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Admasu HN, Bedassa A, Tessema TS, Kovac J, Vipham JL, Woldegiorgis AZ. Seasonal variation of Salmonella enterica prevalence in milk and cottage cheese along the dairy value chain in three regions of Ethiopia. FOOD SAFETY AND RISK 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38737868 PMCID: PMC11087248 DOI: 10.1186/s40550-024-00108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal fluctuations influence foodborne illness transmission and affect patterns of microbial contamination of food. Previous investigations on the seasonality of Salmonella enterica prevalence in dairy products in Ethiopia have been minimal. However, such data are needed to inform strategic development of effective interventions to improve food safety, as seasonal differences may affect intervention strategies. This study was conducted to identify differences in the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and cheese samples between wet and dry seasons. A longitudinal study design was utilized with a random sampling occurring during both dry and wet seasons. A total of 448 milk and cottage cheese samples were collected from Oromia, Sidama, and Amhara regions. Samples were tested for Salmonella using the ISO 6579-1: 2008 method, followed by PCR confirmation. A chi-square test was conducted to assess the significance of differences in the prevalence of Salmonella in the samples between the two seasons. Results from this study showed a higher prevalence of Salmonella in all sample types during the dry season (P < 0.05). Moreover, when comparing raw milk, pasteurized milk, and cottage cheese samples, a significant difference was observed in Salmonella prevalence from raw milk samples (27.08%) collected in the Oromia region. Additionally, data showed a significantly higher prevalence of Salmonella in samples collected from raw milk producers (29.17%) during the wet season (P < 0.05). This study indicates that in order to enhance the safety of dairy products in Ethiopia, comprehensive, long-term awareness building on hygienic milk production and handling that consider seasonal influence is warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40550-024-00108-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Nahusenay Admasu
- Head quarter Food science and Nutrition research directorate, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Bedassa
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, PO Box 249, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 437 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jessie L. Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 247 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Ashagrie Zewdu Woldegiorgis
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Francois Watkins LK, Luna S, Bruce BB, Medalla F, Reynolds JL, Ray LC, Wilson EL, Caidi H, Griffin PM. Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections by Isolate Resistance-Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 US Sites, 2004-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:535-543. [PMID: 37823421 PMCID: PMC10954391 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.35 million US infections annually. Antimicrobial-resistant strains are a serious public health threat. We examined the association between resistance and the clinical outcomes of hospitalization, length-of-stay ≥3 days, and death. METHODS We linked epidemiologic data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network with antimicrobial resistance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections from 2004 to 2018. We defined any resistance as resistance to ≥1 antimicrobial and clinical resistance as resistance to ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (for the subset of isolates tested for all 5 agents). We compared outcomes before and after adjusting for age, state, race/ethnicity, international travel, outbreak association, and isolate serotype and source. RESULTS Twenty percent of isolates (1105/5549) had any resistance, and 16% (469/2969) had clinical resistance. Persons whose isolates had any resistance were more likely to be hospitalized (31% vs 28%, P = .01) or have length-of-stay ≥3 days (20% vs 16%, P = .01). Deaths were rare but more common among those with any than no resistance (1.0% vs 0.4%, P = .01). Outcomes for patients whose isolates had clinical resistance did not differ significantly from those with no resistance. After adjustment, any resistance (adjusted odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.46) remained significantly associated with hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between nontyphoidal Salmonella infections caused by resistant pathogens and likelihood of hospitalization. Clinical resistance was not associated with poorer outcomes, suggesting that factors other than treatment failure (eg, strain virulence, strain source, host factors) may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Luna
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beau B Bruce
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicita Medalla
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jared L Reynolds
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Logan C Ray
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elisha L Wilson
- Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hayat Caidi
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia M Griffin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Watler S, Toka FN, Lardé H, Johnson A, Butaye P. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1331916. [PMID: 38406633 PMCID: PMC10884249 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1331916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are common foodborne pathogens throughout the world causing acute gastroenteritis. Compared to North America and Europe, there is little information on NTS in the Caribbean. Here we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of NTS present in the local poultry of the Cayman Islands to determine the public health risk. In total, we collected 156 samples. These were made up of boot swabs of 31 broiler farms and 31 layer farms (62 samples), paper bedding from 45 imported chick boxes, and 49 pooled cecum samples from feral chickens, each sample representing 10 individual chickens. Salmonella was isolated using the ISO 6579 protocol and isolates were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis. Eighteen Salmonella isolates were obtained and comprised six S. enterica subspecies enterica serotypes and one subspecies houtenae serotype. Serotypes were: S. Kentucky (n = 9), S. Saintpaul (n = 5), S. Javiana (n = 1), S. Senftenberg (n = 1), S. Poona (n = 1) and S. Agona (n = 1). S. Kentucky strains were all ST152 and clonally related to poultry strains from the United states. S. Saintpaul ST50 strains showed clonality to North American strains. Over half of the strains (n = 11) contained resistance genes to at least two antibiotic groups and five strains were MDR, mainly those from imported day-old chicks. The blaCMY-2 gene was found in S. Kentucky from day-old chicks. Strains from feral poultry had no acquired AMR genes. While serotypes from feral poultry have been identified in human infections, they pose minimal risk due to their low virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Watler
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Antoinette Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Fischer EF, Müller R, Todte M, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Role of Free-Ranging Synanthropic Egyptian Geese ( Alopochen aegyptiaca) as Natural Host Reservoirs for Salmonella spp. in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3403. [PMID: 37958158 PMCID: PMC10647290 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common and pathogenic bacteria worldwide, causing severe enteritis in humans and representing a relevant intestinal illness in One Health for young, old and immunosuppressed patients. Various Salmonella serovars have been described to be responsible for human Salmonellosis. Birds represent natural carriers of different zoonotic-relevant Salmonella serovars and Anseriformes can not only transmit Salmonella spp. to humans but also manifest clinical Salmonellosis. In this study, 138 scat samples (n = 138) of free-ranging Egyptian geese (EG; Alopochen aegyptiaca) were collected in Germany, including 83 scat samples from city parks, 30 samples from 14 public swimming pools and 25 fresh caecal samples of dead EG. Collected EG scat samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp. according either to the ISO 6579 (2017) norm or to a combination of bacterial pre-enrichment and specific PCR for detection of Salmonella DNA. All 138 analysed EG faecal samples resulted Salmonella-negative. Furthermore, the survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Anatum in spiked EG droppings was tested in four different concentrations of chlorinated pool water. In vitro testing demonstrated that S. Anatum-spiked EG droppings were still infectious for up to six hours in chlorinated pool water according to current German regulations for public swimming pools. This study is to be considered as a baseline investigation to clarify the role of synanthropic EG as natural carriers of zoonotic Salmonella in cities; nonetheless, large-scale epidemiological studies, including higher numbers of samples as well as more urban locations, are needed for final conclusions on the occurrence of this intestinal bacteria in neozootic EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella F. Fischer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
- Avicare+, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.T.); (C.H.)
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Lin Y, Xie Z, Li Z, Yuan C, Zhang C, Li Y, Xie K, Wang K. Assessment of the role and mechanism of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis isolated from neonates' feces in protecting neonatal rats from Salmonella infection. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105935. [PMID: 36509312 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is now well known that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis), an important early-life colonizer of the gut, provides immune-related benefits to infants. The aim of the work is to explore the intraspecific resistance to Salmonella infection of B. lactis isolated from neonatal feces, and to learn more insights into how B. lactis mediates beneficial roles in early-life infection resistance. METHODS Five strains of B. lactis (NFBAL11/NFBAL23/NFBAL44/NFBAL63/NFBAL92) were screened from fecal samples of neonates born within fifteen days and pretreated neonatal rats prior to infection with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) SL1344. The survival rate, fecal occult blood, diarrhea and hepatosplenomegaly were detected to assess the ability of B. lactis to prevent S. typhimurium infection. Furthermore, the structure of mucus layer, gene expression, cytokine levels, antioxidant levels and intestinal microflora composition were detected to explore the mechanism. RESULTS All strains showed activity against S. typhimurium, with B. lactis NFBAL23 being the most active, followed by NFBAL63 and NFBAL92. And these advantages weren't attained by enhancing physical growth and development. Mechanistically, the neonatal rats treated with B. lactis (NFBAL23/NFBAL63/NFBAL92) had improved intestinal barrier function involving physical, chemical, immune and biological barriers in the face of challenges posed by S. typhimurium. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed the intraspecific difference, beneficial roles and mechanisms of action of B. lactis against Salmonella infection early in life, which highlighted the necessity of supplementing appropriate B. lactis, and provided several potential B. lactis candidates for Salmonella infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugui Lin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China.
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Zhouyi Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Chunlei Yuan
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chilun Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China; Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunke Xie
- Immunology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Immunology Laboratory, Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital, Southern Medical University, 528400, Zhongshan, China
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Geographical distribution and space-time clustering of human illnesses with major Salmonella serotypes in Florida, USA, 2017-2018. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e175. [PMID: 36315003 PMCID: PMC9980922 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is the leading reported foodborne illness in Florida. Although the diversity of Salmonella serotypes circulating in Florida has been identified, the geographical characteristics of the major serotypes are poorly described. Here we examined the geospatial patterns of 803 whole-genome sequenced Salmonella isolates within seven major serotypes (Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Sandiego, Braenderup, Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:-) with the metadata obtained from Florida Department of Health during 2017-2018. Geographically, the distribution of incidence rates varied distinctively between serotypes. Illnesses with Enteritidis and Newport serotypes were widespread in Florida. The incidence rate for Javiana was relatively higher in the north compared to the south. Typhimurium was concentrated in the northwest, while I 4,[5],12:i:-, the monophasic variant of Typhimurium was limited to the south. We also evaluated space-time clustering of isolates at the zip code level using scan statistic models. Space-time clusters were detected for each major serotype during 2017-2018. The multinomial scan statistic found the risk of illness with Javiana was higher in the north and southwest in the fall of 2017 compared to other major serotypes. This serotype-specific clustering analysis will assist in further unpacking the associations between distinct reservoirs and illnesses with major serotypes in Florida.
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7
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Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Ahmad N, Husin SA, Ali RM, Sharif Z, Sohaimi NM, Garba B. Discerning the Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Salmonella Isolates Across the Human, Poultry, and Food Materials Sources in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652642. [PMID: 34531832 PMCID: PMC8438298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the major foodborne zoonotic pathogens globally. It has significantly impacted human health and global trade. In this investigation, whole-genome sequencing was employed to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of a collection of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans, poultry, and food sources. The study also investigated the virulence genes profile of the isolates as well as the phylogenetic relationships among strains. Illumina NextSeq technology was used to sequence the genome of 82 Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated over 3 years (2016-2018) in Peninsular Malaysia. The pattern of resistance showed that tetracycline had the highest frequency (37/82, 45.12%), and isolates from food samples showed the highest rate of 9/18 (50.00%), followed by human 17/35 (48.57%) and then poultry 11/29 (37.93%). The second drug with the highest resistance rate is ampicillin with 5/29 (17.24%) for poultry, 4/35 (11.43%) for human, and 0/18 (0.00%) for food isolates respectively. Similarly, a total of 19 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes corresponding to the nine drugs used in the disc diffusion assay were evaluated from the whole genome sequence data. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-ly was detected in 79 of the 82 isolates (96.34%). While the phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct lineages isolated, the three sources indicating possible cross-contamination. In conclusion, the results showed that the genomic profile of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans, poultry, and food samples share genetic traits, hence the need to institute measures at controlling the continuous spread of these resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunita Zakaria
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norazah Ahmad
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suraya Amir Husin
- Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rohaya Mohd Ali
- Diagnostic and Quality Assurance Division, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Zawiyah Sharif
- Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Bashiru Garba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Singh N, Li X, Beshearse E, Blanton JL, DeMent J, Havelaar AH. Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Florida, USA, 2017-2018. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656827. [PMID: 33968960 PMCID: PMC8100233 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of Florida reports a high burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica with approximately two times higher than the national incidence. We retrospectively analyzed the population structure and molecular epidemiology of 1,709 clinical isolates from 2017 and 2018. We found 115 different serotypes. Rarefaction suggested that the serotype richness did not differ between children under 2 years of age and older children and adults and, there are ~22 well-characterized dominant serotypes. There were distinct differences in dominant serotypes between Florida and the USA as a whole, even though S. Enteritidis and S. Newport were the dominant serotypes in Florida and nationally. S. Javiana, S. Sandiego, and S. IV 50:z4, z23:- occurred more frequently in Florida than nationally. Legacy Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was of limited use for differentiating clinical Salmonella isolates beyond the serotype level. We utilized core genome MLST (cgMLST) hierarchical clusters (HC) to identify potential outbreaks and compared them to outbreaks detected by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) surveillance for five dominant serotypes (Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Typhimurium, and Bareilly). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenetic-analysis of cgMLST HC at allelic distance 5 or less (HC5) corroborated PFGE detected outbreaks and generated well-segregated SNP distance-based clades for all studied serotypes. We propose “combination approach” comprising “HC5 clustering,” as efficient tool to trigger Salmonella outbreak investigations, and “SNP-based analysis,” for higher resolution phylogeny to confirm an outbreak. We also applied this approach to identify case clusters, more distant in time and place than traditional outbreaks but may have been infected from a common source, comparing 176 Florida clinical isolates and 1,341 non-clinical isolates across USA, of most prevalent serotype Enteritidis collected during 2017–2018. Several clusters of closely related isolates (0–4 SNP apart) within HC5 clusters were detected and some included isolates from poultry from different states in the US, spanning time periods over 1 year. Two SNP-clusters within the same HC5 cluster included isolates with the same multidrug-resistant profile from both humans and poultry, supporting the epidemiological link. These clusters likely reflect the vertical transmission of Salmonella clones from higher levels in the breeding pyramid to production flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Singh
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Beshearse
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jason L Blanton
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jamie DeMent
- Independent Researcher, Orlando, FL, United States.,Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Li X, Singh N, Beshearse E, Blanton JL, DeMent J, Havelaar AH. Spatial Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Florida, 2009-2018. Front Public Health 2021; 8:603005. [PMID: 33681114 PMCID: PMC7931371 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.603005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica infections cause a high disease burden in the United States with an estimated 1.2 million illnesses annually. The state of Florida consistently has a relatively high incidence compared to other states in the United States. Nevertheless, studies regarding the epidemiology of nontyphoidal salmonellosis and its spatial and temporal patterns in Florida were rarely reported. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of 62,947 salmonellosis cases reported to FL Health Charts between 2009 and 2018. Dominant serotypes circulating in Florida were also explored using whole genome sequencing (WGS) based serotype-prediction for 2,507 Salmonella isolates sequenced by the Florida Department of Health during 2017 and 2018. The representativeness of laboratory-sequenced isolates for reported cases was determined by regression modeling. The annual incidence rate of salmonellosis decreased from 36.0 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 27.8 per 100,000 in 2016, and gradually increased in 2017 and 2018. Increased use of culture-independent testing did not fully explain this increase. The highest incidence rate was observed in children, contributing 40.9% of total reported cases during this period. A seasonal pattern was observed with the incidence peaking in September and October, later than the national average pattern. Over these 10 years, the Northeast and Northwest regions of the state had higher reported incidence rates, while reported rates in the Southeast and South were gradually increasing over time. Serotypes were predicted based on WGS data in the EnteroBase platform. The top-five most prevalent serotypes in Florida during 2017–2018 were Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Sandiego and Braenderup. The highest percentage of isolates was from children under 5 years of age (41.4%), and stool (84.7%) was the major source of samples. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression model showed that the reported case number was a strong predictor for the number of lab-sequenced isolates in individual counties, and the geospatial distribution of sequenced isolates was not biased by other factors such as age group. The spatial and temporal patterns identified in this study along with the prevalence of different serotypes will be helpful for the development of efficient prevention and control strategies for salmonellosis in Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nitya Singh
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Beshearse
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jason L Blanton
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jamie DeMent
- Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Alharbi NA, Alsaeed TS, Aljohany AS, Alwehaibi KK, Almasaad MA, Alotaibi RM, Alotaibi BJ, Alamoudi EA. Extra-intestinal Salmonellosis in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia. Sudan J Paediatr 2021; 21:152-161. [PMID: 35221427 PMCID: PMC8879349 DOI: 10.24911/sjp.106-1594309379_sjp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Salmonella infection is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not treated properly. It has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics. These developments are concerning. This study sought to observe common patterns of invasive Salmonella infections, such as the common serotypes involved, presentation, sensitive investigations, and effective treatment. This study also aimed to examine the risk factors that can worsen the infection and increase morbidity and mortality. Methodology: This retrospective analysis included all patients who were diagnosed with invasive Salmonella infection at King Khalid University Hospital from May 2017 to December 2018. Most patients in this report were immunocompromised; however, a few previously healthy patients. Different types of specimens were collected. Twenty-two patients with invasive Salmonella were included in this study. Results: Sixteen of them had underlying conditions. The most common presenting symptoms of illness were fever (n = 13), vomiting (n = 6), and diarrhea (n = 4). Most blood samples (94%) were positive for Salmonella. All patients were discharged except three who died; these were all older patients with comorbidities. Although four different antimicrobial resistance patterns were noticed in this study, ciprofloxacin was the highest significant percentage (62.5%). Of five patients initially treated with ciprofloxacin, three of them expressed resistance to this antibiotic. Conclusion: The findings of this study support that immunocompromised patients and people with extreme ages are more likely to have serious medical illnesses and at higher risk of infection with Salmonella spp. Therefore, this study emphasises the importance of antimicrobial judicious utilisation. Tackling the escalating antibiotic resistance could be approached by implementing advanced public education levels to maintain high standards of food and water safety. Moreover, the urge to investigating newer drugs against Salmonella with an acceptable safety profile is a cornerstone to attenuate the rapidly acquired bacterial resistance precisely for those who are immunocompromised. Furthermore, predicting the mortality, morbidity and the clinical response is feasible according to the patient parameters and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Alharbi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir S. Alsaeed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa S. Aljohany
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood K. Alwehaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munira A. Almasaad
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan M. Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basil J. Alotaibi
- Pharm.D. student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtihal A. Alamoudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Park CJ, Li J, Zhang X, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Diverse lineages of multidrug resistant clinical Salmonella enterica and a cryptic outbreak in New Hampshire, USA revealed from a year-long genomic surveillance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104645. [PMID: 33246085 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica, the causative agent of gastrointestinal diseases and typhoid fever, is a human and animal pathogen that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this study, we examine the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 63 S. enterica isolates from human-derived clinical specimens submitted to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in the state of New Hampshire, USA in 2017. We found a remarkably large genomic, phylogenetic and serotype variation among the S. enterica isolates, dominated by serotypes Enteritidis (sequence type [ST] 11), Heidelberg (ST 15) and Typhimurium (ST 19). Analysis of the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome suggests that the ST 15 cluster is likely a previously undetected or cryptic outbreak event that occurred in the south/southeastern part of New Hampshire in August-September. We found that nearly all of the clinical S. enterica isolates carried horizontally acquired genes that confer resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, most notably aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Majority of the isolates (76.2%) carry at least four resistance determinants per genome. We also detected the genes mdtK and mdsABC that encode multidrug efflux pumps and the gene sdiA that encodes a regulator for a third multidrug resistance pump. Our results indicate rapid microevolution and geographical dissemination of multidrug resistant lineages over a short time span. These findings are critical to aid the DHHS and similar public health laboratories in the development of effective disease control measures, epidemiological studies and treatment options for serious Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper J Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Xinglu Zhang
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Christopher S Benton
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH, USA.
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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12
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Boumail A, Eyraud A, Akassou M, Geffroy M, Sicard JF, Tremblay R, Olishevskyy S. Validation of a Modified Version of Actero™ Salmonella Enrichment Media for Rapid Detection of Salmonella spp. in Environmental and Food Samples. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1326-1337. [PMID: 33241380 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actero™ Salmonella Enrichment Media1 (Actero™ Salmonella) is a culture broth developed to recover Salmonella spp. from foods and environmental surfaces. Performance of Actero™ Salmonella broth has already been assessed and validated (AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 041403) for the detection of Salmonella spp. in various foods, feeds and environmental samples. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate the performance of a modified version of Actero™ Salmonella broth by incorporating one of the two liquid supplements into the powdered formula. METHODS Inclusivity, exclusivity, stability, and lot-to-lot studies were carried out. Raw ground beef, chicken carcass rinse, dry pet food and stainless steel samples were enriched for 14-20 h at 35-39°C and analyzed using real-time PCR assay as well as by direct plating. RESULTS The Probability of Detection assay confirmed the equivalent performance of the alternative methods as compared to the reference methods. All Salmonella strains, except Salmonella II : 57: z29:-, were able to grow in Actero™ Salmonella broth. One-half of the non-target strains did not grow in Actero™ Salmonella broth, whereas the atypical for Salmonella growth was observed for other non-target microorganisms subsequently plated onto selective and differential agars. Lot-to-lot consistency was demonstrated for three consecutively manufactured lots of the broth. The liquid broth was proven to be stable at 4°C for up to 9 weeks of storage. CONCLUSIONS AND HIGHLIGHTS The incorporation of one of the two specific supplements into a powdered formula of Actero™ Salmonella broth made it more convenient to use without compromising the performance and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Boumail
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Alex Eyraud
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Mounia Akassou
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Mélanie Geffroy
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Jean-Félix Sicard
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Renaud Tremblay
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
| | - Sergiy Olishevskyy
- FoodChek Laboratories Inc. (Subsidiary of FoodChek Systems Inc.), 2101-C Nobel Street, Sainte-Julie, QC J3E 1Z8, Canada
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13
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Mukherjee S, Anderson CM, Mosci RE, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Increasing Frequencies of Antibiotic Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections in Michigan and Risk Factors for Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31781566 PMCID: PMC6857118 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are important enteric pathogens causing over 1 million foodborne illnesses in the U.S. annually. The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance in NTS isolates has limited the availability of antibiotics that can be used for therapy. Since Michigan is not part of the FoodNet surveillance system, few studies have quantified antibiotic resistance frequencies and identified risk factors for NTS infections in the state. We obtained 198 clinical NTS isolates via active surveillance at four Michigan hospitals from 2011 to 2014 for classification of serovars and susceptibility to 24 antibiotics using broth microdilution. The 198 isolates belonged to 35 different serovars with Enteritidis (36.9%) predominating followed by Typhimurium (19.5%) and Newport (9.7%), though the proportion of each varied by year, residence, and season. The number of Enteritidis and Typhimurium cases was higher in the summer, while Enteritidis cases were significantly more common among urban vs. rural residents. A total of 30 (15.2%) NTS isolates were resistant to ≥1 antibiotic and 15 (7.5%) were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes; a significantly greater proportion of Typhimurium isolates were resistant compared to Enteritidis isolates and an increasing trend in the frequency of tetracycline resistance and multidrug resistance was observed over the 4-year period. Resistant infections were associated with longer hospital stays as the mean stay was 5.9 days for patients with resistant isolates relative to 4.0 days for patients infected with susceptible isolates. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that infection with serovars other than Enteritidis [Odds ratio (OR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-11.82] as well as infection during the fall (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.22-7.60) were independently associated with resistance. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of surveillance, monitoring resistance frequencies, and identifying risk factors that can aid in the development of new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chase M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W Newton
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Laboratories, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James T Rudrik
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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