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Shang Q, Jiang D, Xie J, Cheng J, Xiao X. The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13423. [PMID: 38407560 PMCID: PMC10895550 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingna Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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2
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Lu P, Wang K, Wang J, Xia C, Yang S, Ma L, Shi H. A novel zinc finger transcription factor, BcMsn2, is involved in growth, development, and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247072. [PMID: 37915851 PMCID: PMC10616473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for plant defense against fungal attack. As a necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea can exploit ROS that originated from both sides of the host and pathogen during interaction to facilitate its infestation. Meanwhile, B. cinerea needs to exert an efficient oxidative stress responsive system to balance the intracellular redox state when encountering deleterious ROS levels. However, the machinery applied by B. cinerea to cope with ROS remains obscure. Herein, we investigated the role of the transcription factor BcMsn2 in regulating B. cinerea redox homeostasis. Disruption of the BcMsn2 gene severely impaired vegetative growth, sclerotium formation, conidial yield, and fungal virulence. The intracellular oxidative homeostasis of the ∆bcmsn2 mutant was disrupted, leading to significantly elevated levels of ROS and reduced activities of enzymes closely associated with oxygen stress, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses showed remarkable downregulation of the expression of several genes encoding ROS scavenging factors involved in maintaining the redox homeostasis in ∆bcmsn2, suggesting that BcMsn2 functions as a transcriptional regulator of these genes. Our findings indicated that BcMsn2 plays an indispensable role in maintaining the equilibrium of the redox state in B. cinerea, and intracellular ROS serve as signaling molecules that regulate the growth, asexual reproduction, and virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunbo Xia
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Ma
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Shi
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Lin YC, Liu HH, Tseng MN, Chang HX. Heritability and gene functions associated with sclerotia formation of Rhizoctonia solani AG-7 using whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 36867092 PMCID: PMC10132059 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotia are specialized fungal structures formed by pigmented and aggregated hyphae, which can survive under unfavourable environmental conditions and serve as the primary inocula for several phytopathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani. Among 154 R. solani anastomosis group 7 (AG-7) isolates collected in fields, the sclerotia-forming capability regarding sclerotia number and sclerotia size varied in the fungal population, but the genetic makeup of these phenotypes remained unclear. As limited studies have focused on the genomics of R. solani AG-7 and the population genetics of sclerotia formation, this study completed the whole genome sequencing and gene prediction of R. solani AG-7 using the Oxford NanoPore and Illumina RNA sequencing. Meanwhile, a high-throughput image-based method was established to quantify the sclerotia-forming capability, and the phenotypic correlation between sclerotia number and sclerotia size was low. A genome-wide association study identified three and five significant SNPs associated with sclerotia number and size in distinct genomic regions, respectively. Of these significant SNPs, two and four showed significant differences in the phenotypic mean separation for sclerotia number and sclerotia size, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis focusing on the linkage disequilibrium blocks of significant SNPs identified more categories related to oxidative stress for sclerotia number, and more categories related to cell development, signalling and metabolism for sclerotia size. These results indicated that different genetic mechanisms may underlie these two phenotypes. Moreover, the heritability of sclerotia number and sclerotia size were estimated for the first time to be 0.92 and 0.31, respectively. This study provides new insights into the heritability and gene functions related to the development of sclerotia number and sclerotia size, which could provide additional knowledge to reduce fungal residues in fields and achieve sustainable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Hao Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Nan Tseng
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung County 908126, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan, ROC
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Chen M, Chen N, Wu T, Bian Y, Deng Y, Xu Z. Characterization of Two Mitochondrial Genomes and Gene Expression Analysis Reveal Clues for Variations, Evolution, and Large-Sclerotium Formation in Medical Fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1804. [PMID: 32849413 PMCID: PMC7417453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos, a precious mushroom with a long history as an edible food and Asian traditional medicine, remains unclear in the genetic mechanism underlying the formation of large sclerotia. Here, two complete circular mitogenomes (BL16, 135,686 bp and MD-104 SS10, 124,842 bp, respectively) were presented in detail first. The salient features in the mitogenomes of W. cocos include an intron in the tRNA (trnQ-UUG2), and an obvious gene rearrangement identified between the two mitogenomes from the widely geographically separated W. cocos strains. Genome comparison and phylogenetic analyses reveal some variations and evolutional characteristics in W. cocos. Whether the mitochondrion is functional in W. cocos sclerotium development was investigated by analyzing the mitogenome synteny of 10 sclerotium-forming fungi and mitochondrial gene expression patterns in different W. cocos sclerotium-developmental stages. Three common homologous genes identified across ten sclerotium-forming fungi were also found to exhibit significant differential expression levels during W. cocos sclerotium development. Most of the mitogenomic genes are not expressed in the mycelial stage but highly expressed in the sclerotium initial or developmental stage. These results indicate that some of mitochondrial genes may play a role in the development of sclerotium in W. cocos, which needs to be further elucidated in future studies. This study will stimulate new ideas on cytoplasmic inheritance of W. cocos and facilitate the research on the role of mitochondria in large sclerotium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Naiyao Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youjin Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Singh P, Mazumdar P, Harikrishna JA, Babu S. Sheath blight of rice: a review and identification of priorities for future research. PLANTA 2019; 250:1387-1407. [PMID: 31346804 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight research should prioritise optimising biological control approaches, identification of resistance gene mechanisms and application in genetic improvement and smart farming for early disease detection. Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1A, is one of the most devasting diseases of the crop. To move forward with effective crop protection against sheath blight, it is important to review the published information related to pathogenicity and disease management and to determine areas of research that require deeper study. While progress has been made in the identification of pathogenesis-related genes both in rice and in the pathogen, the mechanisms remain unclear. Research related to disease management practices has addressed the use of agronomic practices, chemical control, biological control and genetic improvement: Optimising nitrogen fertiliser use in conjunction with plant spacing can reduce spread of infection while smart agriculture technologies such as crop monitoring with Unmanned Aerial Systems assist in early detection and management of sheath blight disease. Replacing older fungicides with natural fungicides and use of biological agents can provide effective sheath blight control, also minimising environmental impact. Genetic approaches that show promise for the control of sheath blight include treatment with exogenous dsRNA to silence pathogen gene expression, genome editing to develop rice lines with lower susceptibility to sheath blight and development of transgenic rice lines overexpressing or silencing pathogenesis related genes. The main challenges that were identified for effective crop protection against sheath blight are the adaptive flexibility of the pathogen, lack of resistant rice varieties, abscence of single resistance genes for use in breeding and low access of farmers to awareness programmes for optimal management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subramanian Babu
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Transcriptome analysis reveals molecular mechanisms of sclerotial development in the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:743-758. [PMID: 31054140 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA is a soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen that causes devastating rice sheath blight disease in rice-growing regions worldwide. Sclerotia play an important role in the life cycle of R. solani AG1-IA. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to investigate the transcriptomic dynamics of sclerotial development (SD) of R. solani AG1-IA. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed to investigate the functions and pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Six cDNA libraries were generated, and more than 300 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 15,100 unigenes. In total, 12,575 differentially expressed genes were identified and 34.62% (4353) were significantly differentially expressed with a FDR ≤ 0.01 and |log2Ratio| ≥ 1, which were enriched into eight profiles using Short Time-series Expression Miner. Furthermore, KEGG and gene ontology analyses suggest the DEGs were significantly enriched in several biological processes and pathways, including binding and catalytic functions, biosynthesis of ribosomes, and other biological functions. Further annotation of the DEGs using the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database found most DEGs were involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, as well as energy production and conversion. Furthermore, DEGs relevant to SD of R. solani AG1-IA were involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, melanin biosynthesis, ubiquitin processes, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species metabolism. The gene expression profiles of 10 randomly selected DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and were consistent with the dynamics in transcript abundance identified by RNA sequencing. The data provide a high-resolution map of gene expression during SD, a key process contributing to the pathogenicity of this devastating pathogen. In addition, this study provides a useful resource for further studies on the genomics of R. solani AG1-IA and other Rhizoctonia species.
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Song Z. Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9873-9880. [PMID: 30255231 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) consist of an outer layer of pigment parenchyma cells and an inner layer of colorless medulla cells. In nature, MS are formed as overwintering and spreading structures in phytopathogenic fungi. For biological applications, MS can be induced in artificial liquid medium. To understand the complicated structure of MS and molecular mechanism of MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi, data from different studies can be integrated. In this review, the essential prerequisites, environmental cues, and internal stimulating factors for MS development are explored. Emerging knowledges about the association between transcriptional regulatory circuits and signaling pathways involved in MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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Liu B, Wang H, Ma Z, Gai X, Sun Y, He S, Liu X, Wang Y, Xuan Y, Gao Z. Transcriptomic evidence for involvement of reactive oxygen species in Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA sclerotia maturation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5103. [PMID: 29938140 PMCID: PMC6011819 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA is a soil-borne fungal phytopathogen that can significantly harm crops resulting in economic loss. This species overwinters in grass roots and diseased plants, and produces sclerotia that infect future crops. R. solani AG1 IA does not produce spores; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of sclerotia formation is important for crop disease control. To identify the genes involved in this process for the development of disease control targets, the transcriptomes of this species were determined at three important developmental stages (mycelium, sclerotial initiation, and sclerotial maturation) using an RNA-sequencing approach. A total of 5,016, 6,433, and 5,004 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the sclerotial initiation vs. mycelial, sclerotial maturation vs. mycelial, and sclerotial maturation vs. sclerotial initiation stages, respectively. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these DEGs were enriched in diverse categories, including oxidoreductase activity, carbohydrate metabolic process, and oxidation-reduction processes. A total of 12 DEGs were further verified using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Among the genes examined, NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were highly induced in the stages of sclerotial initiation and maturation. In addition, the highest reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels were detected during sclerotial initiation, and enzyme activities of NOX1, SOD, and catalase (CAT) matched with the gene expression profiles. To further evaluate the role of ROS in sclerotial formation, R. solani AG1 IA was treated with the CAT inhibitor aminotriazole and H2O2, resulting in the early differentiation of sclerotia. Taken together, this study provides useful information toward understanding the molecular basis of R. solani AG1 IA sclerotial formation and maturation, and identified the important role of ROS in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haode Wang
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhoujie Ma
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaotong Gai
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shidao He
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xian Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zenggui Gao
- Institute of Plant Immunology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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ROS and trehalose regulate sclerotial development in Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:322-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hu X, Qin L, Roberts DP, Lakshman DK, Gong Y, Maul JE, Xie L, Yu C, Li Y, Hu L, Liao X, Liao X. Characterization of mechanisms underlying degradation of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Aspergillus aculeatus Asp-4 using a combined qRT-PCR and proteomic approach. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:674. [PMID: 28859614 PMCID: PMC5580281 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological control agent Aspergillus aculeatus Asp-4 colonizes and degrades sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resulting in reduced germination and disease caused by this important plant pathogen. Molecular mechanisms of mycoparasites underlying colonization, degradation, and reduction of germination of sclerotia of this and other important plant pathogens remain poorly understood. Results An RNA-Seq screen of Asp-4 growing on autoclaved, ground sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum for 48 h identified 997 up-regulated and 777 down-regulated genes relative to this mycoparasite growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 48 h. qRT-PCR time course experiments characterized expression dynamics of select genes encoding enzymes functioning in degradation of sclerotial components and management of environmental conditions, including environmental stress. This analysis suggested co-temporal up-regulation of genes functioning in these two processes. Proteomic analysis of Asp-4 growing on this sclerotial material for 48 h identified 26 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated proteins relative to the PDA control. Certain proteins with increased abundance had putative functions in degradation of polymeric components of sclerotia and the mitigation of environmental stress. Conclusions Our results suggest co-temporal up-regulation of genes involved in degradation of sclerotial compounds and mitigation of environmental stress. This study furthers the analysis of mycoparasitism of sclerotial pathogens by providing the basis for molecular characterization of a previously uncharacterized mycoparasite-sclerotial interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4016-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel P Roberts
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Dilip K Lakshman
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Lihua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinshui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsheng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Hu W, Pan X, Abbas HMK, Li F, Dong W. Metabolites contributing to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA maturation and sclerotial differentiation revealed by UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177464. [PMID: 28489938 PMCID: PMC5425210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a causative agent of sheath blight, which results in huge economic losses every year. During its life cycle, the formation of sclerotia helps Rhizoctonia solani withstand a variety of unfavorable factors. Oxidative stress is a key factor that induces sclerotium formation. The differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes of R. solani AG-1-IA were obtained by controlling aerial conditions. Metabolomics based on the mass spectrometry technique combined with multivariate and univariate analyses was used to investigate the metabolic variation in vegetative, differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia. Our results revealed that during maturation, the metabolic levels of N2-acetyl-L-ornithine, 3,1'-(OH)2-Gamma-carotene, (5Z,7E)-(1S,3R)-24,24-difluoro-24a-homo-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatrien-1,3,25-triol, stoloniferone O, PA(O-18:0/12:0), PA(P-16:0/14:0), PA(P-16:0/16:(19Z)) and PA(P-16:0/17:2(9Z,12Z)) were suppressed in both differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia. The concentrations of PE(20:1(11Z)/14:1(9Z)), PE(P-16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)(15OH[S])) and PS(12:0/18:1(9Z)) were increased in the differentiated group, while increased levels of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine, tenuazonic acid and 9S,10S,11R-trihydroxy-12Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid were found in the undifferentiated group. Our results suggest that different levels of these metabolites may act as biomarkers for the developmental stages of R. solani AG-1-IA. Moreover, the mechanisms of sclerotium formation and mycelium differentiation were elucidated at the metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinli Pan
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Khalid Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Georgiou CD, Zervoudakis G, Petropoulou KP. Ascorbic acid might play a role in the sclerotial differentiation ofSclerotium rolfsii. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katerine P. Petropoulou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26100—Patra, Greece
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13
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Li B, Tian X, Wang C, Zeng X, Xing Y, Ling H, Yin W, Tian L, Meng Z, Zhang J, Guo S. SWATH label-free proteomics analyses revealed the roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant defensing system in sclerotia formation of Polyporus umbellatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41283. [PMID: 28134344 PMCID: PMC5278369 DOI: 10.1038/srep41283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the initiation and maturing mechanisms is important for rational manipulating sclerotia differentiation and growth from hypha of Polyporus umbellatus. Proteomes in P. umbellatus sclerotia and hyphae at initial, developmental and mature phases were studied. 1391 proteins were identified by nano-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in Data Dependant Acquisition mode, and 1234 proteins were quantified successfully by Sequential Window Acquisition of all THeoretical fragment ion spectra-MS (SWATH-MS) technology. There were 347 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in sclerotia at initial phase compared with those in hypha, and the DEP profiles were dynamically changing with sclerotia growth. Oxidative stress (OS) in sclerotia at initial phase was indicated by the repressed proteins of respiratory chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle and the activation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways were determined based on DEPs. The impact of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis on sclerotium induction was further verified by glycerol addition assays, in which 5% glycerol significantly increased sclerotial differentiation rate and biomass. It can be speculated that OS played essential roles in triggering sclerotia differentiation from hypha of P. umbellatus, whereas antioxidant activity associated with glycolysis is critical for sclerotia growth. These findings reveal a mechanism for sclerotial differentiation in P. umbellatus, which may also be applicable for other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Tian
- Pharmaceutical department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xu Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Hong Ling
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Wanqiang Yin
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Tian
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhixia Meng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193 P. R. China
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Majeská Čudejková M, Vojta P, Valík J, Galuszka P. Quantitative and qualitative transcriptome analysis of four industrial strains of Claviceps purpurea with respect to ergot alkaloid production. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:743-754. [PMID: 26827914 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Claviceps purpurea is a biotrophic phytopathogen widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for its ability to produce ergot alkaloids (EAs). The fungus attacks unfertilized ovaries of grasses and forms sclerotia, which represent the only type of tissue where the synthesis of EAs occurs. The biosynthetic pathway of EAs has been extensively studied; however, little is known concerning its regulation. Here, we present the quantitative transcriptome analysis of the sclerotial and mycelial tissues providing a comprehensive view of transcriptional differences between the tissues that produce EAs and those that do not produce EAs and the pathogenic and non-pathogenic lifestyle. The results indicate metabolic changes coupled with sclerotial differentiation, which are likely needed as initiation factors for EA biosynthesis. One of the promising factors seems to be oxidative stress. Here, we focus on the identification of putative transcription factors and regulators involved in sclerotial differentiation, which might be involved in EA biosynthesis. To shed more light on the regulation of EA composition, whole transcriptome analysis of four industrial strains differing in their alkaloid spectra was performed. The results support the hypothesis proposing the composition of the amino acid pool in sclerotia to be an important factor regulating the final structure of the ergopeptines produced by Claviceps purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Majeská Čudejková
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Vojta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Valík
- Teva Czech Industries s.r.o., Ostravská 305/29, 747 70 Opava-Komárov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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De novo assembly and transcriptome analysis of sclerotial development in Wolfiporia cocos. Gene 2016; 588:149-55. [PMID: 27185634 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos Ryvarden et Gilbertson, a well-known medicinal fungus in the Basidiomycetes, is widely distributed in East Asia. Its dried sclerotium, which is known as Fuling in China, has been used as a traditional crude drug in Chinese traditional medicine for thousand years. However, little is known about how the sclerotium is developed at the genetic level. In this study, the de novo sequencing of sclerotia of W. cocos (S1_initial stage; S2_developmental stage and S3_mature stage) was carried out by illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. 27,438 unigenes were assembled from ~30Gbp raw data, and 12,093 unigenes were significantly annotated. The analysis of expression profiles during development returned 304 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were clustered into four different groups according to their expression trends. Especially for the maturation stage (S3), the sclerotium exhibited a markedly different expression profile from other stages. We further showed that peroxisome, unsaturation of fatty acids and degradation pathway were respectively prevalent in S1, S2 and S3 stages as evidenced by enrichment analysis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of sclerotial development transcriptomics in W. cocos. The obtained results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of the sclerotia, which is helpful for future studies about cultivation and breeding of W. cocos.
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16
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Lyu X, Shen C, Xie J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Hu Z, Tang L, Tang L, Ding F, Li K, Wu S, Hu Y, Luo L, Li Y, Wang Q, Li G, Cheng J. A "footprint" of plant carbon fixation cycle functions during the development of a heterotrophic fungus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12952. [PMID: 26263551 PMCID: PMC4642529 DOI: 10.1038/srep12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon fixation pathway of plants (CFPP) in photosynthesis converts solar energy to biomass, bio-products and biofuel. Intriguingly, a large number of heterotrophic fungi also possess enzymes functionally associated with CFPP, raising the questions about their roles in fungal development and in evolution. Here, we report on the presence of 17 CFPP associated enzymes (ten in Calvin-Benson-Basham reductive pentose phosphate pathway and seven in C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle) in the genome of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a heterotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, and only two unique enzymes: ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) were absent. This data suggested an incomplete CFPP-like pathway (CLP) in fungi. Functional profile analysis demonstrated that the activity of the incomplete CLP was dramatically regulated during different developmental stages of S. sclerotiorum. Subsequent experiments confirmed that many of them were essential to the virulence and/or sclerotial formation. Most of the CLP associated genes are conserved in fungi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that many of them have undergone gene duplication, gene acquisition or loss and functional diversification in evolutionary history. These findings showed an evolutionary links in the carbon fixation processes of autotrophs and heterotrophs and implicated the functions of related genes were in course of continuous change in different organisms in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Lyu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cuicui Shen
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zijin Hu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liguang Tang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Feng Ding
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kunfei Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Song Wu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lilian Luo
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuanhao Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qihua Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China [2] The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
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17
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Zhou G, Song Z, Yin Y, Jiang W, Wang Z. Involvement of an alternative oxidase in the regulation of hyphal growth and microsclerotial formation in Nomuraea rileyi CQNr01. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1343-52. [PMID: 26135515 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria of Nomuraea rileyi contain an alternative oxidase (Aox), which reduces oxygen to water by accepting electrons directly from ubiquinol. Furthermore, through a transcriptional analysis, we found that an alternative oxidase (Nraox) was up-regulated during microsclerotial formation. To study the function of NrAox, Nraox was cloned from N. rileyi CQNr01. The full-length cDNA was 1266 bp with an open reading frame of 1068 bp encoding 355 amino acids. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NrAox of N. rileyi was closely related to Metarhizium acridum Aox. The relative expression level of the Nraox was up-regulated during microsclerotial (MS) initiation. A salicylhydroxamic acid, a specific alternative oxidase inhibitor, application to the culture media severely decreased MS yields, changed the hyphae morphology and slowed the H2O2 removal. Nraox silencing caused mycelial deformations, reduced the MS yields by 97.3 % and increased MS size compared with those of the control. MS virulence was decreased to 26.2 % after Nraox was silenced. However, the Nraox-silenced strain was sensitive to environmental stress, and the growth rate was reduced under stress conditions. The results obtained suggested that Nraox is required for MS differentiation by regulating the intracellular H2O2 concentration and hypha growth. Additionally, Nraox had a great impact on the virulence of N. rileyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Zhou
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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18
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Papapostolou I, Sideri M, Georgiou CD. Cell proliferating and differentiating role of H2O2 in Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:527-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schürmann J, Buttermann D, Herrmann A, Giesbert S, Tudzynski P. Molecular characterization of the NADPH oxidase complex in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea: CpNox2 and CpPls1 are important for a balanced host-pathogen interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1151-64. [PMID: 23777432 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-13-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species producing NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are involved in defense reactions in animals and plants while they trigger infection-related processes in pathogenic fungi. Knowledge about the composition and localization of these complexes in fungi is limited; potential components identified thus far include two to three catalytical subunits, a regulatory subunit (NoxR), the GTPase Rac, the scaffold protein Bem1, and a tetraspanin-like membrane protein (Pls1). We showed that, in the biotrophic grass-pathogen Claviceps purpurea, the catalytical subunit CpNox1 is important for infection. Here, we present identification of major Nox complex partners and a functional analysis of CpNox2 and the tetraspanin CpPls1. We show that, as in other fungi, Nox complexes are important for formation of sclerotia; CpRac is, indeed, a complex partner because it interacts with CpNoxR, and CpNox1/2 and CpPls1 are associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum. However, unlike in all other fungi, Δcppls1 is more similar to Δcpnox1 than to Δcpnox2, and CpNox2 is not essential for infection. In contrast, Δcpnox2 shows even more pronounced disease symptoms, indicating that Cpnox2 controls the infection process and moderates damage to the host. These data confirm that fungal Nox complexes have acquired specific functions dependent of the lifestyle of the pathogen.
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20
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Xing YM, Zhang LC, Liang HQ, Lv J, Song C, Guo SX, Wang CL, Lee TS, Lee MW. Sclerotial formation of Polyporus umbellatus by low temperature treatment under artificial conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56190. [PMID: 23437090 PMCID: PMC3577777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia have been used as a diuretic agent in China for over two thousand years. A shortage of the natural P. umbellatus has prompted researchers to induce sclerotial formation in the laboratory. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING P. umbellatus cultivation in a sawdust-based substrate was investigated to evaluate the effect of low temperature conditions on sclerotial formation. A phenol-sulfuric acid method was employed to determine the polysaccharide content of wild P. umbellatus sclerotia and mycelia and sclerotia grown in low-temperature treatments. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, expressed as the fluorescence intensity of mycelia during sclerotial differentiation was determined. Analysis of ROS generation and sclerotial formation in mycelia after treatment with the antioxidants such as diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), apocynin (Apo), or vitamin C were studied. Furthermore, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of sclerotial differentiation were observed. Sclerotia were not induced by continuous cultivation at 25°C. The polysaccharide content of the artificial sclerotia is 78% of that of wild sclerotia. In the low-temperature treatment group, the fluorescent intensity of ROS was higher than that of the room temperature (25°C) group which did not induce sclerotial formation all through the cultivation. The antioxidants DPI and Apo reduced ROS levels and did not induce sclerotial formation. Although the concentration-dependent effects of vitamin C (5-15 mg mL(-1)) also reduced ROS generation and inhibited sclerotial formation, using a low concentration of vitamin C (1 mg mL(-1)) successfully induced sclerotial differentiation and increased ROS production. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to low temperatures induced P. umbellatus sclerotial morphogenesis during cultivation. Low temperature treatment enhanced ROS in mycelia, which may be important in triggering sclerotial differentiation in P. umbellatus. Moreover, the application of antioxidants impaired ROS generation and inhibited sclerotial formation. Our findings may help to provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying sclerotial morphogenesis in P. umbellatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Chun Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han-Qiao Liang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tae-Soo Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Incheon, Incheon, Korea
| | - Min-Woong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Orshinsky A, Boland G. Ophiostoma mitovirus 3a, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and photoperiod affect the development of stromata and apothecia by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:398-407. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypovirulence in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa is associated with infection by Ophiostoma mitovirus 3a (OMV3a). OMV3a is also present in asymptomatic isolates, with growth and virulence comparable to that of virus-free isolates. Hypovirulent isolates have impaired mitochondrial function resulting in increased activity of the alternative oxidase pathway, which is implicated in the reduction of reactive oxygen species in other fungi. In this study, hypovirulent, asymptomatic, and virus-free isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar amended with ascorbic acid or glutathione and were incubated under various photoperiods to determine the importance of reactive oxygen species, light, and OMV3a infection for differentiation of stromata and apothecia by S. homoeocarpa. Hypovirulent isolates did not form stromata or apothecia. Glutathione and darkness reduced stromata size and apothecia production by virulent and asymptomatic isolates. Apothecia formed under several different photoperiods, and ascorbic acid increased apothecia production. Ascospores were not detected in these apothecia. The results suggest that hypovirulence, light, and the superoxide radical are important factors in the formation of stromata and apothecia by S. homoeocarpa isolates. This is the first report of sterile apothecia production by North American isolates of S. homoeocarpa and provides a starting point for attempts to produce fertile apothecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Orshinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G.J. Boland
- School of Environmental Sciences, 50 Stone Road, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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22
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Papapostolou I, Georgiou CD. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in the sclerotial differentiation of filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 109:1929-36. [PMID: 20681971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of H(2) O(2) and the related oxidative stress markers catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation in the sclerotial differentiation of the phytopathogenic filamentous fungi Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the H(2) O(2) -specific scopoletin fluorometric assay and the CAT-dependent H(2) O(2) consumption assays, it was found that the production rate of intra/extracellular H(2) O(2) and CAT levels in the sclerotiogenic fungi were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those of their nondifferentiating counterpart strains. They peaked in the transition between the undifferentiated and the differentiated state of the sclerotiogenic strains, suggesting both a cell proliferative and differentiative role. In addition, the indirect indicator of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, was substantially decreased in the nondifferentiating strains. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the differentiative role of H(2) O(2) is expressed via induction of higher oxidative stress in the sclerotiogenic filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that the direct marker of oxidative stress H(2) O(2) is involved in the sclerotial differentiation of the phytopathogenic filamentous fungi S. rolfsii, S. minor, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani, which could have potential biotechnological implications in terms of developing antifungal strategies by regulating intracellular H(2) O(2) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Papapostolou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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23
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Chamoun R, Jabaji S. Expression of genes of Rhizoctonia solani and the biocontrol Stachybotrys elegans during mycoparasitism of hyphae and sclerotia. Mycologia 2010; 103:483-93. [PMID: 21193602 DOI: 10.3852/10-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of mycoparasitism has been focused on how antagonists affect pathogens in relation to mechanisms, metabolites and gene expression. Just as microbial antagonists use a diverse arsenal of mechanisms to dominate interactions with hosts, hosts also have diverse responses to counteract antagonism. In this study differential gene expression of eight mycoparasitism-induced genes and eight host-response genes was monitored during in vivo interactions between the mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans and hyphae and sclerotia of the host, Rhizoctonia solani over 5 d of interaction. Using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, comparative analyses demonstrated that hyphal and sclerotial structures triggered different expression patterns. These results indicated that multiple regulatory mechanisms might be involved. The high elevated expression of some genes belonging to the mycoparasite and the host suggest that these genes play an important role during the mycoparasitic process and host defense respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X 3V9
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24
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Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. Differentiation of Sclerotinia minor depends on thiol redox state and oxidative stress. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:28-36. [PMID: 18388969 DOI: 10.1139/w07-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotial differentiation in Sclerotinia minor is associated with oxidative stress and thiol redox state. The significance of oxidative stress to sclerotial differentiation was revealed by the higher oxidative stress of S. minor compared with a nonsclerotiogenic counterpart. The effect of thiol redox state on sclerotial differentiation was shown by the antioxidant action of the thiol (-SH) group of N-acetylcysteine and cysteine and by an unknown (not antioxidant) role of glutathione (GSH) on S. minor. The nonantioxidant role of GSH was indicated by the differentiation-inhibiting and differentiation-noninhibiting actions of the GSH biosynthesis inhibitor L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine and the GSH biosynthesis inducer L-2-oxo-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate, respectively, and by the increase of oxidative stress they caused during the transition from the undifferentiated to differentiated state of S. minor. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine can be used as a potent nontoxic fungicide against this phytopathogenic fungus by acting as a growth-inhibiting cytotoxic oxidant and by sustaining the fungus in the undifferentiated hyphal stage, which is vulnerable to degradation by soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26100-Patras, Greece
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Sclerotial development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: awakening molecular analysis of a “Dormant” structure. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Patsoukis N, Georgiou DC. Thiol redox state and related enzymes in sclerotium-forming filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 112:602-10. [PMID: 18400483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox state (TRS) reduced and oxidized components form profiles characteristic of each of the four main types of differentiation in the sclerotiogenic phytopathogenic fungi: loose, terminal, lateral-chained, and lateral-simple, represented by Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Sclerotinia minor, respectively. A common feature of these fungi is that as their undifferentiated mycelium enters the differentiated state, it is accompanied by a decrease in the low oxidative stress-associated total reduced thiols and/or by an increase of the high oxidative stress-associated total oxidized thiols either in the sclerotial mycelial substrate or in its corresponding sclerotium, indicating a relationship between TRS-related oxidative stress and sclerotial differentiation. Moreover, the four studied sclerotium types exhibit high activities of TRS-related antioxidant enzymes, indicating the existence of antioxidant protection of the hyphae of the sclerotium medulla until conditions become appropriate for sclerotium germination.
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Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. Thiol redox state and oxidative stress affect sclerotial differentiation of the phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:42-50. [PMID: 17850300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the involvement of oxidative stress and thiol redox state (TRS) in sclerotial differentiation of Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. METHODS AND RESULTS Oxidative stress in these fungi was assessed by lipid peroxidation, which was higher in comparison with their nonsclerotiogenic counterpart strains. TRS [measured as glutathione (GSH) and cysteine] was associated with oxidative stress and differentiation using the TRS modulator and antioxidant Nu-acetylcysteine (AcCSH) and the GSH biosynthesis inducer and inhibitor l-2-oxo-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate and L-buthionine-S,R-sulphoximine (BSO) respectively. Differentiation and oxidative stress was decreased by AcCSH in both fungi. The decrease of differentiation by BSO was not associated with oxidative stress in these fungi. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation and oxidative stress in both fungi depends on the availability of antioxidant noncytotoxic -SH groups and is not depended on any direct antioxidant role of GSH and its precursor cysteine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study helps to understand the mechanism(s) of sclerotial differentiation in these agriculturally important phytopathogenic fungi and proposes that AcCSH can be used as potent fungicide by (i) acting as growth inhibiting cytotoxic oxidant and (ii) sustaining these fungi in their undifferentiated hyphal stage where they are vulnerable to degradation by soil micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Patsoukis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. Effect of thiol redox state modulators on oxidative stress and sclerotial differentiation of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Arch Microbiol 2007; 188:225-33. [PMID: 17429612 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study showed that sclerotial differentiation in the filamentous phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani is directly related to oxidative stress and thiol redox state (TRS). Sclerotial differentiation is modulated by the availability of non-cytotoxic -SH groups as was shown by the inhibition of sclerorial differentiation by the TRS modulator N-acetyl cysteine (AcCSH), and not necessarily with those of the TRS reduced components glutathione (GSH) and its precursor cysteine (CSH) as indicated by the GSH-biosynthesis inducer and inhibitor L-2-oxo-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate and L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine, respectively. Moreover, inhibition of sclerotial differentiation was accompanied by decrease of the high oxidative stress indicators, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the mycelial substrate where sclerotia initials are formed, which suggests that this phenomenon is related to oxidative stress as it is predicted by our theory on sclerotial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26100 Patras, Greece
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Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. Effect of glutathione biosynthesis-related modulators on the thiol redox state enzymes and on sclerotial differentiation of filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia 2007; 163:335-47. [PMID: 17387631 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, sclerotial differentiation in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi, representing the four main types of sclerotia, was studied in relation to thiol redox state (TRS)-related enzymes and their substrates/products. TRS was altered by the general TRS modulator Nu-acetylcysteine (AcCSH) and by the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis modulators L-oxo-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC), and L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). This study showed that the four studied types of sclerotial differentiation are directly related with the antioxidant -SH groups of GSH and/or CSH, since the decrease of sclerotial differentiation concurred with an increase of these thiols by the GSH biosynthesis modulators AcCSH, OTC, and BSO. Supportive to that conclusion is the fact that, in general, the activities of the TRS-related enzymes GR/GPDH and Ttase decrease in the end of the undifferentiated stage due to the substitution of their antioxidant function by the antioxidant potential of the -SH group providers AcCSH and OTC. Moreover, it was found that BSO expectedly suppressed GSH biosynthesis in the tested fungi, and unexpectedly decreased their sclerotial differentiation by a dose-dependent manner typical for antioxidants. The possible antioxidant role of BSO was supported by the decrease it caused in the antioxidant enzymes GR/GPDH and Ttase. The results of this study are in accordance with our hypothesis that sclerotial differentiation in phytopathogenic fungi is induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, Patras, 26100, Greece
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Zervoudakis G, Tairis N, Salahas G, Georgiou CD. Beta-carotene production and sclerotial differentiation in Sclerotinia minor. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:624-31. [PMID: 12884961 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia minor accumulates beta-carotene at levels dependent upon oxidative growth conditions and differentiation. Beta-carotene accumulation is 2.5-fold higher in differentiated mycelia at high than at low oxidative stress, and approx. 3-fold higher in differentiated than in undifferentiated mycelia. It is proposed that beta-carotene may be produced by the fungus to counteract oxidative stress that develops during growth. This is shown by the finding that exogenous beta-carotene at growth non-inhibiting concentrations causes a concentration-dependent reduction of oxidative stress (lipid and protein peroxidation) and sclerotial differentiation in this fungus. The data of this study support our hypothesis that sclerotial differentiation in phytopathogenic fungi may be induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zervoudakis
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26100 Patra, Greece
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Role of erythroascorbate and ascorbate in sclerotial differentiation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1017/s095375620100497x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Georgiou CD, Zervoudakis G, Tairis N, Kornaros M. beta-Carotene production and its role in sclerotial differentiation of Sclerotium rolfsii. Fungal Genet Biol 2001; 34:11-20. [PMID: 11567548 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.2001.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Sclerotium rolfsii produces beta-carotene, the main detected carotenoid, in levels dependent upon oxidative growth conditions and upon differentiation. beta-Carotene accumulation is 5-, 6.5-, and 6.7-fold higher in undifferentiated mycelia, sclerotia, and differentiated mycelia, respectively, at high than at low oxidative stress. It accumulates more in older than in younger mycelia and is 2-fold higher in differentiated than in undifferentiated mycelia. We propose that beta-carotene is formed possibly to help the fungus reduce oxidative stress that develops during growth. This is supported by the finding that exogenous beta-carotene at non-growth-inhibiting concentrations causes a concentration-dependent reduction of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) of undifferentiated mycelia, which results in an equally proportional reduction of sclerotial differentiation. The data of this study support our hypothesis that sclerotial differentiation is induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Georgiou
- Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patra 26100, Greece.
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Georgiou CD, Tairis N, Polycratis A. Production of β-carotene by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its role in sclerotium differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(08)61974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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