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Vieira-Neto A, Lean IJ, Santos JEP. Periparturient Mineral Metabolism: Implications to Health and Productivity. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1232. [PMID: 38672379 PMCID: PMC11047658 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineral metabolism, in particular Ca, and to a lesser extent phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), is altered with the onset of lactation because of extensive irreversible loss to synthesize colostrum and milk. The transient reduction in the concentration of Ca in blood, particularly when it lasts days, increases the risk of mineral-related disorders such as hypocalcemia and, to a lesser extent, hypophosphatemia. Although the incidence of clinical hypocalcemia can be reduced by prepartum dietary interventions, subclinical hypocalcemia remains prevalent, affecting up to 60% of the dairy cows in the first 3 d postpartum. More importantly, strong associations exist between hypocalcemia and increased susceptibility to other peripartum diseases and impaired reproductive performance. Mechanistic experiments have demonstrated the role of Ca on innate immune response in dairy cows, which presumably predisposes them to other diseases. Hypocalcemia is not related to inadequate Ca intake as prepartum diets marginal to deficient in Ca reduce the risk of the disease. Therefore, the understanding of how Ca homeostasis is regulated, in particular how calciotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, affect blood Ca concentrations, gastrointestinal Ca absorption, bone remodeling, and renal excretion of Ca become critical to develop novel strategies to prevent mineral imbalances either by nutritional or pharmacological interventions. A common method to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia is the manipulation of the prepartum dietary cation-anion difference. Feeding acidogenic diets not only improves Ca homeostasis and reduces hypocalcemia, but also reduces the risk of uterine diseases and improves productive performance. Feeding diets that induce a negative Ca balance in the last weeks of gestation also reduce the risk of clinical hypocalcemia, and recent work shows that the incorporation of mineral sequestering agents, presumably by reducing the absorption of P and Ca prepartum, increases blood Ca at calving, although benefits to production and health remain to be shown. Alternative strategies to minimize subclinical hypocalcemia with the use of vitamin D metabolites either fed prepartum or as a pharmacological agent administered immediately after calving have shown promising results in reducing hypocalcemia and altering immune cell function, which might prove efficacious to prevent diseases in early lactation. This review summarizes the current understanding of Ca homeostasis around parturition, the limited knowledge of the exact mechanisms for gastrointestinal Ca absorption in bovine, the implications of hypocalcemia on the health of dairy cows, and discusses the methods to minimize the risk of hypocalcemia and their impacts on productive performance and health in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Ian J. Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - José Eduardo P. Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Liesegang A, Burger B, de Vries de Heekelingen T, Schroeter-Vogt C, Hatt JM, Kowalewski MP, Clauss M. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) increase caecal calcium absorption at increasing dietary calcium levels. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:185-193. [PMID: 37664966 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Hindgut fermenting herbivores from different vertebrate taxa, including tortoises, and among mammals some afrotheria, perissodactyla incl. equids, several rodents as well as lagomorphs absorb more calcium (Ca) from the digesta than they require, and excrete the surplus via urine. Both proximate and ultimate causes are elusive. It was suggested that this mechanism might ensure phosphorus availability for the hindgut microbiome by removing potentially complex-building Ca from the digesta. Here we use Ussing chamber experiments to show that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) maintained on four different diets (six animals/diet) increase active Ca absorption at increasing Ca levels. This contradicts the common assumption that at higher dietary levels, where passive uptake should be more prevalent, active transport can relax and hence supports the deliberate removal hypothesis. In the rabbits, this absorption was distinctively higher in the caecum than in the duodenum, which is unexpected in mammals. Additional quantification of the presence of two proteins involved in active Ca absorption (calbindin-D9K CB; vitamin D receptor, VDR) showed higher presence with higher dietary Ca. However, their detailed distribution across the intestinal tract and the diet groups suggests that other factors not investigated in this study must play major roles in Ca absorption in rabbits. Investigating strategies of herbivores to mitigate potential negative effects of Ca in the digesta on microbial activity and growth might represent a promising area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Burger
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Klein N, Sarpong N, Melzer T, Feuerstein D, Heyer CME, Camarinha-Silva A, Rodehutscord M. Effect of dietary calcium concentration and exogenous phytase on inositol phosphate degradation, mineral digestibility, and gut microbiota in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad254. [PMID: 37526942 PMCID: PMC10464513 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the dietary Ca concentration may affect inositol phosphate (InsP) degradation, and thereby, P digestibility in pigs. This study assessed the effects of dietary Ca concentration and exogenous phytase on InsP degradation, nutrient digestion and retention, blood metabolites, and microbiota composition in growing pigs with ileal cannulation. In a completely randomized row-column design with four periods, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight 27 kg) were fed four corn-soybean- and rapeseed meal-based diets containing 5.5 or 8.5 g Ca/kg dry matter (DM), with or without 1,500 FTU of an exogenous hybrid-6-phytase/kg diet. No mineral P was added and the P concentration in the feed was 4.8 g P/kg DM. Prececal InsP6 disappearance in pigs fed diets containing exogenous phytase was lower (P = 0.022) with additional Ca than without. Concentrations of InsP2-4 isomers and myo-inositol in the distal ileal digesta and prececal P digestibility were greater (P < 0.001) with exogenous phytase than without exogenous phytase. In feces, InsP6 disappearance was lower (P < 0.002) and concentration of InsP5 and InsP4 isomers was higher (P ≤ 0.031) with additional Ca compared to without additional Ca. The prececal amino acid digestibility, energy digestibility, and hindgut disappearance of energy did not differ. The Shannon diversity index of the microbiota in the distal ileal digesta and feces was similar among the diets but was lower in the distal ileal digesta than in the feces (P < 0.001). Permutation analysis of variance revealed no dietary differences between the bacterial groups within the ileal digesta and fecal samples (P > 0.05). In conclusion, additional Ca reduced the effect of exogenous phytase on prececal InsP6 degradation. Endogenous InsP degradation was impaired by additional Ca only in the hindgut but the abundance of bacterial genera in feces was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Klein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Naomi Sarpong
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tanja Melzer
- Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte M E Heyer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Eder K, Grundmann SM. Vitamin D in dairy cows: metabolism, status and functions in the immune system. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:1-33. [PMID: 35249422 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of vitamin D in calcium homoeostasis in dairy cows, such as in other vertebrates, is known for many years. In recent years, new and interesting, non-classical functions of vitamin D have been elucidated, including effects on the immune system. The major aim of this review is to provide an overview of effects of vitamin D or its metabolites on the immune system in dairy cows. The first part of the review provides an overview of vitamin D metabolism, with particular reference to the role of various proteins (25- and 1-hydroxylases, vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor) in vitamin D signalling. The second part deals with the role of the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in plasma as an indicator of the vitamin D status in dairy cows, and its dependence on sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D supplementation. In this part also the "free hormone hypothesis" is discussed, indicating that the concentration of free 25(OH)D might be a more valid indicator of the vitamin D status than the concentration of total 25(OH)D. The third part deals with classical and the non-classical functions of vitamin D. Among the non-classical functions which are based on an autocrine vitamin D signalling, particular reference is given to the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites on the immune system in bovine immune cells and in dairy cows. Recent findings provide some indication that vitamin D or its metabolite 25(OH)D could enhance the immune function in dairy cows and be useful for the prevention and therapy of mastitis. However, the number of studies reported so far in this respect is very limited. Thus, much more research is required to yield clear concepts for an optimised usage of vitamin D to improve the immune system and prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Habibi M, Shili CN, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Pezeshki A. Dietary branched-chain amino acids modulate the dynamics of calcium absorption and reabsorption in protein-restricted pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:15. [PMID: 35139926 PMCID: PMC8830008 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Very low-protein (VLP) diets negatively impact calcium (Ca) metabolism and absorption. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) on Ca digestibility, absorption and reabsorption in pigs fed with VLP diets. Forty-eight piglets were assigned to six treatments: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), and NC containing LAA 25%, LAA 50%, LAA + BCAA 25% (LB25) and LAA + BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Results Relative to PC or NC, LB25 and LB50 had higher digestibility of Ca and plasma Ca and phosphorus (P), but lower plasma vitamin D3. LB50 tended to increase vitamin D receptor transcript and protein in the gut, but decreased mRNA or protein abundance of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), calbindin 1 (CALB1), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 and occludin in small intestine. LB50 increased the transcript of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 and PTH1R but decreased the transcript of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, CALB1 and solute carrier family 17 member 4 in kidney. Conclusion Overall, BCAA increased Ca digestibility through regulating the transcellular and paracellular Ca absorption in the gut and reabsorption in kidney during protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick N Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Mi H, Li H, Jiang W, Song W, Yan Q, He Z, Tan Z. Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism in Goats Fed a Low Protein Diet. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:829872. [PMID: 35187142 PMCID: PMC8850410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.829872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on blood calcium (Ca) level, bone metabolism, and the correlation between bone metabolism and blood calcium in goats. Twenty-four female Xiangdong black goats with similar body weight (19.55 ± 3.55 kg) and age (8.0 ± 0.3 months) were selected and allocated into two groups: control group (CON, 10.77% protein content) and low-protein group (LP, 5.52% protein content). Blood samples were collected on days 1, 4, 7, 16 and 36 before morning feeding to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca), parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone gla protein (BGP), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Liver samples were collected to determine the expression of bone metabolism-related genes. There was no difference observed between LP and CON in concentration of plasma Ca or any of bone metabolism markers (P > 0.05). In the liver, the mRNA expression of bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-1 (SMAD1) were increased (P < 0.05) in LP as compared with CON. The correlation analysis of Ca and bone metabolism markers showed no significant correlation between Ca and bone metabolism. These results suggest that the blood Ca concentration in mature goats may keep at a stable level through nitrogen cycling when the providing protein is not enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haobang Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
- Haobang Li
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Wu Song
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixiong He
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Co-innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
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Effects of butyrate− on ruminal Ca2+ transport: evidence for the involvement of apically expressed TRPV3 and TRPV4 channels. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:315-342. [PMID: 35098357 PMCID: PMC8837523 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ruminal epithelium absorbs large quantities of NH4+ and Ca2+. A role for TRPV3 has emerged, but data on TRPV4 are lacking. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) stimulate ruminal Ca2+ and NH4+ uptake in vivo and in vitro, but the pathway is unclear. Sequencing of the bovine homologue (bTRPV4) revealed 96.79% homology to human TRPV4. Two commercial antibodies were tested using HEK-293 cells overexpressing bTRPV4, which in ruminal protein detected a weak band at the expected ~ 100 kDa and several bands ≤ 60 kDa. Immunofluorescence imaging revealed staining of the apical membrane of the stratum granulosum for bTRPV3 and bTRPV4, with cytosolic staining in other layers of the ruminal epithelium. A similar expression pattern was observed in a multilayered ruminal cell culture which developed resistances of > 700 Ω · cm2 with expression of zonula occludens-1 and claudin-4. In Ussing chambers, 2-APB and the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A stimulated the short-circuit current across native bovine ruminal epithelia. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on HEK-293 cells, bTRPV4 was shown to be permeable to NH4+, K+, and Na+ and highly sensitive to GSK1016790A, while effects of butyrate− were insignificant. Conversely, bTRPV3 was strongly stimulated by 2-APB and by butyrate− (pH 6.4 > pH 7.4), but not by GSK1016790A. Fluorescence calcium imaging experiments suggest that butyrate− stimulates both bTRPV3 and bTRPV4. While expression of bTRPV4 appears to be weaker, both channels are candidates for the ruminal transport of NH4+ and Ca2+. Stimulation by SCFA may involve cytosolic acidification (bTRPV3) and cell swelling (bTRPV4).
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Klein N, Papp M, Rosenfelder-Kuon P, Schroedter A, Avenhaus U, Rodehutscord M. Phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation in pigs fed wheat-based diets with different intrinsic phytase activity and added microbial phytase. Arch Anim Nutr 2021; 75:450-464. [PMID: 34724855 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1988814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of variation in wheat-derived phytase activity on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation, inositol phosphate (InsP) isomer concentration and phosphorus (P) digestibility in pigs fed wheat-based diets. Additional effects of a microbial phytase supplementation were also studied. Three wheat genotypes (W1-W3) with an analysed phytase activity between 2760 and 3700 FTU/kg were used to formulate four experimental diets that included soybean meal and rapeseed meal but did not contain a mineral P supplement. DietW1-DietW3 only differed in the included wheat genotypes (W1-W3) at an inclusion level of 400 g/kg. DietW3+ contained W3 and a commercial 6-phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg diet. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 27 kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomised row column design. The experiment included four periods of 12 d each. The first 5 d of each period were for diet adaptation, followed by collection of faeces (4 d), ileal digesta (2 d), and blood (last day). In DietW1-DietW3, the mean precaecal (pc) InsP6 disappearance was 48% and the mean pc P digestibility was 37% without a significant effect of the wheat genotype. The InsP6 disappearance measured in the faeces was close to complete in all treatments, and faecal P digestibility was not significantly affected by the wheat genotype (36% overall). The addition of microbial phytase caused a significant increase in pc InsP6 degradation (to 79%) and pc and total tract P digestibility (to 53% and 52%, respectively). The concentration of InsP6 degradation products in ileal digesta was not significantly affected by the wheat genotype, except for that of Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 and myo-inositol, which were higher in DietW3 than in DietW1 and DietW2. The added microbial phytase significantly reduced the concentration of InsP5 isomers in the ileal digesta and increased the concentrations of lower InsP isomers and myo-inositol. There were no significant effects of the added microbial phytase on pc amino acid digestibility; however, the wheat genotype exerted significant effects on the pc digestibility of Cys, Gly and Val. It was concluded that an increase in the intrinsic phytase activity of wheat achieved by crossbreeding was not reflected in InsP6 degradation and P digestibility in pigs fed wheat-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Klein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Papp
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Annika Schroedter
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Avenhaus
- W. von Borries-Eckendorf GmbH & Co. KG, Leopoldshöhe, Germany
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Manneck D, Braun H, Schrapers KT, Stumpff F. TRPV3 and TRPV4 as candidate proteins for intestinal ammonium absorption. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13694. [PMID: 34031986 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Absorption of ammonia from the gut has consequences that range from encephalitis in hepatic disease to global climate change induced by nitrogenous excretions from livestock. Since patch clamp data show that certain members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family are permeable to NH4 + , participation in ammonium efflux was investigated. METHODS Digesta, mucosa and muscular samples from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of pigs were analysed via colourimetry, qPCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and Ussing chambers. RESULTS qPCR data show high duodenal expression of TRPV6. TRPM6 was highest in jejunum and colon, with expression of TRPM7 ubiquitous. TRPM8 and TRPV1 were below detection. TRPV2 was highest in the jejunum but almost non-detectable in the colon. TRPV4 was ubiquitously expressed by mucosal and muscular layers. TRPV3 mRNA was only found in the mucosa of the caecum and colon, organs in which NH4 + was highest (>7 mmol·L-1 ). Immunohistochemically, an apical expression of TRPV3 and TRPV4 could be detected in all tissues, with effects of 2-APB and GSK106790A supporting functional expression. In symmetrical NaCl Ringer, removal of mucosal Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased colonic short circuit current (Isc ) and conductance (Gt ) by 0.18 ± 0.06 µeq·cm-2 ·h-1 and 4.70 ± 0.85 mS·cm-2 (P < .05, N/n = 4/17). Application of mucosal NH4 Cl led to dose-dependent and divalent-sensitive increases in Gt and Isc , with effects highest in the caecum and colon. CONCLUSION We propose that TRP channels contribute to the intestinal transport of ammonium, with TRPV3 and TRPV4 promising candidate proteins. Pharmacological regulation may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manneck
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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10
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Freitag JRB, Wilkens MR, Muscher-Banse AS, Gerstner K, Schnepel N, Torgerson PR, Liesegang A. Effects of diets differing in dietary cation-anion difference and calcium concentration on calcium homeostasis in neutered male sheep. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11537-11552. [PMID: 34419267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets is one strategy to prevent milk fever in cows. The mechanism of action, as well as whether the calcium (Ca) supply of such diets combined with this feeding regimen should meet the requirements, is still unclear. Small ruminants are commonly used as models for cows. The goal of the present study was to demonstrate basic effects of DCAD against a background of different Ca supplies in a sheep model. Twenty-three castrated male East Friesian milk sheep, aged 11 to 12 mo, were randomly assigned to 4 different feeding groups. The ration of each group was either high (highDCAD) or low in DCAD (lowDCAD) combined with adequate (nCa) or restricted Ca supply (lowCa). At baseline, serum and urine were collected from all sheep and a peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the left metatarsus was performed. After a 14-d adaptation period to the different diets, the experiment started (d 0). Urine, feces, and serum were collected on d 0, 4, 7, 14, and 22, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography was performed on d 0 and 22. On d 22, the sheep were killed and sampled for functional studies. LowDCAD was significantly associated with lower urine pH, higher urinary Ca excretion, higher ionized Ca in blood, and higher serum Ca concentrations. Blood pH and bone parameters did not differ significantly between groups. It is unclear from which compartment the high amounts of Ca excreted with urine in the lowDCAD groups originated. Interestingly, lowDCAD resulted in higher renal mRNA abundance of parathyroid hormone receptor but unaffected mRNA abundance of Ca transporters. As neither renal abundance of these transporters nor Ca excretion were influenced by dietary Ca supply, our results support the hypothesis that increased urinary Ca observed with low DCAD diets represents a loss rather than an excretion of surplus Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R B Freitag
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - A S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Gerstner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Geiger S, Patra AK, Schrapers KT, Braun HS, Aschenbach JR. Menthol stimulates calcium absorption in the rumen but not in the jejunum of sheep. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:3067-3081. [PMID: 33358813 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Ca2+ absorption can counteract hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation. The plant bioactive lipid compound (PBLC) menthol is an agonist for nonselective cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. It acutely stimulated Ca2+ absorption in ruminal epithelia of nonadapted animals ex vivo and caused higher plasma Ca2+ concentrations in cows and sheep in vivo. To elucidate the pathway by which menthol feeding increases plasma Ca2+ level, the present study aimed to investigate the long-term dose-dependent effects of dietary menthol-rich PBLC on Ca2+ absorption and mRNA abundances of TRP channels in both rumen and jejunum. Twenty-four growing Suffolk sheep were equally distributed to a Con, PBLC-L, and PBLC-H group, which received 0, 80, and 160 mg/d of a menthol-rich PBLC. After 4 wk, ruminal and jejunal epithelia were analyzed for mRNA abundances of TRPA1, TRPV3, TRPV5-6, and TRPM6-8 genes. The Ca2+ flux rates and electrophysiological properties of epithelia from rumen and mid-jejunum were measured in Ussing chambers in the presence and absence of mucosal Na+. Acute changes in Ca2+ flux rates were measured after mucosal application of 50 µM menthol. Ruminal epithelia had quantifiable transcripts of TRPV3 = TRPM6 >TRPM7 >TRPA1 with no difference among feeding groups. Jejunum had quantifiable transcripts of TRPM7 >TRPA1 ≥ TRPM6 ≥ TRPV6 >TRPV5, where TRPA1, TRPV5, and TRPV6 tended to decrease linearly with increasing PBLC dose. Absorptive net flux of Ca2+ was detected only in the rumen, whereas jejunum showed a high passive permeability to Ca2+. Net flux rates of Ca2+ in the rumen increased in a quadratic manner (highest in PBLC-L animals) and were systematically decreased with the omission of mucosal Na+. Short-circuit current increased in both PBLC feeding groups compared with Con only in the rumen. Acute application of menthol-stimulated mucosal-to-serosal and net Ca2+ flux rates only in ruminal epithelia with higher stimulation in PBLC-fed animals. We conclude that Ca2+ transport is mainly active and transcellular in the rumen. It most likely involves TRPV3 that can be stimulated by menthol. Pre-feeding of menthol-rich PBLC enhances ruminal Ca2+ absorption and sensitizes it to acute stimulation by menthol. By contrast, intestinal Ca2+ absorption is not sensitive to menthol stimulation. Menthol could be used as a tool to enhance ruminal Ca2+ absorption and to prevent hypocalcemia in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A K Patra
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 700037 Kolkata, India
| | | | - H S Braun
- PerformaNat GmbH, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Deng L, Liu D, Zhang Q, Luo J, Zhong G. Effect of the mixture of mulberry leaf powder and KGM flour on promoting calcium absorption and bone mineral density in vivo. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3587-3597. [PMID: 31846076 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) flour were used as raw materials, and animal experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of MLP and KGM on bone density. The femoral bone microstructure of mice and pathological changes were observed by using micro-computed tomography) and haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining methods, respectively. A three-point bending test was used to determine the biomechanical properties of the femur. RESULTS Results indicated that the calcium content of MLP was high, reaching 16 148.5 mg kg-1 , and the total proportion of water-soluble calcium, calcium pectinate, and calcium carbonate accounted for about 60% of the total calcium content. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity was significantly lower, and serum calcium content was significantly higher (P < 0.05), in the MLP + KGM group (KM) than in the low-calcium control group, whereas no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for serum phosphorus content. KM had a longer femur length, a higher bone mineral density (BMD) (P > 0.05), and significantly greater femur diameter, dry weight, index and bone calcium content (P < 0.05). However, these parameters were not significantly different from those of the calcium carbonate control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicate that the MLP/KGM mixture can reduce the high rate of bone turnover and the corresponding loss of bone mass caused by calcium deficiency and is thus effective in enhancing bone density. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- R & D Division, Chongqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- R & D Division, Chongqing Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Geng Zhong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Dietary Phytase and Lactic Acid-Treated CerealGrains Differently Affected Calcium and PhosphorusHomeostasis from Intestinal Uptake to SystemicMetabolism in a Pig Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051542. [PMID: 32466313 PMCID: PMC7284645 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High intestinal availability of dietary phosphorus (P) may impair calcium (Ca)homeostasis and bone integrity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phytasesupplementation in comparison to the soaking of cereal grains in 2.5% lactic acid (LA) on intestinalCa and P absorption; intestinal, renal, and bone gene expression regarding Ca and P homeostasis;bone parameters; and serum levels of regulatory hormones in growing pigs. Thirty-two pigs wererandomly assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design in four replicate batches for 19days. The diets comprised either untreated or LA-treated wheat and maize without and withphytase supplementation (500 phytase units/kg). Although both treatments improved the Pbalance, phytase and LA-treated cereals differently modulated gene expression related to intestinalabsorption, and renal and bone metabolism of Ca and P, thereby altering homeostatic regulatorymechanisms as indicated by serum Ca, P, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels.Moreover, phytase increased the gene expression related to reabsorption of Ca in the kidney,whereas LA-treated cereals decreased the expression of genes for osteoclastogenesis in bones,indicating an unbalanced systemic availability of minerals. In conclusion, high intestinalavailability of dietary P may impair Ca homeostasis and bone integrity.
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14
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Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal 2020; 14:s29-s43. [PMID: 32024566 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to monogastric animals, ruminants show some peculiarities in respect to the regulation of mineral homeostasis, which can be regarded as a concerted interplay between gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion and bone mobilisation to maintain physiological Ca and phosphate (Pi) concentrations in serum. Intestinal absorption of Ca or Pi is mediated by two general mechanisms: paracellular, passive transport dominates when luminal Ca or Pi concentrations are high and transcellular. The contribution of active transport becomes more important when dietary Ca or Pi supply is restricted or the demand increased. Both pathways are modulated directly by dietary interventions, influenced by age and regulated by endocrine factors such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Similar transport processes are observed in the kidney. After filtration, Ca and Pi are resorbed along the nephron. However, as urinary Ca and Pi excretion is very low in ruminants, the regulation of these renal pathways differs from that described for monogastric species, too. Furthermore, salivary secretion, as part of endogenous Pi recycling, and bone mobilisation participate in the maintenance of Ca and Pi homeostasis in ruminants. Saliva contains large amounts of Pi for buffering rumen pH and to ensure optimal conditions for the rumen microbiome. The skeleton is a major reservoir of Ca and Pi to compensate for discrepancies between demand and uptake. But alterations of the regulation of mineral homeostasis induced by other dietary factors such as a low protein diet were observed in growing ruminants. In addition, metabolic changes, for example, at the onset of lactation have pronounced effects on gastrointestinal mineral transport processes in some ruminant species. As disturbances of mineral homeostasis do not only increase the risk of the animals to develop other diseases, but are also associated with protein and energy metabolism, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of its complex regulation.
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Wilkens MR, Nelson CD, Hernandez LL, McArt JA. Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis—Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2909-2927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Mejicanos GA, González-Ortiz G, Nyachoti CM. Effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase in a wheat-based diet containing canola meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, organ weight, and short-chain fatty acid concentration in digesta when fed to weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa064. [PMID: 32103244 PMCID: PMC7097717 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, organ weight, digesta pH, and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) of weaned pigs fed wheat-canola meal (CM) diets over a 35-d period. A total of 144 piglets (72 barrows and 72 gilts) weaned at 18 ± 2 d of age, with initial body weight (BW) of 6.2 ± 0.7 kg, received one of eight dietary treatments based on randomized complete block design. BW and feed intake were recorded weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Treatments consisted of a control wheat-soybean meal-based diet and wheat-regular (RCM), dehulled (DCM), or coarse CM (CCM) without and with 16,000 BXU/kg xylanase (Econase XT). All diets contained 500 FTU/kg of phytase (Quantum Blue 5G) and titanium dioxide (0.3%). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), dry matter, and diet were determined. On day 35, one pig per pen was euthanized to evaluate the main factors of protein, xylanase supplementation, and sex on organ weight, ileal and colon digesta pH, and colon digesta concentrations of SCFA. The main factors did not affect growth performance. Xylanase supplementation improved nutrient digestibilities in all diets and increased ileal and colonic digesta pH without affecting the growth performance of weaned pigs fed wheat and CM-based diets. A protein-xylanase effect (P < 0.05) resulted in increasing the ATTD of NDF from 28% to 32% and from 29% to 37% for RCM and DCM, respectively. The ATTD of CP was greater (P < 0.05) with xylanase supplementation (75% vs. 70%). Xylanase supplementation increased ATTD of P and Ca. A three-way interaction (P < 0.05) for protein-xylanase-gender for colon pH, acetic, and propionic acid in the colon digesta of pigs indicated that, in addition to the protein source, piglet sex could have influenced how xylanase works. Xylanase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the weight of the liver and spleen and tended (P < 0.10) to increase the size of the kidney. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of xylanase increased nutrient digestibility and digesta pH but did not influence the growth performance of weaned pigs fed wheat and CM-based diets over a 35-d period.
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17
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Zhao X, Schindell B, Li W, Ni L, Liu S, Wijerathne CUB, Gong J, Nyachoti CM, O K, Yang C. Distribution and localization of porcine calcium sensing receptor in different tissues of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2402-2413. [PMID: 30887022 PMCID: PMC6541828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors including calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important roles in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. However, molecular distribution of porcine CaSR (pCaSR) in different tissues, especially along the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract in weaned piglets, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and localization of pCaSR in the different tissues including intestinal segments of weaned piglets. Six male pigs were anesthetized and euthanized. Different tissues such as intestinal segments were collected. The pCaSR mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and localization were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein of pCaSR were detected in the kidney, lung, liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The pCaSR mRNA was much higher (five to 180 times) in the kidney when compared with other tissues (P < 0.05). The ileum had higher pCaSR mRNA and protein abundances than the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the pCaSR protein was mostly located in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. These results demonstrate that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. Further research is needed to confirm the expression of CaSR in the different types of epithelial cells isolated from weaned piglets and characterize the functions of pCaSR, its potential ligands and cell signaling pathways related to CaSR activation in enteroendocrine cells and potentially in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charith U B Wijerathne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Lagos LV, Lee SA, Fondevila G, Walk CL, Murphy MR, Loor JJ, Stein HH. Influence of the concentration of dietary digestible calcium on growth performance, bone mineralization, plasma calcium, and abundance of genes involved in intestinal absorption of calcium in pigs from 11 to 22 kg fed diets with different concentrations of digestible phosphorus. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:47. [PMID: 31149337 PMCID: PMC6537374 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 21-day experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ca requirements to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:1. The second hypothesis was that increasing dietary Ca increases plasma Ca concentration and downregulates abundance of genes related to Ca absorption (TRPV6, S100G, and ATP2B1) in the duodenum, and tight junction proteins (OCLN, CLDN1, and ZO1) in the duodenum and ileum. METHODS Twenty corn-soybean meal diets were formulated using a 4 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 0.16%, 0.33%, 0.42%, or 0.50% STTD P, and 0.14%, 0.29%, 0.44%, 0.59%, or 0.74% STTD Ca. Six hundred and forty pigs (initial weight: 11.1 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 20 diets and 5 blocks in a randomized complete block design. On day 21, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded and blood, duodenal tissue, ileal mucosa, and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Abundance of mRNA was determined in duodenal and ileal tissue via quantitative RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a response surface model. RESULTS The predicted maximum ADG (614 g), G:F (0.65), and bone ash (11.68 g) was obtained at STTD Ca:STTD P ratios of 1.39:1, 1.25:1, and 1.66:1, respectively, when STTD P was provided at the requirement (0.33%). If dietary STTD P was below the requirement, increasing dietary Ca resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. However, if dietary STTD P was above the requirement, negative effects (P < 0.05) on ADG and G:F of increasing STTD Ca were observed only if dietary STTD Ca exceeded 0.6%. Plasma Ca concentration was positively affected by STTD Ca over the range studied (quadratic, P < 0.01) and negatively affected by increasing STTD P (linear, P < 0.01). There was a linear negative effect (P < 0.05) of STTD Ca on the abundance of S100G, TRPV6, OCLN, and ZO1 in duodenum, and CLDN and ZO1 in ileum. CONCLUSIONS The STTD Ca:STTD P ratio needed to maximize growth performance of 11- to 25-kg pigs is less than 1.40:1, if P is at the estimated requirement. Increasing dietary Ca reduces transcellular absorption of Ca and increases paracellular absorption of Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Vanessa Lagos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | | | | | - Michael R. Murphy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Hans H. Stein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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19
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Hyde ML, Wilkens MR, Fraser DR. In vivo measurement of strontium absorption from the rumen of dairy cows as an index of calcium absorption capacity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5699-5705. [PMID: 31005315 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of dietary calcium from the rumen is a quantitatively important process in calcium homeostasis of ruminants. In 3 separate experiments in dairy cows, we applied a technique developed in sheep to measure the rate of strontium (Sr) absorption from the rumen as an indicator of calcium absorption capacity. Absorption from the rumen after an oral dose of SrCl2 resulted in a maximum plasma concentration of Sr after 1 h, whereas absorption from the small intestine after injection of SrCl2 into the abomasum through a cannula occurred more slowly. The second experiment demonstrated that the calcium absorption capacity index of the rumen was significantly greater in 21 lactating Friesian cows (230 ± 66, mean ± SEM) than in 6 mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant heifers (101 ± 21, mean ± SEM). In a third experiment, we compared clinically normal cows at the onset of lactation with those that developed parturient paresis. In cows that developed severe hypocalcemia, plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D were significantly elevated (144 ± 60 pg/mL vs. 90 ± 54 pg/mL; means ± SEM) and their rumen calcium absorption index was significantly decreased compared with that of clinically normal cows. Evidence suggested that mobilization of calcium from bone as lactation commenced was significantly depressed in paretic cows compared with those that did not show clinical signs of hypocalcemia. Moreover, ruminal stasis suppressed the absorption of calcium from the rumen. We conclude that measurement of Sr concentration in blood plasma after an oral dose of SrCl2 into the rumen can be used as an index of rumen calcium absorption capacity under different states of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hyde
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - David R Fraser
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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20
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Kolp E, Wilkens MR, Pendl W, Eichenberger B, Liesegang A. Vitamin D metabolism in growing pigs: influence of UVB irradiation and dietary vitamin D supply on calcium homeostasis, its regulation and bone metabolism. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018. [PMID: 28627057 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prove whether pigs are able to synthesize vitamin D (vitD) in the skin and to investigate the influence of ultraviolet irradiation (UVB) on vitD status and calcium (Ca) homeostasis of growing pigs. Thirty-two 11-week-old pigs were kept without access to sunlight and divided into four groups receiving the following treatment in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (i) UVB irradiation or not and (ii) vitD in feed or not. Blood, urine and faeces were sampled every third week. In serum, vitD metabolites, Ca, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and bone markers were analysed. Digestibility of Ca, P and Mg as well as urinary excretion of these minerals was analysed. After 14 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and samples of skin, intestines, kidneys and bones (metatarsus) were taken for further analyses: sterols of vitD synthesis in the skin, Ca flux rates in the intestines, expression of genes involved in Ca transport in the intestines and kidneys, bone mineral density (BMD) with the aid of peripheral quantitative computer tomography and bone mineral content by ashing the metatarsus. Irradiated animals showed higher levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and tachysterol in the skin, higher levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the serum and higher Ca net flux rates were determined in Ussing chambers. In contrast, the expression of genes involved in Ca transport in the intestines and kidneys was not altered. Similarly, the digestibility of Ca and P as well as the urinary excretion was not affected. With respect to the metatarsus, no differences in mineral contents and BMD were found between groups. At the end of the study, some subclinical signs of beginning vitD 'insufficiency' were observed in the group without access to vitD (represented by higher expression of 1α-hydroxylase in the kidney and increased parathyroid hormone in serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kolp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation Hannover, Germany
| | - W Pendl
- Department of Farm Animals, Section of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - A Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Goff JP. Invited review: Mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid-base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2763-2813. [PMID: 29397180 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several minerals are required for life to exist. In animals, 7 elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and S) are required to be present in the diet in fairly large amounts (grams to tens of grams each day for the dairy cow) and are termed macrominerals. Several other elements are termed microminerals or trace minerals because they are required in much smaller amounts (milligrams to micrograms each day). In most cases the mineral in the diet must be absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the blood if it is to be of value to the animal. The bulk of this review discusses the paracellular and transcellular mechanisms used by the gastrointestinal tract to absorb each of the various minerals needed. Unfortunately, particularly in ruminants, interactions between minerals and other substances within the diet can occur within the digestive tract that impair mineral absorption. The attributes of organic or chelated minerals that might permit diet minerals to circumvent factors that inhibit absorption of more traditional inorganic forms of these minerals are discussed. Once absorbed, minerals are used in many ways. One focus of this review is the effect macrominerals have on the acid-base status of the animal. Manipulation of dietary cation and anion content is commonly used as a tool in the dry period and during lactation to improve performance. A section on how the strong ion theory can be used to understand these effects is included. Many microminerals play a role in the body as cofactors of enzymes involved in controlling free radicals within the body and are vital to antioxidant capabilities. Those same minerals, when consumed in excess, can become pro-oxidants in the body, generating destructive free radicals. Complex interactions between minerals can compromise the effectiveness of a diet in promoting health and productivity of the cow. The objective of this review is to provide insight into some of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P Goff
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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22
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Manangi MK, Maharjan P, Coon CN. Effect of different concentrations of dietary P and Ca on plasma inorganic P and urinary P excretion using noncolostomized and colostomized broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:522-530. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Megahed AA, Hiew MWH, El Badawy SA, Constable PD. Plasma calcium concentrations are decreased at least 9 hours before parturition in multiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle in a herd fed an acidogenic diet during late gestation. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1365-1378. [PMID: 29174149 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium homeostatic mechanisms are challenged in periparturient multiparous dairy cattle due to the rapid transport of large amounts of calcium into the mammary gland associated with colostrogenesis, resulting in decreased plasma total calcium concentration ([Ca]). An unresolved issue is the timing of the decrease in plasma [Ca] relative to the time of parturition, with the consensus view being that plasma [Ca] does not decrease until after parturition. The objective of this study, therefore, was to characterize the change in plasma [Ca] over time in periparturient dairy cattle. Plasma and mid-stream urine samples were collected daily starting 3 d before calving from 104 periparturient Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in a herd fed an acidogenic total mixed ration during the late dry period. Mixed-models ANOVA and linear and multivariable regression analyses were conducted. Plasma [Ca] decreased in periparturient multiparous cattle (n = 70) but not in primiparous cattle (n = 34). Compared with mean values approximately 72 h before parturition ([Ca] = 2.32 mmol/L), mean plasma [Ca] in multiparous cattle first decreased at 9 h before parturition (2.13 mmol/L) and remained decreased for up to 48 h after parturition, with the lowest mean value (1.87 mmol/L) occurring at 28 h after parturition. Mean 24-h urine Ca excretion was calculated to decrease by 3.5 to 3.8 g in periparturient multiparous cattle. Regression analysis indicated that plasma [Ca] in the 12-h period before and 24-h period after parturition was strongly and negatively associated with age but was also negatively associated with milk production indices. We conclude that plasma [Ca] was decreased at least 9 h before parturition in multiparous dairy cattle fed an acidogenic diet in late gestation, and that calcium homeostasis was disrupted for 2 to 3 d around parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer A Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mark W H Hiew
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shymaa A El Badawy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Peter D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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Nemeth M, Wilkens M, Liesegang A. Vitamin D status in growing dairy goats and sheep: Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8072-8086. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kumar P, Jain VK, Kumar A, Sindhu N, Kumar T, Charaya G, Surbhi, Kumar S, Agnihotri D, Sridhar. Clinical and hemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin in buffaloes. Vet World 2016; 8:1225-9. [PMID: 27047022 PMCID: PMC4774660 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1225-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to ascertain the clinical observation and haemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in buffaloes which were presented for treatment at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted on total 106 clinical cases presented at “TVCC, LUVAS, Hisar.” Diseased animals having history of fever and increased rectal temperature were considered for the current study. Diagnosis of FUO was done on the basis of negative parasitological examination, culture examination, fecal and urine test. The cases in which etiology could not be established (such as pneumonia, metritis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, urinary tract infection, trypanosomosis, diaphragmatic hernia, Brucellosis, and foreign body) were considered as true cases of FUO. Results: Out of 106 clinical cases different etiologies were identified in 76 (71.70%) cases including pneumonia, traumatic pericarditis, trypanosomosis, bacteremia, etc. and 30 cases (28.30%) remained undiagnosed even after detailed investigation. The mean rectal temperature (104.43±0.16°F), respiration rate (56.57±1.51/min) and pulse rate (83.40±1.77/min) of animals (n=30) suffering from FUO were significantly higher, whereas ruminal movement (1.00±0.23) was significantly lower compared to healthy control group. The mean value of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and packed cell volume were significantly lower, whereas mean value of neutrophils was significantly higher compared to that of healthy control animals. Mean value of serum levels of glucose, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly higher, whereas mean value of calcium value was significantly lower in all clinically affected animals compared to the healthy control group. Conclusion: About 28.30% cases of fever in buffaloes were found to be of unknown origin. Haemato-biochemical findings in cases of FUO in buffaloes revealed relative neutrophilia with lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, significantly increased AST, ALT, and CPK along with adversely altered kidney function indicators (elevated BUN and serum creatinine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - V K Jain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Neelesh Sindhu
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Charaya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Divya Agnihotri
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Sridhar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India
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González-Vega JC, Stein HH. Digestibility of calcium in feed ingredients and requirements of digestible calcium for growing pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to reduce phosphorus (P) excretion from pigs have increased during the past few decades and it has been recognised that interactions among dietary P, calcium (Ca), phytate, and microbial phytase exist. However, limited research has been reported on Ca digestibility, but to optimise the use of both Ca and P, digestibility values of Ca are needed. Due to endogenous losses of Ca, values for standardised total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca in different Ca supplements and feed ingredients have been determined, and these values may be used to formulate mixed diets. Phytate may bind intrinsic Ca in feed ingredients of plant origin as well as extrinsic Ca from ingredients of animal origin or Ca supplements, but not all forms of Ca in Ca supplements will bind to phytate. Therefore, the effect of phytase on the STTD of Ca may vary depending on the amount of Ca bound to phytate and in some cases microbial phytase will result in increased STTD of Ca from animal proteins or Ca supplements. Dietary fibre may increase the STTD of Ca, but particle size and soybean oil do not influence the STTD of Ca. Requirements for digestible Ca by growing pigs has not yet been determined, but with the availability of values for the STTD of Ca in most commonly used feed ingredients, the basis for determining such values has been prepared. In conclusion, data for the STTD of Ca and the effects of microbial phytase in many feed ingredients have been determined and future research will be directed at determining the requirements for digestible Ca by different groups of pigs.
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Schröder B, Wilkens MR, Ricken GE, Leonhard-Marek S, Fraser DR, Breves G. Calcium transport in bovine rumen epithelium as affected by luminal Ca concentrations and Ca sources. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12615. [PMID: 26564067 PMCID: PMC4673643 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative role of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract for Ca absorption, the respective mechanisms, and their regulation are not fully identified for ruminants, that is, cattle. In different in vitro experiments the forestomach wall has been demonstrated to be a major site for active Ca absorption in sheep and goats. In order to further clarify the role of the bovine rumen for Ca transport with special attention to luminal Ca concentrations, its ionic form, and pH, electrophysiological and unidirectional flux rate measurements were performed with isolated bovine rumen epithelial tissues. For Ca flux studies (Jms, Jsm) in vitro Ussing chamber technique was applied. Standard RT-PCR method was used to characterize TRPV6 and PMCA1 as potential contributors to transepithelial active Ca transport. At Ca concentrations of 1.2 mmol L(-1) on both sides of the tissues, Jms were higher than Jsm resulting under some conditions in significant Ca net flux rates (Jnet), indicating the presence of active Ca transport. In the absence of an electrical gradient, Jnet could significantly be stimulated in the presence of luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Increasing the luminal Ca concentrations up to 11.2 mmol L(-1) resulted in significant increases in Jms without influencing Jsm. Providing Ca in its form as respective chloride, formate, or propionate salts there was no significant effect on Jms. No transcripts specific for Ca channel TRPV6 could be demonstrated. Our results indicate different mechanisms for Ca absorption in bovine rumen as compared with those usually described for the small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gundula E Ricken
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Leonhard-Marek
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - David R Fraser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Zebeli Q, Ghareeb K, Humer E, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Besenfelder U. Nutrition, rumen health and inflammation in the transition period and their role on overall health and fertility in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:126-36. [PMID: 26679807 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition is a stressful period and critical for the entire cow's productive lifespan and reproduction. Optimal feeding management during transition period enables smooth metabolic adaptation to the initiation of lactation. Major nutritional challenge during this period is the urgent need to counteract the drastic deficits in energy and nutrients of the early-lactating cow. This is primarily done by inclusion of large amounts of concentrates in the diet during early lactation, causing major dietary imbalances with utmost importance for rumen health. Proper feeding management targeting rumen health in the transition period improves nutrient degradation and the net supply with energy and key nutrients of the host while preventing systemic disturbances and inflammation, events which are instrumental for cow's overall health and reproductive performance. The review provides insights into the role of, and gives practical hints regarding diet balancing efforts and feeding management strategies targeting rumen health and systemic inflammation during the periparturient period with the aim to enhance cow health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - K Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - U Besenfelder
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Reproduction Centre Wieselburg, Veterinary Medicine University Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Dietary calcium concentration and cereals differentially affect mineral balance and tight junction proteins expression in jejunum of weaned pigs. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1019-31. [PMID: 25761471 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ca plays an essential role in bone development; however, little is known about its effect on intestinal gene expression in juvenile animals. In the present study, thirty-two weaned pigs (9·5 (SEM 0·11) kg) were assigned to four diets that differed in Ca concentration (adequate v. high) and cereal composition (wheat-barley v. maize) to assess the jejunal and colonic gene expression of nutrient transporters, tight junction proteins, cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, nutrient digestibility, Ca balance and serum acute-phase response. To estimate the impact of mucosal bacteria on colonic gene expression, Spearman's correlations between colonic gene expression and bacterial abundance were computed. Faecal Ca excretion indicated that more Ca was available along the intestinal tract of the pigs fed high Ca diets as compared to the pigs fed adequate Ca diets (P> 0.05). High Ca diets decreased jejunal zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) and occludin (OCLN) expression, up-regulated jejunal expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and down-regulated colonic GLUT2 expression as compared to the adequate Ca diets (P< 0.05). Dietary cereal composition up-regulated jejunal TLR2 expression and interacted (P= 0.021) with dietary Ca on colonic IL1B expression; high Ca concentration up-regulated IL1B expression with wheat-barley diets and down-regulated it with maize diets. Spearman's correlations (r> 0·35; P< 0·05) indicated an association between operational taxonomic units assigned to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and bacterial metabolites and mucosal gene expression in the colon. The present results indicate that high Ca diets have the potential to modify the jejunal and colonic mucosal gene expression response which, in turn, interacts with the composition of the basal diet and mucosa-associated bacteria in weaned pigs.
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Wilkens M, Praechter C, Breves G, Schröder B. Stimulating effects of a diet negative in dietary cation-anion difference on calcium absorption from the rumen in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:156-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Wilkens
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - C. Praechter
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - G. Breves
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - B. Schröder
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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31
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Bhanugopan MS, Fulkerson WJ, Hyde M, Fraser DR. Effect of dietary potassium supplementation on the calcium absorption capacity in the rumen and abomasum and fractional excretion of urinary minerals in sheep. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of potassium (K) supplementation on the calcium (Ca) absorption capacity from the rumen and abomasum of sheep. The Ca absorption capacity from the rumen and abomasum of sheep was measured using stable strontium (Sr) as a Ca-analogue tracer method. The sheep, cannulated at either the rumen or abomasum, were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control or K-supplemented) and fed in individual metabolism pens twice daily with a diet comprising oaten hay, lucerne chaff and barley fortified with or without potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The K content of the diet of the K-supplemented animals was 3.1% of dry matter compared with 1.4% for the control animals. The animals were fed their respective diets for a period of 2 weeks. The fractional absorption capacity (FC) of Ca was estimated before, during and after the treatment period. Supplementation with K decreased the FC of Ca in both the rumen and abomasum during treatment and increased the FC of Ca in the abomasum post-treatment. Supplementation with K also increased the fractional excretion of K in the urine, but decreased the fractional excretion of Ca and magnesium (Mg) (P < 0.05), showing that K supplementation significantly affected Ca and Mg metabolism. Results suggest that renal conservation of Ca and Mg is an important mechanism controlling the Ca and Mg pool for vital functions of the body. In times of high demand for these minerals during lactation and pregnancy, high K in the diets may predispose sheep to hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia, which in turn will have a negative impact on productivity and economic returns.
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González-Vega JC, Walk CL, Liu Y, Stein HH. The site of net absorption of Ca from the intestinal tract of growing pigs and effect of phytic acid, Ca level and Ca source on Ca digestibility. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:126-42. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.892249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rutherfurd SM, Chung TK, Moughan PJ. Effect of microbial phytase on phytate P degradation and apparent digestibility of total P and Ca throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the growing pig. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:189-97. [PMID: 24243891 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a dietary microbial phytase on mineral digestibility throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the growing pig was studied. Thirty-two entire male pigs (~22 kg BW) were allocated equally to 4 corn-soybean meal diets. One diet was adequate in total P and Ca, the second diet was deficient in total P and Ca (low-P diet), and the third and fourth diets were the low-P diet with microbial phytase added at 1,107 U/kg or 2,215 U/kg, respectively. Titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. The pigs were fed their respective diets for 42 d. Fecal samples were collected from d 38 to 41 and stomach chyme, terminal jejunal, and terminal ileal digesta samples were collected after euthanasia on d 42. Phytate P degradability and apparent total P and Ca digestibility were determined at the gastric, jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels. Phytate P degradation and apparent total P and Ca digestibility were not significantly different between the 2 microbial phytase inclusion levels. Across both microbial phytase-low-P diets, phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) phytate P degradability at the jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels by 101%, 77%, and 10%, respectively, but not at the gastric level. Total tract phytate P degradation was greater (P < 0.05) than ileal phytate P degradation for both the unsupplemented (52% units greater) and phytase-supplemented, low-P (26% units greater) diets. The latter result was not reflected by the apparent total P digestibility estimate, which was not significantly different between the ileal and total tract levels for both the unsupplemented and phytase-supplemented, low-P diets. Consequently, there appeared to be considerable phytate degradation in the hindgut, presumably due to the action of hindgut microbes, but the phytate P released in the hindgut did not appear to be absorbed. Apparent Ca digestibility was not significantly different among jejunal, ileal, and total tract levels for any of the dietary treatments, but apparent Ca digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for the phytase-supplemented diets compared with the unsupplemented diets. Overall, dietary microbial phytase supplementation led to greater phytate degradation to the end of the jejunum. Because the phytate P released in the hindgut was not absorbed, ileal estimates, rather than total tract estimates, of phytate degradation appear to more accurately reflect P availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rutherfurd
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Angel R. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in broilers: Effect of homeostatic mechanism on calcium and phosphorus digestibility. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Most dairy cows exhibit different degrees of hypocalcaemia around calving because the gestational Ca requirements shift to the disproportionately high Ca requirements of lactation. Ca homeostasis is a robust system that effectively adapts to changes in Ca demand or supply. However, these adaptations often are not rapid enough to avoid hypocalcaemia. A delay in the reconfiguration of intestinal Ca absorption and bone resorption is probably the underlying cause of this transient hypocalcaemia. Several dietary factors that affect different aspects of Ca metabolism are known to reduce the incidence of milk fever. The present review describes the interactions between nutrition and Ca homeostasis using observations from cattle and extrapolations from other species and aims to quantitatively model the effects of the nutritional approaches that are used to induce dry cows into an early adaptation of Ca metabolism. The present model suggests that reducing dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) increases Ca clearance from the blood by dietary induction of systemic acidosis, which results in hypercalciuria due to the loss of function of the renal Ca transient receptor potential vanilloid channel TRPV5. Alternatively, reducing the gastrointestinal availability of Ca by reducing dietary Ca or its nutritional availability will also induce the activation of Ca metabolism to compensate for basal blood Ca clearance. Our model of gastrointestinal Ca availability as well as blood Ca clearance in the transition dairy cow allowed us to conclude that the most common dietary strategies for milk fever prevention may have analogous modes of action that are based on the principle of metabolic adaptation before calving.
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Hooda S, Mosenthin R, Gänzle MG, Zijlstra RT. Bacterial fermentation affects net mineral flux in the large intestine of pigs fed diets with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharides12. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3351-62. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Martín-Tereso J, van Puijenbroek R, van Vuuren AM, van Laar H, den Hartog LA, Verstegen MWA. Effect of feeding rumen protected rice bran on calcium homeostasis of non-lactating multiparous cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:236-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sidler-Lauff K, Boos A, Kraenzlin M, Liesegang A. Influence of different calcium supplies and a single vitamin D injection on vitamin D receptor and calbindin D9k immunoreactivities in the gastrointestinal tract of goat kids. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3598-610. [PMID: 20656967 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether diets differing in Ca concentration would have an influence on vitamin D (VitD) receptor (VDR) and calbindin D9k (Calb9k) immunoreactivities in the gastrointestinal tract of growing goats. In addition, the effect of a single VitD injection was studied, to clarify whether exogenous VitD would further increase the active Ca absorption mechanisms. The hypothesis of the study was that reduced Ca intake would lead to greater active Ca absorption, and with that, to greater amounts of VDR and Calb9k immunoreactivities. The normal Ca kid group (according to age requirements) received 2.5 to 6 g of Ca/d, whereas the lesser Ca kid group (less than requirements) received 1.5 to 4 g of Ca/d from wk 6 (weaning) to 15 (slaughter). In addition, 5 and 6 goat kids, respectively, of each group (normal Ca kid group, lesser Ca kid group), were injected with VitD (0.05 mg of cholecalciferol/kg of BW) in wk 14 of life. Blood samples were taken in wk 14 and 15. Calcium and VitD (25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) concentrations were determined in serum. Immediately after slaughter, the duodenum (DD) and rumen (RU) were mounted in conventional Ussing chambers. Unidirectional flux rates of Ca across gastrointestinal tissues were measured. Additionally, tissue specimens of the gastrointestinal tract were collected, and formaldehyde-fixed paraffin sections were used for VDR and Calb9k immunohistochemistry. In all kid groups, a net absorption in the RU and a net secretion of Ca in the DD were observed. Immunoreactions of VDR were greatest in the duodenal mucosa, whereas Calb9k immunoreactions were observed in the forestomach and intestinal tissues. The greatest expression was observed in the duodenal surface epithelium. Additionally, in the VitD-injected groups, an immunoreaction occurred in the jejunal superficial and basal glands and the ileal superficial epithelium. In contrast, the other groups showed no Calb9k immunoreactions at these sites. In conclusion, there is clear evidence for the RU as a main site for Ca absorption. The results of this study also indicate that VDR and Calb9k are highly expressed in the duodenal mucosa. The active absorption may not have such an important role in the DD because active transport was also evident in the RU. However, Calb9k expression seems to be stimulated by VitD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sidler-Lauff
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
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MartÃn-Tereso J, Derks M, van Laar H, Mulder K, den Hartog LA, Verstegen MWA. Urinary calcium excretion in non-lactating dairy cows in relation to intake of fat-coated rice bran. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:129-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Transport of cations and anions across forestomach epithelia: conclusions from in vitro studies. Animal 2010; 4:1037-56. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Wilkens MR, Kunert-Keil C, Brinkmeier H, Schröder B. Expression of calcium channel TRPV6 in ovine epithelial tissue. Vet J 2008; 182:294-300. [PMID: 18701326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies indicate marked differences in the extent and site of gastrointestinal calcium absorption between monogastric and ruminant species. Given that the epithelial calcium channel TRPV6 has a pivotal role in active intestinal calcium transport, this study investigated TRPV6 expression in ovine duodenal, jejunal, ruminal and renal epithelial cells using RT-PCR, in situ hybridisation, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The expression patterns suggested that, in contrast to monogastric animals, the jejunum is more important than the duodenum for calcium absorption in sheep. Furthermore, the expression of TRPV6-specific transcripts in ruminal epithelium was much lower than expected and its sub-cellular localisation suggested that this ion channel does not contribute to calcium absorption from the forestomachs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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43
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Riner K, Boos A, Hässig M, Liesegang A. Vitamin D receptor distribution in intestines of domesticated sheepOvis ammon f. aries. J Morphol 2008; 269:144-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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