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Correia LL, Machado MMT, Vieira-Meyer APGF, Araújo DABS, Gomes EDABM, Saldanha AB, Rodrigues RDCR, Gomes YVC, Castro MC. Domestic violence patterns in postpartum women who delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 27:e240022. [PMID: 38655948 PMCID: PMC11027430 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720240022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To longitudinally assess domestic violence (DV) during the postpartum period, identifying types, patterns and determinants of DV, according to mothers' reports in Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS Data from the Iracema-COVID cohort study interviewed at home mothers who gave birth in the first wave of COVID-19, at 18 and 24 months after birth. Patterns of reported DV were classified as follows: no DV, interrupted DV, started DV and persistent DV. Adjusted multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with persistent DV. RESULTS DV was reported by 19 and 24% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months postpartum, respectively, a 5 percentage points increase. Persistent DV was present in 11% of the households in the period. The most frequent forms of DV were verbal aggression, reported by 17-20% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months, respectively; drunkenness or use of drugs at home, present in 3-5% of the households; physical aggression, reported by 1.2-1.6% of the mothers. Households with two or more forms of DV increased from 2 to 12% in the period. Adjusted factors associated with persistent DV were maternal common mental disorder, family headed by the mother and head of family's poor schooling. Food insecurity was associated with starting DV. CONCLUSION Prevalence of DV was considerably high in the postpartum period. DV prevention policies should rely on improving care to women's mental health; preventing food insecurity; and fostering the educational level of young people of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Lima Correia
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Department of Community Health – Fortaleza (CE), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Márcia Caldas Castro
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population – Boston (MA), USA
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Waterman EA, McLain M, Zulfiqar H, Ahmar Qadeer T, Ciavoi SM. The Link Between Intimate Partner Violence and Food Insecurity: A Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1511-1530. [PMID: 37485673 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231186152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and food insecurity are global health issues that affect millions of people worldwide. Numerous studies show that IPV and food insecurity are linked; however, there is a lack of synthesis of this research. Using a systematic search and review, we examined the international quantitative and qualitative research published on the link between IPV and food insecurity. We searched for peer-reviewed, English-language articles with participants above the age of 16 in 4 large online databases. Fifty-six studies were included from around the world that discussed the link between food insecurity and IPV perpetration and/or victimization. We found evidence in both qualitative and quantitative studies for a meaningful connection between these two global health isues. We also reviewed the literature on moderators and mediators (e.g., mental health). Our findings indicate the importance of implementing IPV prevention strategies which also address household food insecurity, and the potential for food insecurity resources to provide IPV resources. Future research should focus more frequently on IPV perpetration as opposed to victimization, and further examine the moderating and mediating mechanisms that inform the link between IPV and food insecurity.
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Singleton CR. Exploring the Interconnectedness of Crime and Nutrition: Current Evidence and Recommendations to Advance Nutrition Equity Research. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00124-2. [PMID: 38492635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Singleton
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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4
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Conroy AA, Tebbetts S, Darbes LA, Hahn JA, Neilands TB, McKenna SA, Mulauzi N, Mkandawire J, Ssewamala FM. Development of an Economic and Relationship-Strengthening Intervention for Alcohol Drinkers Living with HIV in Malawi. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:2255-2270. [PMID: 36520335 PMCID: PMC9753077 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol use among people with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is driven by household economics such as poverty and unemployment and has negative impacts on couple relationships. Multilevel interventions have the potential to reduce alcohol use and improve relationship outcomes by addressing the web of co-occurring economic, social, and dyadic factors. This objective of this study was to develop an economic and relationship-strengthening intervention for couples in Malawi, consisting of matched savings accounts with financial literacy training and a couples counseling component to build relationship skills. Informed by the ADAPT-ITT framework, we collected multiple rounds of focus group data with key stakeholders and couples to gain input on the concept, session content, and procedures, held team meetings with field staff and an international team of researchers to tailor the intervention to couples in Malawi, and refined the intervention manual and components. The results describe a rigorous adaptation process based on the eight steps of ADAPT-ITT, insights gained from formative data and modifications made, and a description of the final intervention to be evaluated in a pilot randomized clinical trial. The economic and relationship-strengthening intervention shows great promise of being feasible, acceptable, and efficacious for couples affected by HIV and heavy alcohol use in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Conroy
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Scott Tebbetts
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lynae A Darbes
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Judith A Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - James Mkandawire
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Flor RB, Marques ES, Oliveira ASDD, Hasselmann MH. Intimate partner physical violence and inadequate weight gain in pregnancy. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9304202300000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) and inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods: cross-sectional study composed of 554 women who attended four Basic Health Units in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2005 and 2009. The GWG was calculated through the difference between the final weight of pregnancy and pre-gestational weight. For the measurement of IPPV, the Portuguese version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-1) was used. Data analysis was based on multinomial logistic regression models, estimating odds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals for associations between the variables of interest. Results: the prevalence of minor and severe IPPV was 31.6% and 16.3%, respectively. Almost two-thirds of the women had insufficient or excessive GWG. After adjusting the model, it was observed that the presence of IPPV increased by 1.66 (CI95%=1.05-2.64) times the chances of insufficient GWG, compared to couples who did not experience this type of violence. Concerning the excessive GWG, the associations with IPPV were not statistically significant. Conclusion: women who experience IPPV in their relationships are more likely to have insufficient GWG during pregnancy. From this perspective, prenatal care becomes an essential service for screening domestic violence and its possible repercussions.
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Bloom BE, Wagman JA, Dunkle K, Fielding-Miller R. Exploring intimate partner violence among pregnant Eswatini women seeking antenatal care: How agency and food security impact violence-related outcomes. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:3465-3475. [PMID: 33242387 PMCID: PMC10484090 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1849347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Women with agency (i.e. the ability to make choices and act on them) may experience reduced food insecurity (FI) and intimate partner violence (IPV). Reducing FI and IPV among women are global goals; however, research focused on agency among Eswatini women has been overlooked, though they experience high rates of FI and IPV. We analysed cross-sectional data from 406 Swazi women who sought care at one rural and one urban-public antenatal clinic in 2013-2014 to understand how FI and agency, our independent variables, are associated with IPV. We assessed the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of number of violent events (including emotional, physical and sexual IPV) in the previous 12 months using Poisson regressions. We found significant relationships between FI and IPV, where higher levels of FI were associated with IPV risk (weekly: IRR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.82-2.61; Daily: IRR = 3.53, 95% CI = 2.89-4.32) and constrained agency increased women's risk of IPV (IRR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.22-1.70). Our findings suggest that FI and agency independently impact women's experience(s) of IPV. Interventions focused on women simultaneously experiencing severe FI and constrained agency may have the highest impact; however, providing focused and moderate FI relief (e.g. reducing FI daily to monthly) could potentially reduce women's risk of experiencing violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnie E. Bloom
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Global Public Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Wagman
- Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Dunkle
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Fielding-Miller
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Daundasekara SS, Schuler B, Hernandez DC. Independent and combined associations of intimate partner violence and food insecurity on maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 87:102540. [PMID: 35192977 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While research has investigated intimate partner violence (IPV) and food insecurity (FI) as independent experiences on mental health, research is lacking on the possible longitudinal associations of combined experiences of IPV and FI on maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (n = 1440), the current study examined the independent and combined associations of IPV and FI mothers experienced 3-5 years after their child's birth on depression and GAD at Year 15. Five mutually exclusive dichotomous variables were created based on IPV and FI experiences during Year 3 and Year 5. Depression and GAD were measured at Year 15 using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. According to the covariate-adjusted logistic regression models, exposure to IPV and FI, both concurrently and independently predicted greater depression at Year 15. Mothers in all IPV and FI categories had greater odds of having GAD at Year 15 compared to those with no exposure. Compared to the independent effect of IPV and FI, the combined effect of IPV and FI was highly associated with maternal GAD, but not depression. Using a trauma-informed approach to counseling in combination with food assistance programs might be an effective strategy in preventing mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeevika Saumali Daundasekara
- Cizik School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6901 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Brittany Schuler
- School of Social Work, Temple University, Ritter Annex 549, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Daphne C Hernandez
- Cizik School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6901 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Haque MA, Choudhury N, Ahmed SMT, Farzana FD, Ali M, Rahman SS, Faruque ASG, Raihan MJ, Ahmed T. Factors Associated with Domestic Violence in Rural Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1248-1269. [PMID: 32460668 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Women's experience of domestic violence has adverse consequences on women's health globally and is itself affected by several factors. This study aims to determine the factors that are associated with experience of any form of domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. Data were derived from the baseline survey database of Suchana, a large-scale nutrition program in Bangladesh. Data of 5,440 women from poor households in rural areas were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors that were significantly associated with experiencing any form of domestic violence. The prevalence of women experiencing domestic violence was found to be 35% and household food insecurity was 86%. Of the women's characteristic domain, age at marriage, lack of any support from household members, visit from non-governmental organizations (NGO) health professionals, number of children, and decision-making power of women at the household level were significantly associated with reporting of domestic violence. Of the household characteristic domain, the associated factors were having a male household head, increased household size, low socio-economic status, having a loan, experience of at least one crisis event, and household food insecurity. The strength of association between household food insecurity and domestic violence was higher among poor families. Experience of domestic violence is inevitably associated with women's decision-making power and household food insecurity. Behavioral change communication interventions may help to positively affect decision-making power but a holistic approach needs to be undertaken to reduce food insecurity, for which the underlying mechanism of food insecurity in Bangladesh needs to be explored further.
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Hatcher AM, Page S, Aletta van Eck L, Pearson I, Fielding-Miller R, Mazars C, Stöckl H. Systematic review of food insecurity and violence against women and girls: Mixed methods findings from low- and middle-income settings. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000479. [PMID: 36962559 PMCID: PMC10021293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global human rights and public health concern. Food insecurity is a sign of severe poverty, and likely to heighten women's vulnerability to VAWG and men's perpetration of it. However, the extent of the association and the multiple pathways between food insecurity and VAWG are not well understood. We systematically assessed peer reviewed quantitative and qualitative literature to explore this in low- and middle-income countries. Fixed effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize quantitative evidence. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. From a search of 732 titles, we identified 23 quantitative and 19 qualitative or mixed-methods peer-reviewed manuscripts. In a meta-analysis of 21 cross-sectional studies with 20,378 participants, food insecurity was associated with doubled odds of reported VAWG (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.82-3.10). This finding was consistent for both women's experience or male perpetration of VAWG. Qualitative and mixed-methods papers offered insight that underlying conditions of inequitable gender norms, economic deprivation, and social isolation frame both food insecurity and VAWG. Food insecurity may trigger survival behaviors due to household stress and lack of meeting expected gender roles, which leads to VAWG. VAWG exposure may lead to food insecurity if women are more impoverished after leaving a violent household. Potential protective factors include financial stability, the involvement of men in VAWG programming, transformation of gender norms, and supporting women to develop new networks and social ties. Strong evidence exists for a relationship between food security and VAWG. Future funding should target causal directions and preventive options through longitudinal and interventional research. Strategies to ensure households have access to sufficient food and safe relationships are urgently needed to prevent VAWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Hatcher
- Galling's School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabrina Page
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lele Aletta van Eck
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Isabelle Pearson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Fielding-Miller
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Gao Y, Wang Y, Mi X, Zhou M, Zou S, Zhou H. Intimate Partner Violence against Women Living in Inadequate Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10138. [PMID: 34639440 PMCID: PMC8507939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a major public health problem and is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, little is known about its environmental determinants. This study aimed to investigate whether inadequate living conditions are associated with IPV victimization in women in SSA. We analyzed cross-sectional data for 102,714 women in 25 SSA countries obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program. Logistic regression was used to estimate the country-specific effects of inadequate living conditions (housing with at least one of four characteristics of unimproved water, unimproved sanitation, insufficient space, and unfinished materials) on multiple forms of IPV. Random effects meta-analysis was used to combined the country-specific estimates. We found an association between inadequate living conditions and a higher likelihood of experiencing any (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.23, p = 0.012), sexual (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.34, p = 0.008), emotional (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.23, p = 0.023), and physical (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.28, p = 0.010) IPV. The associations were stronger for rural and less-educated women. These findings suggest that future research to establish a causal link between living conditions and IPV and to elucidate the underlying pathways is crucial to design IPV interventions in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (X.M.); (M.Z.); (S.Z.)
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11
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Daundasekara SS, Schuler BR, Hernandez DC. RETRACTED: Independent and combined associations of intimate partner violence and food insecurity on maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 81:102409. [PMID: 33932633 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajeevika Saumali Daundasekara
- Department of Health, & Health Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Garrison Gymnasium, Room 104, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, United States.
| | - Brittany R Schuler
- School of Social Work, Temple University, Ritter Annex 549, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
| | - Daphne C Hernandez
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Cizik School of Nursing, 6901 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030-3901, United States.
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12
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Elsahoryi N, Al-Sayyed H, Odeh M, McGrattan A, Hammad F. Effect of Covid-19 on food security: A cross-sectional survey. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 40:171-178. [PMID: 33183533 PMCID: PMC7533117 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and subsequent quarantine could raise the risk of food inadequacy and nutrition deficiency crises. Objectives This study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on household food security in Jordan, determined the percentage of food security and the levels of food insecurity during the quarantine, determined the associated factor with food insecurity, and determined main food groups associated with FINS during the quarantine. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted using a Web-based validated questionnaire. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale was used to measure the food insecurity during the first four weeks of the quarantine, and a modified food consumption score was used to determine the number of times the household consumes each food group. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to describe, explore, and predict risk factors correlated with food insecurity among Jordanians, during the first four weeks of the quarantine. Results A total of 3129 Jordanians had responded to the assessment and fully answered the questionnaire. 23.1% of the total participants were severe food insecure, while 36.1% were moderate food insecure, 40.7% were food secure. The regression model demonstrated the monthly income per capita below the poverty line and a number of the family member (1–4 and 5–7) associated significantly with moderate food insecurity (OR: 5.33; 95% CI: 4.44–6.40, OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.47–0.86, OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58–0.98, respectively). As well as with the severe food insecurity (OR: 6.87; 95% CI: 5.542–8.512, OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37–0.74, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.48–0.87, respectively). Age 18–30 years old (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.23–2.65) and living in a rented house (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.69) were associated significantly with severe food insecurity. Carbohydrates and the meat group were significantly related to food insecurity (p-value was <0.001 for both groups). Conclusion Covid-19 and its subsequent quarantine have a tangible impact on food security levels for the populations. Awareness and strategies to support individuals at higher risks should be guided not only by the income but also by other risk factors identified in the present study as the number of persons in the family, younger adults (18–30 years old), and those who do not own their houses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Elsahoryi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box. 961343, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Hiba Al-Sayyed
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box. 961343, Amman, 11196, Jordan.
| | - Mohanad Odeh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, The Hashemite University, PO. Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan.
| | - Andrea McGrattan
- Research Associate & Dietitian, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Fwziah Hammad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO. Box. 3030, Irbid, 21210, Jordan.
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Choudhary N, Brewis A, Wutich A, Udas PB. Sub-optimal household water access is associated with greater risk of intimate partner violence against women: evidence from Nepal. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:579-594. [PMID: 32833684 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Household water management is often women's responsibility, as related to the gendered nature of household roles. Ethnographic data suggest that household water insecurity could increase women's exposure to emotional and physical forms of intimate partner violence (IPV), as punishments for failures to complete socially expected household tasks that rely on water (like cooking and cleaning) and the generally elevated emotional state of household members dealing with resource scarcity. Here, we test the associations between sub-optimal household water access and women's exposure to IPV, using the nationally-representative data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016. Drawing upon the intra-household bargaining model as the theoretical framework, we run instrumental variable probit regression, to test the association between household water access and prevalence of IPV against women. After controlling for other known covariates of IPV such as women's empowerment and education, the findings substantiate that worse household water access consistently elevates women's exposures to all forms of IPV. This suggests that improvements in household water access may have additional ramifications for reducing women's risk of IPV, beyond currently recognized socioeconomic benefits. While both household water access and IPV have known health consequences, linking them provides another pathway through which water could affect women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amber Wutich
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA E-mail:
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Morais DDC, Lopes SO, Priore SE. [Evaluation indicators of Food and Nutritional Insecurity and associated factors: systematic review]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:2687-2700. [PMID: 32667551 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020257.23672018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this paper was to systematically investigate the indicators used in the evaluation of food and nutritional insecurity and associated factors in Brazilian studies. After selection in the databases using search terms and reverse search, 89 articles were included. The majority of the articles evaluated food and nutritional insecurity according to the indicator of perception, using the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (83.1%), the American Scale (5.62%) and isolated questions (2.25%). The other articles evaluated the presence of malnutrition among children (1.12%), expenditure on food (1.12%), adult-equivalent dietary intake (1.12%), protocols (2.25%), and prediction models (2.25%). Food and nutritional insecurity (measured by the different indicators) was associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors, health and lifestyle conditions, food consumption and nutritional status, based on families, specific age groups, beneficiaries of government programs, among others, as sample units. The majority of the studies merely evaluated the food dimension of the insecurity, thereby increasing the difficulty in evaluating this complex situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane de Castro Morais
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P. H. Rolfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | - Sílvia Oliveira Lopes
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P. H. Rolfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | - Silvia Eloíza Priore
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Av. P. H. Rolfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
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Epstein A, Bendavid E, Nash D, Charlebois ED, Weiser SD. Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011-2018: A population-based study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003064. [PMID: 32191701 PMCID: PMC7081984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought has many known deleterious impacts on human health, but little is known about the relationship between drought and intimate partner violence (IPV). We aimed to evaluate this relationship and to assess effect heterogeneity between population subgroups among women in 19 sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used data from 19 Demographic and Health Surveys from 2011 to 2018 including 83,990 partnered women aged 15-49 years. Deviations in rainfall in the year before the survey date were measured relative to the 29 previous years using Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data, with recent drought classified as ordinal categorical variable (severe: ≤10th percentile; mild/moderate: >10th percentile to ≤30th percentile; none: >30th percentile). We considered 4 IPV-related outcomes: reporting a controlling partner (a risk factor for IPV) and experiencing emotional violence, physical violence, or sexual violence in the 12 months prior to survey. Logistic regression was used to estimate marginal risk differences (RDs). We evaluated the presence of effect heterogeneity by age group and employment status. Of the 83,990 women included in the analytic sample, 10.7% (9,019) experienced severe drought and 23.4% (19,639) experienced mild/moderate drought in the year prior to the survey, with substantial heterogeneity across countries. The mean age of respondents was 30.8 years (standard deviation 8.2). The majority of women lived in rural areas (66.3%) and were married (73.3%), while less than half (42.6%) were literate. Women living in severe drought had higher risk of reporting a controlling partner (marginal RD in percentage points = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3, 4.6; p < 0.001), experiencing physical violence (marginal RD = 0.8, 95% CI 0.1, 1.5; p = 0.019), and experiencing sexual violence (marginal RD = 1.2, 95% CI 0.4, 2.0; p = 0.001) compared with women not experiencing drought. Women living in mild/moderate drought had higher risk of reporting physical (marginal RD = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2, 1.1; p = 0.003) and sexual violence (marginal RD = 0.7, 95% CI 0.3, 1.2; p = 0.001) compared with those not living in drought. We did not find evidence for an association between drought and emotional violence. In analyses stratified by country, we found 3 settings where drought was protective for at least 1 measure of IPV: Namibia, Tanzania, and Uganda. We found evidence for effect heterogeneity (additive interaction) for the association between drought and younger age and between drought and employment status, with stronger associations between drought and IPV among adolescent girls and unemployed women. This study is limited by its lack of measured hypothesized mediating variables linking drought and IPV, prohibiting a formal mediation analysis. Additional limitations include the potential for bias due to residual confounding and potential non-differential misclassification of the outcome measures leading to an attenuation of observed associations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that drought was associated with measures of IPV towards women, with larger positive associations among adolescent girls and unemployed women. There was heterogeneity in these associations across countries. Weather shocks may exacerbate vulnerabilities among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Future work should further evaluate potential mechanisms driving these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Epstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eran Bendavid
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edwin D. Charlebois
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheri D. Weiser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Kwaramba T, Ye JJ, Elahi C, Lunyera J, Oliveira AC, Sanches Calvo PR, de Andrade L, Vissoci JRN, Staton CA. Lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in an urban Brazilian city: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224204. [PMID: 31725729 PMCID: PMC6855440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence is a global health burden that disproportionately affects women and their health outcomes. Women in Brazil are also affected by interpersonal violence. We aimed to estimate the lifetime prevalence of three forms of interpersonal violence against women (IPVAW) and to identify sociodemographic factors associated with IPVAW in one urban Brazilian city. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we interviewed women aged ≥18 years in the urban Brazilian city, Maringá, who currently have or have had an intimate partner. The 13-item WHO Violence Against Women instrument was used to ask participants about their experiences with intimate partner violence, categorized into psychological, physical and sexual violence. We estimated associations between IPVAW and sociodemographic characteristics using generalized linear models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Of the 419 women who were enrolled and met inclusion criteria, lifetime prevalence of IPVAW was 56%. Psychological violence was more prevalent (52%) than physical (21%) or sexual violence (13%). Twenty-eight women (6.4%) experienced all three forms of IPVAW. Women were more likely to experience violence if they were employed, did not live with their partner or had 4 or more children. Educational level, household income, age and race were not significantly associated factors. Our findings highlight a high prevalence of IPVAW in a community in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tendai Kwaramba
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jinny J. Ye
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Elahi
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Lunyera
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Joao Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Staton
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Barreto D, Shoveller J, Braschel M, Duff P, Shannon K. The Effect of Violence and Intersecting Structural Inequities on High Rates of Food Insecurity among Marginalized Sex Workers in a Canadian Setting. J Urban Health 2019; 96:605-615. [PMID: 30039301 PMCID: PMC6890872 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food security is both a basic human right and a public health necessity. Despite known gendered contexts of food insecurity, there is a dearth of research on prevalence and factors driving increased food insecurity for sex workers in a criminalized setting. The current study longitudinally examines the prevalence and structural and individual factors associated with increased odds of food insecurity among street and off-street sex workers in a Canadian urban setting. Prospective analyses drew on data from a community-based longitudinal cohort of cis and trans women in street and off-street sex work in An Evaluation of Sex Workers Health Access (2010-2014). The primary outcome was a time-updated measure of food insecurity, using the Radimer-Cornell scale. We used bivariable and multivariable logistic regression using generalized estimating equations to prospectively model correlates of food insecurity over a five-year period. Of 761 cis and trans women sex workers, 72.4% (n = 551) were food insecure over the study period. Over a third (35.2%, n = 268) identified as Indigenous and a quarter, 25.6% (n = 195) were of a gender/sexual minority. Within the 11.0% (n = 84) of women living with HIV, 96.4% (n = 81) were food insecure over the follow-up period. In multivariable analysis, Indigenous ancestry (AOR = 1.58 [95% CI 1.18, 2.10]), unstable housing (AOR = 1.27 [95% CI 1.03, 1.57]), stimulant use (AOR = 1.97 [95% CI 1.57, 2.45]), heroin use (AOR = 1.72 [95% CI 1.36, 2.19]), mental health diagnosis (AOR = 2.38 [95% CI 1.85, 3.05]), recent violence (AOR = 1.54 [95% CI 1.24, 1.91]), means of food access: reliant on food services only vs. self-sufficient (AOR = 1.78 [95% CI 1.38, 2.29]), and means of food access: both vs. self-sufficient (AOR = 2.29 [95% CI 1.84, 2.86]) were associated with food insecurity. In separate multivariable models, both recent and lifetime physical and/or sexual violence remained independently associated with food insecurity (AOR 1.54 [95% CI 1.24, 1.91]; AOR 4.62 [95% CI 2.99, 7.14], respectively). Almost all study participants living with HIV reported being food insecure. These intersecting risks demonstrate the negative impacts associated with living with HIV, experiencing food insecurity and/or physical or sexual violence. This study also highlights the potential for interventions that address structural inequities (e.g., decriminalizing sex work) to have crosscutting impacts to reduce barriers to accessing necessities (including food) or health and social services (e.g., methadone; primary care).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Barreto
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeannie Shoveller
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Braschel
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Putu Duff
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Hunt BR, Benjamins MR, Khan S, Hirschtick JL. Predictors of Food Insecurity in Selected Chicago Community Areas. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 51:287-299. [PMID: 30316584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine associations between food insecurity and multiple demographic, socioeconomic, acculturation, social risk factor, and food access variables. DESIGN Data are from Sinai Community Health Survey 2.0, a cross-sectional, population-based probability survey of adults. SETTING Ten selected community areas in Chicago. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 18 years and over who completed the Household Food Security Scale (HFSS) portion of the survey were included in the analysis (n = 1,041). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Food insecurity as defined by the HFSS was the dependent variable. Independent variables included multiple demographic, socioeconomic, acculturation, social risk factor, and food access variables. ANALYSIS Multivariate logistic regression, along with a manual backward selection process, was used to examine predictors of food insecurity. A P of .05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Respondents reporting English as their primary language (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31; P = .002) had significantly lower odds of experiencing food insecurity. Respondents who reported feeling lonely (OR = 1.86; P = .024) had significantly higher odds of experiencing food insecurity. Emergency food use (OR = 3.89; P = .001) and food stamp benefit receipt (OR = 2.79; P = .001) were also associated with food insecurity. Race/ethnicity demonstrated a strong relationship with food insecurity in early models, but this relationship appeared to be mediated by language and social risk factors. In the final adjusted model, most demographic and socioeconomic variables, including race/ethnicity, gender, and education were not significantly associated with food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The burden of food insecurity was not shared equally across populations. This analysis sheds light on significant predictors of food insecurity in several diverse communities in Chicago. Findings can help inform tailored interventions by guiding food assistance programs to those most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL.
| | | | - Sabena Khan
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL
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Diamond-Smith N, Conroy AA, Tsai AC, Nekkanti M, Weiser SD. Food insecurity and intimate partner violence among married women in Nepal. J Glob Health 2019; 9:010412. [PMID: 30774941 PMCID: PMC6359930 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is an important public health concern globally, including in Nepal. Food insecurity (being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food) has been associated with IPV, but no known studies have explored this relationship in South Asia, or Nepal specifically. Women’s level of empowerment is an important factor to consider when understanding the relationship between food insecurity and IPV. Methods Using data from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, we explore the relationship between different levels of food insecurity (none, mild, moderate, severe) and three types of IPV: physical, sexual and emotional. In a second set of models we adjust for indicators of women’s empowerment. We use multi-variable logistic regression to test for an association between these factors, adjusting for individual and household level demographic variables. Findings About half of married women in our sample experience food insecurity and approximately 10% of women experienced each of the three different types of IPV in the past 12 months: emotional, sexual and physical. Food insecurity is significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing emotional (odds ratio OR = 1.75 95% confidence interval CI = 1.06-2.77 for severe food insecurity) or physical (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.52-4.04 for severe food insecurity) IPV, but not sexual IPV, after adjusting for individual and household level demographic variables. After adjusting for empowerment related factors, this relationship still holds, although it is somewhat attenuated. Women’s level of household decision-making power is significantly associated with higher odds of emotional, sexual and physical IPV, and whether she lives with her in-laws is protective against emotional IPV. Conclusions Among married women in Nepal, being food insecure is associated with higher odds of some types of IPV, specifically emotional and physical IPV. Accounting for women’s level of empowerment explains some of the relationship between food insecurity and IPV. It is essential that interventions to prevent IPV address household stressors such as food insecurity among married, Nepalese women, perhaps through cross-sectoral approaches. Such structural interventions are likely to reduce IPV for married women across South Asia who live in a similar levels of gender discrimination and food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy A Conroy
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Manali Nekkanti
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Intimate partner violence, common mental disorders and household food insecurity: an analysis using path analysis. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:2965-2974. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the direct and indirect associations between psychological and physical intimate partner violence and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) and how they relate to the occurrence of household food insecurity (HFI).DesignThis was a population-based cross-sectional study. Intimate partner violence was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and HFI was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. The propositional analytical model was based on a review of the literature and was tested using path analysis.SettingDuque de Caxias, Greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (April–December 2010).SubjectsWomen (n 849) who had been in a relationship in the 12 months preceding the interview.ResultsBoth psychological and physical violence were found to be major risk factors of HFI. Psychological violence was associated with HFI indirectly via physical violence and CMD, and directly by an unidentified path. The effects of physical violence seemed to be manifested exclusively through CMD. Most of the variables in the propositional model related to socio-economic position, demographic characteristics, degree of women’s social support and partner alcohol misuse were retained in the ‘final’ model, indicating that these factors contribute significantly to the increased likelihood of HFI.ConclusionsThe results reinforce the importance of considering domestic violence and other psychosocial aspects of family life when implementing interventions designed to reduce/eradicate HFI.
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