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Skowron K, Budzyńska A, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Andrzejewska M, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Two Faces of Fermented Foods-The Benefits and Threats of Its Consumption. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845166. [PMID: 35330774 PMCID: PMC8940296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In underdeveloped and developing countries, due to poverty, fermentation is one of the most widely used preservation methods. It not only allows extending the shelf life of food, but also brings other benefits, including inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, improving the organoleptic properties and product digestibility, and can be a valuable source of functional microorganisms. Today, there is a great interest in functional strains, which, in addition to typical probiotic strains, can participate in the treatment of numerous diseases, disorders of the digestive system, but also mental diseases, or stimulate our immune system. Hence, fermented foods and beverages are not only a part of the traditional diet, e.g., in Africa but also play a role in the nutrition of people around the world. The fermentation process for some products occurs spontaneously, without the use of well-defined starter cultures, under poorly controlled or uncontrolled conditions. Therefore, while this affordable technology has many advantages, it can also pose a potential health risk. The use of poor-quality ingredients, inadequate hygiene conditions in the manufacturing processes, the lack of standards for safety and hygiene controls lead to the failure food safety systems implementation, especially in low- and middle-income countries or for small-scale products (at household level, in villages and scale cottage industries). This can result in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the food contributing to cases of illness or even outbreaks. Also, improper processing and storage, as by well as the conditions of sale affect the food safety. Foodborne diseases through the consumption of traditional fermented foods are not reported frequently, but this may be related, among other things, to a low percentage of people entering healthcare care or weaknesses in foodborne disease surveillance systems. In many parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, pathogens such as enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus have been detected in fermented foods. Therefore, this review, in addition to the positive aspects, presents the potential risk associated with the consumption of this type of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Maske BL, de Melo Pereira GV, da Silva Vale A, Marques Souza DS, De Dea Lindner J, Soccol CR. Viruses in fermented foods: are they good or bad? Two sides of the same coin. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103794. [PMID: 33875222 PMCID: PMC7992106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 as a global pandemic has increased popular concerns about diseases caused by viruses. Fermented foods containing high loads of viable fungi and bacteria are potential sources for virus contamination. The most common include viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage) and yeasts reported in fermented milks, sausages, vegetables, wine, sourdough, and cocoa beans. Recent molecular studies have also associated fermented foods as vehicles for pathogenic human viruses. Human noroviruses, rotavirus, and hepatitis virus have been identified in different fermented foods through multiple routes. No severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus or close members were found in fermented foods to date. However, the occurrence/persistence of other pathogenic viruses reveals a potential vulnerability of fermented foods to SARS-CoV-2 contamination. On the other side of the coin, some bacteriophages are being suggested for improving the fermentation process and food safety, as well as owing potential probiotic properties in modern fermented foods. This review will address the diversity and characteristics of viruses associated with fermented foods and what has been changed after a short introduction to the most common next-generation sequencing platforms. Also, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fermented foods and preventive measures will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leal Maske
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander da Silva Vale
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Applied Virology Laboratory, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Recent (2011-2017) foodborne outbreak cases in the Republic of Korea compared to the United States: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:185-194. [PMID: 33732509 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes and compares foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the Republic of Korea (KR) and the United States (US) during 2011-2017. The foodborne outbreaks data in the KR and the US were collected from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and from the Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks United States, respectively. The average number of outbreaks and illness population were higher in the US than in the KR, but the KR's illness ratio considering population size was 2.4 times higher than that of the US. When the sites of outbreaks compared, the number of illness was the highest at schools in the KR whereas outbreaks at restaurants were more frequent in the US. In the KR, bacterial infections were the primary cause of outbreaks while bacterial and viral infections accounted for the largest share of outbreaks in the US. Specifically, pathogenic E. coli presented a significant risk in the KR whereas Salmonella was the most prevalent in the US. These results indicate that the main microbiological targets for detection and control in the KR should differ from the US, which should be considered for developing food safety related policies.
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Molecular detection and characterization of norovirus in asymptomatic food handlers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104725. [PMID: 33465494 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Individuals who are asymptomatically infected may act as reservoirs to facilitate transmission of NoV. This retrospective study was conducted to identify the viral agent and investigate potential transmission of NoV infection in a foreigner patient who had severe acute gastroenteritis after having a meal in a restaurant in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The fecal specimens collected from the patient and 26 restaurant staffs were tested for the presence of gastroenteritis viruses by PCR and RT-PCR. The NoV positive cases were confirmed by real-time PCR and IC kits. The sensitivity of detection of IC kit B, as compared to those of real-time PCR, could detect the viral load down to at least 2.1 × 104 copies/g of stool. The diarrheic patient was infected solely with GII.3 NoV without co-infection with any other gastroenteritis viruses while 4 staffs (15.4%) were positive for different NoV strains (3 with GII.4 and 1 with GII.17) and all were asymptomatic. Interestingly, the GII.3 NoV strain detected in fecal sample of the patient was closely related to GII.3 NoV strains detected previously in fecal samples of children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Chiang Mai, in the same year and the same geographical area where the patient was infected, suggesting the circulation and transmission of GII.3 NoV in this area. In conclusion, our data indicated that the patient was infected with GII.3 NoV and the virus was not directly transmitted to the patient by asymptomatic food handlers instead it might be transmitted by consumption of NoV-contaminated food provided by the restaurant. In addition, the existence of NoV in asymptomatic food handlers could be a potential source of NoV transmission. Therefore, strict adherence to hand hygiene practices should be reinforced to prevent foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1738610, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Nonthabenjawan N, Boonyos P, Phattanawiboon B, Towayunanta W, Chuntrakool K, Ngaopravet K, Ruchusatsawat K, Uppapong B, Sangkitporn S, Mekada E, Matsuura Y, Tatsumi M, Mizushima H. Identification of GII.14[P7] norovirus and its genomic mutations from a case of long-term infection in a post-symptomatic individual. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104612. [PMID: 33137471 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Norovirus shedding typically lasts one week to one month after the onset of diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts. The occurrence of mutations in the genome during infection has contributed to the evolution of norovirus. It has been suggested that genomic mutations in the P2-domain of capsid protein VP1, the major antigenic site for virus clearance, are involved in the evasion of host immunity and prolonged shedding of norovirus. In our previous study, we found a case of long-term shedding of GII.14 norovirus in a post-symptomatic immunocompetent individual that lasted about three months. In this study, we characterized the genomic sequence of the GII.14 strain to gain insight into the context of long-term shedding. By sequencing a 4.8 kb region of the genome corresponding to half of ORF1 and the entire ORF2 and ORF3, which encode several non-structural proteins and the structural proteins VP1 and VP2, the GII.14 strain was found to be classified as recombinant GII.14[P7]. Six point-mutations occurred during the three-month period of infection in a time-dependent manner in the genomic regions encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1, and VP2. Three of the six mutations were sense mutations, but no amino acid substitution was identified in the P2-domain of VP1. These results suggest that there is a mechanism by which long-term shedding of norovirus occurs in immunocompetent individuals independent of P2-domain mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonyos
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Phattanawiboon
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ballang Uppapong
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Research and Education Promotion Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tatsumi
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Hiroto Mizushima
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
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Interaction between norovirus and Histo-Blood Group Antigens: A key to understanding virus transmission and inactivation through treatments? Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103594. [PMID: 32950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.
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Zhang L, Xue L, Gao J, Cai W, Jiang Y, Zuo Y, Liao Y, Qin Z, Wu H, Cheng T, Luo X, Wu Q, Wu K, Zhang J. Development of a high-efficient concentrated pretreatment method for noroviruses detection in independent oysters:An extension of the ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 standard method. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Amoroso MG, Langellotti AL, Russo V, Martello A, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, Ianiro G, Di Concilio D, Galiero G, Fusco G. Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:48-57. [PMID: 31691900 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks as filter-feeders concentrate in their digestive tissue microorganisms likely present in the harvesting water, thus becoming risky food especially if consumed raw or poorly cooked. To eliminate bacteria and viruses eventually accumulated, they must undergo a depuration process which efficacy on viruses is on debate. To better clarify the worth of the depuration process on virus elimination from mussels, in this study we investigated rotavirus kinetics of accumulation and depuration in Mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated. Depuration process was monitored for 9 days and virus residual presence and infectivity were evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell culture and electron microscopy at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 of depuration. Variables like presence of ozone and of microalgae feeding were also analyzed as possible depuration enhancers. Results showed a two-phase virus removal kinetic with a high decrease in the first 24 h of depuration and 5 days necessary to completely remove rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Luca Langellotti
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 2, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Martello
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Di Concilio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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Suffredini E, Le Q, Di Pasquale S, Pham T, Vicenza T, Losardo M, To K, De Medici D. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in bivalve shellfish marketed in Vietnam. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tunyakittaveeward T, Rupprom K, Pombubpa K, Howteerakul N, Kittigul L. Norovirus Monitoring in Oysters Using Two Different Extraction Methods. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:374-382. [PMID: 31342414 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of noroviruses in bivalve shellfish is difficult because of the low concentration of norovirus and the presence of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR inhibitors. This study aimed to assess the presence of noroviruses in oysters extracted using a proteinase K extraction (ISO 15216 method) and an adsorption-elution method. Seventy oyster samples were extracted using the two extraction methods and evaluated using RT-nested PCR. The results showed norovirus detection rates at an equal frequency of 28.6%, of which a total of 48 (68.6%) samples had corresponding positive or negative results, while there were 22 (31.4%) samples with discrepant results. Norovirus genogroup (G)I, GII, and mixed GI and GII were detected in 20%, 4.3%, and 4.3% of samples, respectively, by the proteinase K extraction method, which comprised of GI.2, GI.5b, GI.6b, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. With the adsorption-elution method noroviruses were detected in 17.1%, 8.6%, and 2.9% of samples, respectively, which comprised of GI.2, GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. All norovirus-positive oyster samples were further estimated for genome copy number using RT-quantitative PCR. The oyster samples processed using the adsorption-elution method contained norovirus GI of 3.36 × 101-1.06 × 105 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues and GII of 1.29 × 103-1.62 × 104 RNA copies/g. Only GII (2.20 × 101 and 7.83 × 101 RNA copies/g) could be quantified in samples prepared using the proteinase K extraction method. The results demonstrate the different performance of the two sample-processing methods, and suggest the use of either extraction method in combination with RT-nested PCR for molecular surveillance of norovirus genotypes in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamapan Tunyakittaveeward
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kitwadee Rupprom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Howteerakul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Thiry E. Cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh-The role of bivalve molluscs as transmission vehicles for human norovirus infections. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:9-25. [PMID: 31232515 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognized as the leading worldwide cause of sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis, causing morbidity and mortality in impoverished developing countries and engendering enormous economic losses in developed countries. Transmitted faecal-orally, either via person-to-person contact, or by consumption of contaminated foods or water, norovirus outbreaks are often reported in institutional settings or in the context of communal dining. Bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses via filter feeding and are often eaten raw or insufficiently cooked, are a common food vehicle implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks. The involvement of bivalve molluscs in norovirus outbreaks and epidemiology over the past two decades are reviewed. The authors describe how their physiology of filter feeding can render them concentrated vehicles of norovirus contamination in polluted environments and how high viral loads persist in molluscs even after application of depuration practices and typical food preparation steps. The global prevalence of noroviruses in bivalve molluscs as detected by different monitoring efforts is determined and the various methods currently utilized for norovirus extraction and detection from bivalve matrices described. An overview of gastroenteritis outbreaks affirmatively associated with norovirus-contaminated bivalve molluscs as reported in the past 18 years is also provided. Strategies for risk reduction in shellfish contamination and subsequent human infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Protocol standardization for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:31-38. [PMID: 30903916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalve shellfish are of public health interest because they can accumulate pollutants in their tissues. As they are usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, they are considered to be a possible source of foodborne infections, including giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis. Although data indicating contamination of shellfish with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts have been published, comparing results from different studies is difficult, as there is no standardized protocol for the detection and quantification of these parasites in mussels, and different researchers have used different analytical approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the most sensitive protocol for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in shellfish. In an effort to test the sensitivity and the detection limits of the protocol, every step of the process was investigated, from initial preparation of the mussel matrix through detection of the parasites. Comparative studies were conducted, including several methods previously applied by other researchers, on commercial mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis spiked with a known number of (oo)cysts of both parasites. As preparation of the mussel matrix plays an important role in the sensitivity of the method, different techniques were tested. These included: (ia) removal of the coarse particles from the matrix with sieving, (ib) extraction of the lipids with diethyl ether, and (ic) artificial digestion of the matrix with pepsin digestion solution, and (ii) the use or not of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the concentration of the (oo)cysts. Pre-treatment of the mussel homogenate with pepsin digestion solution, followed by IMS, then detection with a direct immunofluorescence assay, achieved the highest sensitivity: 32.1% (SD: 21.1) of Giardia cysts and 61.4% (SD: 26.2) Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered, with a detection limit of 10 (oo)cysts per g of mussel homogenate. The outcome of the current study was the standardization of a protocol, with defined detection limits, for the detection of these two protozoan transmission stages in mussels, in order to be used as a reference technique in future studies. Further advantages of this protocol are that it uses the whole mussel as a starting material and does not require difficult handling procedures. The method has potential to be applied in larger surveys and, potentially, to other species of shellfish for the detection of these parasites. However, the composition (lipid to protein ratio) may be of relevance for detection efficiency for some other species of shellfish.
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Su L, Ma L, Liu H, Zhao F, Su Z, Zhou D. Presence and Distribution of Histo-Blood Group Antigens in Pacific Oysters and the Effects of Exposure to Noroviruses GI.3 and GII.4 on Their Expression. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1783-1790. [PMID: 30284922 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the most important foodborne viral pathogens worldwide. Oysters are common carriers of NoVs and are responsible for their transmission. NoVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors. Recent studies indicate that HBGA-like molecules also exist in oyster tissues and that they may play a key role in the binding of NoVs. However, the mechanism by which different genotypes of NoV accumulate in different oyster tissues is unknown. In this study, the presence and distribution of different types of HBGA-like molecules were evaluated in 240 oysters collected from the Shandong Peninsula of People's Republic of China for 1 year. The HBGA-like molecules were detected at various rates and expressed at different levels in different tissues. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diversity of HBGA-like molecules in four oyster tissues. Eight types of HBGA-like molecules (types A, B, H1, Lewis x, Lewis y, Lewis a, Lewis b, and precursor) were assessed in different tissues. Of these, the type A HBGA-like molecule was consistently expressed in the gills, digestive tissue, and mantle, while types H1 and Lewis b HBGA-like molecules were expressed in the digestive tissues. The expression of HBGA-like molecules in response to the NoV challenge was investigated. The levels of types A, H1, and Lewis x increased significantly in specific oyster tissues after exposure to genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) or genogroup I, genotype 3 (GI.3) NoV. The real-time reverse transcription PCR assays indicated that GI.3 NoV mainly accumulated in the digestive tissues of oysters, whereas GII.4 NoV accumulated in the gills, mantle, and digestive tissues. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of NoV bioaccumulation in oysters and suggest that NoV accumulation in oysters may be related to the expression of HBGA-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laijin Su
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.,2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.,3 Institute of Food Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ma
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.,2 College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhao
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Su
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ko HY, Cho K, Park S, Kim JH, Kang JH, Jeong YS, Choi JD, Sin Y, Lee C, Ko G. Host-Specific Bacteroides Markers-Based Microbial Source Tracking in Aquaculture Areas. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:151-161. [PMID: 29863059 PMCID: PMC6031393 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various waterborne pathogens originate from human or animal feces and may cause severe gastroenteric outbreaks. Bacteroides spp. that exhibit strong host- or group-specificities are promising markers for identifying fecal sources and their origins. In the present study, 240 water samples were collected from two major aquaculture areas in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year, and the concentrations and occurrences of four host-specific Bacteroides markers (human, poultry, pig, and ruminant) were evaluated in the study areas. Host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected widely in the study areas, among which the poultry-specific Bacteroides marker was detected at the highest concentration (1.0-1.2 log10 copies L-1). During the sampling period, high concentrations of host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected between September and December 2015. The host-specific Bacteroides marker-combined geospatial map revealed the up-to-downstream gradient of fecal contamination, as well as the effects of land-use patterns on host-specific Bacteroides marker concentrations. In contrast to traditional bacterial indicators, the human-specific Bacteroides marker correlated with human specific pathogens, such as noroviruses (r=0.337; P<0.001). The present results indicate that host-specific Bacteroides genetic markers with an advanced geospatial analysis are useful for tracking fecal sources and associated pathogens in aquaculture areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - Kyuseon Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,N-Bio, Seoul National University
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Yongsik Sin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,N-Bio, Seoul National University.,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University
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16
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Schilling KB, DeGrasse J, Woods JW. The influence of food matrices on aptamer selection by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) targeting the norovirus P-Domain. Food Chem 2018; 258:129-136. [PMID: 29655714 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the enrichment of aptamers targeting the norovirus protruding domain in the presence of foods often associated with norovirus outbreaks. The goal is to explore if and how the presence of food alters in vitro selection of aptamers and target binding of the enriched oligonucleotides. Our study demonstrates that the introduction of food to SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is either detrimental to enrichment of oligonucleotides with target-specific binding, or facilitates enrichment of non-target-specific oligonucleotides. Moreover, a relationship between target binding of enriched oligonucleotides in presence of food and their selection condition was not observed. Our findings also suggest that a pathogen specific aptamer with application in food does not need to be selected in presence of the particular food, but may require properties beyond high affinity and selectivity to be applied for pathogen extraction and detection in undiluted food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja B Schilling
- FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; MIN Faculty, Chemistry Department, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Park JM, You YH, Cho HM, Hong JW, Ghim SY. Foodborne Infectious Diseases Mediated by Inappropriate Infection Control in Food Service Businesses and Relevant Countermeasures in Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017; 8:159-168. [PMID: 28781938 PMCID: PMC5525567 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this review is to propose an appropriate course of action for improving the guidelines followed by food handlers for control of infection. For this purpose, previous epidemiological reports related to acute gastroenteritis in food service businesses mediated by food handlers were intensively analyzed. Methods Relevant studies were identified in international databases. We selected eligible papers reporting foodborne infectious disease outbreaks. Among primary literature collection, the abstract of each article was investigated to find cases that absolutely identified a causative factor to be food handlers’ inappropriate infection control and the taxon of causative microbial agents by epidemiological methodologies. Information about the sites (type of food business) where the outbreaks occurred was investigated. Results A wide variety of causative microbial agents has been investigated, using several epidemiological methods. These agents have shown diverse propagation pathways based on their own molecular pathogenesis, physiology, taxonomy, and etiology. Conclusion Depending on etiology, transmission, propagation, and microbiological traits, we can predict the transmission characteristics of pathogens in food preparation areas. The infected food workers have a somewhat different ecological place in infection epidemiology as compared to the general population. However, the current Korean Food Safety Act cannot propose detailed guidelines. Therefore, different methodologies have to be made available to prevent further infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Myong Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Marine Plants Team, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Korea
| | - Sa-Youl Ghim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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18
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Koo HS, Lee MO, Ku PT, Hwang SJ, Park DJ, Baik HS. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in asymptomatic food handlers in Busan, Korea, and emergence of genotype GII.17. J Microbiol 2016; 54:686-94. [PMID: 27687231 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections was studied in food handlers without any symptoms from January to December 2015 in Busan city, Korea. A total of 2,174 fecal specimens from asymptomatic food handlers were analyzed, and 2.3% (49/2,174) were norovirus-positive. Fourteen of 335 samples (4.2%) were positive in January; fifteen of 299 samples (5.0%) in February, and seven of 189 samples (3.7%) in December. However, norovirus was rarely detected in other months. From sequencing analysis, 11 genotypes (five GI and six GII genotypes) were detected. Among the 42 capid gene sequences identified, 14 were from the GI genogroup, while 28 were from the GII genogroup. The most commonly detected genotype was GII.17, comprising 15 (35.7%) of positive samples. From January 2012 to December 2015, 5,138 samples were collected from gastroenteritis patients and outbreaks in Busan. The most detected genotype in 2012, 2013, and 2014 was GII.4 (121, 24, and 12 cases, respectively), but in 2015, GII.17 (25 cases) was the most common. The GII.4 genotype was the major cause of acute gastroenteritis from 2012 to 2014, but the GII.17 genotype became the most prevalent cause in 2015. Continued epidemiological surveillance of GII.17 is needed, together with assessment of the risk of norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soo Koo
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ok Lee
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeong Tae Ku
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Hwang
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Park
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Baik
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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