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Mrowiec P, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Młodawska W. The perspective of the incompatible of nucleus and mitochondria in interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer for endangered species. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 56:199-207. [PMID: 33190359 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account the latest Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in which 25% of all mammals are threatened with extinction, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could be a beneficial tool and holds a lot of potential for aiding the conservation of endangered, exotic or even extinct animal species if somatic cells of such animals are available. In the case of shortage and sparse amount of wild animal oocytes, interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT), where the recipient ooplasm and donor nucleus are derived from different species, is the alternative SCNT technique. The successful application of iSCNT, resulting in the production of live offspring, was confirmed in several combination of closely related species. When nucleus donor cells and recipient oocytes have been used in many other combinations, very often with a very distant taxonomical relation iSCNT resulted only in the very early stages of cloned embryo development. Problems encountered during iSCNT related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)/genomic DNA incompatibility, mtDNA heteroplasmy, embryonic genome activation of the donor nucleus by the recipient oocyte and availability of suitable foster mothers for iSCNT embryos. Implementing assisted reproductive technologies, including iSCNT, to conservation programmes also raises concerns that the production of genetically identical populations might cause problems with inbreeding. The article aims at presenting achievements, limitations and perspectives of iSCNT in maintaining animal biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mrowiec
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesława Młodawska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
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Cordova A, King WA, Mastromonaco GF. Choosing a culture medium for SCNT and iSCNT reconstructed embryos: from domestic to wildlife species. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 59:24. [PMID: 29152322 PMCID: PMC5680814 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, in vitro culture media have been developed to successfully support IVF embryo growth in a variety of species. Advanced reproductive technologies, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), challenge us with a new type of embryo, with special nutritional requirements and altered physiology under in vitro conditions. Numerous studies have successfully reconstructed cloned embryos of domestic animals for biomedical research and livestock production. However, studies evaluating suitable culture conditions for SCNT embryos in wildlife species are scarce (for both intra- and interspecies SCNT). Most of the existing studies derive from previous IVF work done in conventional domestic species. Extrapolation to non-domestic species presents significant challenges since we lack information on reproductive processes and embryo development in most wildlife species. Given the challenges in adapting culture media and conditions from IVF to SCNT embryos, developmental competence of SCNT embryos remains low. This review summarizes research efforts to tailor culture media to SCNT embryos and explore the different outcomes in diverse species. It will also consider how these culture media protocols have been extrapolated to wildlife species, most particularly using SCNT as a cutting-edge technical resource to assist in the preservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada.,Reproductive Physiology, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario Canada
| | - W A King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - G F Mastromonaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada.,Reproductive Physiology, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario Canada
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Opiela J, Samiec M, Romanek J. In vitro development and cytological quality of inter-species (porcine→bovine) cloned embryos are affected by trichostatin A-dependent epigenomic modulation of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Theriogenology 2017; 97:27-33. [PMID: 28583605 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Artificial epigenomic modulation of in vitro cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by applying a non-selective HDAC inhibitor, termed TSA, can facilitate more epigenetic reprogramming of transcriptional activity of the somatic cell-descended nuclear genome in NT pig embryos. The results of the present investigation showed that TSA-dependent epigenomic modulation of nuclear donor MSCs highly affects both the in vitro developmental capability and the cytological quality of inter-species (porcine→bovine) cloned embryos. The developmental competences to reach the blastocyst stage among hybrid (porcine→bovine) nuclear-transferred embryos that had been reconstructed with bovine ooplasts and epigenetically modulated porcine MSCs were maintained at a relatively high level. These competences were higher than those noted in studies by other authors, but they were still decreased compared to those of intra-species (porcine) cloned embryos that had been reconstituted with porcine ooplasts and either the cell nuclei of epigenetically transformed MSCs or the cell nuclei of epigenetically non-transformed MSCs. In conclusion, MSCs undergoing TSA-dependent epigenetic transformation were used for the first time as a source of nuclear donor cells not only for inter-species somatic cell cloning in pigs but also for inter-species somatic cell cloning in other livestock species. Moreover, as a result of the current research, efficient sequential physicochemical activation of inter-species nuclear-transferred clonal cybrids derived from bovine ooplasm and porcine MSC nuclei was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Opiela
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice n., Kraków, Poland.
| | - M Samiec
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice n., Kraków, Poland
| | - J Romanek
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice n., Kraków, Poland
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Kwon D, Koo OJ, Kim MJ, Jang G, Lee BC. Nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility in interorder rhesus monkey-cow embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer. Primates 2016; 57:471-8. [PMID: 27165688 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monkey interorder somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) using enucleated cow oocytes yielded poor blastocysts development and contradictory results among research groups. Determining the reason for this low blastocyst development is a prerequisite for optimizing iSCNT in rhesus monkeys. The aim of this study was to elucidate nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility of rhesus monkey-cow iSCNT embryos and its relationship to low blastocyst development. Cytochrome b is a protein of complex III of the electron transport chain (ETC). According to meta-analysis of amino acid sequences, the homology of cytochrome b is 75 % between rhesus monkeys and cattle. To maintain the function of ETC after iSCNT, 4n iSCNT embryos were produced by fusion of non-enucleated cow oocytes and rhesus monkey somatic cells. The blastocyst development rate of 4n iSCNT embryos was higher than that of 2n embryos (P < 0.01). Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an indirect indicator of ETC activity of cells. The ROS levels of 4n iSCNT embryos was higher than that of 2n embryos (P < 0.01). Collectively, rhesus monkey iSCNT embryos reconstructed with cow oocytes have nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility due to fundamental species differences between rhesus monkeys and cattle. Nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility seems to correlate with low ETC activity and extremely low blastocyst development of rhesus monkey-cow iSCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekee Kwon
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Ok-Jae Koo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.,Emergency Center for Personalized Food-Medicine Therapy System, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea. .,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Korea.
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Yelisetti UM, Komjeti S, Katari VC, Sisinthy S, Brahmasani SR. Interspecies nuclear transfer using fibroblasts from leopard, tiger, and lion ear piece collected postmortem as donor cells and rabbit oocytes as recipients. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:632-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Embryo aggregation does not improve the development of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in the horse. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1081-1091. [PMID: 27157390 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The low efficiency of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) makes it necessary to investigate new strategies to improve embryonic developmental competence. Embryo aggregation has been successfully applied to improve cloning efficiency in mammals, but it remains unclear whether it could also be beneficial for iSCNT. In this study, we first compared the effect of embryo aggregation over in vitro development and blastocyst quality of porcine, bovine, and feline zona-free (ZF) parthenogenetic (PA) embryos to test the effects of embryo aggregation on species that were later used as enucleated oocytes donors in our iSCNT study. We then assessed whether embryo aggregation could improve the in vitro development of ZF equine iSCNT embryos after reconstruction with porcine, bovine, and feline ooplasm. Bovine- and porcine-aggregated PA blastocysts had significantly larger diameters compared with nonaggregated embryos. On the other hand, feline- and bovine-aggregated PA embryos had higher blastocyst cell number. Embryo aggregation of equine-equine SCNT was found to be beneficial for embryo development as we have previously reported, but the aggregation of three ZF reconstructed embryos did not improve embryo developmental rates on iSCNT. In vitro embryo development of nonaggregated iSCNT was predominantly arrested around the stage when transcriptional activation of the embryonic genome is reported to start on the embryo of the donor species. Nevertheless, independent of embryo aggregation, equine blastocyst-like structures could be obtained in our study using domestic feline-enucleated oocytes. Taken together, these results reported that embryo aggregation enhance in vitro PA embryo development and embryo quality but effects vary depending on the species. Embryo aggregation also improves, as expected, the in vitro embryo development of equine-equine SCNT embryos; however, we did not observe positive effects on equine iSCNT embryo development. Among oocytes from domestic animals tested in our study, the feline ooplasm might be the most appropriate recipient to partially allow preimplantation embryo development of iSCNT equine embryos.
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Lagutina I, Fulka H, Lazzari G, Galli C. Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: advancements and problems. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:374-84. [PMID: 24033141 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryologists working with livestock species were the pioneers in the field of reprogramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Without the "Dolly experiment," the field of cellular reprogramming would have been slow and induced plutipotent cells (iPSCs) would not have been conceived. The major drive of the work in mammalian cloning was the interest of the breeding industry to propagate superior genotypes. Soon it was realized that the properties of oocytes could be used also to clone endangered mammalian species or to reprogram the genomes of unrelated species through what is known as interspecies (i) SCNT, using easily available oocytes of livestock species. iSCNT for cloning animals works only for species that can interbreed, and experiments with taxonomically distant species have not been successful in obtaining live births or deriving embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines to be used for regenerative medicine. There are controversial reports in the literature, but in most cases these experiments have underlined some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are incomplete during cell nucleus reprogramming, including the failure to organize nucleoli, silence somatic cell genes, activate the embryonic genome, and resume mitochondrial replication and function, thus indicating nucleus-cytoplasmic incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lagutina
- 1 Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione , Cremona, 26100, Italy
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Yang CX, Liu Z, Fleurot R, Adenot P, Duranthon V, Vignon X, Zhou Q, Renard JP, Beaujean N. Heterochromatin reprogramming in rabbit embryos after fertilization, intra-, and inter-species SCNT correlates with preimplantation development. Reproduction 2013; 145:149-59. [PMID: 23221012 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the embryonic genome organization upon fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), we tracked HP1β and CENP, two well-characterized protein markers of pericentric and centromeric compartments respectively, in four types of embryos produced by rabbit in vivo fertilization, rabbit parthenogenesis, rabbit-to-rabbit, and bovine-to-rabbit SCNT. In the interphase nuclei of rabbit cultured fibroblasts, centromeres and associated pericentric heterochromatin are usually isolated. Clustering into higher-order chromatin structures, such as the chromocenters seen in mouse and bovine somatic cells, could not be observed in rabbit fibroblasts. After fertilization, centromeres and associated pericentric heterochromatin are quite dispersed in rabbit embryos. The somatic-like organization is progressively established and completed only by the 8/16-cell stage, a stage that corresponds to major embryonic genome activation in this species. In SCNT embryos, pericentric heterochromatin distribution typical for rabbit and bovine somatic cells was incompletely reverted into the 1-cell embryonic form with remnants of heterochromatin clusters in 100% of bovine-to-rabbit embryos. Subsequently, the donor cell nuclear organization was rapidly re-established by the 4-cell stage. Remarkably, the incomplete remodeling of bovine-to-rabbit 1-cell embryos was associated with delayed transcriptional activation compared with rabbit-to-rabbit embryos. Together, the results confirm that pericentric heterochromatin spatio-temporal reorganization is an important step of embryonic genome reprogramming. It also appears that genome reorganization in SCNT embryos is mainly dependent on the nuclear characteristics of the donor cells, not on the recipient cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Yang
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Developpement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy en Josas, France
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Narbonne P, Miyamoto K, Gurdon JB. Reprogramming and development in nuclear transfer embryos and in interspecific systems. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:450-8. [PMID: 23062626 PMCID: PMC3654497 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer (NT) remains the most effective method to reprogram somatic cells to totipotency. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency however remains low, but recurrent problems occurring in partially reprogrammed cloned embryos have recently been identified and some remedied. In particular, the trophectoderm has been identified as a lineage whose reprogramming success has a large influence on SCNT embryo development. Several interspecific hybrid and cybrid reprogramming systems have been developed as they offer various technical advantages and potential applications, and together with SCNT, they have led to the identification of a series of reprogramming events and responsible reprogramming factors. Interspecific incompatibilities hinder full exploitation of cross-species reprogramming systems, yet recent findings suggest that these may not constitute insurmountable obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Narbonne
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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