella outcomes. Global and local spatial clustering of bTB-infected and Brucella-exposed herds was explored using the Cuzick-Edward’s test and SaTScan spatial scan statistics. Households located farther from rivers and closer to village centers and herds belonging to agropastoralists were more likely to have bTB-positive cattle. Risk of Brucella exposure increased with proximity to protected areas. One spatial cluster of households with Brucella spp. seropositive cattle was identified. Spatial factors may be useful for assessing disease risk and for formulating intervention and control strategies for households that manage cattle in ecosystems characterized by seasonally limited resources and intense wildlife-livestock interfaces.
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Travis DA, Sriramarao P, Cardona C, Steer CJ, Kennedy S, Sreevatsan S, Murtaugh MP. One Medicine One Science: a framework for exploring challenges at the intersection of animals, humans, and the environment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1334:26-44. [PMID: 25476836 PMCID: PMC4383647 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the health consequences of interactions among animals, humans, and the environment in the face of climatic change, environmental disturbance, and expanding human populations is a critical global challenge in today's world. Exchange of interdisciplinary knowledge in basic and applied sciences and medicine that includes scientists, health professionals, key sponsors, and policy experts revealed that relevant case studies of monkeypox, influenza A, tuberculosis, and HIV can be used to guide strategies for anticipating and responding to new disease threats such as the Ebola and Chickungunya viruses, as well as to improve programs to control existing zoonotic diseases, including tuberculosis. The problem of safely feeding the world while preserving the environment and avoiding issues such as antibiotic resistance in animals and humans requires cooperative scientific problem solving. Food poisoning outbreaks resulting from Salmonella growing in vegetables have demonstrated the need for knowledge of pathogen evolution and adaptation in developing appropriate countermeasures for prevention and policy development. Similarly, pesticide use for efficient crop production must take into consideration bee population declines that threaten the availability of the two-thirds of human foods that are dependent on pollination. This report presents and weighs the objective merits of competing health priorities and identifies gaps in knowledge that threaten health security, to promote discussion of major public policy implications such that they may be decided with at least an underlying platform of facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Complex links between natural tuberculosis and porcine circovirus type 2 infection in wild boar. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:765715. [PMID: 24991567 PMCID: PMC4065697 DOI: 10.1155/2014/765715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in natural populations are exposed to a diversity of pathogens which results in coinfections. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between natural infection with tuberculosis (TB) due to infection by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in free-ranging Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Apparent prevalence for TB lesions and PCV2 infection was extremely high in all age classes, including piglets (51% for TB; 85.7% for PCV2). Modeling results revealed that the relative risk of young (less than 2 years old) wild boar to test positive to PCV2 PCR was negatively associated with TB lesion presence. Also, an interaction between TB, PCV2, and body condition was evidenced: in wild boar with TB lesions probability of being PCV2 PCR positive increased with body condition, whereas this relation was negative for wild boar without TB lesions. This study provides insight into the coinfections occurring in free-ranging host populations that are naturally exposed to several pathogens at an early age. Using TB and PCV2 as a case study, we showed that coinfection is a frequent event among natural populations that takes place early in life with complex effects on the infections and the hosts.
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