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Sustar Habjan M, Cvenkel B. Slope between positive and negative ERG components in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 2024; 149:53-59. [PMID: 38605262 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-024-09972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate ERG morphology, in particular the slope between P50 and N95 components of the PERG, as well as between the b-wave and the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the light-adapted (LA) ERG in patients with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction due to open-angle glaucoma. METHODS The PERG and LA-ERG traces of 16 glaucoma patients and 21 age-similar controls were retrospectively analysed. The ERG signal between the peak of the positive component (P50 and b-wave) towards the negative component (N95 and PhNR) was described by a linear regression y = a + bx, where the parameter b indicated the steepness of the P50-N95 and b-PhNR slope. RESULTS The P50-N95 slope was less steep in glaucoma patients (-0.079 ± 0.034 vs. -0.166 ± 0.050 in controls, p < 0.001), while the b-PhNR slope was not affected (-4.2 ± 2.1 vs. -4.4 ± 1.2, p = NS). The P50-N95 slope showed strong correlation with PhNR and N95 amplitude (r = -0.68 and -0.92, respectively; p < 0.001), while the b-PhNR slope correlated only with b-wave amplitude (r = -0.66, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The P50-N95 slope is a sensitive indicator of RGC dysfunction in patients with open-angle glaucoma. A similar component of LA-ERG, the b-PhNR slope, is less affected by glaucomatous RGC dysfunction and probably originates from similar retinal mechanisms as the b-wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sustar Habjan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grabloviceva 46, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Cvenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grabloviceva 46, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Freitag ST, Lengle MC, Klee S, Heinrich SP. Human Electroretinography Shows Little Polarity Specificity Following Full-Field Ramp Adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:11. [PMID: 39106057 PMCID: PMC11309038 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ramp aftereffect, a visual phenomenon in which perception of light changes dynamically after exposure to sawtooth-modulated light, was first described in 1967. Despite decades of psychophysical research, location and mechanisms of its generation remain unknown. In this study, we investigated a potential retinal contribution to effect formation with specific emphasis on on-/off-pathway involvement. Methods A 100 ms flash electroretinogram (ERG) was employed to probe the adaptive state of retinal neurons after presentation of stimuli that were homogenous in space but modulated in time following a sawtooth pattern (upward or downward ramps at 2 Hz). Additionally, a psychophysical nulling experiment was performed. Results Psychophysics data confirmed previous findings that the ramp aftereffect opposes the adapting stimuli in ramp direction and is stronger after upward ramps. The ERG study revealed significant changes of activity in every response component in the low-frequency range (a-wave, b-wave, on-PhNR, d-wave and off-PhNR) and high-frequency range (oscillatory potentials) in amplitudes, peak times, or both. The changes are neither specific to the on- or off-response nor antagonistic between ramp directions. With downward ramp adaptation, effects were stronger. Neither amplitudes nor peak times were correlated with perception strength. Amplitudes and peak times were uncorrelated, and the effect diminished over time, ceasing almost completely with three seconds. Conclusions Despite abundant effects on retinal responses, the pattern of adaptational effects was not specific to the sawtooth nature of adaptation. Although not ruling out retinal contributions the present findings favor post-retinal mechanisms as the primary locus of the ramp aftereffect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalila T. Freitag
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren-Christina Lengle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Sascha Klee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
- Department of General Health Studies, Division Biostatistics and Data Science, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Sven P. Heinrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Sakti DH, Cornish EE, Ali H, Retsas S, Raza M, Saakova N, Carvalho LS, Nash BM, Jamieson RV, Grigg JR. Natural history and biomarkers of KCNV2-associated retinopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:528-544. [PMID: 38443311 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KCNV2-associated retinopathy is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal disease classically named cone dystrophy with supernormal rod response (CDSRR). This study aims to identify the best biomarker for evaluating the condition. METHODS A retrospective review of eight patients from seven families with genetically confirmed KCNV2-associated retinopathy was performed. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), full-field electroretinogram (ffERG), pattern ERG (pERG), fundus imaging: retinal photograph and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analysed. RESULTS There was a disproportionate increase in b-wave amplitude with a relatively small light intensity increase, especially between the two dimmest stimuli of DA 0.002 and 0.01 (-2.7 and -2.0 log cd.s/m2). The a-wave amplitude was normal. The a-wave peak time was delayed in all stimuli. The b-wave peak time was delayed compared to normal, but the gap tightened as intensity increased. The b:a wave ratio was above or at the upper limit for the reference values. FAF bull's eye maculopathy pattern was prominent and variable foveal disruption on OCT was apparent in all patients. Legal blindness was reached before the age of 25. CONCLUSIONS We identified three potential electrophysiology biomarkers to assist in evaluating future therapies: the disproportionate b-wave amplitude jump, delayed a-wave and b-wave peak time, and the higher than normal b:a wave ratio. Any of these biomarkers found with photoreceptor ellipsoid zone foveal-perifoveal disruption should prompt consideration for KCNV2 retinopathy. The BCVA natural history data suggests the probable optimum therapeutic window in the first three decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimas H Sakti
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elisa E Cornish
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haipha Ali
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Retsas
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marium Raza
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nonna Saakova
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Livia S Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Nash
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn V Jamieson
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John R Grigg
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Kızıltaş B, Fidancı H. Visual evoked potentials in patients with congenital color vision deficiency. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:265. [PMID: 38913194 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Congenital color vision deficiency (CCVD) is an eye disease characterized by abnormalities in the cone cells in the photoreceptor layer. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are electrophysiological tests that physiologically examine the optic nerve, other visual pathways, and the visual cortex. The aim of this research was to determine whether there are VEP abnormalities in CCVD patients. METHODS Patients with CCVD and healthy individuals were included in this prospective case-control study. Participants with eye disease or neurodegenerative disease were excluded from the study. Pattern reversal VEP (PVEP), flash VEP (FVEP), and optical coherence tomography were performed on all participants. RESULTS Twenty healthy individuals (15 male) and 21 patients with CCVD (18 male) were included in the study. The mean ages of healthy individuals and patients with CCVD were 29.8 ± 9.6 and 31.1 ± 10.9 years (p = 0.804). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and central macular thickness values did not differ between the two groups. In PVEP, Right P100, Left N75, P100, N135 values were delayed in CCVD patients compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.001, p = 0.032, p = 0.003, p = 0.032). At least one PVEP and FVEP abnormality was present in nine (42.9%) and six (28.6%) of the patients, respectively. PVEP or FVEP abnormalities were found in 13 (61.9%) of the patients. CONCLUSION This study indicated that there may be PVEP and FVEP abnormalities in patients with CCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Kızıltaş
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Halit Fidancı
- Division of Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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Reyes-Ortega P, Rodríguez-Arzate A, Noguez-Imm R, Arnold E, Thébault SC. Contribution of chemical and electrical transmission to the low delta-like intrinsic retinal oscillation in mice: A role for daylight-activated neuromodulators. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176384. [PMID: 38342360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Basal electroretinogram (ERG) oscillations have shown predictive value for modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes. However, their origin remains unknown. Here, we seek to establish the pharmacological profile of the low delta-like (δ1) wave in the mouse because it shows light sensitivity in the form of a decreased peak frequency upon photopic exposure. Applying neuropharmacological drugs by intravitreal injection, we eliminated the δ1 wave using lidocaine or by blocking all chemical and electrical synapses. The δ1 wave was insensitive to the blockade of photoreceptor input, but was accelerated when all inhibitory or ionotropic inhibitory receptors in the retina were antagonized. The sole blockade of GABAA, GABAB, GABAC, and glycine receptors also accelerated the δ1 wave. In contrast, the gap junction blockade slowed the δ1 wave. Both GABAA receptors and gap junctions contribute to the light sensitivity of the δ1 wave. We further found that the day light-activated neuromodulators dopamine and nitric oxide donors mimicked the effect of photopic exposure on the δ1 wave. All drug effects were validated through light flash-evoked ERG responses. Our data indicate that the low δ-like intrinsic wave detected by the non-photic ERG arises from an inner retinal circuit regulated by inhibitory neurotransmission and nitric oxide/dopamine-sensitive gap junction-mediated communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramsés Noguez-Imm
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Salud Visual D-13 y, Mexico
| | - Edith Arnold
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular A-14, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; CONAHCYT-Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
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Azevedo LS, Alvarez MAM, Botelho GIS, Rosa AAM, Souza GS. Genetic, morphological and electrophysiological findings in a patient with a rare pathogenic variant in the RS1 gene. Doc Ophthalmol 2024; 148:65-71. [PMID: 38172268 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we report a case of a young adult with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) with a rare pathogenic variant in the RS1 gene (c.522 + 2 T > A). METHODS Ophthalmological evaluation, optical coherence tomography, full-field and multifocal electroretinograms and extensive genetic screening of genes related to visual loss were carried out in the participant. RESULTS Clinical ophthalmological exams revealed a mild to moderate impairment of visual acuity. Retinal imaging showed bilateral foveal schisis, as well as normal a-wave, reduction in the b-wave amplitudes in dark- and light- adapted full-field electroretinograms, and abnormal oscillatory potentials. We found also diffuse amplitude reduction in multifocal electroretinogram arrays. A canonical splice variant was identified in the RS1 gene (c.522 + 2 T > A). CONCLUSION A rare pathogenic variant of the RS1 gene was associated with diffuse retinal involvement (central and peripheral retina), probably in inner retina, and mild to moderate visual acuity impairment. The phenotypical characterization of rare mutations is relevant to provide information about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrana Souza Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Antônio Marques Rosa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Clínica Oftalmológica RetinaPro, Belém, Brazil
| | - Givago Silva Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Umarizal, Belém, Pará, 66055240, Brazil.
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Poudel S, Jin J, Rahimi-Nasrabadi H, Dellostritto S, Dul MW, Viswanathan S, Alonso JM. Contrast Sensitivity of ON and OFF Human Retinal Pathways in Myopia. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1487232023. [PMID: 38050109 PMCID: PMC10860621 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1487-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human visual cortex processes light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF pathways that are differently modulated by luminance contrast. We have previously demonstrated that ON cortical pathways have higher contrast sensitivity than OFF cortical pathways and the difference increases with luminance range (defined as the maximum minus minimum luminance in the scene). Here, we demonstrate that these ON-OFF cortical differences are already present in the human retina and that retinal responses measured with electroretinography are more affected by reductions in luminance range than cortical responses measured with electroencephalography. Moreover, we show that ON-OFF pathway differences measured with electroretinography become more pronounced in myopia, a visual disorder that elongates the eye and blurs vision at far distance. We find that, as the eye axial length increases across subjects, ON retinal pathways become less responsive, slower in response latency, less sensitive, and less effective and slower at driving pupil constriction. Based on these results, we conclude that myopia is associated with a deficit in ON pathway function that decreases the ability of the retina to process low contrast and regulate retinal illuminance in bright environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Poudel
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Jianzhong Jin
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Hamed Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Stephen Dellostritto
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Mitchell W Dul
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Suresh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Jose-Manuel Alonso
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036
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Wang J, Wang Y, Guan W, Zhao YE. Full-field electroretinogram recorded with skin electrodes in 6- to 12-year-old children. Doc Ophthalmol 2023; 147:179-188. [PMID: 37530953 PMCID: PMC10638173 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) parameters, including the light-adapted (LA) 3 ERG and the photopic negative response (PhNR), in 6- to 12-year-old children. METHODS ffERG data were obtained from 214 eyes of 214 healthy subjects. The amplitudes and peak time of the ffERG responses were obtained from children divided into 6- to 8-year-old and 9- to 12-year-old groups. Using a skin electrode, electrical signals were measured in response to white stimulating light and white background light (LA 3 ERG). A blue background light and red flashes were then used to elicit the PhNR. RESULTS The a-wave amplitude ranged from 0.40 to 9.20 μV, the b-wave ranged from 4.70 to 30.80 μV, and the PhNR ranged from 1.30 to 39.90 μV. The b-wave peak time (33.20 ms) of 6- to 8-year-old groups was slightly shorter than that of the 9- to 12-year-old groups (33.60 ms, P = 0.01), but no differences in amplitudes or in peak time of other components. There were significant correlations between the amplitudes (a-wave and b-wave: r = 0.43, p < 0.001; a-wave and PhNR: r = 0.25, p < 0.001; b-wave and PhNR: r = 0.45, p < 0.001). There was a moderate correlation between the a-wave and b-wave peak time (r = 0.31, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We determined the largest dataset of the LA 3 ERG and PhNR parameters in a population of healthy children, aged 6-12 years, which may provide a useful reference value when evaluating children with potential retinal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weichen Guan
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun-E Zhao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Ghoraba HH, Matsumiya W, Or C, Khojasteh H, Patel P, Karaca I, Regenold J, Zaidi M, Hwang J, Lajevardi S, Yavari N, Than NTT, Park SW, Akhavanrezayat A, Uludag G, Yasar C, Leung LSB, Nguyen QD. Electroretinographic findings in retinal vasculitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1834-1838. [PMID: 36130816 PMCID: PMC10863994 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-321716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe and correlate electroretinographic responses with clinical and angiographic findings in retinal vasculitis (RV). METHODS Medical records of patients with diagnosis of RV at a tertiary eye centre from December 2017 to May 2021 were reviewed. Cases in which fluorescein angiography (FFA) and full field electroretinography (ffERG) were done within 1 month were included. FFAs were graded according to the Angiography Scoring for Uveitis Working Group from 0 to 40, where 0 is normal. A novel ffERG grading system was implemented where individual waves were graded for timing and amplitude and general ffERG score was determined with 6 being a perfect score. RESULTS 20 patients (34 eyes) were included. Mean age was 43.9±19.8 years; 70% were female. Median best-corrected visual acuity was 0.8 (0.08-1). Mean FFA score was 12.6±6.5. Median general ffERG score was 5 (0-6). 68% and 91% of eyes had responses with general ffERG scores ≥5 and 4, respectively. Flicker timing was most commonly affected.FFA scores weakly correlated with delayed photopic cone b-wave and flicker timing (p=0.03 and 0.016, respectively). Vitreous haze moderately correlated with delayed cone b-wave timing (p<0.001), delayed flicker timing (p=0.002) and weakly correlated with lower flicker amplitude (p=0.03). Underlying systemic disease was associated with poor ffERG responses. CONCLUSION In this study, RV was not frequently associated with severe global retinal dysfunction Higher FFA scores, and vitreous haze grading were weakly, but significantly, correlated with cone-generated ffERG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem H Ghoraba
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Wataru Matsumiya
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Christopher Or
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Hassan Khojasteh
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Prem Patel
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Irmak Karaca
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Regenold
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Moosa Zaidi
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn Hwang
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sherin Lajevardi
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Negin Yavari
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Sung Who Park
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Gunay Uludag
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Cigdem Yasar
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Loh-Shan B Leung
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Igawa Y, Amaki H, Kanno J, Tachibana M, Konno S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsumoto S, Shoji T, Makita J, Shinoda K. Evaluations of microvascular density by optical coherence tomography, angiography, and function by multifocal electroretinography of the macular area in eyes with branch retinal artery occlusion. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1255098. [PMID: 38983019 PMCID: PMC11182117 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1255098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction It is reported that eyes with a branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) had normal full-field electroretinography (ERG) but the response of the multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) was reduced in the area of the arterial occlusion. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a recently appeared modality that can evaluate microvascularizations in different retinal layers and in different regions of the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of the microcirculation and the function of the macular area of eyes with BRAO, and to determine whether they are significantly correlated. Methods The OCTA and mfERG findings of 7 eyes of 6 patients (3 men, 3 women) were studied. The mean age of the patients was 71.7±10.6 years. The OCTA examinations were made with volume scans of 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm squares centered on the fovea. The macular vessel densities (mVD) in the superficial retinal layer (SRL) and deep retinal layer (DRL) were measured for the superior and inferior halves of 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm diameter concentric circles. The mfERGs were recorded with targets set to stimulate the focal areas of the retina corresponding to the areas examined by OCTA. Results The OCTA examinations showed that the mVD of the 3 mm concentric circle in the SRL was significantly lower on the affected side than on the unaffected side (P = 0.022). No such difference was observed in the DRL. The N1 amplitude of the 20.2° concentric circle and the N1-P1 amplitude of the 10.1° concentric circle of the mfERGs were significantly smaller on the affected side than on the unaffected side (P = 0.047 and 0.031). A significant positive correlation was found between the mVD of the 6 mm concentric circle in the DRL and the P1-N2 amplitude of the 20.2° concentric circle (ρ = -0.929 and p = 0.003). Discussion These findings indicate that OCTA images may be able to show changes in the density of the retinal macular microcirculation, and the mfERGs may be able to show alterations in the function of the macular area of the eyes with BRAO. A layer-by-layer analysis of the local retinal microcirculation and function should help in determining the pathogenesis of BRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuro Igawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruna Amaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junji Kanno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Midori Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Konno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soiti Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Matsumoto Eye Clinic, Awa, Japan
| | - Takuhei Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koedo Eye Institute, Kawagoei, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Makita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Shinoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
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Feola AJ, Allen RS, Chesler KC, Pardue MT. Development of an Automated Electroretinography Analysis Approach. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 37943551 PMCID: PMC10637214 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Electroretinography (ERG) is used to assess retinal function in ophthalmology clinics and animal models of ocular disease; however, analyzing ERG waveforms can be a time-intensive process with interobserver variability. We developed ERGAssist, an automated approach, to perform non-subjective and repeatable feature identification ("marking") of the ERG waveform. Methods The automated approach denoised the recorded waveforms and then located the b-wave after applying a lowpass filter. If an a-wave was present, the lowpass filter wave was also used to help locate the a-wave, which was considered the initial large negative response after the flash stimuli. Oscillatory potentials (OPs) were found using a bandpass filter on the denoised waveform. We used two cohorts. One was a Coherence cohort that consisted of ERGs with eight dark-adapted and three light-adapted stimuli in Brown Norway rats (-6 to 1.5 log cd·s/m2). The Verification cohort consisted of control and diabetic (DM) Long Evans rats. We examined retinal function using a five-step dark-adapted protocol (-3 to 1.9 log cd·s/m2). Results ERGAssist showed a strong correlation with manual markings of ERG features in our Coherence dataset, including the amplitudes (a-wave: r2 = 0.99; b-wave: r2 = 0.99; OP: r2 = 0.92) and implicit times (a-wave: r2 = 0.96; b-wave: r2 = 0.90; OP: r2 = 0.96). In the Verification cohort, both approaches detected differences between control and DM animals and found longer OP implicit times (P < 0.0001) in DM animals. Conclusions These results provide verification of ERGAssist to identify features of the full-field ERG. Translational Relevance This ERG analysis approach can increase the rigor of basic science studies designed to investigate retinal function using full-field ERG. To aid the community, we have developed an open-source graphical user interface (GUI) implementing the methods presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Feola
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachael S. Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle C. Chesler
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kanzaki Y, Matoba R, Kimura S, Hosokawa MM, Shiode Y, Doi S, Morita T, Kanzaki S, Takasu I, Tanikawa A, Morizane Y. Epiretinal Membrane Impairs the Inner Retinal Layer in a Traction Force-Dependent Manner. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100312. [PMID: 37214764 PMCID: PMC10199250 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationship between retinal traction force and impairment of the inner retinal layer in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Design Nonrandomized, retrospective consecutive case series. Participants Two hundred nine eyes of 201 patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent vitrectomy for idiopathic ERM were enrolled. Methods Retinal folds caused by ERM were visualized using en face OCT, and the maximum depth of retinal folds within the parafovea (MDRF) was measured. Focal macular electroretinogram (ERG) was used to measure the amplitude and implicit time of each component for the ERM eyes and the normal fellow eyes. B-scan OCT images were used to measure the thicknesses of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) + outer plexiform layer (OPL). Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in surgically removed ERM specimens was quantified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Main Outcome Measures We analyzed the relationship between MDRF and the relative amplitudes of focal macular ERG (affected eye/fellow eye), the relationships between MDRF and the mean INL thickness and ONL+OPL thickness, comparison of INL thickness and ONL+OPL thickness for each area when cases were classified according to MDRF localization in the ETDRS chart, and the relationship between MDRF and the relative expression of α-SMA in the ERM specimens. Results The MDRF significantly correlated with the relative amplitudes (affected eye/fellow eye) of b-waves and oscillatory potentials (r = -0.657, P = 0.015; r = -0.569, P = 0.042, respectively) and the mean INL thickness and ONL+OPL thickness (r = 0.604, P < 0.001; r = 0.210, P = 0.007, respectively). However, only the INL thickness progression rate was significantly correlated with the MDRF progression rate (r = 0.770, P < 0.001). On case stratification by localization of MDRF based on the ETDRS chart, in regions other than temporal regions, the INL thickness was significantly greater in regions with MDRF than in other regions. The MDRF significantly correlated with α-SMA expression in the ERM specimens (r = 0.555, P = 0.009). Conclusions The findings suggest that ERM impairs the inner retinal layer in a traction force-dependent manner. Financial Disclosures The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Matoba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mio M. Hosokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Morita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sayumi Kanzaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Atsuhiro Tanikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Morizane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
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13
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Curran ALK, Stukin J, Ambrosio L, Mantagos IS, Wu C, Vanderveen DK, Hansen RM, Akula JD, Fulton AB. Electroretinographic Responses in Retinopathy of Prematurity Treated Using Intravitreal Bevacizumab or Laser. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 252:275-285. [PMID: 37146743 PMCID: PMC10524994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) offers advantages over laser photoablation for treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, retinal function has not, to date, been quantitatively compared following these interventions. Therefore, electroretinography (ERG) was used compare retinal function among eyes treated using IVB or laser, and control eyes. In addition, among the IVB-treated eyes, ERG was used to compare function in individuals in whom subsequent laser was and was not required. DESIGN Prospective clinical cohort study. METHODS ERG was used to record dark- and light-adapted stimulus/response functions in 21 children treated using IVB (12 of whom required subsequent laser in at least 1 eye for persistent avascular retina [PAR]). Sensitivity and amplitude parameters were derived from the a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs), representing activity in photoreceptor, postreceptor, and inner retinal cells, respectively. These parameters were then referenced to those of 76 healthy, term-born controls and compared to those of 10 children treated using laser only. RESULTS In children with treated ROP, every ERG parameter was significantly below the mean in controls. However, these significant ERG deficits did not differ between IVB- and laser-treated eyes. Among children treated using IVB, no ERG parameter was significantly associated with dose or need for subsequent laser. CONCLUSION Retinal function was significantly impaired in treated ROP eyes. Function in IVB-treated eyes did not differ from that in laser-treated eyes. Functional differences also did not distinguish those IVB-treated eyes that would subsequently need laser for PAR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Stukin
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Northeastern University, Behavioral Neuroscience
| | - Lucia Ambrosio
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Public Health
| | - Iason S. Mantagos
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology
| | - Carolyn Wu
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology
| | | | - Ronald M. Hansen
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology
| | - James D. Akula
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology
| | - Anne B. Fulton
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology
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Dunn M, Cull G, Reynaud J, Jennings D, Holthausen T, Di Polo A, Fortune B. Utility of Light-Adapted Full-Field Electroretinogram ON and OFF Responses for Detecting Glaucomatous Functional Damage. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:16. [PMID: 37594448 PMCID: PMC10445177 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare parameters of electroretinogram (ERG) responses for their ability to detect functional loss in early stages of nonhuman primate (NHP) experimental glaucoma (EG), including photopic negative responses (PhNR) to a standard brief red flash on a blue background (R/B) and 200-ms-long R/B and white-on-white (W/W) flashes, to W/W flicker stimuli (5-50 Hz), and to a dark-adapted intensity series. Methods Light-adapted ERGs were recorded in 12 anesthetized monkeys with unilateral EG. Amplitudes and implicit times of the a-wave, b-wave, and d-wave were measured, as well as amplitudes of PhNRs and oscillatory potentials for flash onset and offset. Flicker ERGs were measured using peak-trough and fundamental frequency analyses. Dark-adapted ERG parameters were modeled by Naka-Rushton relationships. Results Only PhNR amplitudes were significantly reduced in EG eyes compared to fellow control (FC) eyes. The d-wave implicit time was delayed in EG versus FC eyes only for the W/W long flash, but in all eyes it was 10 to 20 ms slower for R/B versus the W/W condition. Flicker ERGs were <0.5 ms delayed in EG versus FC overall, but amplitudes were affected only at 5 Hz. The brief R/B PhNR amplitude had the highest sensitivity to detect EG and strongest correlation to parameters of structural damage. Conclusions The PhNR to the standard brief R/B stimulus was best for detecting and following early-stage functional loss in NHP EG. Translational Relevance These results suggest that there would be no benefit in using longer duration flashes to separate onset and offset responses for clinical management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dunn
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Grant Cull
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Juan Reynaud
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dawn Jennings
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Trinity Holthausen
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Division, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Haq W, Zrenner E, Ueffing M, Paquet-Durand F. Using Micro-Electrode-Array Recordings and Retinal Disease Models to Elucidate Visual Functions: Simultaneous Recording of Local Electroretinograms and Ganglion Cell Action Potentials Reveals the Origin of Retinal Oscillatory Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:725. [PMID: 37370656 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electroretinogram (ERG) is an essential diagnostic tool for visual function, both in clinical and research settings. Here, we establish an advanced in vitro approach to assess cell-type-specific ERG signal components. METHODS Retinal explant cultures, maintained under entirely controlled conditions, were derived from wild-type mice and rd10 rod- and cpfl1 cone-degeneration mouse models. Local micro-ERG (µERG) and simultaneous ganglion cell (GC) recordings were obtained from the retinal explants using multi-electrode arrays. Band-pass filtering was employed to distinguish photoreceptor, bipolar cell, amacrine cell (AC), and GC responses. RESULTS Scotopic and photopic stimulation discriminated between rod and cone responses in wild-type and mutant retina. The 25 kHz sampling rate allowed the visualization of oscillatory potentials (OPs) in extraordinary detail, revealing temporal correlations between OPs and GC responses. Pharmacological isolation of different retinal circuits found that OPs are generated by inner retinal AC electrical synapses. Importantly, this AC activity helped synchronise GC activity. CONCLUSION Our µERG protocol simultaneously records the light-dependent activities of the first-, second-, and third-order neurons within the native neuronal circuitry, providing unprecedented insights into retinal physiology and pathophysiology. This method now also enables complete in vitro retinal function testing of therapeutic interventions, providing critical guidance for later in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadood Haq
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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16
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Mizobuchi K, Hayashi T, Ohira R, Nakano T. Electroretinographic abnormalities in Alport syndrome with a novel COL4A5 truncated variant (p.Try20GlyfsTer19). Doc Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10633-023-09935-w. [PMID: 37162688 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alport syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of inherited kidney diseases that are associated with ocular complications. In this study, we aimed to detail the clinical characteristics of a patient with X-linked Alport syndrome. METHODS We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) with hybridization capture to identify the disease-causing variant of Alport syndrome and a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including full-field electroretinography (FF-ERG). RESULTS Genetic testing using NGS with hybridization capture revealed a novel hemizygous variant [c.51_52delGA (p.Trp20GlyfsTer19)] in exon 1 of COL4A5. The patient underwent cataract surgery in both eyes because of decreased visual acuity and photophobia. The best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.9 and 0.7 in the right and left eyes, respectively, to 1.5 in both eyes. Anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed anterior and posterior lenticonus. Fundus photographs showed central and peripheral fleck retinopathy. Wide-field fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging showed mottled hyper- and hypo-AF in the peripheral retina, which was consistent with peripheral fleck retinopathy. Furthermore, OCT revealed thinning of the inner retinal layers, especially at the temporal macular, but the outer retinal layers were preserved. Ganglion cell analysis showed no progression for 5 years. FF-ERG was performed at 41 (phakia) and 46 (pseudophakia) years of age. The amplitudes of dark-adapted (DA) and light-adapted (LA) responses showed selective b-wave abnormalities. The b/a-wave ratios of DA 3.0 were 1.22 and 1.16 in the right and left eyes, respectively. The amplitudes of DA 3.0 oscillatory potentials (OP) were reduced. Five years later, the amplitudes of DA and LA responses revealed no remarkable changes, except for an OP wave of DA 3.0, which was substantially reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed electroretinographic abnormalities in a patient with Alport syndrome, which predominantly indicated impairment of the inner retina. Notably, little short-term progression was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizobuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Katsushika Medical Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohira
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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Lou L, Frishman LJ, Beach KM, Rajagopalan L, Hung LF, She Z, Smith EL, Ostrin LA. Long-term blue light rearing does not affect in vivo retinal function in young rhesus monkeys. Doc Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10633-023-09931-0. [PMID: 36995437 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to blue light is thought to be harmful to the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term exposure to narrowband blue light on retinal function in rhesus monkeys. METHODS Young rhesus monkeys were reared under short-wavelength "blue" light (n = 7; 465 nm, 183 ± 28 lx) on a 12-h light/dark cycle starting at 26 ± 2 days of age. Age-matched control monkeys were reared under broadband "white" light (n = 8; 504 ± 168 lx). Light- and dark-adapted full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded at 330 ± 9 days of age. Photopic stimuli were brief red flashes (0.044-5.68 cd.s/m2) on a rod-saturating blue background and the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard 3.0 white flash on a 30 cd/m2 white background. Monkeys were dark adapted for 20 min and scotopic stimuli were ISCEV standard white flashes of 0.01, 3.0, and 10 cd.s/m2. A-wave, b-wave, and photopic negative response (PhNR) amplitudes were measured. Light-adapted ERGs in young monkeys were compared to ERGs in adult monkeys reared in white light (n = 10; 4.91 ± 0.88 years of age). RESULTS For red flashes on a blue background, there were no significant differences in a-wave (P = 0.46), b-wave (P = 0.75), and PhNR amplitudes (P = 0.94) between white light and blue light reared monkeys for all stimulus energies. ISCEV standard light- and dark-adapted a- and b-wave amplitudes were not significantly different between groups (P > 0.05 for all). There were no significant differences in a- and b-wave implicit times between groups for all ISCEV standard stimuli (P > 0.05 for all). PhNR amplitudes of young monkeys were significantly smaller compared to adult monkeys for all stimulus energies (P < 0.05 for all). There were no significant differences in a-wave (P = 0.19) and b-wave (P = 0.17) amplitudes between young and adult white light reared monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to narrowband blue light did not affect photopic or scotopic ERG responses in young monkeys. Findings suggest that exposure to 12 h of daily blue light for approximately 10 months does not result in altered retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Lou
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Krista M Beach
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Li-Fang Hung
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhihui She
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Earl L Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Al-Nosairy KO, Duscha A, Buhr H, Lipp A, Desel C, Hegelmaier T, Thieme H, Haghikia A, Hoffmann MB. Functional and structural readouts for early detection of retinal involvement in multiple sclerosis. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1158148. [PMID: 37138797 PMCID: PMC10150010 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The retina, a window into the brain, allows for the investigation of many disease-associated inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease targeting the CNS, typically impacts on the visual system including the retina. Hence, we aimed to establish innovative functional retinal measures of MS-related damage, e.g., spatially resolved non-invasive retinal electrophysiology, backed by established morphological retinal imaging markers, i.e., optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods 20 healthy controls (HC) and 37 people with MS [17 without history of optic neuritis (NON) and 20 with (HON) history of optic neuritis] were included. In this work, we differentially assessed photoreceptor/bipolar cells (distal retina) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC, proximal retina) function besides structural assessment (OCT). We compared two multifocal electroretinography-based approaches, i.e., the multifocal pattern electroretinogram (mfPERG) and the multifocal electroretinogram to record photopic negative response (mfERG PhNR ). Structural assessment utilized peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and macular scans to calculate outer nuclear thickness (ONL) and macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL). One eye was randomly selected per subject. Results In NON, photoreceptor/bipolar cell layer had dysfunctional responses evidenced by reduced mfERG PhNR -N1 peak time of the summed response, but preserved structural integrity. Further, both NON and HON demonstrated abnormal RGC responses as evidenced by the photopic negative response of mfERG PhNR (mfPhNR) and mfPERG indices (P < 0.05). Structurally, only HON had thinned retina at the level of RGCs in the macula (GCIPL, P < 0.01) and the peripapillary area (pRNFL, P < 0.01). All three modalities showed good performance to differentiate MS-related damage from HC, 71-81% area under curve. Conclusion In conclusion, while structural damage was evident mainly for HON, functional measures were the only retinal read-outs of MS-related retinal damage that were independent of optic neuritis, observed for NON. These results indicate retinal MS-related inflammatory processes in the retina prior to optic neuritis. They highlight the importance of retinal electrophysiology in MS diagnostics and its potential as a sensitive biomarker for follow-up in innovative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon O. Al-Nosairy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Khaldoon O. Al-Nosairy,
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Lipp
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Desel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hegelmaier
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Thieme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B. Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. Characterization of scotopic and mesopic rod signaling pathways in dogs using the On-Off electroretinogram. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:422. [PMID: 36463174 PMCID: PMC9719241 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The On-Off, or long flash, full field electroretinogram (ERG) separates retinal responses to flash onset and offset. Depending on degree of dark-adaptation and stimulus strength the On and Off ERG can be shaped by rod and cone photoreceptors and postreceptoral cells, including ON and OFF bipolar cells. Interspecies differences have been shown, with predominantly positive Off-response in humans and other primates and a negative Off-response in rodents and dogs. However, the rod signaling pathways that contribute to these differential responses have not been characterized. In this study, we designed a long flash protocol in the dog that varied in background luminance and stimulus strength allowing for some rod components to be present to better characterize how rod pathways vary from scotopic to mesopic conditions. RESULTS With low background light the rod a-wave remains while the b-wave is significantly reduced resulting in a predominantly negative waveform in mesopic conditions. Through modeling and subtraction of the rod-driven response, we show that rod bipolar cells saturate with dimmer backgrounds than rod photoreceptors, resulting in rod hyperpolarization contributing to a large underlying negativity with mesopic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in rod bipolar cell responses in mesopic conditions prior to suppression of rod photoreceptor responses may reflect the changes in signaling pathway of rod-driven responses needed to extend the range of lighting conditions over which the retina functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Pasmanter
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D208 East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D208 East Lansing, MI USA
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20
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Smirnov VM, Robert MP, Condroyer C, Navarro J, Antonio A, Rozet JM, Sahel JA, Perrault I, Audo I, Zeitz C. Association of Missense Variants in VSX2 With a Peculiar Form of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Affecting All Bipolar Cells. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:1163-1173. [PMID: 36264558 PMCID: PMC9585472 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Importance Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an inherited stationary retinal disorder that is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To date, the genetic association between some cases with CSNB and an unusual complex clinical picture is unclear. Objective To describe an unreported CSNB phenotype and the associated gene defect in 3 patients from 2 unrelated families. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective case series was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at a national referral center for rare ocular diseases. Data for 3 patients from a cohort of 140 genetically unsolved CSNB cases were analyzed clinically and genetically. Exposures Complete ocular examination including full-field electroretinography and multimodal fundus imaging (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, color, infrared reflectance, and short-wavelength autofluorescence photographs) were performed. The gene defect was identified by exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing and co-segregation analysis in 1 family. Screening was performed for genetically unsolved CSNB cases for VSX2 variants by direct Sanger sequencing. Main Outcomes and Measures Ocular and molecular biology findings. Results The series included 3 patients whose clinical investigations occurred at ages in the early 30s, younger than 12 years, and in the mid 40s. They had nystagmus, low stable visual acuity, and myopia from birth and experienced night blindness. Two older patients had bilateral lens luxation and underwent lens extraction. Full-field electroretinography revealed an electronegative Schubert-Bornschein appearance, combining characteristics of incomplete and complete CSNB, affecting the function of rod and cone ON- and OFF-bipolar cells. Exome sequencing and co-segregation analysis in a consanguineous family with 2 affected members identified a homozygous variant in VSX2. Subsequently, screening of the CSNB cohort identified another unrelated patient harboring a distinct VSX2 variant. Conclusions and Relevance This case series revealed a peculiar pan-bipolar cell retinopathy with lens luxation associated with variants in VSX2. Clinicians should be aware of this association and VSX2 added to CSNB diagnostic gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily M. Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmologie, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu P. Robert
- Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Borelli Centre, UMR 9010, CNRS-SSA-ENS Paris Saclay-Paris University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Julien Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Aline Antonio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology (LGO), INSERM UMR 1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine Institute, and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle Perrault
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology (LGO), INSERM UMR 1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine Institute, and Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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21
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Sarossy M, Crowston J, Kumar D, Weymouth A, Wu Z. Time-Frequency Analysis of ERG With Discrete Wavelet Transform and Matching Pursuits for Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 36227605 PMCID: PMC9583752 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the performance of two time-frequency feature extraction techniques applied to electroretinograms (ERGs) for the prediction of glaucoma severity. Methods ERGs targeting the photopic negative response were obtained in 103 eyes of 55 patients with glaucoma. Features from the ERG recordings were extracted using two time-frequency extraction techniques based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the matching pursuit (MP) decomposition. Amplitude markers of the time-domain signal were also extracted. Linear and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) models were fitted using combinations of these features to predict estimated retinal ganglion cell counts, a measure of glaucoma disease severity derived from standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography imaging. Results Predictive models using features from the time-frequency analyses-using both DWT and MP-combined with amplitude markers outperformed predictive models using the markers alone with linear (P = 0.001) and MARS (P ≤ 0.011) models. For example, the proportions of variance (R2) explained by the MARS model using the DWT and MP features with amplitude markers were 0.53 and 0.63, respectively, compared to 0.34 for the model using the markers alone (P = 0.011 and P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Novel time-frequency features extracted from the photopic ERG substantially added to the prediction of glaucoma severity compared to using the time-domain amplitude markers alone. Translational Relevance Substantial information about retinal ganglion cell dysfunction exists in the time-frequency domain of ERGs that could be useful in the management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sarossy
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Anne Weymouth
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Mello LGM, Paraguay IBB, Andrade TDS, Rocha AADN, Barbosa ER, Oyamada MK, Monteiro MLR. Electroretinography reveals retinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease despite normal high-resolution optical coherence tomography findings. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 101:90-95. [PMID: 35810523 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated inner retinal abnormalities, particularly the retinal ganglion cells (RGC) layer, on optical coherence tomography (OCT) have recently gained importance as a biomarker of non-motor involvement of the disease but functional RGC evaluation using photopic negative response (PhNR) has not yet been determined. This study aims to compare structural and functional findings of the retina and optic nerve in PD with healthy controls (CT) including PhNR and OCT. METHODS Forty-one eyes of 21 PD patients and 38 eyes of 19 CT underwent ophthalmic examination including visual contrast sensitivity test (CS), OCT, light-adapted full-field electroretinography (ffERG), and PhNR. OCT was used to measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, the segmented macular layers, and the choroid. For functional parameters, CS, ffERG (oscillatory potentials, photopic response, 30 Hz-flicker), and PhNR waves were used. Measurements were compared using generalized estimating equation and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The PD group presented a significantly lower mono- and binocular CS, oscillatory potentials amplitude, b-wave amplitude on ffERG (152.3[45.4] vs 187.1[32.7]μV; P = 0.002), and PhNR amplitude (135.0[35.0] vs 156.3[34.1]μV; P = 0.025). There was no statistically significant difference in OCT measurements between groups. No correlation was found between statistically significant measurements and clinical data. CONCLUSIONS Functional abnormalities on CS, ffERG, and PhNR can be detected in PD even when structural damages are not observed on OCT. PhNR represents a new potential biomarker in PD. Our findings indicate dysfunction of bipolar, amacrine, and retinal ganglion cells in PD, probably with a cellular dysfunction overcoming morphological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Marchesi Mello
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Specialized Medicine, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
| | | | - Thais de Souza Andrade
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Egberto Reis Barbosa
- Division of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Kiyoko Oyamada
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Petersen-Jones SM, Pasmanter N, Occelli LM, Gervais KJ, Mowat FM, Querubin J, Winkler PA. An unusual inherited electroretinogram feature with an exaggerated negative component in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:385-397. [PMID: 35713167 PMCID: PMC9540982 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess an inherited abnormal negative response electroretinogram (NRE) that originated in a family of Papillon dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-eight dogs (Papillons, or Papillon cross Beagles or Beagles). PROCEDURES Dogs underwent routine ophthalmic examination and a detailed dark-adapted, light-adapted and On-Off electroretinographic study. Vision was assessed using a four-choice exit device. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed on a subset of dogs. Two affected males were outcrossed to investigate the mode of inheritance of the phenotype. RESULTS The affected dogs had an increased underlying negative component to the ERG. This was most pronounced in the light-adapted ERG, resulting in a reduced b-wave and an exaggerated photopic negative response (PhNR). Changes were more pronounced with stronger flashes. Similarly, the On-response of the On-Off ERG had a reduced b-wave and a large post-b-wave negative component. The dark-adapted ERG had a significant increase in the scotopic threshold response (STR) and a significant reduction in the b:a-wave ratio. Significant changes could be detected at 2 months of age but became more pronounced with age. Vision testing using a four-choice device showed affected dogs had reduced visual performance under the brightest light condition. There was no evidence of a degenerative process in the affected dogs up to 8.5 years of age. Test breeding results suggested the NRE phenotype had an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS We describe an inherited ERG phenotype in Papillon dogs characterized by an underlying negative component affecting both dark- and light-adapted ERG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nate Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristen J Gervais
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,South Shore Animal Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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24
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Fonseca MI, Nouck-A-Nwal A, Ambrosio L, Altschwager P, Hansen RM, Fulton AB, Akula JD. The relation of the multifocal electroretinographic response to macular layer volume. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 145:1-10. [PMID: 35536490 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association of the multifocal electroretinographic (mfERG) response amplitude with the volumes of the inner, postreceptor, and photoreceptor retinal layers in the region stimulated by each mfERG element. METHODS Sixteen healthy, young adult control subjects were studied. Each of the 103 hexagonal elements of the standard, scaled mfERG were aligned, where possible, with patches of retina imaged using optical coherence tomography. Stimuli falling on the fovea and on the optic nerve head were excluded. Linear mixed-effects modeling was then used to derive estimated coefficients (voltage/volume) for the mfERG response throughout the full 80 ms standard epoch. The resulting predicted response amplitudes originating in each layer were then compared to pharmacologically "dissected" mfERGs obtained from other studies in monkey eyes. RESULTS Across the duration of the response, the amplitude of the modeled contribution from (1) the inner retina was small-to-modest, (2) the postreceptor retina was larger and contained two prominent peaks, and (3) the photoreceptor response was the largest and most closely paralleled the overall (i.e., intact) response, including late-appearing oscillations. The significance of each layer's contribution was greatest when the absolute amplitude of that layer's response was largest. The contribution of the inner retina was maximally significant in the interval between the prominent troughs and peaks of the intact response. The contributions of the postreceptor and photoreceptor responses were maximally significant at the prominent troughs and peaks of the intact response. CONCLUSIONS The results of the model were in good overall agreement with previous interpretations of the cellular contributions to the mfERG. There was also fair agreement with pharmacologically dissected monkey mfERG responses. Thus, the estimations of the contributions of the retinal layers to the mfERG so produced appeared plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Fonseca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nouck-A-Nwal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucia Ambrosio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Napels, Italy
| | - Pablo Altschwager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronald M Hansen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne B Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 4, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Dmitriev AV, Dmitriev AA, Linsenmeier RA. Extracellular K+ reflects light-evoked changes in retinal energy metabolism. Exp Eye Res 2022; 221:109133. [PMID: 35636490 PMCID: PMC10392107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurons spend most of their energy to support the transmembrane movement of ions. Light-induced electrical activity is associated with a redistribution of ions, which affects the energy demand and results in a change in metabolism. Light-induced metabolic changes are expected to be different in distal and proximal retina due to differences in the light responses of different retinal cells. Extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) is a reliable indicator of local electrophysiological activity, and the purpose of this work was to compare [K+]o changes evoked by steady and flickering light in distal and proximal retina. Data were obtained from isolated mouse (C57Bl/6J) retinae. Double-barreled K+-selective microelectrodes were used to simultaneously record [K+]o and local ERGs. In the distal retina, photoreceptor hyperpolarization led to suppression of ion transfer, a decrease in [K+]o by 0.3-0.5 mM, reduced energy demand, and, as previously shown in vivo, decreased metabolism. Flickering light had the same effect on [K+]o in the distal retina as steady light of equivalent illumination. The conductance and voltage changes in postreceptor neurons are cell-specific, but the overall effect of steady light in the proximal retina is excitation, which is reflected in a [K+]o increase there (by a maximum of 0.2 mM). In steady light the [K+]o increase lasts only 1-2 s, but a sustained [K+]o increase is evoked by flickering light. A squarewave low frequency (1 Hz) flicker of photopic intensity produced the largest increases in [K+]o. Judging by measurements of [K+]o, steady illumination decreases energy metabolism in the distal retina, but not in the proximal retina (except for the first few seconds). Flickering light evokes the same decrease in the distal retina, but also evokes a sustained [K+]o increase in the proximal retina, suggesting an increase of metabolic demand there, especially at 1 Hz, when neurons of both on- and off-pathways appear to contribute maximally. This proximal retinal metabolic response to flicker correlates to the increase in blood flow during flicker that constitutes neurovascular coupling.
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Pasmanter N, Occelli LM, Komáromy AM, Petersen-Jones SM. Use of extended protocols with nonstandard stimuli to characterize rod and cone contributions to the canine electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 144:81-97. [PMID: 35247111 PMCID: PMC10426558 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we assessed several extended electroretinographic protocols using nonstandard stimuli. Our aim was to separate and quantify the contributions of different populations of retinal cells to the overall response, both to assess normal function and characterize dogs with inherited retinal disease. METHODS We investigated three different protocols for measuring the full-field flash electroretinogram-(1) chromatic dark-adapted red and blue flashes, (2) increasing luminance blue-background, (3) flicker with fixed frequency and increasing luminance, and flicker with increasing frequency at a fixed luminance-to assess rod and cone contributions to electroretinograms recorded in phenotypically normal control dogs and dogs lacking rod function. RESULTS Temporal separation of the rod- and cone-driven responses is possible in the fully dark-adapted eye using dim red flashes. A- and b-wave amplitudes decrease at different rates with increasing background luminance in control dogs. Flicker responses elicited with extended flicker protocols are well fit with mathematical models in control dogs. Dogs lacking rod function demonstrated larger amplitude dark-adapted compared to light-adapted flicker responses. CONCLUSIONS Using extended protocols of the full-field electroretinogram provides additional characterization of the health and function of different populations of cells in the normal retina and enables quantifiable comparison between phenotypically normal dogs and those with retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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27
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Chaffiol A, Provansal M, Joffrois C, Blaize K, Labernede G, Goulet R, Burban E, Brazhnikova E, Duebel J, Pouget P, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Arcizet F, Gauvain G. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of the primate retina activates the visual cortex after long-term transduction. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:1-10. [PMID: 34977267 PMCID: PMC8671818 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, optogenetics has changed fundamental research in neuroscience and is now reaching toward therapeutic applications. Vision restoration strategies using optogenetics are now at the forefront of these new clinical opportunities. But applications to human patients suffering from retinal diseases leading to blindness raise important concerns on the long-term functional expression of optogenes and the efficient signal transmission to higher visual centers. Here, we demonstrate in non-human primates continued expression and functionality at the retina level ∼20 months after delivery of our construct. We also performed in vivo recordings of visually evoked potentials in the primary visual cortex of anesthetized animals. Using synaptic blockers, we isolated the in vivo cortical activation resulting from the direct optogenetic stimulation of primate retina. In conclusion, our work indicates long-term transgene expression and transmission of the signal generated in the macaque retina to the visual cortex, two important features for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Chaffiol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Provansal
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Joffrois
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Kévin Blaize
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Guillaume Labernede
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Ruben Goulet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Emma Burban
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Elena Brazhnikova
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jens Duebel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Pouget
- INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
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Rao A, Padhy D, Pal A, Roy AK. Visual function tests for glaucoma practice - What is relevant? Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:749-758. [PMID: 35225508 PMCID: PMC9114550 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1390_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma represents one of the most important ocular diseases causing irreversible ganglion cell death. It is one of the most common causes of visual impairment and morbidity in the elderly population. There are various tests for measuring visual function in glaucoma. While visual field remains the undisputed method for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring disease progression, other tests have been studied for their utility in glaucoma practice. This review discusses some of the commonly used tests of visual function that can be routinely used in clinics for glaucoma management. Among the various modalities of testing visual function in glaucoma, this review highlights the tests that are most clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Rao
- Department of Glaucoma Services, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debananda Padhy
- Department of Glaucoma Services, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anindita Pal
- Department of Glaucoma Services, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Avik Kumar Roy
- Department of Glaucoma Services, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Kumar S, Benavente-Perez A, Ablordeppey R, Lin C, Viswanathan S, Akopian A, Bloomfield SA. A Robust Microbead Occlusion Model of Glaucoma for the Common Marmoset. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 35019964 PMCID: PMC8762714 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust experimental model of glaucoma in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World primate, using an intracameral microbead injection technique. Methods Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was induced by an injection of polystyrene microbeads. Morphologic changes in the retina and optic nerve of glaucomatous eyes were assessed and electroretinogram (ERG) recordings were performed to evaluate functional changes. Results Microbead injections induced a sustained IOP elevation for at least 10 weeks in a reproducible manner. At the end of the 10-week experimental period, there was significant loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in all quadrants and eccentricities, although it was more prominent in the mid-peripheral and peripheral regions. This was consistent with a thinning of the Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) seen in spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans. Surviving RGCs showed marked changes in morphology, including somatic shrinkage and dendritic atrophy. Retinas also showed significant gliosis. The amplitude of the ERG photopic negative response, with subsequent a- and b-wave changes, was reduced in glaucomatous eyes. The optic nerve of glaucomatous eyes showed expanded cupping, disorganization of the astrocytic matrix, axonal loss, and gliosis. Conclusions We developed a robust and reproducible model of glaucoma in the marmoset. The model exhibits both structural and functional alterations of retina and optic nerve characteristic of glaucoma in humans and animal models. Translational Relevance The glaucoma model in the marmoset described here forms a robust method to study the disease etiology, progression, and potential therapies in a nonhuman primate, allowing for more effective translation of animal data to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Benavente-Perez
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reynolds Ablordeppey
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Lin
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suresh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abram Akopian
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stewart A Bloomfield
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
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Ichinose T, Habib S. ON and OFF Signaling Pathways in the Retina and the Visual System. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:989002. [PMID: 36926308 PMCID: PMC10016624 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.989002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Visual processing starts at the retina of the eye, and signals are then transferred primarily to the visual cortex and the tectum. In the retina, multiple neural networks encode different aspects of visual input, such as color and motion. Subsequently, multiple neural streams in parallel convey unique aspects of visual information to cortical and subcortical regions. Bipolar cells, which are the second order neurons of the retina, separate visual signals evoked by light and dark contrasts and encode them to ON and OFF pathways, respectively. The interplay between ON and OFF neural signals is the foundation for visual processing for object contrast which underlies higher order stimulus processing. ON and OFF pathways have been classically thought to signal in a mirror-symmetric manner. However, while these two pathways contribute synergistically to visual perception in some instances, they have pronounced asymmetries suggesting independent operation in other cases. In this review, we summarize the role of the ON-OFF dichotomy in visual signaling, aiming to contribute to the understanding of visual recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ichinose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Correspondence: Tomomi Ichinose, MD, PhD,
| | - Samar Habib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Gupta SK, Chakraborty R, Verkicharla PK. Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 145:77-95. [PMID: 34787722 PMCID: PMC9470726 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The stretching of a myopic eye is associated with several structural and functional changes in the retina and posterior segment of the eye. Recent research highlights the role of retinal signaling in ocular growth. Evidence from studies conducted on animal models and humans suggests that visual mechanisms regulating refractive development are primarily localized at the retina and that the visual signals from the retinal periphery are also critical for visually guided eye growth. Therefore, it is important to study the structural and functional changes in the retina in relation to refractive errors. This review will specifically focus on electroretinogram (ERG) changes in myopia and their implications in understanding the nature of retinal functioning in myopic eyes. Based on the available literature, we will discuss the fundamentals of retinal neurophysiology in the regulation of vision-dependent ocular growth, findings from various studies that investigated global and localized retinal functions in myopia using various types of ERGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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Varin J, Bouzidi N, Gauvain G, Joffrois C, Desrosiers M, Robert C, De Sousa Dias MM, Neuillé M, Michiels C, Nassisi M, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Audo I, Dalkara D, Zeitz C. Substantial restoration of night vision in adult mice with congenital stationary night blindness. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:15-25. [PMID: 34401402 PMCID: PMC8339357 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) due to mutations in TRPM1, GRM6, GPR179, NYX, or leucine-rich repeat immunoglobulin-like transmembrane domain 3 (LRIT3) is an incurable inherited retinal disorder characterized by an ON-bipolar cell (ON-BC) defect. Since the disease is non-degenerative and stable, treatment could theoretically be administrated at any time in life, making it a promising target for gene therapy. Until now, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated therapies lead to significant functional improvements only in newborn cCSNB mice. Here we aimed to restore protein localization and function in adult Lrit3 -/ - mice. LRIT3 localizes in the outer plexiform layer and is crucial for TRPM1 localization at the dendritic tips of ON-BCs and the electroretinogram (ERG)-b-wave. AAV2-7m8-Lrit3 intravitreal injections were performed targeting either ON-BCs, photoreceptors (PRs), or both. Protein localization of LRIT3 and TRPM1 at the rod-to-rod BC synapse, functional rescue of scotopic responses, and ON-responses detection at the ganglion cell level were achieved in a few mice when ON-BCs alone or both PRs and ON-BCs, were targeted. More importantly, a significant number of treated adult Lrit3 -/- mice revealed an ERG b-wave recovery under scotopic conditions, improved optomotor responses, and on-time ON-responses at the ganglion cell level when PRs were targeted. Functional rescue was maintained for at least 4 months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Joffrois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Robert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Marion Neuillé
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.,Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Arsenault E, Lavigne AA, Mansouri S, Gagné AM, Francis K, Bittar TP, Quessy F, Abdallah K, Barbeau A, Hébert M, Labonté B. Sex-Specific Retinal Anomalies Induced by Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:714810. [PMID: 34483859 PMCID: PMC8415161 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.714810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common consequences of chronic stress. Still, there is currently no reliable biomarker to detect individuals at risk to develop the disease. Recently, the retina emerged as an effective way to investigate psychiatric disorders using the electroretinogram (ERG). In this study, cone and rod ERGs were performed in male and female C57BL/6 mice before and after chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Mice were then divided as susceptible or resilient to stress. Our results suggest that CSDS reduces the amplitude of both oscillatory potentials and a-waves in the rods of resilient but not susceptible males. Similar effects were revealed following the analysis of the cone b-waves, which were faster after CSDS in resilient mice specifically. In females, rod ERGs revealed age-related changes with no change in cone ERGs. Finally, our analysis suggests that baseline ERG can predict with an efficacy up to 71% the expression of susceptibility and resilience before stress exposition in males and females. Overall, our findings suggest that retinal activity is a valid biomarker of stress response that could potentially serve as a tool to predict whether males and females will become susceptible or resilient when facing CSDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Arsenault
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Lavigne
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Samaneh Mansouri
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Gagné
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kimberley Francis
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Thibault P Bittar
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Quessy
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Khaled Abdallah
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Barbeau
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Hébert
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Labonté
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Contactless measurements of retinal activity using optically pumped magnetometers. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118528. [PMID: 34464740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have been adopted for the measurement of brain activity. Without the need to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures, an array of these sensors can be placed more flexibly, which allows for the recording of neuronal structures other than neocortex. Here we use eight OPM sensors to record human retinal activity following flash stimulation. We compare this magnetoretinographic (MRG) activity to the simultaneously recorded electroretinogram of the eight participants. The MRG shows the familiar flash-evoked potentials (a-wave and b-wave) and shares a highly significant amount of information with the electroretinogram (both in a simultaneous and separate measurement). We conclude that OPM sensors have the potential to become a contactless alternative to fiber electrodes for the measurement of retinal activity. Such a contactless solution can benefit both clinical and neuroscientific settings.
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Aher AJ, Horn FK, Huchzermeyer C, Lämmer R, Kremers J. Responses of Postreceptoral Pathways Elicited by L- and M-Cone Isolating ON- and OFF-Electroretinograms in Glaucoma Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:14. [PMID: 34241626 PMCID: PMC8287051 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the electroretinographical (ERG) responses elicited by L- and M-cone isolating ON- and OFF-sawtooth stimuli in normal subjects and glaucoma patients. Methods Twenty-one normal subjects and 44 primary open-angle glaucoma patients participated in the study. L- and M-cone isolating (18% cone contrast; 284 cd/m2) rapid ON- and rapid OFF-sawtooth (4 Hz) stimuli with two stimulus sizes (full-field (FF) and central 70° diameter) were generated using the triple silent substitution technique. ON- and OFF-response asymmetries were studied by adding the two (to obtain L-add and M-add responses). The initial positive (P) and subsequent late negative (LN) components of the L-add and M-add ERGs were compared between the subject groups and correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and pattern ERG responses. Results The responses to L-ON and to M-OFF stimuli and vice versa resembled each other particularly with 70° stimuli. The PL-add amplitudes were not significantly different between the normal subjects and glaucoma patients, whereas the LNL-add amplitude was significantly (P < 0.01) smaller in the glaucoma patients. Both PM-add and LNM-add were not significantly different between the subject groups. The PERG amplitude with 0.8° check sizes and the 0.8°/16° amplitude ratio (PERG ratio) were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the subject groups. The 70° LNL-add amplitude and the 0.8° PERG amplitude were significantly correlated with RNFLT. Conclusions The ERGs to 70° cone isolating sawtooth stimuli reflect cone opponency. The cone opponent ERG responses were not significantly different between glaucoma patients and normal subjects. Luminance driven L-add responses were significantly different, indicating that central luminance signals are mainly affected in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash J Aher
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Folkert K Horn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cord Huchzermeyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Lämmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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The electroretinogram in the genomics era: outer retinal disorders. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2406-2418. [PMID: 34234290 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) have traditionally been described phenotypically with the description evolving to incorporate more sophisticated structural and functional assessments. In the last 25 years there has been considerable advances in the understanding of underlying genetic aetiologies. The role of the ophthalmologist is now to work in a multi-disciplinary team to identify the disease-causing genotype, which might be amenable to gene-directed intervention. Visual electrophysiology is an important tool to assist the ophthalmologist in guiding the clinical geneticist to reach a final molecular diagnosis. This review outlines the physiological basis for the ISCEV standard electrophysiology tests, the role of electrophysiology in localising the functional deficit, correlation with structural findings to guide diagnosis and finally management of IRDs in the era of genomics with emphasis on the outer retina.
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Lin KH, Tran T, Kim S, Park S, Stout JT, Chen R, Rogers J, Yiu G, Thomasy S, Moshiri A. Advanced Retinal Imaging and Ocular Parameters of the Rhesus Macaque Eye. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:7. [PMID: 34111251 PMCID: PMC8107642 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the range of normal ocular biometry and perform advanced retinal imaging and functional assessment of the rhesus macaque eye. Methods We performed ocular phenotyping on rhesus macaques at the California National Primate Research Center. This process consisted of anterior and posterior segment eye examination by ophthalmologists, advanced retinal imaging, and functional retinal electrophysiology. Results Full eye examinations were performed on 142 animals, consisting of pupillary light reflex, tonometry, external examination and photography, anterior slit lamp examination, and posterior segment examination by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Ages of the rhesus macaques ranged from 0.7 to 29 years (mean, 16.4 ± 7.5 years). Anterior segment measurements such as intraocular pressure (n = 142), corneal thickness (n = 84), lens thickness (n = 114), and axial length (n = 114) were acquired. Advanced retinal imaging in the form of fundus photography (n = 78), optical coherence tomography (n = 60), and quantitative autofluorescence (n = 44) was obtained. Electroretinography (n = 75) was used to assay retinal function. Quantitative analyses of the macular structure, retinal layer segmentation, and rod and cone photoreceptor electrical responses are reported. Quantitative assessments were made and variations between sexes were analyzed to compare with established sex changes in human eyes. Conclusions The rhesus macaque has an ocular structure and function very similar to that of the human eye. In particular macular structure and retinal function is very similar to humans, making this species particularly useful for the study of macular biology and development of therapies for cone photoreceptor disorders. Translational Relevance Rhesus macaques are an ideal model for future vision science studies of human eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira H Lin
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tu Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Timothy Stout
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sara Thomasy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Raharja A, Leo SM, Chow I, Indusegaran M, Hammond CJ, Mahroo OA, Wong SH. Exploratory Study of the Association between the Severity of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Electroretinogram Photopic Negative Response Amplitude Obtained Using a Handheld Device. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050437. [PMID: 34068365 PMCID: PMC8153331 DOI: 10.3390/life11050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a negative component of the photopic flash electroretinogram that follows the b-wave and is thought to arise from the retinal ganglion cells. Reduction in its amplitude in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been previously documented using formal electroretinography. This study explored the use of a handheld device (RETeval, LKC technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) in 72 IIH patients of varying stages and severity (and seven controls) and investigated associations between PhNR parameters and disease severity. PhNR amplitudes at 72 ms (P72) and p-ratio (ratio to b-wave peak value) differed significantly across groups, with a trend towards smaller amplitudes in those with severe IIH, defined as papilloedema with Modified Frisén Scale (MFS) ≥ 3, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) ≥ 150 μm or atrophic papilloedema (p = 0.0048 and p = 0.018 for P72 and p-ratio, respectively). PhNR parameters did not correlate with MFS, RNFL thickness, standard automated perimetry mean deviation or macular ganglion cell layer volume. This study suggests that PhNR measurement using a handheld device is feasible and could potentially augment the assessment of disease severity in IIH. The clinical utility of PhNR monitoring in IIH patients requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Raharja
- Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Shaun M. Leo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Isabelle Chow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
- Section of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mathura Indusegaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
- Section of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
- Section of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Section of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sui H. Wong
- Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (I.C.); (M.I.); (C.J.H.); (O.A.M.)
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Correspondence:
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Barboni MTS, Dias SL, Silva LA, Damico FM, Vidal KS, Costa MF, Nagy BV, Kremers J, Ventura DF. Correlations Between Dark-Adapted Rod Threshold Elevations and ERG Response Deficits in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:29. [PMID: 33891680 PMCID: PMC8083068 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in the full-field flash electroretinogram (ERG) in association with psychophysical dark-adapted visual thresholds in patients with genetically characterized Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) either lacking Dp427 (Up 30) or at least Dp260 in addition to Dp427 (Down 30). Methods Twenty-one patients with DMD and 27 age-similar controls participated in this study. Dark-adapted (0.01, 3.0, and 10 cd.s/m² flashes) and light-adapted (3.0 cd.s/m² flash) ERGs were recorded following International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard protocols. Visual detection thresholds to 625-nm (cone function) and 527-nm (rod function) light-emitting diode (LED) flashes (2 degree diameter) were measured during a dark adaptation period after a 1-minute exposure to a bleaching light (3000 cd/m²). Initially, 8 minutes of interleaved 625-nm and 527-nm thresholds were measured. After an additional 5 minutes of dark-adaptation, a second set of threshold measurements to 527-nm stimuli was performed during the subsequent 6 minutes. Results Dark-adapted b-wave amplitude was significantly reduced to all strengths of flash and a-wave in response to the strong flash stimulus was delayed (15.6 vs. 14.7 ms, P < 0.05) in patients with Down 30 compared with controls. Dark-adapted cone thresholds did not differ among the groups (−2.0, −1.8, and −1.7 log cd/m² for Down 30, Up 30, and controls, respectively, P = 0.21). In contrast, dark-adapted rod thresholds were elevated (F(2,36) = 8.537, P = 0.001) in patients with Down 30 (mean = −3.2 ± 1.1 log cd/m²) relative to controls (mean = −4.2 ± 0.3 log cd/m²). Dark-adapted b-wave amplitudes were correlated with dark-adapted rod sensitivity in patients with DMD (Spearman Rho = 0.943, P = 0.005). The changes were much smaller or absent in patients with intact Dp260. Conclusions Dp260 is particularly required for normal rod-system function in dark adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Telles Salgueiro Barboni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Leonardo Dias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Max Damico
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kallene Summer Vidal
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Costa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs Vince Nagy
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section for Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Nassisi M, Wohlschlegel J, Liu B, Letellier C, Michiels C, Aubois A, Mohand-Said S, Habas C, Sahel JA, Zeitz C, Audo I. DEEP PHENOTYPING AND FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO ITM2B-RELATED RETINAL DYSTROPHY. Retina 2021; 41:872-881. [PMID: 32826790 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To reappraise the presentation and the course of ITM2B-related retinal dystrophy and give further insights into ITM2B expression in the retina. METHODS The clinical data of nine subjects with ITM2B-related retinal dystrophy were retrospectively reviewed. The genetic mutation was assessed for its influence on splicing in cultured fibroblasts. The cellular expression of ITM2B within the inner retina was investigated in wild-type mice through mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS All patients complained of decreased vision and mild photophobia around their twenties-thirties. The peculiar feature was the hyperreflective material on optical coherence tomography within the inner retina and the central outer nuclear layer with thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Although retinal imaging revealed very mild or no changes over the years, the visual acuity slowly decreased with about one Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letter per year. Finally, full-field electroretinography showed a mildly progressive inner retinal and cone dysfunction. ITM2B mRNA is expressed in all cellular types of the inner retina. Disease mechanism most likely involves mutant protein misfolding and/or modified protein interaction rather than misplicing. CONCLUSION ITM2B-related retinal dystrophy is a peculiar, rare, slowly progressive retinal degeneration. Functional examinations (full-field electroretinography and visual acuity) seem more accurate in monitoring the progression in these patients because imaging tends to be stable over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | | | - Bingqian Liu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Camille Letellier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Aubois
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Saddek Mohand-Said
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, Paris, France ; and
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Effects of obesity on time-frequency components of electroretinogram signal using continuous wavelet transform. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Transient electroretinographic abnormalities that mimic those of KCNV2 retinopathy: a case report. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 143:221-228. [PMID: 33738644 PMCID: PMC8494656 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this report was to describe the case of a 68-year-old male patient with stage IV colon cancer who exhibited electroretinographic abnormalities that are similar to those of KCNV2 retinopathy. Methods The patient presenting with photophobia, reduced visual acuity, and poor general conditions, the onset of which occurred ten days before presentation, was examined using fundoscopy, full-field electroretinography, blood tests, and abdominal computed tomography. Results The patient’s decimal best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.4 in each eye. Fundoscopy showed bull's eye-like maculopathy in both eyes. Electroretinographic findings were similar to the characteristic findings of KCNV2 retinopathy: Rod electroretinogram showed delayed and preserved b-wave amplitudes; bright-flash electroretinogram showed double troughs of a-waves; b/a ratios shown by bright-flash electroretinogram were higher than those shown by standard-flash electroretinogram; and both cone and 30-Hz flicker electroretinograms showed extinguished responses. His serum potassium level increased to 6.2 mmol/L (normal range 3.6–4.8 mmol/L) owing to hydronephrosis resulting from disseminated carcinoma. After performing an emergency surgery to treat this condition, the serum potassium level immediately decreased to a normal range. Eleven days after presentation, rod and standard/bright-flash electroretinography showed improvement in the implicit time of the rod b-waves and the a-waves. Unexpectedly, the responses recorded by cone and 30-Hz flicker electroretinography became normal. The symptoms and maculopathy disappeared, and his BCVA improved to 1.2. Conclusions The abnormal electroretinographic findings might be associated with the transient increase in serum potassium level.
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Clarkson-Townsend DA, Douglass AJ, Singh A, Allen RS, Uwaifo IN, Pardue MT. Impacts of high fat diet on ocular outcomes in rodent models of visual disease. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108440. [PMID: 33444582 PMCID: PMC7946735 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High fat diets (HFD) have been utilized in rodent models of visual disease for over 50 years to model the effects of lipids, metabolic dysfunction, and diet-induced obesity on vision and ocular health. HFD treatment can recapitulate the pathologies of some of the leading causes of blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rodent models of visual disease. However, there are many important factors to consider when using and interpreting these models. To synthesize our current understanding of the importance of lipid signaling, metabolism, and inflammation in HFD-driven visual disease processes, we systematically review the use of HFD in mouse and rat models of visual disease. The resulting literature is grouped into three clusters: models that solely focus on HFD treatment, models of diabetes that utilize both HFD and streptozotocin (STZ), and models of AMD that utilize both HFD and genetic models and/or other exposures. Our findings show that HFD profoundly affects vision, retinal function, many different ocular tissues, and multiple cell types through a variety of mechanisms. We delineate how HFD affects the cornea, lens, uvea, vitreous humor, retina, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and Bruch's membrane (BM). Furthermore, we highlight how HFD impairs several retinal cell types, including glia (microglia), retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and vascular support cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). However, there are a number of gaps, limitations, and biases in the current literature. We highlight these gaps and discuss experimental design to help guide future studies. Very little is known about how HFD impacts the lens, ciliary bodies, and specific neuronal populations, such as rods, cones, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells. Additionally, sex bias is an important limitation in the current literature, with few HFD studies utilizing female rodents. Future studies should use ingredient-matched control diets (IMCD), include both sexes in experiments to evaluate sex-specific outcomes, conduct longitudinal metabolic and visual measurements, and capture acute outcomes. In conclusion, HFD is a systemic exposure with profound systemic effects, and rodent models are invaluable in understanding the impacts on visual and ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Clarkson-Townsend
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Amber J Douglass
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Anayesha Singh
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Emory Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ivie N Uwaifo
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Jnawali A, Lin X, Patel NB, Frishman LJ, Ostrin LA. Retinal ganglion cell ablation in guinea pigs. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108339. [PMID: 33127343 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are a common model of human ocular conditions; however, their visual function has not been fully characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of retinal ganglion cells to structural and functional measures in guinea pigs. Healthy adult guinea pigs (n = 12) underwent unilateral optic nerve crush. Retinal structure was assessed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and thickness of the ganglion cell/nerve fiber layer (GC/NFL) was determined. Visual function was assessed with optomotor tracking of a drifting grating and light adapted electroretinograms (ERGs). From flash ERGs, a-wave, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (OPs), and photopic negative response (PhNR) were analyzed. From pattern ERGs, N1P1 and P1N2 were analyzed. Histological studies were done at various time points for ganglion cell quantification. Optomotor tracking was absent in optic nerve crush eyes following optic nerve crush. Significant thinning of the GC/NFL was evident four weeks following the crush. Flash ERGs revealed a significant reduction in the OP1 amplitude two weeks following crush (P < 0.01) and in the PhNR amplitude six weeks following crush (P < 0.01). There were no significant changes in a-wave, b-wave, or pattern ERG responses (P > 0.05 for all). In vivo OCT imaging showed progressive thinning of inner retinal layers. Ganglion cell density, quantified histologically, was significantly reduced by 75% in the optic nerve crush eye compared to the control eye at four weeks following crush. These findings indicate that retinal ganglion cells contribute to the PhNR and OP1 components of the full field flash ERG, but not significantly to the pattern ERG in guinea pigs. This study demonstrates that OCT imaging and full field flash ERGs are valuable in assessing retinal ganglion cell loss in vivo in guinea pigs and will help to further establish the guinea pig as a model of human ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Jnawali
- College of Optometry University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77096, USA.
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Optometry University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77096, USA.
| | - Nimesh B Patel
- College of Optometry University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77096, USA.
| | - Laura J Frishman
- College of Optometry University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77096, USA.
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, 77096, USA.
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Prencipe M, Perossini T, Brancoli G, Perossini M. The photopic negative response (PhNR): measurement approaches and utility in glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:3565-3576. [PMID: 32737731 PMCID: PMC7669808 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Visual electrophysiological testing continues to generate interest among glaucoma experts because of its potential help in clarifying disease pathophysiology and promoting early detection of glaucomatous damage. The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a slow negative component of the full-field electroretinogram that has been shown to provide specific information about retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) activity. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to explore the currently available measurement methods and the utility of PhNR in glaucoma diagnostic process. Methods We gathered publications related to the origins, types of stimuli used, measurements methods and applications of the PhNR of ERG in animal models and humans through a search of the literature cited in PubMed. Search terms were: “PhNR”, “photopic negative response”, “glaucoma”, “glaucomatous optic neuropathy”, “ERG”, “electroretinogram”. Results The most reliable PhNR measurements are obtained using a red stimulus on a blue background, without requiring refractive correction, fixation monitoring, or ocular media transparency. Given its direct correlation with RGCs response, the PhNR measured as baseline-to-trough (BT) represents the most reliable parameter of evaluation. Glaucoma patients with evident perimetric defects show pathologic PhNR values. Even though the PhNR is promising in detecting early RGCs impairment, distinguishing between healthy subjects and suspect patients at risk of developing glaucomatous damage still remains challenging. Conclusion The PhNR is a useful additional tool to explore disorders that affect the innermost retina, including glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathy. In particular, comparing reports of the standard examinations (optic disc assessment, OCT RNFL measurement, standard automated perimetry) with the results of electrophysiological tests may be helpful in solving clinical diagnostic and management dilemmas. On the one hand, the PhNR of the ERG can examine the parvocellular pathways; on the other hand, the steady-state pattern ERG optimized for glaucoma screening (PERGLA) can explore the magnocellular pathways. This could give ophthalmologists a useful feedback to identify early RGCs alterations suggestive of glaucoma, stratify the risk and potentially monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Prencipe
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and of Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Perossini
- Studio Oculistico Associato Mario and Tommaso Perossini, Livorno, Italy
| | | | - Mario Perossini
- Studio Oculistico Associato Mario and Tommaso Perossini, Livorno, Italy
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Berezovsky A, Karanjia R, Fernandes AG, Botelho GIS, Bueno TLN, Ferraz NN, Sacai PY, Coupland SG, Sadun AA, Salomão SR. Photopic negative response using a handheld mini-ganzfeld stimulator in healthy adults: normative values, intra- and inter-session variability. Doc Ophthalmol 2020; 142:153-163. [PMID: 32681419 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine normative values, intra- and inter-session variability for a range of parameters derived from the photopic negative response (PhNR) using a handheld mini-Ganzfeld stimulator in healthy normal adults. METHODS Light-adapted flash full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from healthy individuals with no visual complaints, visual acuity equal to or better than 0.0 logMAR (20/20 Snellen), and negative family history for visual diseases. ERGs were recorded from both eyes using a DTL® type fiber electrode after dilation of the pupils with instillation of 1 drop of tropicamide eye drops (1%). The full-field PhNR stimulus conditions were produced by a LED-based ColorBurst™ (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) handheld stimulator. Red flashes of 1, 5 and 7 cd.s/m2 on a blue background of 10 cd/m2 were presented. A-wave, b-wave and PhNR amplitude (determined by both baseline to trough-BT and peak to trough-PT) and peak times were analyzed. Normal limits were determined as 5% percentile for amplitudes and 95% percentile for latencies. Intra- and inter-session variability were assessed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the coefficient of variability (COV). RESULTS Normative limits for PhNR amplitude (µV) using 1, 5 and 7 cd.s./m2 stimuli were, respectively: 20.81; 18.06 and 19.60 for BT and 69.11; 77.98; 76.51 for PT. Peak times (ms) normative limits for 1, 5 and 7 cd.s/m2 intensities were, respectively, 65.98; 78.20 and 77.96. Overall, intra-session variability assessed by coefficients of variation ranged from 1.35 to 10.28%. Inter-session variability disclosed significant intraclass correlation values for all PhNR parameters only for 1 cd.s/m2 stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The normative values provided by this study are clinically helpful in the diagnosis of inner retinal disorders, especially those affecting retinal ganglion cells such as glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. Further studies, including a larger sample with variable age range would extend the validity of the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Berezovsky
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Ottawa Eye Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Gustavo Fernandes
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Izan Santos Botelho
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Luana Novele Bueno
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nívea Nunes Ferraz
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Yuri Sacai
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart Glenn Coupland
- Ottawa Eye Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alfredo Arrigo Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Solange Rios Salomão
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Awad EA, Abdelkader M, Abdelhameed AG, Gaafar WM, Mokbel TH. Collagen crosslinking with photoactivated riboflavin in advanced infectious keratitis with corneal melting: Electrophysiological Study. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:574-579. [PMID: 32399407 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis crosslinking (PACK-CXL) in case of severe keratitis with melting on the electrophysiological function of the retina and the optic nerve. METHODS The study included 32 eyes of 32 patients with smear positive severe infectious keratitis with corneal melting. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (control group) included 16 eyes received systemic and topical antimicrobial drugs guarded by culture and sensitivity test. Group II underwent CXL and then continued their antimicrobial treatment. Full field electroretinogram (ERG) and flash visual evoked potential (VEP) were done for each patient in both groups basically and then 1wk, 1 and 3mo post-treatment to assess the changes in the electrophysiological function of the retina and optic nerve. RESULTS Healing of 10 eyes in group I in comparison to 14 eyes in group II was recorded. The mean duration of healing was 36.56±5.21d in group I vs 20.2±4.4d in group II (P<0.005). In group II, ERG showed an insignificant reduction of all parameters of ERG and VEP after CXL. The amplitude of scotopic rod response, oscillatory potential amplitude, flicker amplitude and photopic cone response were insignificantly decreased (P=0.4, 0.8, 0.1, and 0.3 respectively). There were insignificant prolongation of latencies of scotopic rod, oscillatory potential, flicker and photopic cone response (P=0.2, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.1). There was slight delay in latency of VEP without a significant reduction in amplitude. CONCLUSION CXL is an effective technique in treatment of severe infectious keratitis with melting as it halts the melting process with acceptable safety on the retinal and optic nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Awad
- Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura PO.35516, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdelkader
- Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura PO.35516, Egypt
| | - Ameera G Abdelhameed
- Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura PO.35516, Egypt
| | - Walid M Gaafar
- Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura PO.35516, Egypt
| | - Tharwat H Mokbel
- Ophthalmology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura PO.35516, Egypt
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. A review of electroretinography waveforms and models and their application in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:418-435. [PMID: 32196872 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography (ERG) is a commonly used technique to study retinal function in both clinical and research ophthalmology. ERG responses can be divided into component waveforms, analysis of which can provide insight into the health and function of different types and populations of retinal cells. In dogs, ERG has been used in the characterization of normal retinal function, as well as the diagnosis of retinal diseases and measuring effects of treatment. While many components of the recorded waveform are similar across species, dogs have several notable features that should be differentiated from the responses in humans and other animals. Additionally, modifications of standard protocols, such as changing flash frequency and stimulus color, and mathematical models of ERG waveforms have been used in studies of human retinal function but have been infrequently applied to visual electrophysiology in dogs. This review provides an overview of the origins and applications of ERG in addition to potential avenues for further characterization of responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Chan K, Hoon M, Pattnaik BR, Ver Hoeve JN, Wahlgren B, Gloe S, Williams J, Wetherbee B, Kiland JA, Vogel KR, Jansen E, Salomons G, Walters D, Roullet JB, Gibson K M, McLellan GJ. Vigabatrin-Induced Retinal Functional Alterations and Second-Order Neuron Plasticity in C57BL/6J Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:17. [PMID: 32053727 PMCID: PMC7326505 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vigabatrin (VGB) is an effective antiepileptic that increases concentrations of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by inhibiting GABA transaminase. Reports of VGB-associated visual field loss limit its clinical usefulness, and retinal toxicity studies in laboratory animals have yielded conflicting results. Methods We examined the functional and morphologic effects of VGB in C57BL/6J mice that received either VGB or saline IP from 10 to 18 weeks of age. Retinal structure and function were assessed in vivo by optical coherence tomography (OCT), ERG, and optomotor response. After euthanasia, retinas were processed for immunohistochemistry, and retinal GABA, and VGB quantified by mass spectrometry. Results No significant differences in visual acuity or total retinal thickness were identified between groups by optomotor response or optical coherence tomography, respectively. After 4 weeks of VGB treatment, ERG b-wave amplitude was enhanced, and amplitudes of oscillatory potentials were reduced. Dramatic rod and cone bipolar and horizontal cell remodeling, with extension of dendrites into the outer nuclear layer, was observed in retinas of VGB-treated mice. VGB treatment resulted in a mean 3.3-fold increase in retinal GABA concentration relative to controls and retinal VGB concentrations that were 20-fold greater than brain. Conclusions No evidence of significant retinal thinning or ERG a- or b-wave deficits were apparent, although we describe significant alterations in ERG b-wave and oscillatory potentials and in retinal cell morphology in VGB-treated C57BL/6J mice. The dramatic concentration of VGB in retina relative to the target tissue (brain), with a corresponding increase in retinal GABA, offers insight into the pathophysiology of VGB-associated visual field loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kore Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Bikash R. Pattnaik
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Pediatrics Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - James N. Ver Hoeve
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brad Wahlgren
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Shawna Gloe
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jeremy Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brenna Wetherbee
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julie A. Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kara R. Vogel
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Erwin Jansen
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gajja Salomons
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Walters
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Fan Y, Lai J, Yuan Y, Wang L, Wang Q, Yuan F. Taurine Protects Retinal Cells and Improves Synaptic Connections in Early Diabetic Rats. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:52-63. [PMID: 31404506 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1653927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Taurine has long been thought to be involved in retinal protection from retinal degenerative diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that precedes and participates in the microcirculatory abnormalities that occur in DR. Our objective was to investigate the role and mechanisms of taurine in early diabetic retinas.Methods: Eight-week-old STZ-induced diabetic rats and control animals were randomly assigned to receive taurine or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection or by intragastric administration. The retinal function and retinal cell counts were evaluated using an electroretinography (ERG) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Plasma amino acids were measured by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC). The expression levels of retinal taurine transporter (Tau-T), mitochondria-dependent apoptosis-associated genes and reactive gliosis markers were studied by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Pre- and post-synaptic markers (PSD95 and mGluR6) in outer plexiform layer (OPL), and the bipolar cell marker protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) were localized by immunofluorescence. Levels of PSD95 and mGluR6 were determined by quantitative western blot.Results: Taurine significantly prevented the reduction of photopic b-wave amplitude and retinal cone cells and ganglion cells loss and maintained the Bcl-2/Bax ratio balance in diabetic rats. Taurine also prevented the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced retinal reactive gliosis. Taurine reduced plasma glutamate and tyrosine levels, which were elevated in diabetic rats. Moreover, mGluR6 levels reduction detected by western blot and immunofluorescence in diabetic retinas was inhibited and the displacement of mGluR6 in OPL into the inner nuclear layer (INL) detected by immunofluorescence was reduced by Taurine treatment.Conclusion: Taurine may protect retinal cells from diabetic attacks by activating Tau-T, reducing retinal reactive gliosis, improving retinal synaptic connections and decreasing retinal cell apoptosis. Thus, taurine treatment may be a novel approach for early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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