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Yao J, Wang S, Li Y, Xu J, Ye R, Shen Y, Chen W, Dai N. How to treat major depressive disorder with shorter-duration hypomanic episodes? A case report. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1411882. [PMID: 39077629 PMCID: PMC11284331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1411882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we report on a case of a 61-year-old female patient with 7-year history of major depressive disorder with shorter-duration hypomanic episodes who was prescribed with antidepressants which turned out to be ineffective. After a COVID-19 infection, the patient's clinical presentation became sufficient for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and she was consistently effective on a mood stabilizer and an atypical antipsychotic. The course of treatment in this case suggests bipolar disorder is not a binary disorder, but a continuous spectrum disorder. For patients suffering from major depressive disorder with shorter-duration hypomanic episodes, mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics are possibly more suitable than antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenpang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Shaoxing 7th People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiating Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Department of General Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruihuan Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuedi Shen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yan R, Marshall T, Khullar A, Nagle T, Knowles J, Malkin M, Chubbs B, Swainson J. Patient-reported outcomes on sleep quality and circadian rhythm during treatment with intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2024; 14:20451253241231264. [PMID: 38440104 PMCID: PMC10910882 DOI: 10.1177/20451253241231264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous (IV) ketamine is a rapid acting antidepressant used primarily for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It has been suggested that IV ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects may be partially mediated via improved sleep and changes to the circadian rhythm. Objectives This study explores IV ketamine's association with changes in patient-reported sleep quality and circadian rhythm in an adult population with TRD. Methods Adult patients (18-64 years) with TRD scheduled for IV ketamine treatment were recruited to complete patient rated outcomes measures on sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and circadian rhythm using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Over a 4-week course of eight ketamine infusions, reports were obtained at baseline (T0), prior to second treatment (T1), prior to fifth treatment (T2), and 1 week after eighth treatment (T3). Results Forty participants with TRD (mean age = 42.8, 45% male) were enrolled. Twenty-nine (72.5%) had complete follow-up data. Paired t tests revealed statistically significant improvements at the end of treatment in sleep quality (PSQI) (p = 0.003) and depressive symptoms (Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale-Depression, p < 0.001) while circadian rhythm (MEQ) shifted earlier (p = 0.007). The PSQI subscale components of sleep duration (p = 0.008) and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.001) also improved. In an exploratory post hoc analysis, ketamine's impact on sleep quality was more prominent in patients with mixed features, while its chronobiotic effect was prominent in those without mixed features. Conclusion IV ketamine may improve sleep quality and advance circadian rhythm in individuals with TRD. Effects may differ in individuals with mixed features of depression as compared to those without. Since this was a small uncontrolled study, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Atul Khullar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Travis Nagle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jake Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mai Malkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittany Chubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Swainson
- Cabrini Center, 3rd Floor, 16811-88 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5R 5YR
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Canada
- Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Petelin DS, Smoleevskiy AG, Volel' BA. [Psychopharmacotherapy of mixed affective states in bipolar disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:103-108. [PMID: 38465817 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
On the example of a patient with a mixed affective episode within the framework of bipolar affective disorder, the clinical features of this psychopathological condition, the difficulties of diagnosis and selection of therapy in mixed states are presented. The use of the modern atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone in this category of patients is argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Petelin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Smoleevskiy
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - B A Volel'
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Zimmerman M, Mackin D. Identifying the DSM-5 mixed features specifier in depressed patients: A comparison of measures. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:854-859. [PMID: 37490969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A commonly used measure to assess mixed features in depressed patients is the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), which only partially aligns with the DSM-5 criteria. Different algorithms on the YMRS have been used to approximate the DSM-5 mixed features criteria. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we examined the agreement and validity of different approaches towards assessing the mixed features specifier. METHODS Three hundred nine depressed psychiatric patients were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the DSM-5 Mixed Features Specifier Interview (DMSI) and the YMRS. Seven definitions of mixed features were examined, two based on the DMSI and five from the YMRS. RESULTS The prevalence of mixed features varied 8-fold amongst the 7 definitions. The level of agreement between the YMRS definitions and the DMSI was poor. For each definition, mixed features were significantly more common in patients with bipolar disorder than major depressive disorder. A family history of bipolar disorder was significantly associated with the DMSI assessment of mixed features but none of the YMRS approaches. LIMITATIONS The ratings on the measures were not independent of each other. The sample size was too small to compare the patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. CONCLUSIONS While there was evidence of validity for both the DSM-5 and YMRS approaches towards identifying mixed features, the 2 approaches are not interchangeable. The algorithm on the YMRS used to classify patients has a significant impact on prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, South County Psychiatry, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Daniel Mackin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, South County Psychiatry, Providence, RI, United States
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Tundo A, Musetti L, Betrò S, Cambiali E, de Filippis R, Marazziti D, Mucci F, Proietti L, Dell’Osso L. Are anxious and mixed depression two sides of the same coin? Similarities and differences in patients with bipolar I, II and unipolar disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2023; 66:e75. [PMID: 37697671 PMCID: PMC10594275 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic criteria are not always useful to discriminate major depression with anxious distress (ADS-D; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, version-5 [DSM-5] criteria) from mixed depression (Koukopoulos' criteria; KMX-D). So, clinicians need alternative tools to improve their diagnostic ability and to choose the most appropriate treatment. The aim of the present study is to identify socio-demographic and clinical features that discriminate patients with ADS-D from those with KMX-D. METHODS Two hundred and forty-one consecutive outpatients with unipolar (51%) and bipolar (49%) disorder, fulfilling DSM-5 criteria for a current major depressive episode (MDE) and with a 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≥ 14, were recruited and treated in a prospective observational study. RESULTS Ten percent of patients met criteria for KMX-D, 22% ADS-D, and 37% for both. Irritable premorbid temperament, mixed depression polarity at onset, mixed depression recurrence, and a high number of mania symptoms at intake were typical features of patients with KMX-D. Depressive polarity at onset, a low number of mania symptoms at intake, and generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity were typical features of patients with ADS-D. Multinomial logistic regression confirmed that higher rate of irritable temperament and higher Young Mania Rating Scale total score differentiated patients with KMX-D from patients with pure MDE. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest some clinical features that could help differentiate between ADS-D and KMX-D in patients meeting both conditions and to select the appropriate treatment. However, the small sample size may have limited the power to detect differences between the groups. Further research is needed to confirm the results of present study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Erika Cambiali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Szałach ŁP, Lisowska KA, Cubała WJ, Barbuti M, Perugi G. The immunomodulatory effect of lithium as a mechanism of action in bipolar disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1213766. [PMID: 37662097 PMCID: PMC10469704 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1213766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression alternating with periods of euthymia. Although environmental and genetic factors have been described, their pathogenesis is not fully understood. Much evidence suggests a role for inflammatory mediators and immune dysregulation in the development of BD. The first-line treatment in BD are mood-stabilizing agents, one of which is lithium (Li) salts. The Li mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it has been proposed that its robust immunomodulatory properties might be one of the mechanisms responsible for its effectiveness. In this article, the authors present the current knowledge about immune system changes accompanying BD, as well as the immunomodulatory effect of lithium. The results of studies describing connections between immune system changes and lithium effectiveness are often incoherent. Further research is needed to understand the connection between immune system modulation and the therapeutic action of lithium in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P. Szałach
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A. Lisowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiesław J. Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Margherita Barbuti
- Psychiatry Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Psychiatry Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Bogdanova D. Gait disorders in unipolar and bipolar depression. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15864. [PMID: 37305515 PMCID: PMC10256928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bipolar and unipolar depressions have a similar clinical picture, but different neurological and psychological mechanisms. These misleading similarities can lead to overdiagnosis and increased suicide risk. Recent studies show that gait is a sensitive objective marker for distinguishing the type of depression. The present study aims to compare psychomotor reactivity disorders and gait activity in unipolar and bipolar depression. Methods A total of 636 people aged 40.7 ± 11.2 years are studied with an ultrasound cranio-corpo-graph. They are divided into three groups - patients with unipolar depression, with bipolar depression and healthy controls. Each person performs three psychomotor tasks - a classic Unterberger task, a simplified version with open eyes and a complex version with an additional cognitive task. Results We find significant differences in psychomotor activity and reactivity between the three groups. Bipolar patients have more inhibited psychomotor skills than unipolar and they are both more inhibited than the norms. The simplified variant of the equilibriometric task is the most sensitive one and psychomotor reactivity is a more precise marker than psychomotor activity. Conclusion Both psychomotor activity and reactivity in gait could be sensitive markers for distinguishing similar psychiatric conditions. The application of the cranio-corpo-graph and the possible development of similar devices could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including early detection and prediction of the type of depression.
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Polgári P, Weiner L, Causin JB, Bertschy G, Giersch A. Investigating racing thoughts via ocular temporal windows: deficits in the control of automatic perceptual processes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1176-1184. [PMID: 37010216 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racing thoughts have been found in several states of bipolar disorder (BD), but also in healthy populations with subclinical mood alterations. The evaluation of racing thoughts relies on subjective reports, and objective measures are sparse. The current study aims at finding an objective neuropsychological equivalent of racing thoughts in a mixed group of BD patients and healthy controls by using a bistable perception paradigm. METHOD Eighty-three included participants formed three groups based on participants' levels of racing thoughts reported via the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire. Participants reported reversals in their perception during viewing of the bistable Necker cube either spontaneously, while asked to focus on one interpretation of the cube, or while asked to accelerate perceptual reversals. The dynamics of perceptual alternations were studied both at a conscious level (with manual temporal windows reflecting perceptual reversals) and at a more automatic level (with ocular temporal windows derived from ocular fixations). RESULTS The rate of windows was less modulated by attentional conditions in participants with racing thoughts, and most clearly so for ocular windows. The rate of ocular windows was especially high when participants with racing thoughts were asked to focus on one interpretation of the Necker cube and when they received these instructions for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in subjects with racing thoughts automatic perceptual processes escape cognitive control mechanisms. Racing thoughts may involve not only conscious thought mechanisms but also more automatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Polgári
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Causin
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Campos LA, Baltatu OC, Senar S, Ghimouz R, Alefishat E, Cipolla-Neto J. Multiplatform-Integrated Identification of Melatonin Targets for a Triad of Psychosocial-Sleep/Circadian-Cardiometabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010860. [PMID: 36614302 PMCID: PMC9821171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several psychosocial, sleep/circadian, and cardiometabolic disorders have intricately interconnected pathologies involving melatonin disruption. Therefore, we hypothesize that melatonin could be a therapeutic target for treating potential comorbid diseases associated with this triad of psychosocial-sleep/circadian-cardiometabolic disorders. We investigated melatonin's target prediction and tractability for this triad of disorders. The melatonin's target prediction for the proposed psychosocial-sleep/circadian-cardiometabolic disorder triad was investigated using databases from Europe PMC, ChEMBL, Open Targets Genetics, Phenodigm, and PheWAS. The association scores for melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 with this disorder triad were explored for evidence of target-disease predictions. The potential of melatonin as a tractable target in managing the disorder triad was investigated using supervised machine learning to identify melatonin activities in cardiovascular, neuronal, and metabolic assays at the cell, tissue, and organism levels in a curated ChEMBL database. Target-disease visualization was done by graphs created using "igraph" library-based scripts and displayed using the Gephi ForceAtlas algorithm. The combined Europe PMC (data type: text mining), ChEMBL (data type: drugs), Open Targets Genetics Portal (data type: genetic associations), PhenoDigm (data type: animal models), and PheWAS (data type: genetic associations) databases yielded types and varying levels of evidence for melatonin-disease triad correlations. Of the investigated databases, 235 association scores of melatonin receptors with the targeted diseases were greater than 0.2; to classify the evidence per disease class: 37% listed psychosocial disorders, 9% sleep/circadian disorders, and 54% cardiometabolic disorders. Using supervised machine learning, 546 cardiovascular, neuronal, or metabolic experimental assays with predicted or measured melatonin activity scores were identified in the ChEMBL curated database. Of 248 registered trials, 144 phase I to IV trials for melatonin or agonists have been completed, of which 33.3% were for psychosocial disorders, 59.7% were for sleep/circadian disorders, and 6.9% were for cardiometabolic disorders. Melatonin's druggability was evidenced by evaluating target prediction and tractability for the triad of psychosocial-sleep/circadian-cardiometabolic disorders. While melatonin research and development in sleep/circadian and psychosocial disorders is more advanced, as evidenced by melatonin association scores, substantial evidence on melatonin discovery in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders supports continued R&D in cardiometabolic disorders, as evidenced by melatonin activity scores. A multiplatform analysis provided an integrative assessment of the target-disease investigations that may justify further translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aparecida Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology, and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University—Anima Institute, Sao Jose dos Campos Technology Park, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (L.A.C.); (O.C.B.)
| | - Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology, and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University—Anima Institute, Sao Jose dos Campos Technology Park, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (L.A.C.); (O.C.B.)
| | | | - Rym Ghimouz
- Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 3798, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Which patients with bipolar depression receive antidepressant augmentation? Results from an observational multicenter study. CNS Spectr 2022; 27:731-739. [PMID: 34505564 DOI: 10.1017/s109285292100078x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of bipolar depressed patients who require antidepressant (AD) augmentation, and to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness and safety of this therapeutic strategy. METHODS One hundred twenty-two bipolar depressed patients were consecutively recruited, 71.7% of them received mood stabilizers (MS)/second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) with AD-augmentation and 28.3% did not. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and after 12 weeks and 15 months of treatment. RESULTS The AD-augmentation was significantly higher in patients with bipolar II compared with bipolar I diagnosis. Patients with MS/SGA + AD had often a seasonal pattern, depressive polarity onset, depressive index episode with anxious features, a low number of previous psychotic and (hypo)manic episodes and of switch. They had a low irritable premorbid temperament, a low risk of suicide attempts, and a low number of manic symptoms at baseline. After 12 weeks of treatment, 82% of patients receiving ADs improved, 58% responded and 51% remitted, 3.8% had suicidal thoughts or projects, 6.1% had (hypo)manic switch, and 4.1% needed hospitalization. During the following 12 months, 92% of them remitted from index episode, 25.5% did not relapse, and 11% needed hospitalization. Although at the start advantaged, patients with AD-augmentation, compared with those without AD-augmentation, did not significantly differ on any outcome as well on adverse events in the short- and long-term treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that ADs, combined with MS and/or SGA, are short and long term effective and safe in a specific subgroup for bipolar depressed patients.
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D’Ambrozio G, Cosgrove L, Lilly S, McCarthy T. Harm Reduction, Humanistic Psychology, and the CRPD. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678221136240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Harm reduction, which was initially developed as a public health response to illicit drug use, has relevance to the prescription of psychotropic medication. Indeed, focusing on the agency of people who use drugs—licit or illicit—facilitates a more authentic engagement with treatment. In this paper, we show how the framework of harm reduction is congruent with the guiding principles of both humanistic psychology and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Moreover, applying a harm reduction model to psychotropic drug use raises awareness that there are risks to taking these medications, risks which are frequently glossed over because of the emphasis on medication adherence and compliance. We provide case examples of organizations that take a person-centered (vs. medication-centered) approach to people experiencing mental health crises. In their unique ways, these organizations embody the principles of harm reduction and the humanistic impulse that informs the CRPD.
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Gołyszny M, Zieliński M, Paul-Samojedny M, Pałasz A, Obuchowicz E. Chronic treatment with escitalopram and venlafaxine affects the neuropeptide S pathway differently in adult Wistar rats exposed to maternal separation. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:395-422. [PMID: 36329901 PMCID: PMC9581731 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS), which is a peptide that is involved in the regulation of the stress response, seems to be relevant to the mechanism of action of antidepressants that have anxiolytic properties. However, to date, there have been no reports regarding the effect of long-term treatment with escitalopram or venlafaxine on the NPS system under stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the above-mentioned antidepressants on the NPS system in adult male Wistar rats that were exposed to neonatal maternal separation (MS). Animals were exposed to MS for 360 min. on postnatal days (PNDs) 2-15. MS causes long-lasting behavioral, endocrine and neurochemical consequences that mimic anxiety- and depression-related features. MS and non-stressed rats were given escitalopram or venlafaxine (10mg/kg) IP from PND 69 to 89. The NPS system was analyzed in the brainstem, hypothalamus, amygdala and anterior olfactory nucleus using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. The NPS system was vulnerable to MS in the brainstem and amygdala. In the brainstem, escitalopram down-regulated NPS and NPS mRNA in the MS rats and induced a tendency to reduce the number of NPS-positive cells in the peri-locus coeruleus. In the MS rats, venlafaxine insignificantly decreased the NPSR mRNA levels in the amygdala and a number of NPSR cells in the basolateral amygdala, and increased the NPS mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. Our data show that the studied antidepressants affect the NPS system differently and preliminarily suggest that the NPS system might partially mediate the pharmacological effects that are induced by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Mineo L, Rodolico A, Spedicato GA, Aguglia A, Bolognesi S, Concerto C, Cuomo A, Goracci A, Serafini G, Maina G, Fagiolini A, Amore M, Aguglia E. Which mixed depression model? A comparison between DSM-5-defined mixed features and Koukopoulos' criteria. Bipolar Disord 2022; 24:530-538. [PMID: 34846773 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition "with mixed features specifier" (DSM-5 MFS) are considered controversial since they include only typical manic symptoms. By contrast, Koukopoulos developed an alternative model of mixed depression (MxD) focusing primarily on the excitatory component. OBJECTIVE To compare DSM-5 MFS and Koukopoulos' MxD (KMxD) in terms of prevalence, associated clinical variables, and discriminative capacity for bipolar depression in patients with major depressive episode (MDE). METHODS A total of 300 patients with MDE-155 with major depressive disorder and 145 with bipolar disorder (BD)-were recruited. The discriminative capacity of DSM-5 MFS and KMxD criteria for BD was estimated using the area under the curves of receiver operating characteristic (ROC_AUC). The clinical variables associated with these two diagnostic constructs were assessed by performing a logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 44 and 165 patients met the DSM-5 MFS and KMxD criteria, respectively. The ROC_AUCs and their confidence intervals for BD according to DSM-5 MFS and KMxD were 77.0% (72.0%-82.1%) and 71.9% (66.2%-77.7%), respectively. The optimal thresholds (combining sensitivity and specificity measures) for BD diagnosis were ≥1 (77%/68%) for DSM-5 MFS and ≥3 symptoms (78%/66%) for KMxD. However, considering the DSM-5 MFS cut-off (≥3 symptoms), the specificity (97%) increased at the expense of sensitivity (26%). CONCLUSIONS KMxD and DSM-5-MFS showed an overlapping discriminative capacity for bipolar depression. The current diagnostic threshold of DSM-5 MFS did not prove to be very inclusive, if compared with the greater diagnostic sensitivity of KMxD, which also yielded better association with clinical variables related to mixedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Mineo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio A Spedicato
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Bolognesi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carmen Concerto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Goracci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Garg S, Goyal N, Tikka SK, Mishra P. Pragmatic issues and prescribing patterns in bipolar disorder: A mental health professional's survey. Ind Psychiatry J 2022; 31:235-242. [PMID: 36419708 PMCID: PMC9678165 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_22_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is substantial treatment gap between the suggested guidelines and pragmatic clinical practice for psychotropic usage in bipolar disorder (BD) due to the lack of naturalistic studies and not taking into account the transcultural differences and diverse background. We intend to study this treatment gap and elucidate the preference of psychotropics and prescription patterns, critical clinical issues faced and related pragmatics in BD by conducting the mental health professionals survey. METHODOLOGY After focused discussions, Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments guidelines being the primary anchor, a 46-item online survey questionnaire was prepared. With 25.4% response rate, 127 psychiatrists were evaluated using Survey Monkey® electronic platform on the demographics, predominant polarity; usage of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and electroconvulsive therapy, psychotropic's preference (monotherapy vs. polytherapy) in the acute and maintenance phase of BD. RESULTS Majority of the participants were males (70.9%) and placed in government institute or medical colleges. Majority agreed that child and adolescent and old age bipolar probands are not routinely seen but subthreshold BD cases are frequent; did not prefer mood stabilizer in pregnancy (61.4%) and antidepressants, preferred polytherapy in acute but monotherapy in maintenance phase (after 3rd episode), seldom preferred ECT as an option (more in suicidality), agreed to a subset of BD being refractory and neuroprogressive. CONCLUSION This study elucidates the importance of treatment preferences, prescribing patterns and pragmatic issues faced by the clinicians. These patterns if studied longitudinally in a systematic manner would help in modifying the potential treatment strategies and reduce treatment gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nishant Goyal
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Ranchi, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Preeti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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15
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Aripiprazole as First-Line Therapy for Late-Life Depression: A Case Note Review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 42:280-283. [PMID: 35185117 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aripiprazole, structurally considered a third-generation antipsychotic agent, is an effective adjuvant strategy for managing treatment-resistant depression. It has been used successfully as an add-on agent in late-life depression (LLD), but there are no controlled trials on its use as first-line therapy, either alone or in combination with an antidepressant. METHODS This is a case note review of aripiprazole prescribed to outpatients with LLD as a first-line therapy either in combination with an antidepressant or as a monotherapy. The local ethics committee approved the audit. Case notes of subjects with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores of ≥11 and with at least 1 follow-up visit were included in the review. Remission was defined as the first occurrence of achieving a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score of <10. RESULTS Case notes of 54 subjects (mean age, 68.6 ± 6.9 years) were included, 52 of whom had unipolar depression. Aripiprazole alone was prescribed in 21 subjects, and with an antidepressant in the remaining subjects. The overall remission rate was 59% over 21 weeks, and in the remitted subjects (n = 32), the cumulative remission rate increased from 22% at week 2 to 82% at week 10. No subject discontinued treatment because of poor tolerability or serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Aripiprazole was found to be an effective first-line antidepressant in LLD. The remission rates in the present study were considerably higher than the published literature on antidepressant monotherapy in fresh episodes of LLD. This warrants controlled trials of aripiprazole as a first-line antidepressant for this disease entity.
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16
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Kameg B, Champion C. Atypical antipsychotics: Managing adverse effects. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:691-695. [PMID: 33955013 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of common adverse effects and management strategies related to atypical antipsychotic use. CONCLUSIONS Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed. While effective, atypical antipsychotics are associated with metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia, among others adverse effects. Management strategies can mitigate adverse effects and promote optimum quality of life. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To be able to identify and manage adverse effects associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics, it is important to build a supportive therapeutic environment at each interaction with patients and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden Kameg
- Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire Champion
- Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Natale A, Mineo L, Fusar-Poli L, Aguglia A, Rodolico A, Tusconi M, Amerio A, Serafini G, Amore M, Aguglia E. Mixed Depression: A Mini-Review to Guide Clinical Practice and Future Research Developments. Brain Sci 2022; 12:92. [PMID: 35053835 PMCID: PMC8773514 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate on mixed states (MS) has been intense for decades. However, several points remain controversial from a nosographic, diagnostic, and therapeutic point of view. The different perspectives that have emerged over the years have turned into a large, but heterogeneous, literature body. The present review aims to summarize the evidence on MS, with a particular focus on mixed depression (MxD), in order to provide a guide for clinicians and encourage the development of future research on the topic. First, we review the history of MS, focusing on their different interpretations and categorizations over the centuries. In this section, we also report alternative models to traditional nosography. Second, we describe the main clinical features of MxD and list the most reliable assessment tools. Finally, we summarize the recommendations provided by the main international guidelines for the treatment of MxD. Our review highlights that the different conceptualizations of MS and MxD, the variability of clinical pictures, and the heterogeneous response to pharmacological treatment make MxD a real challenge for clinicians. Further studies are needed to better characterize the phenotypes of patients with MxD to help clinicians in the management of this delicate condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Natale
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.F.-P.); (A.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Ludovico Mineo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.F.-P.); (A.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.F.-P.); (A.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.F.-P.); (A.R.); (E.A.)
| | - Massimo Tusconi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (L.M.); (L.F.-P.); (A.R.); (E.A.)
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Efficacy and safety of 24-week pramipexole augmentation in patients with treatment resistant depression. A retrospective cohort study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110425. [PMID: 34375683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist with potential antidepressant, neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In the present study we investigated the 24 weeks effect and safety of traditional AD augmentation with pramipexole for treatment-resistant depression. The study includes 116 patients, 37 (32%) with bipolar disorders and 79 (68%) with major depressive disorder, who failed to respond to at least 2 ADs trials of different classes and that were treated with AD augmented with pramipexole. Mood stabilizers and/or second-generation antipsychotics were added in patients with bipolar or mixed depression. Exclusion criteria were psychotic depression, rapid cycling bipolar course and previous unsuccessful treatment with pramipexole. After 24 weeks of pramipexole augmentation (median max dose 1.05 mg/day, IQR 0.72-1.08) 74.1% of patients responded (≥50% reduction of baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale21 total score) and 66.4% remitted (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale21 total score < 7). Global Assessment of Functioning score significantly increase from 53 (50-60) at baseline to 80 (71-81) at 24 weeks (Wilcoxon signed rank test = 8.174, p < 0.001]. Ten patients (8.6%) dropped out (8 due to side effects and 2 for lack of efficacy) and 1 experienced an induced hypomanic switch. No patient committed a suicide attempt, had suicidal ideation, needed hospitalization, reported lethargy, gambling, hypersexuality and compulsive shopping. The limitations of the study are the observational design, the lack of a control group, the inclusion of outpatients only, the unblinded outcomes assessment, and the flexibility of the add-on schedule. The findings of the present study showed that off-label use of pramipexole as augmentation of traditional AD is an effective and safe 24 weeks treatment of resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. These results need confirmation from randomized clinical trials on larger samples.
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20
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Ding R, Wang Y, Ye X, Zhu D, Shi X, He P. Antidepressant use and expenditure in the treatment of patients with depression: Evidence from China urban medical claims data. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:603-608. [PMID: 34655697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have analyzed the use of antidepressants among population suffering from depression in China. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and the cost of commonly prescribed antidepressants among patients with depression. METHODS This study used data that comprised 5% random sample of claims data from China's Urban Basic Medical Insurance between 2013 and 2016. We estimated the prevalence, calculated the proportions of those on antidepressant treatment as well as those on specific drugs. RESULTS Among 26 826 patients with depression, 62.31% were prescribed with antidepressants in urban China, and the estimated average annual total cost of antidepressants per patient was RMB887.7(USD140.9). The prevalence of antidepressant prescription was higher among patients aged 15-24 years, having URBMI insurance, with recurrent depression and having severe or moderate depression. Approximately 9.3% of patients used more than one type of antidepressants and 19% of patients have only one prescription of antidepressant in a year. CONCLUSION Our analyses showed that antidepressant prescribing was prevalent among patients with depression, particularly in adolescents and youth groups, and are subject to variation with clinical features and different insurance scheme. Further investigation of antidepressant use patterns, such as duration, combination and switching, as well as treatment trajectories will facilitate our understanding of the pharmacotherapy practices of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Ding
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanshang Wang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Ye
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191, China.
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21
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Gong Y, Lu Z, Kang Z, Feng X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Chen W, Xun G, Yue W. Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidants as biomarkers for mood disorders: Evidence from a machine learning prediction model. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1019618. [PMID: 36419979 PMCID: PMC9676245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1019618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is related to the pathogenesis of mood disorders, and the level of oxidative stress may differ between bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to detect the differences in non-enzymatic antioxidant levels between BD and MDD and assess the predictive values of non-enzymatic antioxidants in mood disorders by applying a machine learning model. METHODS Peripheral uric acid (UA), albumin (ALB), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were measured in 1,188 participants (discover cohort: 157 with BD and 544 with MDD; validation cohort: 119 with BD and 95 with MDD; 273 healthy controls). An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model and a logistic regression model were used to assess the predictive effect. RESULTS All three indices differed between patients with mood disorders and healthy controls; in addition, the levels of UA in patients with BD were higher than those of patients with MDD. After treatment, UA levels increased in the MDD group, while they decreased in the BD group. Finally, we entered age, sex, UA, ALB, and TBIL into the XGBoost model. The area under the curve (AUC) of the XGBoost model for distinguishing between BD and MDD reached 0.849 (accuracy = 0.808, 95% CI = 0.719-0.878) and for distinguishing between BD with depression episode (BD-D) and MDD was 0.899 (accuracy = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.856-0.919). The models were validated in the validation cohort. The most important feature distinguishing between BD and MDD was UA. CONCLUSION Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidants, especially the UA, might be a potential biomarker capable of distinguishing between BD and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Gong
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhewei Kang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyanan Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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Menculini G, Steardo L, Sciarma T, D'Angelo M, Lanza L, Cinesi G, Cirimbilli F, Moretti P, Verdolini N, De Fazio P, Tortorella A. Sex Differences in Bipolar Disorders: Impact on Psychopathological Features and Treatment Response. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:926594. [PMID: 35757228 PMCID: PMC9226371 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.926594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex differences were demonstrated in bipolar disorders (BD) concerning epidemiological, clinical, and psychopathological characteristics, but consensus is lacking. Moreover, data concerning the influence of sex on treatment response in BD is contrasting. The present cross-sectional study aimed to analyze sex differences in a population of BD subjects, with specific focus on psychopathological features and treatment response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects diagnosed with BD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th version (DSM-5) were recruited. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Mania Rating Scale (MRS), the brief version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego-Münster version (briefTEMPS-M), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 items (BIS-11) were used for psychopathological assessment. Treatment response was appraised with the Alda Scale. We performed bivariate analyses to compare socio-demographic, clinical, and psychopathological characteristics between men and women (p < 0.05). A logistic regression was run to analyze features that were significantly associated with female sex. RESULTS Among the recruited 219 BD subjects, 119 (54.3%) were females. Women had a lower scholarity (p = 0.015) and were less frequently employed (p = 0.001). As for psychopathological features, a higher MRS total score (p < 0.001) was detected among women, as well as higher BIS-11 total score (p = 0.040), and briefTEMPS-M score for anxious temperament (p = 0.006). Men showed higher prevalence of DSM-5 mixed features (p = 0.025), particularly during a depressive episode (p = 0.014). Women reported longer duration of untreated illness (DUI) (p < 0.001). There were no sex differences in the Alda Scale total score when considering the whole sample, but this was significantly higher among men (p = 0.030) when evaluating subjects treated with anticonvulsants. At the logistic regression, female sex was positively associated with longer DUI (p < 0.001; OR 1.106, 95% CI 1.050-1.165) and higher MRS total score (p < 0.001; OR 1.085, 95% CI 1.044-1.128) and negatively associated with employment (p = 0.003; OR 0.359, 95% CI 0.185-0.698) and DSM-5 mixed features (p = 0.006; OR 0.391, 95% CI 0.200-0.762). CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation of BD may differ depending on sex. The severity of BD should not be neglected among women, who may also display worse treatment response to anticonvulsants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Menculini
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sciarma
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina D'Angelo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Lanza
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Cinesi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Cirimbilli
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Moretti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Local Health Unit Umbria 1, Department of Mental Health, Mental Health Center of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfonso Tortorella
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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23
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Tao H, Wang J, Shen D, Sun F, Jin W. Is aripiprazole similar to quetiapine for treatment of bipolar depression? Results from meta-analysis of Chinese data. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:850021. [PMID: 36159936 PMCID: PMC9500216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.850021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the similarities and differences in the clinical efficacy of aripiprazole and quetiapine in Chinese patients with bipolar depression through meta-analysis. Additionally, to provide evidence of aripiprazole in treatment for bipolar depression. METHODS We searched Chinese literature related to the study of aripiprazole and quetiapine in treatment for bipolar depression, among which results such as comments, letters, reviews, and case reports were excluded. The clinical efficacy between aripiprazole and quetiapine was synthesized and discussed. RESULT A total of 1,546 subjects were included in 17 studies. The random effect model was used to review the data by RevMan 5.2. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the remission rate between patients treated with aripiprazole and quetiapine evidenced by the scale used to evaluate the patients being treated for bipolar depression (221/501 vs. 193/501, Z = 1.12, P = 0.26). But the results also showed that the remission rate of aripiprazole with lithium carbonate was significantly higher than quetiapine with lithium carbonate in the treatment of bipolar depression (111/232 vs. 69/232, Z = 3.92, P < 0.0001). The results showed that the effective rate of aripiprazole was similar to quetiapine (426/572 vs. 386/572, Z = 2.70, P = 0.007). Overall, there was no difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) score between patients treated with aripiprazole and quetiapine (Z = 1.68, P = 0.09). The results also show that the drop-out rate of aripiprazole was similar to quetiapine in the treatment of patients with bipolar depression (Z = 1.80, P = 0.07). CONCLUSION As an atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole may be similar to quetiapine for treating bipolar depression with similar drop-out and higher remission rates when combined with lithium carbonate. However, the results of this study need to be read with caution given the poor quality of collected/analyzed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejian Tao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, 988 Hospital PLA, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Dong Shen
- JIaxing Kangci Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang Province Mental Health Center, Zhejiang Province Tongde Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Mental Health Center, Zhejiang Province Mental Health Institute, Zhejiang Province Tongde Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang Province Mental Health Center, Zhejiang Province Tongde Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Treatment of mixed depression with theta-burst stimulation (TBS): results from a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2257-2265. [PMID: 34193961 PMCID: PMC8580982 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mixed depression is probably different in terms of clinical course and response to treatment. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is well established in non-mixed depression, and theta-burst stimulation (TBS) protocol is replacing conventional protocols because of noninferiority and reduced delivery time. However, TBS has not been adequately studied in mixed states. This study was a double-blind, six-week, sham-controlled, and randomized clinical trial of bilateral TBS targeting the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, respectively. Adults with bipolar and major depressive disorder experiencing an acute mixed depression were eligible if they had not benefited from a first- or second-line treatment for acute unipolar or bipolar depression recommended by the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments. Out of 100 patients included, 90 composed modified intention-to-treat sample, which was patients that completed at least one week of the intervention. There were no significant differences in Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale score changes (least squares mean difference between groups at week 3, -0.06 [95% CI, - 3.39 to 3.51; P = 0.97] in favor of sham TBS). Response and remission rates per MADRS were also not statistically different among active and sham groups (35.7% vs. 43.7%, and 28.5% vs. 37.5% respectively at week 6, ps > 0.51). No other analyses from baseline to weeks 3 or 6 revealed significant time x group interaction or mean differences among groups in the mITT sample. Bilateral TBS targeting the DLPFC is not efficacious as an add-on treatment of acute bipolar and unipolar mixed depression. ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier: NCT04123301.
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Yatham LN, Chakrabarty T, Bond DJ, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S, Parikh SV, McIntyre RS, Milev RV, Alda M, Vazquez G, Ravindran AV, Frey BN, Sharma V, Goldstein BI, Rej S, O'Donovan C, Tourjman V, Kozicky JM, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Malhi G, Suppes T, Vieta E, Kapczinski F, Kanba S, Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Calabrese J, Berk M, Post R. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) recommendations for the management of patients with bipolar disorder with mixed presentations. Bipolar Disord 2021; 23:767-788. [PMID: 34599629 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 2018 Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) guidelines provided clinicians with pragmatic treatment recommendations for bipolar disorder (BD). While these guidelines included commentary on how mixed features may direct treatment selection, specific recommendations were not provided-a critical gap which the current update aims to address. METHOD Overview of research regarding mixed presentations in BD, with treatment recommendations developed using a modified CANMAT/ISBD rating methodology. Limitations are discussed, including the dearth of high-quality data and reliance on expert opinion. RESULTS No agents met threshold for first-line treatment of DSM-5 manic or depressive episodes with mixed features. For mania + mixed features second-line treatment options include asenapine, cariprazine, divalproex, and aripiprazole. In depression + mixed features, cariprazine and lurasidone are recommended as second-line options. For DSM-IV defined mixed episodes, with a longer history of research, asenapine and aripiprazole are first-line, and olanzapine (monotherapy or combination), carbamazepine, and divalproex are second-line. Research on maintenance treatments following a DSM-5 mixed presentation is extremely limited, with third-line recommendations based on expert opinion. For maintenance treatment following a DSM-IV mixed episode, quetiapine (monotherapy or combination) is first-line, and lithium and olanzapine identified as second-line options. CONCLUSION The CANMAT and ISBD groups hope these guidelines provide valuable support for clinicians providing care to patients experiencing mixed presentations, as well as further influence investment in research to improve diagnosis and treatment of this common and complex clinical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N Yatham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trisha Chakrabarty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ayal Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roumen V Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gustavo Vazquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun V Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, and St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Verinder Sharma
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Soham Rej
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Valerie Tourjman
- Department of Psychiatry and addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marcia Kauer-Sant'Anna
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gin Malhi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Trisha Suppes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, and St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Robert Post
- Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Individuals with bipolar disorder have a higher level of uric acid than major depressive disorder: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18307. [PMID: 34526613 PMCID: PMC8443646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, no well-established biomarkers were ever found to distinguish unipolar depression and bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to provide a clearer comparison of UA levels between BD and major depressive disorder. Peripheral UA of 119 patients with BD in acute stage (AS) and 77 in remission stage (RS), and 95 patients with UD in AS and 61 in RS were measured, so were 180 healthy controls. UA levels in BD group were higher than UD and HC groups regardless of the AS or RS, while differences in UA levels between UD group and HC group were not significant. Differences in UA levels of BD-M (bipolar mania/hypomania) were higher than BD-D (bipolar depression) subgroups, and UA levels of BD-M and BD-D subgroups were higher than UD and HC groups. The comparison of number of participants with hyperuricemia among groups confirmed the above results. There were no significant differences in UA levels of between drug-use and drug-free/naïve subgroups. UA could distinguish BD and UD significantly both in acute and remission stage. The study suggests patients with BD had a higher level of UA than UD, especially in mania episode. UA may be a potential biomarker to distinguish BD from UD.
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Weiner L, Guidi A, Doignon-Camus N, Giersch A, Bertschy G, Vanello N. Vocal features obtained through automated methods in verbal fluency tasks can aid the identification of mixed episodes in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:415. [PMID: 34341338 PMCID: PMC8329226 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of consensus on the diagnostic thresholds that could improve the detection accuracy of bipolar mixed episodes in clinical settings. Some studies have shown that voice features could be reliable biomarkers of manic and depressive episodes compared to euthymic states, but none thus far have investigated whether they could aid the distinction between mixed and non-mixed acute bipolar episodes. Here we investigated whether vocal features acquired via verbal fluency tasks could accurately classify mixed states in bipolar disorder using machine learning methods. Fifty-six patients with bipolar disorder were recruited during an acute episode (19 hypomanic, 8 mixed hypomanic, 17 with mixed depression, 12 with depression). Nine different trials belonging to four conditions of verbal fluency tasks-letter, semantic, free word generation, and associational fluency-were administered. Spectral and prosodic features in three conditions were selected for the classification algorithm. Using the leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) strategy to train the classifier, we calculated the accuracy rate, the F1 score, and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). For depression versus mixed depression, the accuracy and F1 scores were high, i.e., respectively 0.83 and 0.86, and the MCC was of 0.64. For hypomania versus mixed hypomania, accuracy and F1 scores were also high, i.e., 0.86 and 0.75, respectively, and the MCC was of 0.57. Given the high rates of correctly classified subjects, vocal features quickly acquired via verbal fluency tasks seem to be reliable biomarkers that could be easily implemented in clinical settings to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Weiner
- INSERM 1114, Strasbourg, France. .,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Andrea Guidi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo L, Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anne Giersch
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM 1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM 1114, Strasbourg, France ,grid.412220.70000 0001 2177 138XUniversity Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France ,grid.11843.3f0000 0001 2157 9291Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicola Vanello
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo L, Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Aguirre L. Navigating the diagnostic challenges of bipolar disorder in youth. JAAPA 2021; 34:21-27. [PMID: 34270499 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000758200.80004.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder in youth is difficult to diagnose and treat, but early detection is important to mitigate risks and improve patient outcomes. This article evaluates the unique challenges of diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Bipolar disorder is associated with a significant personal and societal health burden and frequently is misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated. More research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and which treatment options are best throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Aguirre
- Larry Aguirre practices family medicine and psychiatry with an emphasis on youth populations in Mendocino County, Calif., and serves as an adjunct instructor of health sciences at Mendocino College, and an officer in the California Army National Guard. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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29
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Lu Z, Wang Y, Xun G. Neurocognition Function of Patients With Bipolar Depression, Unipolar Depression, and Depression With Bipolarity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:696903. [PMID: 34393857 PMCID: PMC8355513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.696903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Much evidence shows that some Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-defined unipolar depression (UD) with bipolarity manifests bipolar diathesis. Little is known about the cognitive profiles of patients with depression with bipolarity (DWB). The study aimed to investigate the differences in cognitive profiles among patients with bipolar depression (BD), major depressive disorder (namely, UD), and DWB. Drug-naïve patients with BD, UD, and DWB and healthy controls (HC) were recruited (30 cases in each group). Cognitive function was evaluated by THINC-it (THINC-intelligent tool), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and continuous performance test (CPT). For THINC-it, no significant differences of the Z-scores in both objective and subjective factors were found between the DWB group and BD group, but the Z-scores in the BD group were significantly lower than those in the UD group. For WCST, significant differences were found between the BD group and DWB group in the number of responses, categories completed, trails to completed first category, perseverative responses, and perseverative errors. All the indices of WCST in the DWB group were significantly worse than those in the UD group except for trails to completed first category and total number of response correct. For CPT, only scores of leakage responses and false responses in the four-digit number in the BD group and DWB group were significantly higher than those in the UD group; no significant difference was found between the BD group and DWB group. The results indicated that patients with DWB might perform differently from those with UD but similarly to those with BD with cognition impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtan Wang
- Department of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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30
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Kameg BN. Bipolar disorder: Treatment strategies for women of childbearing age. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:1244-1249. [PMID: 33164215 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bipolar disorder is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, magnified in women of childbearing age. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the differential diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in women of childbearing age. CONCLUSIONS Differential diagnoses for bipolar disorder include depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma-related disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and personality disorders. Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of bipolar disorder include lithium, anti-epileptic medications, and atypical antipsychotics. In regard to women of childbearing age, consideration of risks, benefits, and alternative therapies is needed before initiating therapy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Caring for patients with bipolar disorder, particularly women of childbearing age, requires careful differentiation of bipolar disorder from other mental health problems, and prudent consideration of pharmacotherapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden N Kameg
- Department of Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
For decades clinicians and researchers have been thinking and writing about the spectrum of schizophrenia disorders. Indeed both Kraepelin and Bleuler believed in schizophrenia as a spectrum, both in a clinical (individual) and hereditary (family) continuum, from just some exquisite personality traits to unquestionable chronic and debilitating psychosis. Other authors would put the schizophrenia spectrum disorders on different levels of continuum: developmental, psychofunctional, existential, and genetic. Here, we would like to present an historical chronology for the schizophrenia-schizoaffective-bipolar spectra plus a tridimensional model for these spectra: the first axis for categories (affective versus nonaffective psychoses), the second axis for dimensions (personality versus full blown psychosis), and a third axis for biomarkers (remission versus relapse). We believe that without the schizophrenia-schizoaffective-bipolar spectra concept in our minds all our efforts will keep failing one the hardest quest: searching for biomarkers in schizophrenia and related disorders.
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32
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Tundo A, Musetti L, Del Grande C, de Filippis R, Proietti L, Cambiali E, Franceschini C, Dell'Osso L. Is short-term antidepressant treatment effective and safe in bipolar depression? Results from an observational multicenter study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2773. [PMID: 33351233 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the short-term effectiveness and the short-term and long-term safety of acute antidepressant (AD) treatment of bipolar depression in a naturalistic setting. METHODS Patients with bipolar (n = 86) or unipolar (n = 111) depression were consecutively recruited and treated with AD (combined with mood stabilizer [MS] and/or second-generation antipsychotics in bipolar depression). Exclusion criteria were mixed depression, high mood instability, previous predominantly mixed depression (both bipolar and unipolar depression), rapid cycling course and previous switch AD-emerging (bipolar depression). RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment, no difference was found in remission, response and improvement rates between bipolar and unipolar depression. Concerning short-term safety, switching and suicidality did not differ significantly between the two groups, and no suicide attempt was observed. Concerning long-term safety, patients with bipolar depression had a significant reduction of depressive and total recurrences during the year of follow-up, compared to the year before entering the study, without significant changes in (hypo)mania and mixed depression recurrences, and suicide rates. CONCLUSIONS Acute AD treatment of bipolar depression is effective in the short-term and safe in the short- and long-term, when administered in combination with MSs and/or second-generation antipsychotics, with a low risk of switch, mixed depression and cycle acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Erika Cambiali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Franceschini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kameg BN, Kameg KM. Treatment-resistant depression: An overview for psychiatric advanced practice nurses. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:689-694. [PMID: 32776552 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) can require complex management. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on the hypothesized neurobiology of depression, and to describe treatment options for patients impacted by TRD. CONCLUSIONS Recent neurobiological findings support the use of augmenting pharmacological agents, neuromodulation techniques, and esketamine as effective in achieving remission for those with TRD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS First-line interventions for depression can be safely managed by primary care providers. Psychiatric advanced practice nurses must be well versed and capable of treating more complicated cases, including TRD, that may require second- or third-line approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden N Kameg
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirstyn M Kameg
- Robert Morris University School of Nursing, Education, and Human Studies, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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34
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Diagnosing and treating major depressive episodes that lie along the mood disorders spectrum: focus on depression with mixed features. CNS Spectr 2021. [PMID: 33715657 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852921000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that historical descriptions of mixed depression-broadly defined as major depressive episodes with subthreshold manic or hypomanic (hypo/manic) symptoms-are incredibly clinically relevant in this day-and-age. However, the first operational definition of mixed depression did not occur in the modern nomenclature until 2013 with publication of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), and there has not been enough time to evaluate these criteria empirically. Thus, the most valid operational definition of a mixed depressive episode is still unknown, widely accepted treatment guidelines are not available, and no treatment has regulatory approval for mixed depression-whether associated with bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, or major depressive disorder. This is despite seven drugs having regulatory indications for mixed episodes, defined as the co-occurrence of syndromal depression and syndromal mania, and now recognized as mania with mixed features by DSM-5. Indeed, we found only two randomized, placebo-controlled trials in patients with protocol defined mixed depression, one with ziprasidone and one with lurasidone. Both studies were positive, suggesting treatment with second-generation antipsychotics may be helpful for mixed depressive episodes associated with bipolar II or unipolar disorder. We found no randomized control trial of antidepressant monotherapy in mixed depression and many clinical reports that such treatment may worsen mixed depression Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers-alone and in combination-in individuals with carefully defined mixed depression are needed before firm treatment guidelines can be produced.
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35
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Aguglia A, Cuomo A, Amerio A, Bolognesi S, Di Salvo G, Fusar-Poli L, Goracci A, Surace T, Serafini G, Aguglia E, Amore M, Fagiolini A, Maina G. A new approach for seasonal pattern: is it related to bipolarity dimension? Findings from an Italian multicenter study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:73-81. [PMID: 33399494 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1862235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to assess the impact of seasonal pattern on several clinical dimensions in inpatients with a current major depressive episode and to evaluate clinical differences between unipolar and bipolar depression according to seasonal pattern. METHODS Study participants were 300 patients affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) currently experiencing a major depressive episode (MDE) and were recruited at three University Medical Centres in Italy. All study subjects completed several evaluation scales for depressive and hypomanic symptoms, quality of life and functioning, impulsiveness, and seasonal pattern. RESULTS Several differences between BD with and without seasonal pattern, MDD with and without seasonal pattern but in particular between BD and MDD with seasonal pattern were found. Patients with MDE with seasonal pattern had more frequently received a longitudinal diagnosis of BD. CONCLUSIONS A large number of patients with BD and seasonal pattern, but also a considerable number of patients with MDD and seasonal pattern, endorsed manic items during a current MDE. Seasonal pattern should be associated with a concept of bipolarity in mood disorders and not only related to bipolar disorder. A correct identification of seasonal patterns may lead to the implementation of personalised pharmacological treatment approaches.KEY POINTSHigh prevalence of mixed features in mood disorders with seasonal pattern, supporting the need for a dimensional approach to major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.Significant percentage of patients with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder had seasonal pattern.Significant percentage of patients with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder reported (hypo)manic symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aguglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Mood Disorders Program, Tufs Medical center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simone Bolognesi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Salvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Arianna Goracci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Teresa Surace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Turin, Italy
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May SG, Huber C, Roach M, Shafrin J, Aubry W, Lakdawalla D, Kane JM, Forma F. Adoption of Digital Health Technologies in the Practice of Behavioral Health: Qualitative Case Study of Glucose Monitoring Technology. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e18119. [PMID: 33533725 PMCID: PMC7889421 DOI: 10.2196/18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of patients with serious mental illness (SMI) relies largely on patient or caregiver self-reported symptoms. New digital technologies are being developed to better quantify the longitudinal symptomology of patients with SMI and facilitate disease management. However, as these new technologies become more widely available, psychiatrists may be uncertain about how to integrate them into daily practice. To better understand how digital tools might be integrated into the treatment of patients with SMI, this study examines a case study of a successful technology adoption by physicians: endocrinologists’ adoption of digital glucometers. Objective This study aims to understand the key facilitators of and barriers to clinician and patient adoption of digital glucose monitoring technologies to identify lessons that may be applicable across other chronic diseases, including SMIs. Methods We conducted focus groups with practicing endocrinologists from 2 large metropolitan areas using a semistructured discussion guide designed to elicit perspectives of and experiences with technology adoption. The thematic analysis identified barriers to and facilitators of integrating digital glucometers into clinical practice. Participants also provided recommendations for integrating digital health technologies into clinical practice more broadly. Results A total of 10 endocrinologists were enrolled: 60% (6/10) male; a mean of 18.4 years in practice (SD 5.6); and 80% (8/10) working in a group practice setting. Participants stated that digital glucometers represented a significant change in the treatment paradigm for diabetes care and facilitated more effective care delivery and patient engagement. Barriers to the adoption of digital glucometers included lack of coverage, provider reimbursement, and data management support, as well as patient heterogeneity. Participant recommendations to increase the use of digital health technologies included expanding reimbursement for clinician time, streamlining data management processes, and customizing the technologies to patient needs. Conclusions Digital glucose monitoring technologies have facilitated more effective, individualized care delivery and have improved patient engagement and health outcomes. However, key challenges faced by the endocrinologists included lack of reimbursement for clinician time and nonstandardized data management across devices. Key recommendations that may be relevant for other diseases include improved data analytics to quickly and accurately synthesize data for patient care management, streamlined software, and standardized metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wade Aubry
- Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - John M Kane
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Felicia Forma
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization Inc, Princeton, NJ, United States
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Besag FMC, Vasey MJ, Sharma AN, Lam ICH. Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder across the lifespan: a systematic review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2021; 11:20451253211045870. [PMID: 34646439 PMCID: PMC8504232 DOI: 10.1177/20451253211045870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a cyclic mood disorder characterised by alternating episodes of mania/hypomania and depression interspersed with euthymic periods. Lamotrigine (LTG) demonstrated some mood improvement in patients treated for epilepsy, leading to clinical studies in patients with BD and its eventual introduction as maintenance therapy for the prevention of depressive relapse in euthymic patients. Most current clinical guidelines include LTG as a recommended treatment option for the maintenance phase in adult BD, consistent with its global licencing status. AIMS To review the evidence for the efficacy and safety of LTG in the treatment of all phases of BD. METHODS PubMed was searched for double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trials using the keywords: LTG, Lamictal, 'bipolar disorder', 'bipolar affective disorder', 'bipolar I', 'bipolar II', cyclothymia, mania, manic, depression, depressive, 'randomised controlled trial', 'randomised trial', RCT and 'placebo-controlled' and corresponding MeSH terms. Eligible articles published in English were reviewed. RESULTS Thirteen studies were identified. The strongest evidence supports utility in the prevention of recurrence and relapse, particularly depressive relapse, in stabilised patients. Some evidence suggests efficacy in acute bipolar depression, but findings are inconsistent. There is little or no strong evidence in support of efficacy in acute mania, unipolar depression, or rapid-cycling BD. Few controlled trials have evaluated LTG in bipolar II or in paediatric patients. Indications for safety, tolerability and patient acceptability are relatively favourable, provided there is slow dose escalation to reduce the probability of skin rash. CONCLUSION On the balance of efficacy and tolerability, LTG might be considered a first-line drug for BD, except for acute manic episodes or where rapid symptom control is required. In terms of efficacy alone, however, the evidence favours other medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M C Besag
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Rush Court, Bedford MK40 3JT, UK
| | | | - Aditya N Sharma
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ivan C H Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E, Goldstein BI, López-Jaramillo C, Kessing LV, Malhi GS, Nierenberg AA, Rosenblat JD, Majeed A, Vieta E, Vinberg M, Young AH, Mansur RB. Bipolar disorders. Lancet 2020; 396:1841-1856. [PMID: 33278937 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorders are a complex group of severe and chronic disorders that includes bipolar I disorder, defined by the presence of a syndromal, manic episode, and bipolar II disorder, defined by the presence of a syndromal, hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. Bipolar disorders substantially reduce psychosocial functioning and are associated with a loss of approximately 10-20 potential years of life. The mortality gap between populations with bipolar disorders and the general population is principally a result of excess deaths from cardiovascular disease and suicide. Bipolar disorder has a high heritability (approximately 70%). Bipolar disorders share genetic risk alleles with other mental and medical disorders. Bipolar I has a closer genetic association with schizophrenia relative to bipolar II, which has a closer genetic association with major depressive disorder. Although the pathogenesis of bipolar disorders is unknown, implicated processes include disturbances in neuronal-glial plasticity, monoaminergic signalling, inflammatory homoeostasis, cellular metabolic pathways, and mitochondrial function. The high prevalence of childhood maltreatment in people with bipolar disorders and the association between childhood maltreatment and a more complex presentation of bipolar disorder (eg, one including suicidality) highlight the role of adverse environmental exposures on the presentation of bipolar disorders. Although mania defines bipolar I disorder, depressive episodes and symptoms dominate the longitudinal course of, and disproportionately account for morbidity and mortality in, bipolar disorders. Lithium is the gold standard mood-stabilising agent for the treatment of people with bipolar disorders, and has antimanic, antidepressant, and anti-suicide effects. Although antipsychotics are effective in treating mania, few antipsychotics have proven to be effective in bipolar depression. Divalproex and carbamazepine are effective in the treatment of acute mania and lamotrigine is effective at treating and preventing bipolar depression. Antidepressants are widely prescribed for bipolar disorders despite a paucity of compelling evidence for their short-term or long-term efficacy. Moreover, antidepressant prescription in bipolar disorder is associated, in many cases, with mood destabilisation, especially during maintenance treatment. Unfortunately, effective pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorders are not universally available, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Targeting medical and psychiatric comorbidity, integrating adjunctive psychosocial treatments, and involving caregivers have been shown to improve health outcomes for people with bipolar disorders. The aim of this Seminar, which is intended mainly for primary care physicians, is to provide an overview of diagnostic, pathogenetic, and treatment considerations in bipolar disorders. Towards the foregoing aim, we review and synthesise evidence on the epidemiology, mechanisms, screening, and treatment of bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael Berk
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mental Health Drug and Alcohol Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Adult Division, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Academic Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dauten Family Center for Bipolar Treatment Innovation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amna Majeed
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Goldberg JF, Siu C, Mao Y, Tsai J, Pikalov A, Calabrese JR, Loebel A. Major depressive disorder with mixed features and treatment response to lurasidone: A symptom network model. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:1045-1054. [PMID: 33065813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the symptom network structure of major depressive disorder (MDD) with mixed features and implications for treatment. METHODS In this post-hoc analysis of a previously reported randomized trial, patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD presenting with two or three manic symptoms (DSM-5 mixed features specifier) were randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with lurasidone 20-60 mg/d (N = 109) or placebo (N = 100). The network structure of symptoms at baseline and their treatment moderating effects were investigated. RESULTS Network analyses showed that both ``elevated mood'' (YMRS item 1) and ``increased motor activity-energy'' (YMRS item 2) were associated with ``sleep disturbance'' ("bridge" symptom) and the depressive symptom cluster. Presence of both "elevated mood" and "increased motor activity-energy" at baseline predicted significantly less improvement in MADRS and CGI-S score at week 6 with lurasidone (vs. placebo) compared to patients without these manic symptoms at baseline. The network model also showed "rapid/pressured speech" (YMRS item 6) at baseline predicted improvement in both manic and depressive symptoms with lurasidone vs. placebo treatment. LIMITATIONS This was a post-hoc analysis where findings need to be confirmed by prospective controlled studies. CONCLUSIONS This post-hoc analysis describes the symptom network structure of MDD with mixed features in a patient sample at study baseline. Specific manic symptoms were found to be linked to sleep disturbance (characterized as a "bridge" symptom), which in turn linked the manic and depressive symptom clusters. The presence (vs. absence) of the specific manic symptoms we identified moderated the antidepressant and antimanic effects of lurasidone in the treatment of MDD with mixed (subthreshold hypomanic) features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | | | - Yongcai Mao
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA and Fort Lee, NJ
| | - Joyce Tsai
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA and Fort Lee, NJ
| | - Andrei Pikalov
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA and Fort Lee, NJ
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Antony Loebel
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA and Fort Lee, NJ
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McIntyre RS, Lipsitz O, Rodrigues NB, Lee Y, Cha DS, Vinberg M, Lin K, Malhi GS, Subramaniapillai M, Kratiuk K, Fagiolini A, Gill H, Nasri F, Mansur RB, Suppes T, Ho R, Rosenblat JD. The effectiveness of ketamine on anxiety, irritability, and agitation: Implications for treating mixed features in adults with major depressive or bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:831-840. [PMID: 32406161 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) ketamine on anxiety, irritability, agitation, and suicidality, in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD Adults (N = 201) with treatment-resistant MDD or BD received repeat-dose IV ketamine treatment at a community-based clinic. Mixed features were measured using symptoms of anxiety, irritability, and agitation (AIA), as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. The Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report-16 (QIDS-SR16 ) was used to measure overall treatment response, and the QIDS-SR16 suicidal ideation (SI) item was used to measure change in SI symptoms with ketamine treatment. The anxiety, irritability, and agitation items on the GAD-7 were used to assess effectiveness of IV ketamine in treating symptoms of mixed features. RESULTS In this retrospective analysis, 113 participants met AIA criteria. Participants with AIA experienced a significantly greater reduction in overall depressive symptoms (F(1, 558) = 9.49, P = .002), SI (F(1, 558) = 3.103, P = .079), anxiety (F(1, 198) = 5.52, P = .007), irritability (F(1, 198) = 28.35, P < .001), and agitation as measured by "trouble relaxing" (F(1, 198) = 6.70, P = .010) from baseline compared to the non-AIA group, regardless of number of treatments received. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest that IV ketamine is effective in rapidly treating AIA and SI in adults with treatment-resistant mood disorders. This observation suggests that IV ketamine could be considered a treatment alternative for adults with MDD or BD presenting with mixed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Orly Lipsitz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Nelson B Rodrigues
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand, Hillerød and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorder, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Emotion and Cognition, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Academic Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Kratiuk
- Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Flora Nasri
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lo Iacono L, Bussone S, Andolina D, Tambelli R, Troisi A, Carola V. Dissecting major depression: The role of blood biomarkers and adverse childhood experiences in distinguishing clinical subgroups. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:351-360. [PMID: 32871665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The syndromic diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with individual differences in prognosis, course, treatment response, and outcome. There is evidence that patients with a history to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may belong to a distinct clinical subgroup. The combination of data on ACEs and blood biomarkers could allow the identification of diagnostic MDD subgroups. METHODS We selected several blood markers (global DNA methylation, and VEGF-a, TOLLIP, SIRT1, miR-34a genes) among factors that contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms of MDD. We examined their level in 37 MDD patients and 30 healthy subjects. ACEs were measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS We found significant differences between patients and healthy subjects in three biomarkers (TOLLIP, VEGF-a, and global DNA methylation), independently from the confounding effect of parental care received. By contrast, SIRT1 differences were modulated by quality of parental care. The lowest levels of SIRT1 were recorded in patients with active symptoms and low maternal/paternal care. miR-34a and SIRT1 levels were associated with MDD symptoms especially in early-life stressed patients. LIMITATIONS Small sample size, no information on personality comorbidity and suicidal history, cross-sectional definition of remission, and lack of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the levels of global DNA methylation, TOLLIP, and VEGF-a reflect pathophysiological changes associated with MDD that are independent from the long-term effects of low parental care. This study also suggests that SIRT1 may be an additional variable distinguishing the ecophenotype that includes MDD patients with exposure to ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Bussone
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Troisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Carola
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Maj M, Stein DJ, Parker G, Zimmerman M, Fava GA, De Hert M, Demyttenaere K, McIntyre RS, Widiger T, Wittchen HU. The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:269-293. [PMID: 32931110 PMCID: PMC7491646 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is widely acknowledged to be a heterogeneous entity, and the need to further characterize the individual patient who has received this diagnosis in order to personalize the management plan has been repeatedly emphasized. However, the research evidence that should guide this personalization is at present fragmentary, and the selection of treatment is usually based on the clinician's and/or the patient's preference and on safety issues, in a trial-and-error fashion, paying little attention to the particular features of the specific case. This may be one of the reasons why the majority of patients with a diagnosis of depression do not achieve remission with the first treatment they receive. The predominant pessimism about the actual feasibility of the personalization of treatment of depression in routine clinical practice has recently been tempered by some secondary analyses of databases from clinical trials, using approaches such as individual patient data meta-analysis and machine learning, which indicate that some variables may indeed contribute to the identification of patients who are likely to respond differently to various antidepressant drugs or to antidepressant medication vs. specific psychotherapies. The need to develop decision support tools guiding the personalization of treatment of depression has been recently reaffirmed, and the point made that these tools should be developed through large observational studies using a comprehensive battery of self-report and clinical measures. The present paper aims to describe systematically the salient domains that should be considered in this effort to personalize depression treatment. For each domain, the available research evidence is summarized, and the relevant assessment instruments are reviewed, with special attention to their suitability for use in routine clinical practice, also in view of their possible inclusion in the above-mentioned comprehensive battery of measures. The main unmet needs that research should address in this area are emphasized. Where the available evidence allows providing the clinician with specific advice that can already be used today to make the management of depression more personalized, this advice is highlighted. Indeed, some sections of the paper, such as those on neurocognition and on physical comorbidities, indicate that the modern management of depression is becoming increasingly complex, with several components other than simply the choice of an antidepressant and/or a psychotherapy, some of which can already be reliably personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon Parker
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc De Hert
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Demyttenaere
- University Psychiatric Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilans Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
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Cariprazine efficacy in bipolar I depression with and without concurrent manic symptoms: post hoc analysis of 3 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. CNS Spectr 2020; 25:502-510. [PMID: 31576791 PMCID: PMC7511904 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852919001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mixed presentations, defined by simultaneous occurrence of depressive and manic symptoms, are difficult to treat. Antidepressants, although commonly used, have weak evidence of efficacy and may increase risk of mood destabilization. The aim of this pooled post hoc analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of cariprazine in the treatment of bipolar depression with or without concurrent manic symptoms. METHODS Patients from 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies who met DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 criteria for bipolar I disorder with a current major depressive episode were identified to have concurrent manic symptoms by baseline Young Mania Rating Scale total score ≥4. Efficacy was assessed in cariprazine 1.5 and 3 mg/day dose groups versus placebo; analyses included the least squares mean change from baseline to week 6 in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. RESULTS Of 1383 patients randomized to treatment, 808 (58.4%) had concurrent manic symptoms. For patients with manic symptoms, mean reduction in MADRS total score from baseline to week 6 was significantly greater for both cariprazine 1.5 and 3 mg/day compared with placebo, with least squares mean differences (LSMDs) versus placebo of -2.5 (p = .0033) and -2.9 (p = .0010), respectively; for patients without manic symptoms, the LSMD was significant for 1.5 mg/day (-3.3; p = .0008), but not for 3 mg/day (-1.9; p = .0562). CONCLUSION The results of this post hoc analysis suggest that cariprazine may be an appropriate treatment option for patients with bipolar I depression with or without manic symptoms, with higher doses potentially more effective in patients with manic symptoms.
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Corponi F, Anmella G, Pacchiarotti I, Samalin L, Verdolini N, Popovic D, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Perugi G, Vieta E, Murru A. Deconstructing major depressive episodes across unipolar and bipolar depression by severity and duration: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis on a large, international, observational study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:241. [PMID: 32684621 PMCID: PMC7370235 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-diagnostic, post-hoc analysis of the BRIDGE-II-MIX study was performed to investigate how unipolar and bipolar patients suffering from an acute major depressive episode (MDE) cluster according to severity and duration. Duration of index episode, Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar Version-Depression (CGI-BP-D) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were used as clustering variables. MANOVA and post-hoc ANOVAs examined between-group differences in clustering variables. A stepwise backward regression model explored the relationship with the 56 clinical-demographic variables available. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering with two clusters was shown as the best fit and separated the study population (n = 2314) into 65.73% (Cluster 1 (C1)) and 34.26% (Cluster 2 (C2)). MANOVA showed a significant main effect for cluster group (p < 0.001) but ANOVA revealed that significant between-group differences were restricted to CGI-BP-D (p < 0.001) and GAF (p < 0.001), showing greater severity in C2. Psychotic features and a minimum of three DSM-5 criteria for mixed features (DSM-5-3C) had the strongest association with C2, that with greater disease burden, while non-mixed depression in bipolar disorder (BD) type II had negative association. Mixed affect defined as DSM-5-3C associates with greater acute severity and overall impairment, independently of the diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar depression. In this study a pure, non-mixed depression in BD type II significantly associates with lesser burden of clinical and functional severity. The lack of association for less restrictive, researched-based definitions of mixed features underlines DSM-5-3C specificity. If confirmed in further prospective studies, these findings would warrant major revisions of treatment algorithms for both unipolar and bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Corponi
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ,Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Gerard Anmella
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Isabella Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.36August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.36August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dina Popovic
- grid.413795.d0000 0001 2107 2845Psychiatry B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jean-Michel Azorin
- grid.414438.e0000 0000 9834 707XDepartment of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jules Angst
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles L. Bowden
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Sergey Mosolov
- grid.473242.4Department for Therapy of Mental Disorders, Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan H. Young
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - Giulio Perugi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Clinica Psichiatrica, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain. .,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Murru
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.36August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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O'Donovan C, Alda M. Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:500. [PMID: 32595530 PMCID: PMC7300293 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on depression that precedes an onset of manifest bipolar disorder as early stage bipolar disorder. First, we review how to pragmatically identify the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with an episode of depression who subsequently go on to develop episodes of mania or hypomania. The existing literature shows a strong consensus: accurate identification of depression with early onset and recurrent course with multiple episodes, subthreshold hypomanic and/or mixed symptoms, and family history of bipolar disorder or completed suicide have been shown by multiple authors as signs pointing to bipolar diagnosis. This contrasts with relatively limited information available to guide management of such "pre-bipolar" (pre-declared bipolar) patients, especially those in the adult age range. Default assumption of unipolar depression at this stage carries significant risk. Antidepressants are still the most common pharmacological treatment used, but clinicians need to be aware of their potential harm. In some patients with unrecognized bipolar depression, antidepressants can not only produce switch to (hypo)mania, but also mixed symptoms, or worsening of depression with an increased risk of suicide. We review pragmatic management strategies in the literature beyond clinical guidelines that can be considered for this at-risk group encompassing the more recent child and adolescent literature. In the future, genetic research could make the early identification of bipolar depression easier by generating informative markers and polygenic risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Forte A, Montalbani B, Mastrangelo M, Anibaldi G, De Luca GP, Imbastaro B, Pompili M. Suicide Risk in Mixed States: Clinical and Preventive Perspectives. Psychiatr Ann 2020. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20200312-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Palagini L, Miniati M, Caruso D, Massa L, Novi M, Pardini F, Salarpi G, Pini S, Marazziti D, Etain B, Riemann D. Association between affective temperaments and mood features in bipolar disorder II: The role of insomnia and chronobiological rhythms desynchronization. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:263-272. [PMID: 32056887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorders are complex disorders involving the interaction of multiple factors. Affective temperaments, insomnia, and chronobiological rhythms desynchronization may all contribute to bipolar disorder. Since there is a paucity of research examining this topic we aimed to study how they are interrelated and collectively associated with clinical features of bipolar disorder. METHOD One-hundred patients with Bipolar Disorder type II depressive episode with and without mixed features were recruited and compared. Subjects were evaluated with SCID -5, the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) while evaluating depressive (Beck Depression Inventory-BDI-II) and manic (Young Mania Rating Scale-YMRS) symptoms. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Subjects with mixed features showed a higher scores in both insomnia and chronobiological rhythms scores. When considering affective temperaments not only depressive, cyclothymic and irritable temperaments predicted mood symptoms but also insomnia (depressive symptoms O.R. 4.17, p = 0.043) and chronobiological sleep de-synchronization (manic symptoms O.R. 8.69, p = 0.001). Insomnia symptoms and chronobiological alterations mediated the association between affective temperaments and mood symptoms. LIMITATIONS the cross-sectional design limited any causal interpretation. CONCLUSION Subjects with mixed features showed a greater severity of insomnia and chronobiological rhythm de-synchronization compared to subjects without. Insomnia and chronobiological alterations may contribute to mood disorders together with affective temperaments in a complex interplay also mediating their effect on mood. Preventive strategies for bipolars should also act on the dysregulation of sleep and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danila Caruso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Novi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Salarpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Etain
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
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Pompili M, Vazquez GH, Forte A, Morrissette DA, Stahl SM. Pharmacologic Treatment of Mixed States. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:167-186. [PMID: 32008683 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the relatively high prevalence of mixed symptoms and features among patients with mood disorders, the current literature supporting the specific efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers for the treatment of mixed symptoms is limited. Several studies have demonstrated that acute affective episodes with mixed symptoms or features tend to respond unsatisfactory to treatments that are usually more effective for the management of other affective phases. There is clearly a need for clinical trials in order to determine the more adequate pharmacologic option for the treatment of individuals suffering from affective episodes with mixed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gustavo H Vazquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, 752 King Street West, Kingston, Ontario K7L 4X3, Canada; International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Forte
- International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debbi Ann Morrissette
- Neuroscience Education Institute, 5900 La Place Court, Suite 120, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Stephen M Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Tondo L, Vazquez GH, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal Behavior Associated with Mixed Features in Major Mood Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:83-93. [PMID: 32008690 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixed features of the opposite nominal mood-polarity are increasingly recognized in both depressive and [hypo]manic phases of major affective disorders. They are associated with major increases of risk of suicidal behaviors. The authors reviewed the association of suicidal behavior with mixed features in both major depressive and bipolar disorders, as well as potentially relevant adverse effects of antidepressant treatment and use of alternative treatments aimed at minimizing agitation and suicidal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tondo
- International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Mailman Research Center 3, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Gustavo H Vazquez
- International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Mailman Research Center 3, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ross J Baldessarini
- International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Mailman Research Center 3, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Sampogna G, Del Vecchio V, Giallonardo V, Luciano M, Fiorillo A. Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Implications of Agitated Depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:47-57. [PMID: 32008687 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Agitated "unipolar" depression is a clinical entity characterized by excitement together with depressed mood during the same episode. The clinical picture of agitated "unipolar" depression is characterized by a depressed and anxious mood with inner, psychic agitation, whereas motor agitation may or may not be present. Some investigators have conceptualized this disorder as a mixed affective state, laying on the bipolar disorder spectrum, but controversies still persist. The diagnosis of agitated "unipolar" depression has important prognostic and therapeutic implications, with many clinicians reporting difficulties to adequately diagnose and treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Valeria Del Vecchio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Giallonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 80138, Italy
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