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Faye DA, Tadke R, Gawande S, Bhave HS, Kirpekar VC, Chatterjee A, Nathani Y, Singh D. Comparison of cognition and alexithymia in patients of schizophrenia with and without comorbid alcohol use: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Ind Psychiatry J 2022; 31:267-275. [PMID: 36419712 PMCID: PMC9678171 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_155_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment and alexithymia are commonly associated with schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder independently. Both can lead to poor prognosis and recovery. In patients with dual diagnosis, this association can be more prevalent and severe. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 participants were grouped into two (35 each): Group A, a Schizophrenia group and Group B with comorbid alcohol use. Sociodemographic factors, clinical profile, cognitive functions, and alexithymia were compared between the two groups using semi-structured pro forma, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) (subcategorized into three subscales (1) "Difficulty describing feelings" (DDF), (2) "Difficulty identifying feeling" (DIF), and (3) "Externally-Oriented Thinking" and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square tests and t-tests as applicable. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 33.61 (standard deviation [SD]-8.11), mean duration of schizophrenia was 70.8 months (SD-47.5) and mean duration of alcohol consumption was 9.10 years (SD-7.7). MoCA score was significantly lower (mean-21.80, SD-2.98) and TAS total score was significantly higher in Group B (Mean-67.31, SD-8.10). DDF (Mean-19.28, SD-4.02) and DIF scores (Mean-22.86, SD-4.66) were significantly higher in alcohol group compared to nonalcohol group. Furthermore, MoCA score was significantly impaired and TAS total, DDF and DIF scores were significantly higher in participants with AUDIT score >8 (P < 0.05). Lower score on MoCA correlated with the higher score of alexithymia. CONCLUSION Cognitive dysfunction and alexithymia were significantly more in patients of schizophrenia with comorbid alcohol use and positively correlated with the severity of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abhijeet Faye
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Tadke
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil Gawande
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - H Sudhir Bhave
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Chintaman Kirpekar
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yashika Nathani
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Gierski F, Benzerouk F, Jeanblanc J, Angerville B, Dervaux A, Kaladjian A, Naassila M. Validity and usefulness of the short form of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R SF) among patients with schizophrenia. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107251. [PMID: 35093808 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drinking motives are considered to be major predictors of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. However, these motives have been poorly investigated in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study among patients with schizophrenia was twofold: 1) assess the validity of the short form of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R SF); and 2) investigate the relationship between drinking motives and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHOD A total of 179 patients with schizophrenia were approached to participate in the study. DSM-5 criteria were used to identify patients with comorbid AUD (AUD+; n = 42) and non-abstainers patients without comorbid AUD (AUD-; n = 71). RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis conducted on items of the DMQ-R SF for the whole sample revealed adequate goodness-of-fit values, while internal consistency indices were globally satisfactory. Group comparisons revealed higher use of alcohol and other substances, as well as stronger drinking motives among AUD + patients, while groups were comparable concerning clinical features of schizophrenia, including psychotic symptom dimensions and severity. Regression analysis showed that the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score was significantly associated with two internal drinking motives: enhancement and coping. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the DMQ-R SF is a reliable tool for assessing drinking motives among patients with schizophrenia. Enhancement and coping motives seem to play a major role in comorbid AUD among these patients. Community-based and clinical treatment programs should take the drinking motives of dual-diagnosis patients into consideration, in order to improve their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gierski
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France.
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Angerville
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Alain Dervaux
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S - EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Research Group on Alcohol and Dependences, INSERM & University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
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Mazumder AH, Barnett J, Lindberg N, Torniainen-Holm M, Lähteenvuo M, Lahdensuo K, Kerkelä M, Hietala J, Isometsä ET, Kampman O, Kieseppä T, Jukuri T, Häkkinen K, Cederlöf E, Haaki W, Kajanne R, Wegelius A, Männynsalo T, Niemi-Pynttäri J, Suokas K, Lönnqvist J, Niemelä S, Tiihonen J, Paunio T, Palotie A, Suvisaari J, Veijola J. Reaction Time and Visual Memory in Connection with Alcohol Use in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060688. [PMID: 34071123 PMCID: PMC8224767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the association between cognition and hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Cognition is more or less compromised in schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder and alcohol use might aggravate this phenomenon. The study population included 3362 individuals from Finland with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Hazardous drinking was screened with the AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for Consumption) screening tool. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnoses were obtained from national registrar data. Participants performed two computerized tasks from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) on a tablet computer: The Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) or the reaction time (RT) test and the Paired Associative Learning (PAL) test. The association between alcohol use and the RT and PAL tests was analyzed with log-linear regression and logistic regression, respectively. After adjustment for age, education, housing status, and the age at which the respondents had their first psychotic episodes, hazardous drinking was associated with a lower median RT in females and less variable RT in males, while AUD was associated with a poorer PAL test performance in terms of the total errors adjusted scores (TEASs) in females. Our findings of positive associations between alcohol and cognition in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqul Haq Mazumder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (M.K.); (T.J.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jennifer Barnett
- Cambridge Cognition, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB25 9TU, UK;
| | - Nina Lindberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (N.L.); (E.I.); (T.K.); (A.W.); (T.P.)
| | - Minna Torniainen-Holm
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Markku Lähteenvuo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70240 Kuopio, Finland; (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Kaisla Lahdensuo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Mehiläinen, Pohjoinen Hesperiankatu 17 C, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (M.K.); (T.J.); (J.V.)
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; (J.H.); (S.N.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Erkki Tapio Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (N.L.); (E.I.); (T.K.); (A.W.); (T.P.)
| | - Olli Kampman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Psychiatry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (N.L.); (E.I.); (T.K.); (A.W.); (T.P.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Mehiläinen, Pohjoinen Hesperiankatu 17 C, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jukuri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (M.K.); (T.J.); (J.V.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Katja Häkkinen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70240 Kuopio, Finland; (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Erik Cederlöf
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Willehard Haaki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; (J.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Risto Kajanne
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Asko Wegelius
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (N.L.); (E.I.); (T.K.); (A.W.); (T.P.)
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Teemu Männynsalo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Social Services and Health Care Sector, City of Helsinki, 00099 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Niemi-Pynttäri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Social Services and Health Care Sector, City of Helsinki, 00099 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Suokas
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; (J.H.); (S.N.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70240 Kuopio, Finland; (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.T.)
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (N.L.); (E.I.); (T.K.); (A.W.); (T.P.)
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (W.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (J.N.-P.); (K.S.); (A.P.)
- Mehiläinen, Pohjoinen Hesperiankatu 17 C, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (M.T.-H.); (E.C.); (J.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (M.K.); (T.J.); (J.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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Antonucci LA, Nettis MA, Juckel G, Roser P, Pergola G, Thoma P. Selective recall deficits for heterogeneous associations in detoxified individuals with alcohol use disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112688. [PMID: 32407822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with recognition memory deficits. However, it remains unclear whether these deficits occur at the general recognition memory level or whether they selectively affect its subcomponents. Evidence suggests that recognition memory deficits may vary according to the heterogeneity of memory stimuli. Our aim was to investigate stimuli pair-dependent recognition memory deficits in AUD, using a cued recall task including homogeneous and heterogeneous stimuli pairs. METHODS Twenty-three patients with AUD (days since last alcohol consumption: 11.70 ± 10.20) and 23 healthy controls (HC) underwent a neuropsychological examination tapping attention, verbal fluency, logical, working and long-term memory, and a recognition and recall task involving both homogeneous (tool-tool) and heterogeneous (tool-scene, tool-animal) stimuli pairs. Group (AUD-HC) by condition (tool-tool, tool-scene, tool-animal) ANOVAs were performed on all neuropsychological indices. RESULTS In the neuropsychological examination, AUD individuals showed deficits in delayed recall and faster reaction times compared with HC. The administration of the recognition and recall task revealed specific performance decreases in cued recall occurring in the whole sample (AUD + HC) for heterogeneous (tool-scene, tool-animal) pairs compared with homogeneous pairs. Within this pattern, AUD patients showed a lower cued recall rate than HC only for tool-animal pairs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the existence of specific recall/recollection deficits in AUD which occurred for heterogeneous, but not for homogeneous stimuli pairs. This finding calls for further neuroimaging investigations aimed at investigating the neurobiological substrate of (i) different recognition memory subcomponents, and (ii) the processing of stimuli with different degree or type of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Antonucci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Maria A Nettis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrik Roser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, USA
| | - Patrizia Thoma
- Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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5
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Cheng CH, Chan PYS, Niddam DM, Tsai SY, Hsu SC, Liu CY. Sensory gating, inhibition control and gamma oscillations in the human somatosensory cortex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20437. [PMID: 26843358 PMCID: PMC4740805 DOI: 10.1038/srep20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the responses to irrelevant stimuli is an essential component of human cognitive function. Pre-attentive auditory sensory gating (SG), an attenuated neural activation to the second identical stimulus, has been found to be related to the performance of higher-hierarchical brain function. However, it remains unclear whether other cortical regions, such as somatosensory cortex, also possess similar characteristics, or if such a relationship is modality-specific. This study used magnetoencephalography to record neuromagnetic responses to paired-pulse electrical stimulation to median nerve in 22 healthy participants. Somatosensory SG ratio and cortical brain oscillations were obtained and compared with the behavioral performance of inhibition control, as evaluated by somatosensory and auditory Go-Nogo tasks. The results showed that somatosensory P35m SG ratio correlated with behavioral performance of inhibition control. Such relationship was also established in relation to the auditory Go-Nogo task. Finally, a higher frequency value of evoked gamma oscillations was found to relate to a better somatosensory SG ability. In conclusion, our data provided an empirical link between automatic cortical inhibition and behavioral performance of attentive inhibition control. This study invites further research on the relationships among gamma oscillations, neurophysiological indices, and behavioral performance in clinical populations in terms of SG or cortical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying S Chan
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David M Niddam
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yueh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mind, Brain and Learning Center, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yih Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Thoma RJ, Long J, Monnig M, Yeo RA, Petropoulos H, Gasparovic C, Pommy J, Mullins PG. 1H-MRS glutamate level predicts auditory sensory gating in alcohol dependence: Preliminary results. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 2015; 1. [PMID: 34012554 PMCID: PMC8130891 DOI: 10.1186/s40810-015-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Impairment in auditory sensory gating (ASG) has been documented in alcohol dependence [1]. Likewise, it has been shown that ASG becomes abnormal during alcohol administration in otherwise healthy individuals [2]. Patterns of gating abnormality associated with alcohol use are likely associated with an alcohol responsive neurochemical like glutamate (Glu), particularly since it is well-established that alcohol affects NMDA receptors and that glutamatergic functioning is abnormal in both acute alcohol use and in alcohol dependence [3]. Hence, a link between Glu metabolite levels and ASG was hypothesized. It was first hypothesized that Glu and ASG abnormality would be found in groups with alcohol dependence. A second hypothesis was that across groups, greater Glu would predict reduced ASG. Methods: Groups were comprised of healthy, non-drinking controls (Controls, N = 4), individuals with current alcohol dependence (AUD-current, N = 6), and with alcohol dependence in remission for at least 1 year (AUD-remission, N = 6). Participants underwent a diagnostic assessment for alcohol consumption, MRI, 1H-MRS for in vivo assessment of Glu and other metabolites, and MEG scanning during a paired click protocol. ASG was computed as the ratio of the source strength of the 50 ms component in the event related field (ERF) to the second click in the pair divided by the source strength of the 50 ms component to the first click in the pair. Results: Univariate MANOVAs controlling for age and gender revealed a significant effect for group on Glu and ASG, such that ASG ratios were significantly elevated, implying weakened gating. Glu concentration was reduced in AUD-current relative to the other two groups. Further analysis revealed that when additionally controlling for the group effect, reduced Glu predicted increasing impairment in ASG. Conclusions: The overall results were consistent with the hypothesis that differences in Glu metabolite levels associated with alcohol dependence result in impaired ASG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Thoma
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, 1100 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jason Long
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mollie Monnig
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ronald A Yeo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Helen Petropoulos
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Charles Gasparovic
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jessica Pommy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Paul G Mullins
- Bangor Imaging Unit, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Penrallt Road, Bangor LL57 2ASGwynedd, UK
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7
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Bahorik AL, Cornelius JR, Bangalore SS, Newhill CE, Keshavan MS, Eack SM. BRIEF REPORT: THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS MISUSE ON COGNITION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA. Schizophr Res Cogn 2014; 1:160-163. [PMID: 25419516 PMCID: PMC4235155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Bahorik
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 15260
| | - Jack R. Cornelius
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811, O’Hara St, Pittsburgh PA, United States, 15213
| | - Srihari S. Bangalore
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811, O’Hara St, Pittsburgh PA, United States, 15213
| | - Christina E. Newhill
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 15260
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811, O’Hara St, Pittsburgh PA, United States, 15213
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, 02215
| | - Shaun M. Eack
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 15260
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811, O’Hara St, Pittsburgh PA, United States, 15213
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8
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Vlcek P, Bob P, Raboch J. Sensory disturbances, inhibitory deficits, and the P50 wave in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1309-15. [PMID: 25075189 PMCID: PMC4106969 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s64219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory gating disturbances in schizophrenia are often described as an inability to filter redundant sensory stimuli that typically manifest as inability to gate neuronal responses related to the P50 wave, characterizing a decreased ability of the brain to inhibit various responses to insignificant stimuli. It implicates various deficits of perceptual and attentional functions, and this inability to inhibit, or "gate", irrelevant sensory inputs leads to sensory and information overload that also may result in neuronal hyperexcitability related to disturbances of habituation mechanisms. These findings seem to be particularly important in the context of modern electrophysiological and neuroimaging data suggesting that the filtering deficits in schizophrenia are likely related to deficits in the integrity of connections between various brain areas. As a consequence, this brain disintegration produces disconnection of information, disrupted binding, and disintegration of consciousness that in terms of modern neuroscience could connect original Bleuler's concept of "split mind" with research of neural information integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Vlcek
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bob
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ; Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Raboch
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Wojtalik JA, Barch DM. An FMRI study of the influence of a history of substance abuse on working memory-related brain activation in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24478729 PMCID: PMC3896871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been little investigation of the effects of past substance abuse (SA) on working memory (WM) impairments in schizophrenia. This study examined the behavioral and neurobiological impact of past SA (6 months or longer abstinence period) on WM in schizophrenia. Thirty-seven schizophrenia patients (17 with past SA and 20 without) and 32 controls (12 with past SA and 20 without) completed two versions of a two-back WM task during fMRI scanning on separate days. Analyses focused on regions whose patterns of activation replicated across both n-back tasks. Schizophrenia patients were significantly less accurate than controls on both n-back tasks. No main effects or interactions with past SA on WM performance were observed. However, several fronto-parietal-thalamic regions showed an interaction between diagnostic group and past SA. These regions were significantly more active in controls with past SA compared to controls without past SA. Schizophrenia patients with or without past SA either showed no significant differences, or patients with past SA showed somewhat less activation compared to patients without past SA during WM. These results suggest robust effects of past SA on WM brain functioning in controls, but less impact of past SA in schizophrenia. This is consistent with previous literature indicating less impaired neurocognition in schizophrenia with SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Wojtalik
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
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10
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Thoma P, Daum I. Comorbid substance use disorder in schizophrenia: a selective overview of neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:367-83. [PMID: 23890122 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although individuals with schizophrenia show a lifetime prevalence of 50% for suffering from a comorbid substance use disorder, substance abuse usually represents an exclusion criterion for studies on schizophrenia. This implies that surprisingly little is known about a large group of patients who are particularly difficult to treat. The aim of the present work is to provide a brief and non-exhaustive overview of the current knowledgebase about neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings for dual diagnosis schizophrenia patients. Studies published within the last 20 years were considered using computerized search engines. The focus was on nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine being among the most common substances of abuse. All drugs of abuse target dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission which are also involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current literature suggests that neurocognitive function might beless disrupted in substance-abusing compared to non-abusing schizophrenia patients, but in particular the neuroimaging database on this topic is sparse. Detrimental effects on brain structure and function were shown for patients for whom alcohol is the main substance of abuse. It is as yet unclear whether this finding might be an artifact of age differences of patient subgroups with different substance abuse patterns. More research is warranted on the specific neurocognitive underpinnings of schizophrenia patients abusing distinct psychoactive substances. Treatment programs might either benefit from preserved cognitive function as a resource or specifically target cognitive impairment in different subgroups of addicted schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Thoma
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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11
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Lijffijt M, Cox B, Acas MD, Lane SD, Moeller FG, Swann AC. Differential relationships of impulsivity or antisocial symptoms on P50, N100, or P200 auditory sensory gating in controls and antisocial personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:743-50. [PMID: 22464943 PMCID: PMC3667738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the relationship between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and early filtering, or gating, of information, even though this could contribute to the repeatedly reported impairment in ASPD of higher-order information processing. In order to investigate early filtering in ASPD, we compared electrophysiological measures of auditory sensory gating assessed by the paired-click paradigm in males with ASPD (n = 37) to healthy controls (n = 28). Stimulus encoding was measured by P50, N100, and P200 auditory evoked potentials; auditory sensory gating (ASG) was measured by a reduction in amplitude of evoked potentials following click repetition. Effects were studied of co-existing past alcohol or drug use disorders, ASPD symptom counts, and trait impulsivity. Controls and ASPD did not differ in P50, N100, or P200 amplitude or ASG. Past alcohol or drug use disorders had no effect. In controls, impulsivity related to improved P50 and P200 gating. In ASPD, P50 or N100 gating was impaired with more symptoms or increased impulsivity, respectively, suggesting impaired early filtering of irrelevant information. In controls the relationship between P50 and P200 gating and impulsivity was reversed, suggesting better gating with higher impulsivity scores. This could reflect different roles of ASG in behavioral regulation in controls versus ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston, Texas Medical Center, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Popov T, Jordanov T, Weisz N, Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Miller GA. Evoked and induced oscillatory activity contributes to abnormal auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2011; 56:307-14. [PMID: 21316464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of magnetoencephalogram-recorded brain responses occurring 50ms after paired clicks (S2-evoked M50/S1-evoked M50) serves as a measure of sensory gating. An abnormally large ratio is commonly found in schizophrenia. Whether this abnormality indicates impaired gating is debated. Using event-related oscillations the present study sought to elucidate processes contributing to the phenomenon of altered M50 gating ratio. Schizophrenia inpatients (n=50) showed the expected large M50 gating ratio relative to 48 healthy controls, which correlated with less induced frontally generated activity in the 10-15Hz frequency band starting 200ms before the onset of S2. Patients also produced smaller alpha (8-12Hz) and gamma (60-80Hz) responses to S1. Results suggest that the deviant gating ratio in schizophrenia is a consequence of a complex alteration in the processing of incoming information that cannot be attributed to impaired gating alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
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13
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Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Meier SL, Boutros NN, Burroughs S, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG, Swann AC. P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating: relationships with behavioral inhibition, attention, and working memory. Psychophysiology 2009; 46:1059-68. [PMID: 19515106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
P50, N100, and P200 auditory sensory gating could reflect mechanisms involved in protecting higher-order cognitive functions, suggesting relationships between sensory gating and cognition. This hypothesis was tested in 56 healthy adults who were administered the paired-click paradigm and two adaptations of the continuous performance test (Immediate/Delayed Memory Task, IMT/DMT). Stronger P50 gating correlated with fewer commission errors and prolonged reaction times on the DMT. Stronger N100 and P200 gating correlated with better discriminability on the DMT. Finally, prolonged P200 latency related to better discriminability on the IMT. These findings suggest that P50, N100, and P200 gating could be involved in protecting cognition by affecting response bias, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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14
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Lijffijt M, Moeller FG, Boutros NN, Burroughs S, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Swann AC. The Role of Age, Gender, Education, and Intelligence in P50, N100, and P200 Auditory Sensory Gating. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2009; 23:52-62. [PMID: 20648237 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803.23.2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
P50, N100, and P200 auditory sensory gating reflect distinct mechanisms involved in protecting the integrity of higher-order functions. They have been implicated in multiple psychiatric disorders. Recent studies showed the (limited) effects of age and gender on sensory gating in control subjects, suggesting there may be other sources of variance. Two potential sources may be education and intelligence (intellectual capability), variables that frequently differ across studies and across experimental groups. We explored potential effects of age, gender, education, and intelligence (Shipley intelligence scale) on P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating measured with the paired-click paradigm in 60 healthy subjects recruited from the general population. Increased intellectual capability related to stronger N100 and P200 gating and more pronounced N100 and P200 amplitudes. In addition, increased age related to weaker P200 gating and smaller P200 amplitudes. Gender had negligible effects. Intellectual capability or age could contribute to variation in N100 or P200 auditory sensory gating and should be controlled for when studying sensory gating in clinical and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Potvin S, Pampoulova T, Lipp O, Ait Bentaleb L, Lalonde P, Stip E. Working memory and depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008; 13:357-66. [PMID: 18622790 DOI: 10.1080/13546800802264330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance abuse is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and it has been associated with negative consequences on the course of the pathology. Regarding cognition, the prevailing literature has produced mixed results. Some groups have reported greater cognitive impairments in dual diagnosis schizophrenia, while other groups have described the reverse. OBJECTIVE The current cross-sectional study sought to investigate the potential differences in psychiatric symptoms and cognition between schizophrenia patients with and without substance use disorders. METHODS Fifty-three schizophrenia patients were divided into two groups: with (n=30) and without (n=23) a substance use disorder (DSM-IV criteria). Psychiatric symptoms were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Psychomotor speed and spatial working memory were measured using Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS Patients in the dual diagnosis group displayed more severe depressive symptoms and poorer strategy during the working memory task. CONCLUSIONS These results are in keeping with the prevailing literature describing negative consequences of substance abuse in schizophrenia. Substance abuse may exacerbate depressive symptoms and interfere with metacognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Fernand-Seguin Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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16
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Thoma P, Daum I. Working memory and multi-tasking in paranoid schizophrenia with and without comorbid substance use disorder. Addiction 2008; 103:774-86. [PMID: 18412756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Addiction is a frequent comorbid disorder in schizophrenia and associated with poor outcome. The present study sought to determine whether addicted and non-addicted schizophrenic patients are impaired differentially on the executive abilities of working memory and multi-tasking which are relevant for maintaining abstinence. DESIGN Comparisons of executive performance in clinical and control groups. SETTING In-patient setting. PARTICIPANTS The cognitive profile of schizophrenic patients with and without comorbid substance abuse disorder was compared with that of patients suffering from major depression or alcoholism and healthy participants. MEASUREMENTS A range of cognitive tasks was used to assess: (i) the ability to update continuously context information in working memory and to use it for action selection; and (ii) the capacity to divide attention between different sensory input channels and to coordinate verbal and manual responses. FINDINGS Single-diagnosis schizophrenic patients showed pronounced impairments on measures of online maintenance and use of context information. Their ability to coordinate different sensory input channels (divided attention) was also impaired. Addicted schizophrenics showed evidence of impaired sensory input management and of reduced context sensitivity, when age differences were controlled. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates severe working memory and multi-tasking deficits in schizophrenia which are, however, not exacerbated by comorbid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Thoma
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Patterson JV, Hetrick WP, Boutros NN, Jin Y, Sandman C, Stern H, Potkin S, Bunney WE. P50 sensory gating ratios in schizophrenics and controls: a review and data analysis. Psychiatry Res 2008; 158:226-47. [PMID: 18187207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found that the P50 sensory gating ratio in a paired click task is smaller in normal control subjects than in patients with schizophrenia, indicating more effective sensory gating. However, a wide range of gating ratios has been reported in the literature for both groups. The purpose of this study was to compile these findings and to compare reported P50 gating ratios in controls and patients with schizophrenia. Current data collected from individual controls in eight studies from the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Indiana University (IU), and Yale University also are reported. The IU, UCI, and Yale data showed that approximately 40% of controls had P50 ratios within 1 S.D. below the mean of means for patients with schizophrenia. The meta-analysis rejected the null hypothesis that all studies showed no effect. The meta-analysis also showed that the differences were not the same across all studies. The mean ratios in 45 of the 46 group comparisons were smaller for controls than for patients, and the observed difference in means was significant for 35 of those studies. Reported gating ratios for controls from two laboratories whose findings were reported in the literature differed from all the other control groups. Variables affecting the gating ratio included band pass filter setting, rules regarding the inclusion of P30, sex, and age. Standards of P50 collection and measurement would help determine whether the gating ratio can be sufficiently reliable to be labeled an endophenotype, and suggestions are made toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
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18
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Potvin S, Joyal CC, Pelletier J, Stip E. Contradictory cognitive capacities among substance-abusing patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2008; 100:242-51. [PMID: 17614260 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although a substance use disorder (SUD) is traditionally associated with psycho-bio-social impairments, recent investigations among persons with schizophrenia (Sz) generated divergent results. Certain persons with Sz+SUD might in fact present better social and cognitive functioning than persons with Sz without SUD. This meta-analysis was conducted to verify this counterintuitive possibility and to determine whether factors such as substance type, severity or nature of psychotic symptoms and age of the patients help discriminate these subgroups. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and data from 1807 persons with schizophrenia, with or without comorbid SUD, were available for analyses. As a group, persons with Sz+SUD did not obtain significantly higher scores at a Global Cognitive Index than persons with Sz without SUD, although they were better at the Trail Making Task and the speed processing domain. Secondary analyses showed the importance of considering intermediate factors, particularly the preferred substance used and the mean age. While consumption of alcohol was associated with a global cognitive scores similar to that of persons with Sz without an SUD and lower working memory capacities, preferential use of cannabis was instead associated with higher scores for problem solving and reasoning and visual memory. Age was inversely related to the size of the effects. It is concluded that previous mixed results obtained with cognitive evaluations of persons with Sz+SUD might reflect the heterogeneity of participants and that subgroups of patients might be defined on the basis of intermediate factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Fernand-Seguin Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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19
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Coulston CM, Perdices M, Tennant CC. The neuropsychology of cannabis and other substance use in schizophrenia: review of the literature and critical evaluation of methodological issues. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007; 41:869-84. [PMID: 17924240 DOI: 10.1080/00048670701634952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the neuropsychology of substance use in schizophrenia has been steadily growing over the past decade. However, significant gaps remain in the knowledge of individual substances and their relationship to cognition in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Approximately 65 studies to date have directly examined this relationship. Of these, approximately 20 have focused on nicotine, 15 on alcohol, 10 on cocaine, three on stimulants/hallucinogens, one on benzodiazepines, 10 on polydrug abuse, and seven on cannabis. Research on cannabis is especially lacking, given that worldwide it is the most commonly used illicit drug in schizophrenia, is used at higher rates in schizophrenia than in the general population, and makes its own unique contribution to the onset and prognosis of schizophrenia. In the present paper an overview of the neuropsychology literature on substance use in schizophrenia is presented, with special emphasis on cannabis. This incorporates a discussion of the methodological limitations inherent in these studies, and range of potential confounding variables that were not considered or controlled, providing directions for future research into the cognitive correlates of cannabis and other substance use in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Coulston
- Academic Discipline of Psychological Medicine, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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