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Morales-Juárez A, Monterrubio E, Cosenza-Quintana EL, Zamora I, Jensen ML, Vandevijvere S, Ramírez-Zea M, Kroker-Lobos MF. Unhealthy food advertising on Costa Rican and Guatemalan television: a comparative study. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:7162645. [PMID: 37184579 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to exhaustively explore the characteristics of food advertising on TV in Guatemala and Costa Rica. The International Network for Food and Obesity Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) methodology was applied. In 2016, we recorded 1440 h of video among 10 TV channels. We used the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutrient Profile (NP) Model to identify 'critical nutrients', whose excessive consumption is associated with NCDs. We created a nutritional quality score (0 if the product did not exceed any critical nutrient, 1 if the product exceeded one and 2 if it exceeded ≥2). We classified food ads as permitted (score = 0) and not-permitted (score 1 or 2) for marketing. Persuasive marketing techniques were classified as promotional characters (e.g. Batman), premium offers (e.g. toys), brand benefit claims (e.g. tasty) and health-related claims (e.g. nutritious). In Guatemala, foods that exceeded one critical nutrient were more likely to use persuasive marketing techniques, and in Costa Rica were those with an excess of ≥2 critical nutrients, compared with foods without any excess in critical nutrients [Guatemala: promotional characters (odds ratio, OR = 16.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 5.8, 47.3), premium offers (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 8.2) and health-related claims (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.7); Costa Rica: health-related claims (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 8.5)]. In conclusion, Guatemalan and Costa Rican children are exposed to an overabundance of not-permitted food ads on TV. This justifies implementing national policies to reduce exposure to not-permitted food for marketing, including on TV and other media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analí Morales-Juárez
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Eric Monterrubio
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Emma Lucia Cosenza-Quintana
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Irina Zamora
- School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa L Jensen
- School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefanie Vandevijvere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Maria Fernanda Kroker-Lobos
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Evans R, Christiansen P, Masterson T, Pollack C, Albadri S, Boyland E. Recall of food marketing on videogame livestreaming platforms: Associations with adolescent diet-related behaviours and health. Appetite 2023; 186:106584. [PMID: 37127245 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Digital media has become an integral part of adolescents' lives. Mirroring this trend, food and non-alcoholic beverage (hereafter: food) brands increasingly promote products in digital media to maximise reach with young consumers. Videogame livestreaming platforms, where individuals can broadcast or watch streamed videogame footage, are a growing form of digital media. The top three platforms (market share by hours watched) are Twitch (72%), YouTube Gaming (13%), and Facebook Gaming Live (9%), with a combined 34.6 billion hours watched in 2021. These platforms represent a hybridisation of two popular digital trends amongst teenagers: viewing online video content and playing videogames. On these platforms, gaming influencers promote food brands and products, with energy drinks and fast-food restaurants representing the most frequently promoted categories. Evidence suggests that food marketing via Twitch is associated with food craving, purchasing and consumption in adults. Yet, despite the evident teenage appeal and prevalence of food marketing on these platforms, research is yet to explore its associations with adolescent eating behaviour. Adolescents (n = 490, Mage = 16.81, 30.2% female) completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire exploring their recall of food marketing on the top three videogame livestreaming platforms, and relevant behavioural (purchase, consumption) and health (Body Mass Index) outcomes. Structural equation modelling was used to explore hierarchical relationships between the key variables. Results showed that recall of unhealthy food marketing on these platforms was significantly associated with purchase and consumption of marketed food categories. Attitudes towards unhealthy foods mediated this relationship. Findings are the first to demonstrate the relationships between unhealthy food marketing via videogame livestreaming platforms and adolescent eating behaviours, which has implications for the design of policies to restrict digital food marketing to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Evans
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Travis Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 226 Henderson, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Catherine Pollack
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Sondos Albadri
- School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5PS, UK
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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Haynes A, Bayly M, Dixon H, McAleese A, Martin J, Chen YJM, Wakefield M. Obesity prevention and related public health advertising versus competing commercial advertising expenditure in Australia. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6827736. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Mass media campaigns can change attitudes and behaviours to improve population health. However, a key challenge is achieving share of voice in a complex and cluttered media environment. The aim of this study was to compare advertising expenditure on public health campaigns for obesity prevention (and related healthy eating and physical activity campaigns) with competing commercial categories of (a) sugary drinks, (b) artificially sweetened drinks and (c) diet/weight loss products and programmes. These commercial products may either undermine or dilute public health messages by directly contributing to poor health or confusing the public about the best ways to sustain a healthy lifestyle. Monthly estimates of advertising expenditure in Australian media (television, outdoor, cinema, radio, newspapers, magazines and digital) were obtained from Nielsen Media for 2016–18. Eligible public health advertising expenditure for the entire period (total AUD$27M) was vastly outweighed by the commercial categories of sugary drinks (AUD$129M) and diet/weight loss products and services (AUD$122M). Artificially sweetened drinks accounted for an additional AUD$23M of expenditure. These results highlight the need to rebalance the ratio of advertising to support public health in Australia through increased funding for obesity prevention and related campaigns, and critically, through government regulation to limit competing commercial advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria , 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 , Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria , 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 , Australia
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria , 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 , Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Alison McAleese
- Prevention Division, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Yan Jun Michelle Chen
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria , 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 , Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria , 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 , Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
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Dikmen D, Bellikci-Koyu E, Isgin-Atici K, Inan-Eroglu E, Akyol A, Ayaz A, Nergiz-Unal R, Buyuktuncer Z. Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Food Items Preferred by Adolescents under the Influence of Television Advertisements. J Res Health Sci 2021; 22:e00539. [PMID: 36511255 PMCID: PMC9315460 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2022.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food and beverage advertisements on television play a significant role in food preferences, especially among children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate foods and beverages advertised on television and purchased by adolescents or their families using the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient profiling model. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 2,699 students (1380 males and 1319 females) aged 11-16 in Ankara, Turkey, in 2015. Socio-demographic characteristics, television-viewing habits, and the tendency to purchase foods and beverages under the influence of TV advertisements were recorded. The body weight and height were measured by the researchers. All reported food and beverage items (n = 284) were evaluated and classified as permitted or not permitted to advertise, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015). RESULTS The majority (69.8%) of students were underweight/normal weight, whereas 13.3% and 16.9% were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A total of 69.6% of adolescents declared that they were influenced by food advertisements, and 66.4% bought those foods. The most purchased products included cakes and sweet biscuits (63.8%), chocolate and confectionery (44.9%), savory snacks (39.6%), and soft drinks (25.4%). Only 8.5% of all the advertised products (n = 284) were permitted to be advertised, according to the WHO nutrient profile model (2015). Dairy products, meat products, grains, fruits and vegetables, soup, and some traditional Turkish foods (e.g., cig kofte and Turkish pizza) were permitted. The permitted products were preferred by only 13.6% of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy foods are advertised on television for adolescents, and food advertisement management may be an essential strategy to provide healthy food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Dikmen
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bellikci-Koyu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kubra Isgin-Atici
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Inan-Eroglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Asli Akyol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Ayaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Nergiz-Unal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Buyuktuncer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Corresponding author: Zehra Buyuktuncer (PhD) Tel.: +90 312 3051094
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6
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Can point-of-sale nutrition information encourage reduced preference for sugary drinks among adolescents? Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:4023-4034. [PMID: 34018479 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether point-of-sale (POS) information about the nutrition content of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) promotes healthier drink choices among teenagers, and explore whether POS intervention effects vary based on prior exposure to a sugary drink public health campaign (13 Cancers). DESIGN Between-subjects online experiment with three POS signage conditions: no signage (control); sugar content (SC) and Health Star Rating (HSR). Participants viewed their assigned POS sign alone, then alongside a drinks product display and chose which drink they would buy. Perceptions of various drink products and campaign recall were assessed. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents aged 13-17 years (n 925) recruited via an online panel. RESULTS POS signs did not promote a significant reduction in preference for SSB (cf. control condition). Cognitive and emotional responses to POS signs were strongest for the SC sign, which was rated higher than the HSR sign on various perceived effectiveness measures. Participants who saw the SC sign rated SSB as less healthy (cf. control condition) and were more likely to accurately estimate the number of teaspoons of sugar in soft drink (cf. HSR sign and control conditions). There was no significant interaction between prior exposure to the 13 Cancers campaign and POS signage condition regarding preferences for and perceptions of SSB. CONCLUSIONS SSB POS interventions may not have the desired effect on adolescents' drink preferences. Testing SSB POS signs in real-world retail settings is needed to determine whether positive educational impacts extend to promoting healthier drink purchases and reduced SSB consumption among teenagers.
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Haynes A, Bayly M, Dixon H, McAleese A, Martin J, Chen YJM, Wakefield M. Sugary drink advertising expenditure across Australian media channels 2016-2018. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:270-276. [PMID: 33818863 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe advertising expenditure for sugary drinks compared with alternative cold non-alcoholic beverages (artificially sweetened beverages, plain water, plain milk) between 2016 and 2018 across Australian media channels. METHODS Monthly estimates of advertising expenditure for non-alcoholic beverages were obtained from Nielsen Media and aggregated by product type and media. RESULTS Total sugary drink advertising expenditure between 2016 and 2018 ($129.5M) significantly exceeded expenditure on artificially sweetened drinks ($23.26M), plain water ($14.27M), and plain milk ($31.30M). Television and out-of-home advertising accounted for the largest share of sugary drink advertising (45%, 35%). Expenditure on out-of-home advertising was more heavily dominated by sugary drinks (75%) than advertising in all media combined (65%). Sugary drink advertising peaked in warmer months and was lowest in August. Soft drinks (26%), flavoured milks (24%) and energy drinks (21%) accounted for the majority of sugary drink advertising. CONCLUSIONS Cold non-alcoholic beverage advertising in Australian media is dominated by the advertising of sugary drinks. Implications for public health: Restricting unhealthy beverage advertising on television and out-of-home media may be most effective initially. However, comprehensive restrictions capturing a broader range of media and settings would be optimal to prevent displacement and limit advertising reach and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
| | | | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria
| | | | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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Nigg C, Amrein M, Rackow P, Scholz U, Inauen J. Compensation and transfer effects of eating behavior change in daily life: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2021; 162:105170. [PMID: 33621613 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pursuing specific eating goals may lead to the adoption of other healthy behaviors (transfer) or compensation with unhealthy behaviors. Previous research has mostly investigated such processes using non-experimental studies focusing on interindividual differences. To investigate transfer or compensation of eating behavior in daily life, we analyzed data from a 2 (eating goal: more fruit and vegetables [FV] vs. fewer unhealthy snacks) x 2 (intervention vs. control group) factorial randomized trial. Adopting a within-person perspective, we studied potential transfer and compensation 1) between different eating behaviors and physical activity (PA), and 2) in response to an eating behavior change intervention. Participants (N = 203) received either goals to increase FV intake or decrease unhealthy snack intake and completed a daily e-diary. Eating more unhealthy snacks predicted 0.16 less FV portions (β = -0.07; p < 0.001) and 18% less unhealthy snack intake the next day (p < 0.001). Eating more FV predicted 0.42 less FV portions the next day (β = -0.07; p < 0.001). Participants with the FV eating goal intervention decreased unhealthy snacks (p = 0.012) and PA (p = 0.019) by 8% compared to controls, respectively. Similar but non-significant patterns were observed for participants with the decreasing unhealthy snack goal intervention (p > 0.05). Results indicated both compensation and transfer processes in daily life. Relationships mostly occur within the same behavior and rather support compensatory effects. In turn, a behavior change intervention to promote FV intake potentially enhances non-assigned eating behaviors, indicating transfer, but may lower PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nigg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Engler-Bunte-Ring 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Melanie Amrein
- University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Binzmühlestrasse 14 / Box 14, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Rackow
- University of Stirling, Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Urte Scholz
- University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Binzmühlestrasse 14 / Box 14, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Inauen
- University of Bern, Institute of Psychology, Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Lavriša Ž, Hristov H, Kelly B, Pravst I. Regulating children's exposure to food marketing on television: are the restrictions during children's programmes enough? Appetite 2020; 154:104752. [PMID: 32522590 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to rising global rates of childhood obesity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the adoption of policies to restrict children's exposure to the advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages. In 2017, the Slovenian government introduced regulations to restrict the advertisement of unhealthy foods and beverages during designated children's television programming. The objective of our study was to assess the impact of these regulations on children's exposure to food advertising, including during children's programmes and at peak viewing times for children. Using a standardised methodology, we investigated a large sample of 6479 food advertisements broadcast during 1652 h of television programming between 2016 and 2018 on the five most popular television channels for children aged 4-9 years. Advertised food products were coded using the WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model, modified for Slovenia. The average overall frequency of not permitted (unhealthy) food advertising (±SD; standard deviation) per hour was 2.90 ± 3.22 (2016), 2.66 ± 3.55 (2017), or 2.13 ± 3.04 (2018) ads/h/channel. The frequency of not permitted food ads decreased to 0.02 ± 0.01 per h/channel during cartoons and other children's programmes in 2018. The new Slovenian food marketing regulations have reduced the advertising of unhealthy foods during children's programmes. However, children's viewership rates are also high outside of this designated programming and, as such, children's overall exposure to unhealthy food advertising is unlikely to have been reduced considerably by the regulations. Future policy interventions should be planned to cover not only children's programmes but also broadcasting periods that include the greatest numbers of child viewers. The implementation of such policies would be more challenging given that children's peak viewing times often intersect with prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Lavriša
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Hristo Hristov
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ranaei V, Dadipoor S, Davoodi H, Aghamolaei T, Pilevar Z. Effectiveness of Interventions Based on Social Marketing Theory in Promoting Healthy Eating Habits: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jech.7.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Rowbotham S, Astell-Burt T, Barakat T, Hawe P. 30+ years of media analysis of relevance to chronic disease: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:364. [PMID: 32192448 PMCID: PMC7083065 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic, non-communicable diseases are a significant public health priority, requiring action at individual, community and population levels, and public and political will for such action. Exposure to media, including news, entertainment, and advertising media, is likely to influence both individual behaviours, and attitudes towards preventive actions at the population level. In recent years there has been a proliferation of research exploring how chronic diseases and their risk factors are portrayed across various forms of media. This scoping review aims to map the literature in this area to identify key themes, gaps, and opportunities for future research in this area. METHODS We searched three databases (Medline, PsycINFO and Global Health) in July 2016 and identified 499 original research articles meeting inclusion criteria: original research article, published in English, focusing on media representations of chronic disease (including how issues are framed in media, impact or effect of media representations, and factors that influence media representations). We extracted key data from included articles and examined the health topics, media channels and methods of included studies, and synthesised key themes across studies. RESULTS Our findings show that research on media portrayals of chronic disease increased substantially between 1985 and 2016. Smoking and nutrition were the most frequent health topics, and television and print were the most common forms of media examined, although, as expected, research on online and social media channels has increased in recent years. The majority of studies focused on the amount and type of media coverage, including how issues are framed, typically using content analysis approaches. In comparison, there was much less research on the influences on and consequences of media coverage related to chronic disease, suggesting an important direction for future work. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight key themes across media research of relevance to chronic disease. More in-depth syntheses of studies within the identified themes will allow us to draw out the key patterns and learnings across the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rowbotham
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College and The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Tala Barakat
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Penelope Hawe
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, Australia.,O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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12
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Truman E, Elliott C. Identifying food marketing to teenagers: a scoping review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:67. [PMID: 31426809 PMCID: PMC6700978 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teenagers are aggressively targeted by food marketing messages (primarily for unhealthy foods) and susceptible to this messaging due to developmental vulnerabilities and peer-group influence. Yet limited research exists on the exposure and power of food marketing specifically to teenage populations. Research studies often collapse “teenagers” under the umbrella of children or do not recognize the uniqueness of teen-targeted appeals. Child- and teen-targeted marketing strategies are not the same, and this study aims to advance understanding of teen-targeted food marketing by identifying the teen-specific promotion platforms, techniques and indicators detailed in existing literature. Methods A systematic scoping review collected all available literature on food marketing/advertising with the term “teenager” or “adolescent” from nine databases, as well as Google Scholar for grey literature, and a hand search of relevant institutional websites. Included were all peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and grey literature in which food marketing to youth was the central topic of the article, of any study type (i.e., original research, reviews, commentaries and reports), and including any part of the 12–17 age range. Results The 122 articles reviewed define the scope of existing literature on food marketing to young people age 17 and under, identifying leading trends in countries studied (United States, 52%), populations identified (children and teens studied concurrently, 36%), outcomes measured (advertising exposure, 54%), study type (cross-sectional, 58%) and methods used (content analysis, 46%). The promotion platforms and techniques used by food marketers to appeal to young people (as reported in the literature) are also identified and classified. Few studies (7%) use indicators to identify teen-targeted food marketing. Conclusions Unique treatments of teen populations are limited in food marketing literature, as is the application of clear indicators to identify and differentiate teen-targeted food marketing from child- or adult-targeted content. Given the need to better measure the presence and power of teen food marketing, this is a significant oversight in existing literature. The indicators identified will help researchers to develop more accurate strategies for researching and monitoring teen-targeted food promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Truman
- Department of Communication, Media and Film, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Charlene Elliott
- Department of Communication, Media and Film, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Television food and beverage marketing to children in Costa Rica: current state and policy implications. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2509-2520. [PMID: 31109393 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency of television (TV) food and beverage advertisements (F&B ads) to which children (4-11 years) are likely exposed and the nutrient profile of products advertised. DESIGN TV broadcasting between September and November 2016 was recorded (288 h of children's programming; 288 h of family programming) resulting in 8980 advertisements, of which 1862 were F&B ads. Of those, 1473 could be classified into one of the seventeen food groups, and into permitted/non-permitted according to the WHO-EU nutrient profile model. Persuasive marketing techniques used were also identified. SETTING TV programming was recorded for four weekdays and four weekend days, between 06.00 and 00.00 hours (576 total hours), for four channels (two national and two cable), in Costa Rica. RESULTS Mean (sd) number of F&B ads/h was greater in cable than national channels (3·7 (0·4) v. 2·8 (0·4), P < 0·05) and during children's peak viewing hours (4·4 (0·4) v. 2·9 (0·3)). Of F&B ads classified with WHO-EU nutrient profile model (n 1473, 71·1 %), 91·1 % were non-permitted to be marketed to children. Categories most frequently advertised were ready-made/convenience foods (16 %), chocolates/confectionery/desserts (15 %), breakfast cereals (14 %), beverages (15 %), edible ices (9 %) and salty snacks (8 %). Non-permitted F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and nutrition and health claims than permitted F&B ads. CONCLUSIONS Children watching popular TV channels in Costa Rica are exposed to a high number of unhealthy F&B ads daily. Our findings help justify the need for regulatory actions by national authorities.
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Smith R, Kelly B, Yeatman H, Boyland E. Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E875. [PMID: 31003489 PMCID: PMC6520952 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a widely acknowledged risk factor for the development of childhood obesity and noncommunicable diseases. Food marketing involves the use of numerous persuasive techniques to influence children's food attitudes, preferences and consumption. This systematic review provides a comprehensive contemporary account of the impact of these marketing techniques on children aged 0-18 years and critically evaluates the methodologies used. Five electronic academic databases were searched using key terms for primary studies (both quantitative and qualitative) published up to September 2018; 71 eligible articles were identified. Significant detrimental effects of food marketing, including enhanced attitudes, preferences and increased consumption of marketed foods were documented for a wide range of marketing techniques, particularly those used in television/movies and product packaging. Together, these studies contribute strong evidence to support the restriction of food marketing to children. However, the review also signposted distinct gaps: Firstly, there is a lack of use of qualitative and physiological methodologies. Secondly, contemporary and sophisticated marketing techniques used in new media warrant increased research attention. Finally, more research is needed to evaluate the longer-term effects of food marketing on children's weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Smith
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Emma Boyland
- Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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Arora A, Bowman CM, Chow SJP, Thepsourinthone J, Bhole S, Manohar N. A content analysis of Australian television advertising: focus on child and adolescent oral health. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:384. [PMID: 30526559 PMCID: PMC6286588 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s preferences for cariogenic foods and/or drinks has been proven to be associated with exposure to advertisements. This study aimed to assess and compare the proportion of cariogenic food and /or drink advertisements aired on three metropolitan Sydney commercial television channels at different broadcast times during school term and school holidays. Methods Three Sydney free-to-air television channels (Channels Seven, Nine, and Ten) were recorded between June 2016 and January 2017. Two weekdays and one weekend day were recorded for a week for each channel during the school term and school holidays, respectively. All channels were recorded from 0630 h until 2300 h. Food and/or drink advertisements were categorised according to the time they were aired and their sugar and acid content. For each channel, school holiday data was compared with school term data. Pearson chi-squared testing was used to determine the difference in advertisements rates across TV channels and broadcast times including school holidays and school term. Results The proportion of food and/or drink advertisements for all networks was less than 10% of all advertisements. Overall, Channel Ten had the most food and/or drink advertisements (39.74%) and Channel Seven had the lowest (28.60%). Channel Ten aired the largest proportion of food and/or drink advertisements (27.18%) during school term Channel Nine aired the highest number of food and/or drink adverts (15.50%) during school holidays. There were more food and/or drink advertisements during children’s viewing hours compared to overlap, adult, and other viewing periods respectively, with Channel Ten airing the highest advertisements (15.72%) and Channel Seven airing the least (11.35%) food and/or drink advertisements. For all analyses, Pearson chi-square tests had a p-value < 0.001. Conclusion Although the overall proportion of food and/or drink advertisements aired on Sydney television is low, the advertisements containing high sugar and /or acid were broadcasted more during children’s viewing times than other times and during school term compared to school holidays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Caroline M Bowman
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie J P Chow
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jack Thepsourinthone
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sameer Bhole
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Narendar Manohar
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food marketing is an important factor influencing children's food preferences. In Slovenia the use of magazines is widespread among children. We investigated food advertising in children's and teens' magazines (CTM) in 2013 and 2017. The penetration of food advertising was compared with magazines targeting the adult population. DESIGN A repeated cross-sectional study. Magazines were searched for branded food references (BFR). All BFR were categorised and evaluated using the WHO Europe nutrient profile model. SETTING Slovenia. SUBJECTS All issues of CTM and a selected sample of issues of adult-targeting magazines and newspapers published in Slovenia in 2013 and 2017. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-five issues of CTM (ninety-two in 2013, eighty-three in 2017) and 675 issues of adult-targeted magazines and newspapers were analysed (345 in 2013, 330 in 2017). In 2017, food advertising in CTM dropped notably but the opposite was found for adult-targeted magazines. Regular advertisements dominated in 2017 in CTM, while in 2013, 83 % of BFR types were games/puzzles, competitions and product placements. Chocolate and confectionery were the most advertised in CTM and food supplements in adults' magazines. Most foods in CTM were classed as 'not permitted' in both years (98 % in 2013 and 100 % in 2017). CONCLUSIONS The advertisements in CTM still mostly refer to unhealthy foods. The extent of food advertising has dropped considerably since 2013. On the contrary, food advertising in printed media targeting adults has increased, chiefly referring to food supplements and foods that do not pass the WHO Europe nutrient profile model criteria.
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Cauchi D, Reiff S, Knai C, Gauci C, Spiteri J. Television food advertising to children in Malta. Health Promot Int 2018; 32:419-429. [PMID: 26497587 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To undertake a cross-sectional survey of the extent and nature of food and beverage advertising to children on Maltese national television stations. Seven national free-to-air channels were recorded for seven consecutive days in March 2014 between 07:00 and 22:00 h. Advertisements were coded according to predefined categories, with a focus on advertisements aired during 'peak' children's viewing times, defined as periods during which more than 25% of children were likely to be watching television on any channel. Food and beverage advertisements were classified as core (healthy), non-core (unhealthy) or miscellaneous foods. Malta. Whole population, with a focus on children. Food and drinks were the most heavily advertised product category (26.9% of all advertisements) across all channels. The proportion of non-core food/drink advertisements was significantly greater during peak compared with non-peak children's viewing times (52 vs 44.6%; p ≤ 0.001). A majority of advertisements aimed at children are for non-core foods, and are typically shown during family-oriented programmes in the late evening rather than being restricted to children's programmes. 'Taste', 'enjoyment' and 'peer status' were the primary persuasive appeals used in adolescent and child-focused advertisements. This first content analysis of television advertising in Malta suggests that there is scope for the implementation of statutory regulation regarding advertising of foods high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) during times when children are likely to watch television, rather than during children's programmes only. Ongoing, systematic monitoring is essential for evaluation of the effectiveness of regulations designed to reduce children's exposure to HFSS food advertising on television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cauchi
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sascha Reiff
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Msida, Malta
| | - Cecile Knai
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charmaine Gauci
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Directorate, Msida, Malta
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Signal LN, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr MB, Chambers TJ, Zhou J, Duane A, Gurrin C, Smeaton AF, McKerchar C, Pearson AL, Hoek J, Jenkin GLS, Ni Mhurchu C. Children's everyday exposure to food marketing: an objective analysis using wearable cameras. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:137. [PMID: 28988542 PMCID: PMC5632829 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past three decades the global prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased by 47%. Marketing of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods and beverages contributes to this worldwide increase. Previous research on food marketing to children largely uses self-report, reporting by parents, or third-party observation of children’s environments, with the focus mostly on single settings and/or media. This paper reports on innovative research, Kids’Cam, in which children wore cameras to examine the frequency and nature of everyday exposure to food marketing across multiple media and settings. Methods Kids’Cam was a cross-sectional study of 168 children (mean age 12.6 years, SD = 0.5) in Wellington, New Zealand. Each child wore a wearable camera on four consecutive days, capturing images automatically every seven seconds. Images were manually coded as either recommended (core) or not recommended (non-core) to be marketed to children by setting, marketing medium, and product category. Images in convenience stores and supermarkets were excluded as marketing examples were considered too numerous to count. Results On average, children were exposed to non-core food marketing 27.3 times a day (95% CI 24.8, 30.1) across all settings. This was more than twice their average exposure to core food marketing (12.3 per day, 95% CI 8.7, 17.4). Most non-core exposures occurred at home (33%), in public spaces (30%) and at school (19%). Food packaging was the predominant marketing medium (74% and 64% for core and non-core foods) followed by signs (21% and 28% for core and non-core). Sugary drinks, fast food, confectionary and snack foods were the most commonly encountered non-core foods marketed. Rates were calculated using Poisson regression. Conclusions Children in this study were frequently exposed, across multiple settings, to marketing of non-core foods not recommended to be marketed to children. The study provides further evidence of the need for urgent action to reduce children’s exposure to marketing of unhealthy foods, and suggests the settings and media in which to act. Such action is necessary if the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity’s vision is to be achieved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Signal
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
| | - J Stanley
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M Smith
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - M B Barr
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - T J Chambers
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - J Zhou
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Duane
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Gurrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A F Smeaton
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C McKerchar
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - A L Pearson
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48825, USA
| | - J Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Level 4, Business School, Clyde St, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - G L S Jenkin
- Department of Public Health, Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - C Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
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Inauen J, Bolger N, Shrout PE, Stadler G, Amrein M, Rackow P, Scholz U. Using Smartphone-Based Support Groups to Promote Healthy Eating in Daily Life: A Randomised Trial. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2017; 9:303-323. [PMID: 28948690 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many people intend to eat healthily, they often fail to do so. We report the first randomised trial testing whether smartphone-based support groups can enhance healthy eating. METHODS Adults (N = 203) were randomised to the support or control condition (information), and to one of two eating goals (increasing fruit and vegetable/decreasing unhealthy snack consumption). After baseline, participants received information on their assigned eating goal, and completed a 13-day electronic diary. During Days 4-10, support participants were asked to support each other in achieving their eating goal in smartphone-based groups. The primary outcome was daily servings of fruit/vegetables or unhealthy snacks. Maintenance of intervention effects was assessed on Days 11-13, and at 1-month and 2-month follow-ups. RESULTS Support participants showed a gradual increase in healthy eating over time, and ate 1.4 fruits and vegetables more, 95% CI [0.3, 2.6], or 0.8 unhealthy snacks less, 95% CI [-1.4, -0.2] than controls on Day 10. Most effects were not maintained at follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based groups can promote fruit and vegetable consumption and decrease unhealthy snack intake. This study extends previous findings of the benefits of support groups, and sheds light on the temporal dynamics of behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Inauen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Switzerland.,Columbia University, USA
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Georgina Russell C, Burke PF, Waller DS, Wei E. The impact of front-of-pack marketing attributes versus nutrition and health information on parents' food choices. Appetite 2017; 116:323-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Food advertising on Argentinean television: are ultra-processed foods in the lead? Public Health Nutr 2017; 21:238-246. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo describe the number of processed and ultra-processed food (PUPF) advertisements (ads) targeted to children on Argentinean television (TV), to analyse the advertising techniques used and the nutritional quality of the foods advertised, and to determine the potential exposure of children to unhealthy food advertising in our country.DesignFive free-to-air channels and the three most popular children’s cable networks were recorded from 07.00 to 22.00 hours for 6 weeks. Ads were classified by target audience, type of product, advertised food categories and advertising strategies used. The NOVA system was used to classify food products according to industrial food processing level. Nutritional quality was analysed using the Pan American Health Organization’s nutrient profile model.SettingBuenos Aires, Argentina. Results are considered applicable to most of the country.SubjectsThe study did not involve human subjects.ResultsOf the sample of food ads, PUPF products were more frequently advertised during children’s programmes (98·9 %) v. programmes targeted to the general audience (93·7 %, χ2=45·92, P<0·01). The top five food categories were desserts, dairy products, non-alcoholic sugary beverages, fast-food restaurants, and salty snacks. Special promotions and the appearance of cartoon characters were much more frequent in ads targeting children. Argentinean children are estimated to be exposed to sixty-one ads for unhealthy PUPF products per week.ConclusionsOur study showed that Argentinean children are exposed to a high number of unhealthy PUPF ads on TV. The Argentinean Government should build on this information to design and implement a comprehensive policy to reduce exposure to unhealthy food marketing that includes TV and other communication channels and places.
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Watson WL, Lau V, Wellard L, Hughes C, Chapman K. Advertising to children initiatives have not reduced unhealthy food advertising on Australian television. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 39:787-792. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Korošec Ž, Pravst I. Television food advertising to children in Slovenia: analyses using a large 12-month advertising dataset. Int J Public Health 2016; 61:1049-1057. [PMID: 27628488 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The marketing of energy-dense foods is recognised as a probable causal factor in children's overweight and obesity. To stimulate policymakers to start using nutrient profiling to restrict food marketing, a harmonised model was recently proposed by the WHO. Our objective is to evaluate the television advertising of foods in Slovenia using the above-mentioned model. METHODS An analysis is performed using a representative dataset of 93,902 food-related advertisements broadcast in Slovenia in year 2013. The advertisements are linked to specific foods, which are then subject to categorisation according to the WHO and UK nutrient profile model. RESULTS Advertising of chocolate and confectionery represented 37 % of food-related advertising in all viewing times, and 77 % in children's (4-9 years) viewing hours. During these hours, 96 % of the food advertisements did not pass the criteria for permitted advertising according to the WHO profile model. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from Slovenia shows that, in the absence of efficient regulatory marketing restrictions, television advertising of food to children is almost exclusively linked to energy-dense foods. Minor modifications of the proposed WHO nutrient profile model are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Korošec
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Tatlow-Golden M, Murrin C, Bergin R, Kerr M, O’Brien S, Livingstone B. Creating good feelings about unhealthy food: children’s televised ‘advertised diet’ on the island of Ireland, in a climate of regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2016.1194770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li D, Wang T, Cheng Y, Zhang M, Yang X, Zhu Z, Liu D, Yang W, Zeng L. The extent and nature of television food advertising to children in Xi'an, China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:770. [PMID: 27515012 PMCID: PMC4982426 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the extent and nature of television food advertising especially unhealthy food advertising to primary school children in Xi’an, China. Methods Television data were recorded for 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days between 6:00 and 22:00 during May and June in 2012 from a total of five television channels most popular with children in Xi’an. Pearson χ2 tests and logistic regression were applied to determine differences in the proportion of healthy food, unhealthy food and miscellaneous food advertisements for different channels, programs, dates, viewing periods and the use of persuasive marketing tactics. Results Of the 5527 advertisements transcribed, 25.5 % were for food, among which 48.1 % were considered to be unhealthy. The frequency of food advertisements was 6 per hour per channel, including 3 unhealthy food advertisements. Compared with healthy and miscellaneous food advertisements, more unhealthy food advertisements were shown during afternoon, weekends and children’s non-peak viewing times as well as on children’s television channels, central television channels and non-children’s programmes. Unhealthy foods contributed the highest proportion of all food advertisements containing promotional characters (51.7 %) and premium offers (59.1 %). Both promotional characters and premium offers appeared more on non-children’s television channels. Conclusions The majority of food advertisements were for unhealthy food. More unhealthy food ads were shown in children’s non-peak time and afternoon as well as non-children’s channels. More children-oriented persuasive marketing tactics were used in unhealthy food ads especially in non-children’s channels. Therefore, intervening in the entrance of unhealthy foods into the market and establishing regulations related to food advertising especially unhealthy food advertisements are important strategies to prevent children’s exposure to unhealthy food and childhood obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3468-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province,, 750002, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Danli Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Wenfang Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,, 710061, China.
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Royo-Bordonada M, León-Flández K, Damián J, Bosqued-Estefanía M, Moya-Geromini M, López-Jurado L. The extent and nature of food advertising to children on Spanish television in 2012 using an international food-based coding system and the UK nutrient profiling model. Public Health 2016; 137:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Norman J, Kelly B, Boyland E, McMahon AT. The Impact of Marketing and Advertising on Food Behaviours: Evaluating the Evidence for a Causal Relationship. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Inauen J, Shrout PE, Bolger N, Stadler G, Scholz U. Mind the Gap? An Intensive Longitudinal Study of Between-Person and Within-Person Intention-Behavior Relations. Ann Behav Med 2016; 50:516-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bugge AB. Food advertising towards children and young people in Norway. Appetite 2015; 98:12-8. [PMID: 26689892 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that no studies have been carried out to map the amount of unhealthy food advertising aimed at Norwegian children and adolescents, it is still widely held belief that this type of advertising is disproportionately common. As a consequence, one of the issues high on the agenda in Norway in the 2000s was the possibility of imposing restrictions on advertising for unhealthy foods to children. The purpose of this study is to contribute with a research-based foundation for implementing this health initiative by mapping food marketing in media channels widely used by children and adolescents. In sum, the study shows that the food industry spends a lot of resources to influence young consumers' eating and drinking habits. Compared with studies from USA, UK and Australia, however, there are, strong indications that there is significantly less unhealthy food advertising in Scandinavian countries. Similar to a previous Swedish study, this study shows that Norwegian children and young people were exposed to little advertising for unhealthy food products through media channels such as TV, the Internet, magazines, comics and cinemas. The study also supports critical remarks from some researchers that the extensive use of the international discourse as a political argument and recommendation for Norwegian conditions is not accurate. For the future it may be beneficial to look more closely at the relationship between advertising and health policy, and how this relationship can be further developed to improve children and young people's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechen Bahr Bugge
- National Institute for Consumer Research (SIFO), P.b. 4682 Nydalen, N-0405 Oslo, Norway.
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Meloncelli NJ, Pelly FE, Cooper SL. Nutritional quality of a selection of children's packaged food available in Australia. Nutr Diet 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina J.L. Meloncelli
- School of Health and Sport Sciences; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Fiona E. Pelly
- School of Health and Sport Sciences; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Sheri L. Cooper
- School of Health and Sport Sciences; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
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Vohra J, Soni P. Logit modelling of food shopping behaviour of children in retail stores. MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/mrr-03-2014-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to comprehensively uncover antecedents of food shopping behaviour of children in retail stores in India. Children form the pivot of food marketing. They accompany parents on food shopping trips and assist food purchases. Their extent of participation varies with the frequency with which they accompany parents, the presence of food promotions and other demographic variables. The present paper attempts to comprehensively uncover the variables that help in cumulatively predicting food shopping behaviour of children in retail stores.
Design/methodology/approach
– Data have been collected from 473 mothers of children in the age category 4-11 years. For the aforesaid purpose, a structured, pre-tested and non-disguised questionnaire has been prepared. Binary logistic regression has been applied to analyse the data through SPSS 19.
Findings
– Shopping behaviour of children in retail stores significantly depends upon food promotions in retail stores, frequency with which children accompany mothers on shopping trips and demographic variables such as age of mother and father and education status of mother.
Practical implications
– This study attracts attention of parents, food retailers and policy makers towards impact of food promotional strategies on food buying behaviour of children in retail stores.
Originality/value
– This piece of research is important as no such study (to the best of researchers’ knowledge) has been conducted in India even when food retailing is an important component of total retail in India and also growing tremendously.
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Turner L, Kelly B, Boyland E, Bauman AE. Measuring Food Brand Awareness in Australian Children: Development and Validation of a New Instrument. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222624 PMCID: PMC4519263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s exposure to food marketing is one environmental determinant of childhood obesity. Measuring the extent to which children are aware of food brands may be one way to estimate relative prior exposures to food marketing. This study aimed to develop and validate an Australian Brand Awareness Instrument (ABAI) to estimate children’s food brand awareness. Methods The ABAI incorporated 30 flashcards depicting food/drink logos and their corresponding products. An abbreviated version was also created using 12 flashcards (ABAI-a). The ABAI was presented to 60 primary school aged children (7-11yrs) attending two Australian after-school centres. A week later, the full-version was repeated on approximately half the sample (n=27) and the abbreviated-version was presented to the remaining half (n=30). The test-retest reliability of the ABAI was analysed using Intra-class correlation coefficients. The concordance of the ABAI-a and full-version was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. The ‘nomological’ validity of the full tool was investigated by comparing children’s brand awareness with food marketing-related variables (e.g. television habits, intake of heavily promoted foods). Results Brand awareness increased with age (p<0.01) but was not significantly correlated with other variables. Bland-Altman analyses showed good agreement between the ABAI and ABAI-a. Reliability analyses revealed excellent agreement between the two administrations of the full-ABAI. Conclusions The ABAI was able to differentiate children’s varying levels of brand awareness. It was shown to be a valid and reliable tool and may allow quantification of brand awareness as a proxy measure for children’s prior food marketing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Turner
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian E. Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The Frequency of Unhealthy Food Advertising on Mainland Chinese Television (TV) and Children and Adolescents' Risk of Exposure to Them. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128746. [PMID: 26133984 PMCID: PMC4489874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an analysis of the frequency of unhealthy food advertising on mainland Chinese television (TV) and children and adolescents' risk of exposure to them. METHODS The frequencies of all types of advertisements (ads) on forty TV channels in mainland China, the exact ad broadcast times, and the name and brand of all snacks and western fast foods advertised were recorded from 0800 hours to 2400 hours on both a weekday and a weekend day in a week. The difference in the frequencies of the diverse types of ads over eight time intervals (each time interval was 2 hours) were compared, and the trends in ad frequencies during the time intervals were described. RESULTS The TV channels broadcast 155 (91-183) (expressed as median [P25-P75]) food ads, 87 (38-123) snack ads, 49 (11-85) beverage ads, and 58 (25-76) ads of snacks suitable for limited consumption (SSLCs) in a day. The proportion of snack ads among food ads (SPF%) was 55.5% (40.3%-71.0%), and the proportion of SSLC ads among snack ads (LPS%) was 67.4% (55.4%-79.3%). The ad frequencies for food, snacks, SSLCs, and beverages demonstrated significant differences among the eight time intervals (all P=0.000). TV channels broadcast the most frequent ads for food, snacks, SSLCs, and beverages during the time interval from 2000 hours to 2200 hours among the eight time intervals. CONCLUSIONS Chinese children and adolescents may be at a high risk of exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV. Reducing the exposure risk strongly requires multisectoral cooperation.
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Lioutas ED, Tzimitra-Kalogianni I. 'I saw Santa drinking soda!' Advertising and children's food preferences. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:424-33. [PMID: 25209658 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of advertising on children's food preferences is well documented in the research literature. In this study we aim to examine the ways in which food advertising propels children's consumer behaviour and to investigate how food advertising affects the frequency of unhealthy food consumption. METHODS Data were drawn from a sample of elementary school children in the region of Thessaly (Greece). Three scales were used to measure children's lifestyle patterns, food consumption frequencies, and their response to advertising. Univariate and inferential statistics were used to answer the research questions. RESULTS The analysis revealed that a significant proportion of children (47.4%) frequently consume unhealthy foods. Children who have little understanding of the persuasive intent of advertising rate advertised foods as healthier and more nutritious. The frequency of unhealthy food consumption is influenced by the entertaining dimension of advertising and the level of the motivational arousal after children's exposure to food advertisements. CONCLUSIONS Food advertising impels children's consumer behaviour through four different modes. First, advertising engenders expectations, which raise purchase motivation. Second, the purchase of advertised foods is accompanied by positive feelings (happiness, satisfaction). Third, the entertaining dimension of advertising generates pleasant mood, which positively predisposes the evaluation of advertised foods. Fourth, children do not always possess the ability to recognize the persuasive nature of advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Lioutas
- Laboratory of Rural Marketing, Rural Policy and Cooperation, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Watson WL, Johnston A, Hughes C, Chapman K. Determining the ‘healthiness’ of foods marketed to children on television using the Food Standards Australia New Zealand nutrient profiling criteria. Nutr Diet 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L. Watson
- Health Strategies Division; Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo New South Wales Australia
| | - Aimee Johnston
- Health Strategies Division; Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo New South Wales Australia
| | - Clare Hughes
- Health Strategies Division; Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo New South Wales Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Health Strategies Division; Cancer Council NSW; Woolloomooloo New South Wales Australia
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Kelly B, King L, Baur L, Rayner M, Lobstein T, Monteiro C, Macmullan J, Mohan S, Barquera S, Friel S, Hawkes C, Kumanyika S, L'Abbé M, Lee A, Ma J, Neal B, Sacks G, Sanders D, Snowdon W, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S, Walker C. Monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions to children. Obes Rev 2013; 14 Suppl 1:59-69. [PMID: 24074211 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing is recognized as an important factor influencing food choices related to non-communicable diseases. The monitoring of populations' exposure to food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions, and the content of these promotions, is necessary to generate evidence to understand the extent of the problem, and to determine appropriate and effective policy responses. A review of studies measuring the nature and extent of exposure to food promotions was conducted to identify approaches to monitoring food promotions via dominant media platforms. A step-wise approach, comprising 'minimal', 'expanded' and 'optimal' monitoring activities, was designed. This approach can be used to assess the frequency and level of exposure of population groups (especially children) to food promotions, the persuasive power of techniques used in promotional communications (power of promotions) and the nutritional composition of promoted food products. Detailed procedures for data sampling, data collection and data analysis for a range of media types are presented, as well as quantifiable measurement indicators for assessing exposure to and power of food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions. The proposed framework supports the development of a consistent system for monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions for comparison between countries and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kelly
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Kotsaga E. Food marketing to children on Greek television. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-012-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cox R, Skouteris H, Dell'Aquila D, Hardy LL, Rutherford L. Television viewing behaviour among pre-schoolers: implications for public health recommendations. J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49:E108-11. [PMID: 23252399 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Cox
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Campbell S, James EL, Stacey FG, Bowman J, Chapman K, Kelly B. A mixed-method examination of food marketing directed towards children in Australian supermarkets. Health Promot Int 2012; 29:267-77. [PMID: 23154998 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/das060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of children's food requests, and parents' experiences of food marketing directed towards children, in the supermarket environment. A mixed-method design was used. Firstly, intercept interviews were conducted with parents accompanied by a child/children on exiting supermarkets (sampled from a large regional centre in Australia). Parents were asked about the prevalence and types of food requests by child/children during their supermarket visit and whether they purchased these foods. Secondly, focus groups (n = 13) and telephone interviews (n = 3) were conducted exploring parents' experiences of supermarket shopping with children and the impact of child-directed marketing. Of the 158 intercept survey participants (30% response rate), 73% reported a food request during the supermarket visit. Most requested food items (88%) were unhealthy foods, with chocolate/confectionery being the most common food category requested (40%). Most parents (70%) purchased at least one food item requested during the shopping trip. Qualitative interviews identified four themes associated with food requests and prompts in the supermarket: parents' experience of pester power in the supermarket; prompts for food requests in the supermarket; parental responses to pestering in the supermarket environment, and; strategies to manage pestering and minimize requests for food items. Food requests from children are common during supermarket shopping. Despite the majority of the requests being unhealthy, parents often purchase these foods. Parents reported difficulties dealing with constant requests and expressed desire for environmental changes including confectionery-free checkouts, minimization of child friendly product placement and reducing children's exposure to food marketing.
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Jones SC, Gregory P, Kervin L. Branded food references in children's magazines: 'advertisements' are the tip of the iceberg. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:220-9. [PMID: 22434788 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2011.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While children's magazines 'blur the lines' between editorial content and advertising, this medium has escaped the calls for government restrictions that are currently associated with food advertisements aired during children's television programming. The aim of this study was to address significant gaps in the evidence base in relation to commercial food messages in children's magazines by systematically investigating the nature and extent of food advertising and promotions over a 12-month period. METHOD All issues of Australian children's magazines published in the calendar year 2009 were examined for references to foods or beverages. RESULTS Approximately 16% of the 1678 food references identified were portrayals of branded food products (or food brands). However, only 83 of these 269 were clearly identified as advertisements. Of these 269 branded food references, 86% were for non-core (broadly, less healthy) foods, including all but seven of the advertisements. CONCLUSIONS It appears that recent reductions in televised promotions for non-core foods, and industry initiatives to reduce the targeting of children, have not carried through to magazine advertising. This study adds to the evidence base that the marketing of unhealthy food to children is widespread, and often covert, and supports public health calls for the strengthening of advertising regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Jones
- Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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Scully M, Wakefield M, Niven P, Chapman K, Crawford D, Pratt IS, Baur LA, Flood V, Morley B. Association between food marketing exposure and adolescents’ food choices and eating behaviors. Appetite 2012; 58:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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MacKay S. Legislative solutions to unhealthy eating and obesity in Australia. Public Health 2011; 125:896-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JCG. Persuasive techniques used in television advertisements to market foods to UK children. Appetite 2011; 58:658-64. [PMID: 22133361 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the nature and extent of use of persuasive marketing techniques in television advertisements (adverts) to promote foods to children. Popular UK commercial television channels broadcasting children's/family viewing were recorded for 2 days (6 am-10 pm) every month in 2008 and recordings were screened for adverts. Eighteen thousand eight hundred and eighty eight adverts were for food and these were coded for peak/non-peak children's viewing time and representation of core (healthy)/non-core (unhealthy)/miscellaneous foods. The analysis assessed use of persuasive appeals, premium offers, promotional characters (brand equity and licensed characters), celebrity endorsers and website promotion in food adverts. Promotional characters, celebrity endorsers and premium offers were used more frequently to promote non-core than core foods, even on dedicated children's channels. Brand equity characters featured on a greater proportion of food adverts than licensed characters. A food brand website was promoted in a third of food adverts (websites are not covered by the statutory regulation on food advertising). This extensive analysis of television adverts demonstrated that the use of persuasive marketing techniques to promote unhealthy foods was extensive in broadcasting popular with children despite regulations. Further studies should incorporate an analysis of the content of websites promoted during food adverts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Boyland
- Kissileff Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behaviour, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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Adachi-Mejia AM, Sutherland LA, Longacre MR, Beach ML, Titus-Ernstoff L, Gibson JJ, Dalton MA. Adolescent weight status and receptivity to food TV advertisements. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 43:441-8. [PMID: 21665550 PMCID: PMC3175307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the relationship between adolescent weight status and food advertisement receptivity. DESIGN Survey-based evaluation with data collected at baseline (initial and at 2 months), and at follow-up (11 months). SETTING New Hampshire and Vermont. PARTICIPANTS Students (n = 2,281) aged 10-13 in 2002-2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Overweight. ANALYSIS Generalized estimating equations to model the relationship between identifying a food advertisement as their favorite and being overweight. RESULTS Overall, 35.9% of the adolescents were overweight. Less than one fifth named a food advertisement as their favorite (16.1%). Most of the food advertisements were for less-healthful food (89.6%). After controlling for school, age, sex, sociodemographics, physical activity, number of TV sessions watched, and having a TV in the bedroom, overweight adolescents were significantly less likely to be receptive to food advertisements (relative risk = 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.70, 0.98) compared to non-overweight adolescents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that normal-weight adolescents are receptive to unhealthful food advertisements. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate whether consistent exposure to advertisements for unhealthful food, particularly if they are promoted with healthful behaviors such as being physically active, influence adolescents' food choices, and ultimately their body mass index, over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Adachi-Mejia
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA.
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Hebden L, King L, Kelly B. Art of persuasion: an analysis of techniques used to market foods to children. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47:776-82. [PMID: 21707822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Persuasive marketing techniques, such as promotional characters, influence children's food preferences and requests for foods. The aim of this research was to describe the techniques used to market unhealthy foods and beverages to children on Sydney free-to-air television. METHODS Marketing techniques designed to appeal to children were identified from international literature and summarised into a systematic coding tool. Using this tool, the marketing techniques used in a random sample of 100 unique food advertisements, broadcasted on Sydney free-to-air television, were coded. Frequency of marketing techniques was analysed overall and for use in advertisements marketing unhealthy foods, emotionally or verbally appealing to parents, or featuring child actors. RESULTS Advertisers' use of persuasive techniques generally did not differ by type of food advertised. Marketing techniques with greater prominence in unhealthy food advertising were palatability (54% of unhealthy food advertisements), convenience (52%), fantasy/imagination (28%), fun/happiness (17%) and cartoon characters (9%). Advertisements emotionally appealing to parents (24%) were significantly more likely to make general health or nutrition statements (38% vs. 17%), and appealed to children concurrently through fun/happiness and fantasy/imagination appeals. Children were depicted in advertisements as eating with friends or family, situated within the home and frequently snacking on less healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS Food and beverage advertisers use a range of visual, audio and emotive techniques to appeal to children and their parents that do not discriminate by the type of food advertised. The range and complexity of these techniques complicate the restriction of their use in food advertising to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Hebden
- Prevention Research Collaboration, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Hebden LA, King L, Grunseit A, Kelly B, Chapman K. Advertising of fast food to children on Australian television: the impact of industry self-regulation. Med J Aust 2011; 195:20-4. [PMID: 21728936 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of the quick-service restaurant industry (QSRI) self-regulatory initiative on fast-food advertising to children on Australian commercial television. DESIGN AND SETTING Analysis of advertisements for foods on the three main free-to-air commercial television channels (channels 7, 9 and 10) in Sydney, Australia, over 4 days in both May 2009 and April 2010 in terms of: number of advertisements; types of food (coded core [healthy] foods, non-core [unhealthy] foods, miscellaneous foods; or fast foods); whether advertised meals were intended for children; whether advertisements were broadcast during children's peak viewing times; and whether the company in question was a signatory to the QSRI initiative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in the mean frequency and rate of food advertisements per hour from 2009 to 2010; change in the types of fast-food meals (healthier alternatives [at least one nutrient-dense, low-energy food considered part of a healthy diet for children], non-core [high in undesirable nutrients and not considered part of a healthy diet for children], and other) being advertised; and proportion of children's energy requirements provided by fast-food meals. RESULTS From 2009 to 2010, the mean frequency of fast-food advertisements increased from 1.1 to 1.5 per hour. While non-core fast foods comprised a lesser share of fast-food advertising in 2010 than 2009, the mean frequency at which they were advertised during times when the largest numbers of children were watching television remained the same (1.3 per hour in both 2009 and 2010). Family meals advertised for children's consumption in 2010 provided energy far in excess of children's requirements. CONCLUSIONS Children's exposure to unhealthy fast-food advertising has not changed following the introduction of self-regulation, and some fast foods advertised for children's consumption contain excessive energy. The limited impact of self-regulation suggests that governments should define the policy framework for regulating fast-food advertising to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana A Hebden
- Prevention Research Collaboration, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.
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47
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Andaya AA, Arredondo EM, Alcaraz JE, Lindsay SP, Elder JP. The association between family meals, TV viewing during meals, and fruit, vegetables, soda, and chips intake among Latino children. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 43:308-315. [PMID: 20965787 PMCID: PMC3117953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the relationship of family meals to children's consumption of fruit and vegetables as well as soda and chips. Additionally, to assess the relationship between viewing TV during family meals and children's diet. DESIGN Cross-sectional study that used a questionnaire completed by parents. SETTING Thirteen schools in San Diego, California. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred ninety-four children and their parents. ANALYSIS Ordinal regression assessed associations between children's intake of fruit, vegetables, soda, and chips with family meal frequency and TV viewing during family meals. RESULTS Children who consumed breakfast, lunch, or dinner with their family at least 4 days per week ate fruit and vegetables 5 or more times a week 84%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. Of those children who ate breakfast, lunch, or dinner with their family at least 4 days per week, 40%, 44%, and 43% consumed soda and chips 5 or more times a week, respectively. Children who ate breakfast with their families at least 4 times a week were more likely to consume fruit and vegetables, and children whose TV was never or rarely on during family meals were less likely to consume soda and chips (P = .04 and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Interventions geared at increasing the frequency of eating breakfast as a family and decreasing the amount of TV watched during family meals are needed, especially among acculturating Latino families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abegail A Andaya
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, CA, USA.
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Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JCG. The extent of food advertising to children on UK television in 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:455-61. [PMID: 21846176 DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.608801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the extent of food advertising on UK television channels popular with young people following regulatory reform of this type of marketing activity. METHODS UK television was recorded 06:00-22:00 h for a weekday and a weekend day every month between January and December 2008 for 14 of the most popular commercial channels broadcasting children's/family viewing. Recordings were screened for advertisements, which were coded according to predefined categories including whether they were broadcast in peak/non-peak children's viewing time. Food advertisements were coded as core (healthy)/non-core (unhealthy)/miscellaneous foods. RESULTS Food and drinks were the third most heavily advertised product category, and there were a significantly greater proportion of advertisements for food/drinks during peak compared to non-peak children's viewing times. A significantly greater proportion of the advertisements broadcast around soap operas than around children's programmes were for food/drinks. Children's channels broadcast a significantly greater proportion of non-core food advertisements than the family channels. There were significant differences between recording months for the proportion of core/non-core/miscellaneous food advertisements. CONCLUSIONS Despite regulation, children in the UK are exposed to more TV advertising for unhealthy than healthy food items, even at peak children's viewing times. There remains scope to strengthen the rules regarding advertising of HFSS foods around programming popular with children and adults alike, where current regulations do not apply. Ongoing, systematic monitoring is essential for evaluation of the effectiveness of regulations designed to reduce children's exposure to HFSS food advertising on television in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Boyland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Kent MP, Dubois L, Wanless A. Food marketing on children's television in two different policy environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:e433-41. [DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.526222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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King L, Hebden L, Grunseit A, Kelly B, Chapman K, Venugopal K. Industry self regulation of television food advertising: Responsible or responsive? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:e390-8. [DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.517313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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