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Bigelow RA, Richeson JT, McClurg M, Valeris-Chacin R, Morley PS, Funk JL, Scott MA. Characterizing the influence of various antimicrobials used for metaphylaxis against bovine respiratory disease on host transcriptome responses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1272940. [PMID: 37869487 PMCID: PMC10585045 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, control against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) primarily consists of mass administration of an antimicrobial upon arrival to facility, termed "metaphylaxis." The objective of this study was to determine the influence of six different antimicrobials used as metaphylaxis on the whole blood host transcriptome in healthy steers upon and following arrival to the feedlot. One hundred and five steers were stratified by arrival body weight (BW = 247 ± 28 kg) and randomly and equally allocated to one of seven treatments: negative control (NC), ceftiofur (CEFT), enrofloxacin (ENRO), florfenicol (FLOR), oxytetracycline (OXYT), tildipirosin (TILD), or tulathromycin (TULA). On day 0, whole blood samples and BW were collected prior to a one-time administration of the assigned antimicrobial. Blood samples were collected again on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 56. A subset of cattle (n = 6) per treatment group were selected randomly for RNA sequencing across all time points. Isolated RNA was sequenced (NovaSeq 6,000; ~35 M paired-end reads/sample), where sequenced reads were processed with ARS-UCD1.3 reference-guided assembly (HISAT2/StringTie2). Differential expression analysis comparing treatment groups to NC was performed with glmmSeq (FDR ≤ 0.05) and edgeR (FDR ≤ 0.1). Functional enrichment was performed with KOBAS-i (FDR ≤ 0.05). When compared only to NC, unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found within both edgeR and glmmSeq were identified for CEFT (n = 526), ENRO (n = 340), FLOR (n = 56), OXYT (n = 111), TILD (n = 3,001), and TULA (n = 87). At day 3, CEFT, TILD, and OXYT shared multiple functional enrichment pathways related to T-cell receptor signaling and FcεRI-mediated NF-kappa beta (kB) activation. On day 7, Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation pathways were enriched in ENRO and CEFT groups, and CEFT and FLOR had DEGs that affected IL-17 signaling pathways. There were no shared pathways or Gene Ontology (GO) terms among treatments at day 14, but TULA had 19 pathways and eight GO terms enriched related to NF- κβ activation, and interleukin/interferon signaling. Pathways related to cytokine signaling were enriched by TILD on day 21. Our research demonstrates immunomodulation and potential secondary therapeutic mechanisms induced by antimicrobials commonly used for metaphylaxis, providing insight into the beneficial anti-inflammatory properties antimicrobials possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Bigelow
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - John T. Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Molly McClurg
- Veterinary, Education, Research, and Outreach Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Robert Valeris-Chacin
- Veterinary, Education, Research, and Outreach Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Paul S. Morley
- Veterinary, Education, Research, and Outreach Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Jenna L. Funk
- Veterinary, Education, Research, and Outreach Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Matthew A. Scott
- Veterinary, Education, Research, and Outreach Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
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Kaplan BS, Hofstetter AR, McGill JL, Lippolis JD, Norimine J, Dassanayake RP, Sacco RE. Identification of a DRB3*011:01-restricted CD4 + T cell response against bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1040075. [PMID: 36891302 PMCID: PMC9986546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) is a significant cause of severe respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality in pediatric and elderly populations worldwide there is no licensed vaccine. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) is a closely related orthopneumovirus with similar genome structure and high homology between structural and nonstructural proteins. Like HRSV in children, BRSV is highly prevalent in dairy and beef calves and known to be involved in the etiology of bovine respiratory disease, in addition to being considered an excellent model for HRSV. Commercial vaccines are currently available for BRSV, though improvements in efficacy are needed. The aims of this study were to identify CD4+ T cell epitopes present in the fusion glycoprotein of BRSV, an immunogenic surface glycoprotein that mediates membrane fusion and a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Overlapping peptides representing three regions of the BRSV F protein were used to stimulate autologous CD4+ T cells in ELISpot assays. T cell activation was observed only in cells from cattle with the DRB3*011:01 allele by peptides from AA249-296 of the BRSV F protein. Antigen presentation studies with C-terminal truncated peptides further defined the minimum peptide recognized by the DRB3*011:01 allele. Computationally predicted peptides presented by artificial antigen presenting cells further confirmed the amino acid sequence of a DRB3*011:01 restricted class II epitope on the BRSV F protein. These studies are the first to identify the minimum peptide length of a BoLA-DRB3 class II-restricted epitope in BRSV F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amelia R. Hofstetter
- Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D. Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases & Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Zhou Y, Shao Z, Dai G, Li X, Xiang Y, Jiang S, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Zhu Z, Fan C, Zhang G. Pathogenic infection characteristics and risk factors for bovine respiratory disease complex based on the detection of lung pathogens in dead cattle in northeast China. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:589-606. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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de Jong R, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Bonsing J, Wang KF, Vandepaer S, Bouzya B, Toussaint JF, Dieussaert I, Song H, Steff AM. ChAd155-RSV vaccine is immunogenic and efficacious against bovine RSV infection-induced disease in young calves. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6142. [PMID: 36253363 PMCID: PMC9575635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes a substantial lower-respiratory-tract disease burden in infants, constituting a global priority for vaccine development. We evaluated immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)-based vaccine candidate, ChAd155-RSV, in a bovine RSV (bRSV) challenge model. This model closely reproduces the pathogenesis/clinical manifestations of severe pediatric RSV disease. In seronegative calves, ChAd155-RSV elicits robust neutralizing antibody responses against human RSV. Two doses protect calves from clinical symptoms/lung pathological changes, and reduce nasal/lung virus loads after both a short (4-week) and a long (16-week) interval between last immunization and subsequent bRSV challenge. The one-dose regimen confers near-complete or significant protection after short-term or long-term intervals before challenge, respectively. The presence of pre-existing bRSV-antibodies does not affect short-term efficacy of the two-dose regimen. Immunized calves present no clinical signs of enhanced respiratory disease. Collectively, this supports the development of ChAd155-RSV as an RSV vaccine candidate for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rineke de Jong
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Bonsing
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Kai-Fen Wang
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ,grid.508098.c0000 0004 7413 1708Present Address: Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc., 2380 Conejo Spectrum St Suite 200, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - Sarah Vandepaer
- CONSULTYS Benelux S.A, 73D Rue de Namur, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Badiaa Bouzya
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium ,Present Address: Sanofi-Pasteur, 14 Espace Henry Vallée, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ilse Dieussaert
- grid.425090.a0000 0004 0468 9597GSK, Rue de l’Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Haifeng Song
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA ,Present Address: Suzhou Abogen Bioscience Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Ann-Muriel Steff
- grid.418019.50000 0004 0393 4335GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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Martínez DA, Chamorro MF, Passler T, Huber L, Walz PH, Thoresen M, Raithel G, Silvis S, Stockler R, Woolums AR. The titers, duration, and residual clinical protection of passively transferred nasal and serum antibodies are similar among beef calves that nursed colostrum from vaccinated or unvaccinated dams and were challenged experimentally with bovine respiratory syncytial virus at three months of age. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:1-9. [PMID: 36173761 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.07.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare initial titers, duration, and residual clinical protection of passively transferred bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) nasal immunoglobulin (Ig) G-1 and IgA, and serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies. ANIMALS 40 three-month-old beef steers born either to unvaccinated or vaccinated cows. PROCEDURES During the last trimester of gestation, cows were assigned randomly to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups. Calves were grouped on the basis of whether they nursed colostrum from unvaccinated dams (NO-VACC group; n = 20) versus dams vaccinated with 2 doses of an inactivated BRSV vaccine (VACC group; n = 20). At 3 months of age, calves were challenged with BRSV. Respiratory signs were scored. Nasal BRSV IgG-1 and IgA and SN antibodies were compared before and after the challenge. The presence of BRSV in nasal secretions was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR assays. RESULTS Respiratory scores after BRSV challenge were similar between treatment groups. Nasal BRSV IgG-1 and SN antibodies were significantly greater in VACC calves at 48 hours of life; however, by 3 months of age, titers had decayed in both groups. Nasal BRSV IgA titers were minimal after colostrum intake and before the BRSV challenge, and increased in both groups after the challenge. The NO-VACC group had a significantly greater probability of shedding BRSV compared with VACC calves. CLINICAL RELEVANCE At 3 months of age, titers of passively transferred BRSV antibodies in VACC and NO-VACC calves had decayed to nonprotective levels. Calves born to vaccinated dams had a decreased probability of BRSV shedding; however, this was not related to differences in SN or nasal BRSV antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Martínez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Laura Huber
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Paul H Walz
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Gage Raithel
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Scott Silvis
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Ricardo Stockler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Gaudino M, Nagamine B, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Vet Res 2022; 53:70. [PMID: 36068558 PMCID: PMC9449274 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most important diseases impacting the global cattle industry, resulting in significant economic loss. Commonly referred to as shipping fever, BRD is especially concerning for young calves during transport when they are most susceptible to developing disease. Despite years of extensive study, managing BRD remains challenging as its aetiology involves complex interactions between pathogens, environmental and host factors. While at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists believed that BRD was only caused by bacterial infections ("bovine pasteurellosis"), we now know that viruses play a key role in BRD induction. Mixtures of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently isolated from respiratory secretions of animals with respiratory illness. The increased diagnostic screening data has changed our understanding of pathogens contributing to BRD development. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine experimental evidence from all existing studies performed to understand coinfections between respiratory pathogens in cattle. Despite the fact that pneumonia has not always been successfully reproduced by in vivo calf modelling, several studies attempted to investigate the clinical significance of interactions between different pathogens. The most studied model of pneumonia induction has been reproduced by a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection, with strong evidence suggesting this could potentially be one of the most common scenarios during BRD onset. Different in vitro studies indicated that viral priming may increase bacterial adherence and colonization of the respiratory tract, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning bronchopneumonia onset in cattle. In addition, a few in vivo studies on viral coinfections and bacterial coinfections demonstrated that a primary viral infection could also increase the pathogenicity of a secondary viral infection and, similarly, dual infections with two bacterial pathogens could increase the severity of BRD lesions. Therefore, different scenarios of pathogen dynamics could be hypothesized for BRD onset which are not limited to a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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Otomaru K, Miyahara T, Saita H, Yamauchi S, Nochi T. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum oxidative stress biomarkers, antibody titer after live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccination, as well as serum and fecal immunoglobulin A in weaned Japanese Black calves. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1128-1133. [PMID: 35793952 PMCID: PMC9412055 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on
blood oxidative stress biomarker in weaned calves. Thirty clinically healthy 12 weeks of
age Japanese Black calves were randomly assigned to two groups: 15 calves received 300 IU
of vitamin E daily from 12 to 18 weeks of age (VE group), and the other 15 calves did not
receive the vitamin E (control group). Blood samples were taken at 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20
weeks of age. The concentration of serum reactive oxygen metabolites at 20 weeks of age
were significantly lower in the VE group than those in the control group. Vitamin E
supplementation to weaned calves might affect blood oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroto Saita
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Tomonori Nochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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Chien RC, Sorensen NJ, Payton ME, Confer AW. Comparative Histopathology of Bovine Acute Interstitial Pneumonia and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Interstitial Pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2022; 192:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mutua V, Cavallo F, Gershwin LJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a randomized controlled trial of a combination of antiviral and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in a bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 241:110323. [PMID: 34543829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The function of neutrophils in viral infections has long been established and studies have been done to examine the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Further study and analysis of NETs in viral infections may reveal a new therapeutic target. Administration of ibuprofen and GS-561937, a fusion protein inhibitor (FPI), have been experimentally shown to decrease the severity of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Our aims were to determine the effect of ibuprofen and FPI on NETs after BRSV infection as a monotherapy or combined therapy. METHODS We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial of ibuprofen, FPI, or as a dual therapy initiated at 3 or 5 days after experimental infection with BRSV in 36 five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos Taurus). Lung tissue samples were collected and stained with antibodies conjugated with fluorescence dyes to visualize and quantify the NETs in situ. We estimated the average NETs in the sample lung tissue slides and compared the areas occupied by NETS within and between the treatment groups. RESULTS There were significantly fewer NETs in the lung tissue from calves that were given ibuprofen and both ibuprofen and fusion protein inhibitor from day 3 post infection compared to the placebo group. Calves administered with ibuprofen, fusion protein inhibitor or both from day five had visually fewer NETs than the placebo but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION BRSV can induce NET formation in vitro and in vivo. A combination of both drugs (Ibuprofen and FPI) resulted in less NETs observed in lung tissue of BRSV infected calves compared to the placebo or monotherapy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Francisco Cavallo
- Division of Veterinary Pathology. Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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Bornheim HN, Chamorro MF, Cernicchiaro N, Reppert EJ, Larson RL, Huser S, Thoresen M, Jones K, Weaber RL, Woolums AR. Evaluation of specific immunoglobulin A in nasal secretions and neutralizing antibodies in serum collected at multiple time points from young beef calves following intranasal or subcutaneous administration of a modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:746-751. [PMID: 34432517 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.9.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine anti-bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antibody titers for nasal secretions and serum from beef calves following administration of a modified-live (MLV) BRSV vaccine. ANIMALS 60 healthy newborn purebred beef calves. PROCEDURES Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intranasal (IN)-SC (IN MLV BRSV vaccine within 24 hours of birth and SC MLV BRSV vaccine at 2 months of age), SC-IN (SC MLV BRSV vaccine within 24 hours of birth and IN MLV BRSV vaccine at 2 months of age), or NO-IN (no vaccine within 24 hours of birth and IN MLV BRSV vaccine at 2 months of age). Nasal secretion and serum samples were collected for determination of anti-BRSV antibodies within 24 hours of birth and 2 and 6 months of age. RESULTS Titers of anti-BRSV IgA antibodies in nasal secretions and BRSV neutralizing antibodies in serum were similar among groups at each sampling time. Within 24 hours of birth, nasal anti-BRSV IgA titers were negligible. At 2 months, mean nasal anti-BRSV IgA titers for calves in IN-SC, SC-IN, and NO-IN groups were 192.84, 224.49, and 114.71, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Concentrations of anti-BRSV IgA antibodies in the nasal secretions and BRSV neutralizing antibodies in the serum of young beef calves following an MLV BRSV vaccine protocol that consisted of IN or SC vaccine within 24 hours of birth and vice versa at 2 months of age were not different from that following only an IN MLV BRSV vaccine at 2 months of age. However, the lack of any differences may have been attributed to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Bornheim
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 (Chamorro)
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- From the Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Emily J Reppert
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Robert L Larson
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Shaun Huser
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- From the Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 (Thoresen, Jones, Woolums)
| | - Katherine Jones
- From the Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 (Thoresen, Jones, Woolums)
| | - Robert L Weaber
- From the Animal Sciences and Industry (Weaber), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- From the Departments of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 (Thoresen, Jones, Woolums)
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12
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Carvallo Chaigneau FR, Walsh P, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. A randomized controlled trial comparing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and fusion protein inhibitors singly and in combination on the histopathology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252455. [PMID: 34111152 PMCID: PMC8191941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has substantial morbidity in young calves, and closely parallels human RSV in infants. We performed a randomized controlled trial in five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos taurus). comparing fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) singly and in combination at three and five days after experimental BRSV infection. Thirty-six calves received one of six treatments; Ibuprofen started on day 3, Ibuprofen started on day 5, FPI started on day 5, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 3, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 5, or placebo. We have previously reported significant clinical benefits when combined FPI and NSAID treatment was started at three and five days after bovine RSV infection. Necropsy was performed on Day 10 following infection and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on sections from each lobe. Histology was described using a four-point scale. We performed canonical discrimination analysis (CDA) to determine the structural level where differences between treatments occurred and mixed effects regression to estimate effect sizes. Separation from placebo was maximal for dual therapy at the levels of the alveolus, septum, and bronchus in CDA. We found that the clinical benefits of combined FPI and NSAID treatment of BRSV extend at least partially from histopathological changes in the lung when treatment was started three days after infection. We found decreased lung injury when ibuprofen was started as monotherapy on day 3, but not day 5 following infection. Combined therapy with both an FPI and ibuprofen was always better than ibuprofen alone. We did not prove that the clinical benefits seen starting FPI and ibuprofen five days after infection can be solely explained by histopathological differences as identified on H&E staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, The Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heather McEligot
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Johnston D, Earley B, McCabe MS, Kim J, Taylor JF, Lemon K, McMenamy M, Duffy C, Cosby SL, Waters SM. Elucidation of the Host Bronchial Lymph Node miRNA Transcriptome Response to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Genet 2021; 12:633125. [PMID: 33968129 PMCID: PMC8100685 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes substantial morbidity and mortality, affecting cattle of all ages. One of the main causes of BRD is an initial inflammatory response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). MicroRNAs are novel and emerging non-coding small RNAs that regulate many biological processes and are implicated in various inflammatory diseases. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the changes in the bovine bronchial lymph node miRNA transcriptome in response to BRSV following an experimental viral challenge. Holstein-Friesian calves were either administered a challenge dose of BRSV (103.5 TCID50/ml × 15 ml) (n = 12) or were mock inoculated with sterile phosphate buffered saline (n = 6). Daily scoring of clinical signs was performed and calves were euthanized at day 7 post-challenge. Bronchial lymph nodes were collected for subsequent RNA extraction and sequencing (75 bp). Read counts for known miRNAs were generated using the miRDeep2 package using the UMD3.1 reference genome and the bovine mature miRNA sequences from the miRBase database (release 22). EdgeR was used for differential expression analysis and Targetscan was used to identify target genes for the differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. Target genes were examined for enriched pathways and gene ontologies using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen). Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) based on miRNA gene expression changes, revealed a clearly defined separation between the BRSV challenged and control calves, although the clinical manifestation of disease was only mild. One hundred and nineteen DE miRNAs (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.1, fold change > 1.5) were detected between the BRSV challenged and control calves. The DE miRNAs were predicted to target 465 genes which were previously found to be DE in bronchial lymph node tissue, between these BRSV challenged and control calves. Of the DE predicted target genes, 455 had fold changes that were inverse to the corresponding DE miRNAs. There were eight enriched pathways among the DE predicted target genes with inverse fold changes to their corresponding DE miRNA including: granulocyte and agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, interferon signalling and role of pathogen recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses. Functions predicted to be increased included: T cell response, apoptosis of leukocytes, immune response of cells and stimulation of cells. Pathogen recognition and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells are vital for the recognition of the virus and its subsequent elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayle Johnston
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Matthew S. McCabe
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Taylor
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ken Lemon
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael McMenamy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - S. Louise Cosby
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sinéad M. Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
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14
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Mahmoud AHA, Slate JR, Hong S, Yoon I, McGill JL. Supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product modulates innate immune function and ameliorates bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonatal calves. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5891219. [PMID: 32780814 PMCID: PMC7457959 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of oral supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP; SmartCare and NutriTek; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) on immune function and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in preweaned dairy calves. Twenty-four Holstein × Angus, 1- to 2-d-old calves (38.46 ± 0.91 kg initial body weight [BW]) were assigned two treatment groups: control or SCFP treated, milk replacer with 1 g/d SCFP (SmartCare) and calf starter top-dressed with 5 g/d SCFP (NutriTek). The study consisted of one 31-d period. On days 19 to 21 of the supplementation period, calves were challenged via aerosol inoculation with BRSV strain 375. Calves were monitored twice daily for clinical signs, including rectal temperature, cough, nasal and ocular discharge, respiration effort, and lung auscultation. Calves were euthanized on day 10 postinfection (days 29 to 31 of the supplementation period) to evaluate gross lung pathology and pathogen load. Supplementation with SCFP did not affect BW (P = 0.762) or average daily gain (P = 0.750), percentages of circulating white blood cells (P < 0.05), phagocytic (P = 0.427 for neutrophils and P = 0.460 for monocytes) or respiratory burst (P = 0.119 for neutrophils and P = 0.414 for monocytes) activity by circulating leukocytes either before or following BRSV infection, or serum cortisol concentrations (P = 0.321) after BRSV infection. Calves receiving SCFP had reduced clinical disease scores compared with control calves (P = 0.030), reduced airway neutrophil recruitment (P < 0.002), reduced lung pathology (P = 0.031), and a reduced incidence of secondary bacterial infection. Calves receiving SCFP shed reduced virus compared with control calves (P = 0.049) and tended toward lower viral loads in the lungs (P = 0.051). Immune cells from the peripheral blood of SCFP-treated calves produced increased (P < 0.05) quantities of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, while cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of SCFP-treated calves secreted less (P < 0.05) proinflammatory cytokines in response to the same stimuli. Treatment with SCFP had no effect on virus-specific T cell responses in the blood but resulted in reduced (P = 0.045) virus-specific IL-17 secretion by T cells in the BAL. Supplementing with SCFP modulates both systemic and mucosal immune responses and may improve the outcome of an acute respiratory viral infection in preweaned dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H A Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jamison R Slate
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Suyeon Hong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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15
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Leme RA, Dall Agnol AM, Balbo LC, Pereira FL, Possatti F, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Molecular characterization of Brazilian wild-type strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus reveals genetic diversity and a putative new subgroup of the virus. Vet Q 2020; 40:83-96. [PMID: 32083983 PMCID: PMC7067174 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1733704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine orthopneumovirus, formerly known as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), is frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Aim To perform the molecular characterization of the G and F proteins of Brazilian wild-type BRSV strains derived from bovine respiratory infections in both beef and dairy cattle. Materials and Methods Ten BRSV strains derived from a dairy heifer rearing unit (n = 3) in 2011 and steers of three other feedlots (n = 7) in 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. For the BRSV G and F partial gene amplifications, RT-nested-PCR assays were performed with sequencing in both directions with forward and reverse primers used. Results The G gene-based analysis revealed that two strains were highly similar to the BRSV sequences representative of subgroup III, including the Bayovac vaccine strain. However, the remaining seven Brazilian BRSV strains were diverse when compared with strains representative of the BRSV I to VIII subgroups. The central hydrophobic region of the Brazilian BRSV G gene showed the replacement of conserved cysteines and other residues of importance to antibody reactivity. The deduced F gene amino acid sequences from the Brazilian BRSV strains showed changes that were absent in the representative sequences of the known subgroups. Viral isolation on the nasopharyngeal swab suspensions failed to isolate BRSV. Conclusion Results suggest that these strains represent a putative new subgroup of BRSV with mutations observed in the immunodominant region of the G protein. However, further studies on these Brazilian BRSV strains should be performed to establish their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Arruda Leme
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Carvalho Balbo
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Louise Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Possatti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Experimental challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus in dairy calves: bronchial lymph node transcriptome response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14736. [PMID: 31611566 PMCID: PMC6791843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality in calves. The objective of this study was to examine the response of the host’s bronchial lymph node transcriptome to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) in a controlled viral challenge. Holstein-Friesian calves were either inoculated with virus (103.5 TCID50/ml × 15 ml) (n = 12) or mock challenged with phosphate buffered saline (n = 6). Clinical signs were scored daily and blood was collected for haematology counts, until euthanasia at day 7 post-challenge. RNA was extracted and sequenced (75 bp paired-end) from bronchial lymph nodes. Sequence reads were aligned to the UMD3.1 bovine reference genome and differential gene expression analysis was performed using EdgeR. There was a clear separation between BRSV challenged and control calves based on gene expression changes, despite an observed mild clinical manifestation of the disease. Therefore, measuring host gene expression levels may be beneficial for the diagnosis of subclinical BRD. There were 934 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (p < 0.05, FDR <0.1, fold change >2) between the BRSV challenged and control calves. Over-represented gene ontology terms, pathways and molecular functions, among the DEG, were associated with immune responses. The top enriched pathways included interferon signaling, granzyme B signaling and pathogen pattern recognition receptors, which are responsible for the cytotoxic responses necessary to eliminate the virus.
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17
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Nagai K, Otomaru K, Ogawa R, Oishi S, Wataya K, Honkawa Y, Iwamoto Y, Ando T, Hyakutake K, Shirahama H, Habiby G, Kubota C. Effect of combined vaccination for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni to prevent respiratory diseases in young Japanese Black calves in the field. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1355-1358. [PMID: 31316038 PMCID: PMC6785609 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the preventive effects of combined vaccination for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni on
respiratory diseases in Japanese Black calves, 295 calves at one farm were alternately assigned to two groups; 147 calves received the vaccine at 4 and 8 weeks of age (vaccination group),
and the other 148 calves did not receive vaccine (control group). The incidences of respiratory diseases were 25.9 and 70.9% in the vaccination and control groups, respectively, and the odds
ratio for comparison between the two groups was 0.143 (95% confidence interval: 0.086–0.238). Administration of the multiple vaccine to Japanese black calves might be one of effective factor
for prevention of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Nagai
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shoko Oishi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kenta Wataya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yusuke Honkawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwamoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ando
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Koji Hyakutake
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shirahama
- Kimotsuki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 1475-5 Tabuchicho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-0045, Japan
| | - Gulhabib Habiby
- Afghanistan Veterinary Association, Torkham, Jalalabad city, Afghanistan
| | - Chikara Kubota
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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18
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Tanabe T, Fukuzawa H, Amatatsu Y, Matsui K, Ohtsuka H, Maeda Y, Sato H. Identification of an antilymphocyte transformation substance from Pasteurella multocida. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:261-268. [PMID: 31209918 PMCID: PMC7168365 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is one of the most important bacteria responsible for diseases of animals. Crude extracts from sonicated P. multocida strain Dainai-1, which is serotype A isolated from bovine pneumonia, were found to inhibit proliferation of mouse spleen cells stimulated with Con A. The crude extract was purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Its molecular weight was 27 kDa by SDS-PAGE and it was named PM27. PM27 was found to inhibit proliferation of mouse spleen cells stimulated with Con A as effectively as did the crude extract; however, its activity was lost after heating to 100°C for 20 min. PM27 did not directly inhibit proliferation of HT-2 cells, which are an IL-2-dependent T cell line, nor did it modify IL-2 production by Con A-stimulated mouse spleen cells. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PM27 was determined and BLAST analysis revealed its identity to uridine phosphorylase (UPase) from P. multocida. UPase gene from P. multocida Dainai-1 was cloned into expression vector pQE-60 in Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue. Recombinant UPase (rUPase) tagged with His at the C-terminal amino acid was purified with Ni affinity chromatography. rUPase was found to inhibit proliferation of mouse spleen cells stimulated with Con A; however, as was true for PM27, its activity was lost after heating to 100°C for 20 min. Thus, PM27/UPase purified from P. multocida has significant antiproliferative activity against Con A-stimulated mouse spleen cells and may be a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Tanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukuzawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Yuki Amatatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Keigo Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ohtsuka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yousuke Maeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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19
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Klem TB, Sjurseth SK, Sviland S, Gjerset B, Myrmel M, Stokstad M. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally exposed and rechallenged calves; viral shedding related to clinical signs and the potential for transmission. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:156. [PMID: 31109324 PMCID: PMC6528318 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an important respiratory pathogen worldwide, detrimentally affecting the economy and animal welfare. To prevent and control BRSV infection, further knowledge on virus shedding and transmission potential in individual animals is required. This study aimed to detect viral RNA and infective virions during BRSV infection to evaluate duration of the transmission period and correlation with clinical signs of disease. The outcome of BRSV re-exposure on calves, their housing environment and effect of introduction of sentinel calves was also investigated. A live animal experiment including 10 calves was conducted over 61 days. Initially, two calves were inoculated with a non-passaged BRSV field isolate. Two days later, six naïve calves (EG: Exposed group) were introduced for commingling and four weeks later, another two naïve calves (SG: Sentinel group) were introduced. Seven weeks after commingling, EG animals were re-inoculated. Clinical examination was performed daily. Nasal swabs were collected regularly and analysed for viral RNA by RT-ddPCR, while virus isolation was performed in cell culture. BRSV serology was performed with ELISA. Results All the EG calves seroconverted and showed clinical signs of respiratory disease. Viral RNA was detected from days 1–27 after exposure, while the infective virus was isolated on day 6 and 13. On day 19, all animals were seropositive and virus could not be isolated. Total clinical score for respiratory signs corresponded well with the shedding of viral RNA. The SG animals, introduced 27 days after exposure, remained negative for BRSV RNA and stayed seronegative throughout the study. Inoculation of the EG calves seven weeks after primary infection did not lead to new shedding of viral RNA or clinical signs of disease. Conclusion Viral RNA was detected in nasal swabs from the calves up to four weeks after exposure. The detection and amount of viral RNA corresponded well with the degree of respiratory signs. The calves were shedding infective virions for a considerable shorter period, and naïve calves introduced after four weeks were not infected. Infected calves were protected from reinfection for at least seven weeks. This knowledge is useful to prevent spread of BRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Blystad Klem
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Ståle Sviland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010007. [PMID: 30626099 PMCID: PMC6466205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that two-thirds of infants are infected with RSV during the first year of life and it is one of the leading causes of death in this age group worldwide. Similarly, bovine RSV is a primary viral pathogen in cases of pneumonia in young calves and plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex. Importantly, naturally occurring infection of calves with bovine RSV shares many features in common with human RSV infection. Herein, we update our current understanding of RSV infection in cattle, with particular focus on similarities between the calf and human infection, and the recent reports in which the neonatal calf has been employed for the development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics which may be applied to hRSV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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21
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Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Pasteurella Multocida, and Mannheimia Haemolytica by Immunohistochemical Method in Naturally-infected Cattle. J Vet Res 2018; 62:439-445. [PMID: 30729200 PMCID: PMC6364159 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on Pasteurella spp. infection in naturally-induced pneumonia in cattle by immunohistochemical labelling. Material and Methods Lungs of cattle slaughtered in the slaughterhouse were examined macroscopically, and 100 pneumonic samples were taken. The samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin by routine methods. Sections 5 μm in thickness were cut. The streptavidin-peroxidase method (ABC) was used to stain the sections for immuno-histochemical examination. Results BRSV antigens were found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoles and within inflammatory cell debris and inflammatory exudate in bronchial lumens. Pasteurella spp. antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of bronchi and bronchioles, and in cells in the lumens of bronchi and bronchioles. Eleven cases were positive for only one pathogen (six for BRSV and five for Pasteurella spp.), while 35 cases were positive for 2 pathogens: BRSV plus P. multocida (n = 21) or M. haemolytica (n = 14). Conclusion The presence of high levels of BRSV in dual infections indicates that BSRV may be the main pneumonia-inducing agent and an important predisposing factor for the formation of Pasteurella spp. infections in cattle naturally afflicted with pneumonia.
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Gaeta NC, Ribeiro BL, Alemán MA, Yoshihara E, Marques EC, Hellmeister AN, Pituco EM, Gregory L. Serological investigation of antibodies against respiratory viruses in calves from Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is responsible for economic losses in cattle production. Viruses are categorized as primary etiological agents. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in healthy and BRD calves from family farming in relation to clinical signs of BRD. Hundred and forty-five calves were randomly selected and physical examination was performed. Only 123 animals were classified as healthy and BRD calves. Antibodies were evaluated by virus neutralization test. Person’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were performed as univariate analysis. Binary Logistic Regression was applied as multivariate analysis. Variables with P<0.10 were considered statistically significant. Variables with 0.15<P<0.10 were considered as statistical tendencies. Antibodies against BoHV-1, BVDV, and BRSV were detected in 32%, 23% and 37% animals. Antibodies against both three viruses were detected in 26.8% of calves. The presence of antibodies against BRSV were associated to normal heart rates (P=0.018) and unilateral airflow (P=0.035). Tendency was observed to unilateral airflow (P=0.06) Statistical tendencies were observed to Ab-BoHV-1 and body temperature (P=0.119) and breathing pattern (P=0.123). The profile of antibodies against respiratory viruses in calves from Brazilian family farming was firstly described. The results confirmed the importance of some clinical signs to viral infection.
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Ellis JA. How efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle? Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Exopolysaccharide Production and Biofilm Formation by Histophilus somni. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 396:149-60. [PMID: 26853691 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm matrix of Histophilus somni is a complex architecture that differs substantially in structure between a pathogenic and commensal isolate examined. Overall, most pathogenic isolates produce more biofilm than commensal isolates. A major component of the biofilm is exopolysaccharide (EPS), which is also produced in greater quantity in the pathogenic isolate than in the commensal isolate studied. The EPS is composed of a D-mannan polymer, with occasional galactose residues present on side chains, similar in composition to that of yeast mannan. When grown in the presence of sialic acid, the biofilm EPS becomes sialylated and the amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine can be detected. In vitro biofilm formation follows a typical 4-stage growth curve, characterized by attachment, growth, maturation, and detachment. Following experimental challenge, formation of an H. somni biofilm has been demonstrated in cardiopulmonary tissue, often with Pasteurella multocida cohabitating the biofilm. A recently developed diagnostic test can detect antibodies to the EPS only in animals with systemic disease due to H. somni and is therefore capable of distinguishing between healthy animals colonized with H. somni and animals with systemic disease.
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McGill JL, Rusk RA, Guerra-Maupome M, Briggs RE, Sacco RE. Bovine Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to Exacerbated IL-17 Production in Response to Co-Infection with Bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151083. [PMID: 26942409 PMCID: PMC4778910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. IL-17 and Th17 responses are increased in children infected with HRSV and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is genetically closely related to HRSV and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. While BRSV infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection with HRSV, IL-17 and Th17 responses have not been studied in the bovine. Here we demonstrate that calves infected with BRSV express significant levels of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22; and both CD4 T cells and γδ T cells contribute to this response. In addition to causing significant morbidity from uncomplicated infections, BRSV infection also contributes to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a leading cause of morbidity in both beef and dairy cattle. BRDC is caused by a primary viral infection, followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia by pathogens such as Mannheimia haemolytica. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo infection with M. haemolytica results in increased expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. We have also developed an in vitro model of BRDC and show that co-infection of PBMC with BRSV followed by M. haemolytica leads to significantly exacerbated IL-17 production, which is primarily mediated by IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that calves, like humans, mount a robust IL-17 response during RSV infection; and suggest a previously unrecognized role for IL-17 and γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of BRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel A. Rusk
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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McGill JL, Sacco RE. γδ T cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:24-29. [PMID: 26923879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of nonconventional T cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ T cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. The frequency of circulating γδ T cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory infection in calves, and is most severe in animals under one year of age. BRSV is also a significant factor in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is closely related to BRSV and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. BRSV infection in calves shares striking similarities with RSV infection in human infants. To date, there have been few studies defining the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV or RSV infection in animals or humans, respectively. However, emerging evidence suggests that γδ T cells may play a critical role in the early recognition of infection and in shaping the development of the adaptive immune response through inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production. Further, while it is clear that γδ T cells accumulate in the lungs during BRSV and RSV infection, their role in protection vs. immunopathology remains unclear. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV and BRDC in cattle, and where appropriate, draw parallels to the role of γδ T cells in the human response to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66503, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Klem TB, Kjæstad HP, Kummen E, Holen H, Stokstad M. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus outbreak reduced bulls' weight gain and feed conversion for eight months in a Norwegian beef herd. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:8. [PMID: 26810215 PMCID: PMC4727385 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cost-benefit evaluation of measures against respiratory disease in cattle requires accounting with the associated production losses. Investigations of naturally occurring respiratory infections in a herd setting are an opportunity for accurate estimates of the consequences. This article presents estimates based on individual monitoring of weight and concentrate intake of several hundred bulls previous to, during and after a respiratory infection outbreak with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) as the main pathogen. The aim of the study was to analyse the association between exposure to BRSV, weight gain and feed conversion rate, quantify any change in these parameters, and estimate the duration of the change in production. RESULTS A comparison of growth curves for the bulls that were present during the outbreak revealed that bulls with severe clinical signs had a clear and consistent trend of poorer growth rate than those with milder or no signs. The weight/age-ratio was 0.04-0.10 lower in the severely affected bulls, and evident throughout the study period of 8 months. A comparison of growth rates between apparently healthy bulls being present during the outbreak and a comparable group of bulls exactly 1 year later (n = 377) showed a reduced growth rate of 111 g/day in the first group. The difference amounted to 23 extra days needed to reach the reference weight. Feed conversion was also reduced by 79 g weight gain/kilogram concentrate consumed in the outbreak year. CONCLUSION This study indicates significant negative effects on performance of animals that develop severe clinical signs in the acute stage, and that the growth and production is negatively affected many months after apparent recovery. In addition, the performance of apparently healthy animals that are exposed during an outbreak are severely negatively affected. The duration of this decrease in production in animals after recovery, or animals that have not shown disease at all, has not previously been documented. These losses will easily be underestimated, but contribute significantly to the costs for the producer. The findings emphasize the importance of BRSV infection for profitability and animal welfare in cattle husbandry. The study also illustrates that utilising intra-herd comparison of health and production parameters is a productive approach to estimate consequences of an outbreak.
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Love WJ, Lehenbauer TW, Karle BM, Hulbert LE, Anderson RJ, Van Eenennaam AL, Farver TB, Aly SS. Survey of management practices related to bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1483-1494. [PMID: 26709177 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the spring of 2013, a survey of California (CA) dairies was performed to characterize management practices related to bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves, compare these practices across geographic regions of the state, and determine the principal components that explain the variability in management between herds. The questionnaire consisted of 53 questions divided into 6 sections to assess management practices affecting dairy calves from precalving to weaning. The questionnaire was mailed to 1,523 grade A licensed dairies in CA and 224 responses (14.7%) were collected. Survey response rates were similar over the 3 defined regions of CA: northern CA, northern San Joaquin Valley, and the greater southern CA region. The mean size of respondent herds was 1,423 milking cows. Most dairies reported raising preweaned calves on-site (59.7%). In 93.3% of dairies, preweaned calves were raised in some form of individual housing. Nonsaleable milk was the most frequent liquid diet fed to preweaned heifers (75.2%). Several important differences were identified between calf-raising practices in CA and practices reported in recent nationwide studies, including herd sizes, housing practices, and sources of milk fed to heifers. The differences between the CA and nationwide studies may be explained by differences in herd size. Regional differences within CA were also identified. Compared with the 2 other regions, northern CA dairies were found to have smaller herds, less Holstein cattle, calves remained with dams for longer periods of time after calving, were more likely to be certified organic dairies, and raised their own calves more often. Principal component analysis was performed and identified 11 components composed of 28 variables (questions) that explained 66.5% of the variability in the data. The identified components and questions will contribute to developing a risk assessment tool for bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Love
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - T W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - B M Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, 95963
| | - Lindsey E Hulbert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Randall J Anderson
- Animal Health and Food Safety Services, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Modesto 95358
| | | | - T B Farver
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Urban-Chmiel R, Wernicki A, Puchalski A, Dec M, Stęgierska D, Grooms DL, Barbu NI. Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in young dairy and beef cattle in Poland. Vet Q 2014; 35:33-6. [PMID: 25365424 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.984366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease complex in dairy and beef calves, especially during the first year of life. There is a lack of comprehensive information about the prevalence of infection in cattle herds in Poland as well as in European countries outside the European Union. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BRSV infections in young beef and dairy cattle in southeastern Poland, a region that has direct contact with non-EU countries. Animals & methods: Nasal swabs and sera (n = 120) were obtained from young cattle aged 6-12 months from 45 farms in eastern and southeastern Poland. BRSV antigen detection in the nasal swabs was carried out using a rapid immunomigration assay used in diagnosing human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infections in humans, while antibodies to BRSV were detected in the sera by ELISA antibody detection. RESULTS The study confirmed the presence of BRSV infections in young cattle under 12 months of age from both dairy and beef herds. BRSV was detected in 27 of the 45 herds (60%) sampled. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study indicate a high prevalence of BRSV infections in cattle in Poland, which may have a significant influence on health status and animal performance. The prevalence of infection is similar to that in other parts of Poland and other countries in Europe. Development of strategies to reduce BRSV infections is needed to improve health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Urban-Chmiel
- a Sub-department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases , University of Life Sciences , Lublin , Poland
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Sacco RE, McGill JL, Pillatzki AE, Palmer MV, Ackermann MR. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:427-36. [PMID: 24009269 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. It has an integral role in enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV infection can predispose calves to secondary bacterial infection by organisms such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, resulting in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Even in cases where animals do not succumb to bovine respiratory disease complex, there can be long-term losses in production performance. This includes reductions in feed efficiency and rate of gain in the feedlot, as well as reproductive performance, milk production, and longevity in the breeding herd. As a result, economic costs to the cattle industry from bovine respiratory disease have been estimated to approach $1 billion annually due to death losses, reduced performance, and costs of vaccinations and treatment modalities. Human and bovine RSV are closely related viruses with similarities in histopathologic lesions and mechanisms of immune modulation induced following infection. Therefore, where appropriate, we provide comparisons between RSV infections in humans and cattle. This review article discusses key aspects of RSV infection of cattle, including epidemiology and strain variability, clinical signs and diagnosis, experimental infection, gross and microscopic lesions, innate and adaptive immune responses, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Urban-Chmiel R, Wernicki A, Grooms DL, Barbu NI, Rola J, Socha W. Rapid Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Poland Using a Human Patient-Side Diagnostic Assay. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:407-10. [PMID: 23931548 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of the respiratory syndrome in young cattle during their first year of life. Development of rapid and accurate BRSV diagnostic tools would aid in the appropriate control of this important pathogen. The objective of this study was to characterize infections induced by BRSV by means of rapid patient-side immunomigration assays used for diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in humans. Nasal and tracheal swabs were obtained from healthy calves of various beef and dairy breeds - Holstein-Friesian, Simmental, Charolais, Belgian Blue and Limousin, between the ages of 5 and 12 months, from 26 farms. BRSV was identified using two rapid immunomigration assays, TruRSV® and Clearview® RSV, and compared with RT-PCR as a reference technique. BRSV was found in 73.1% of all the herds tested. High agreement with RT-PCR was obtained for TruRSV® (κ = 0.824), while in the case of the Clearview® RSV test, agreement with PCR was moderate (κ = 0.420). The results demonstrate that rapid patient-side immunomigration assays designed to detect hRSV can be used to accurately detect BRSV in field samples collected from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urban-Chmiel
- Sub-department of Veterinary Prevention, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Wernicki
- Sub-department of Veterinary Prevention, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D L Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N I Barbu
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - W Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants. Viruses 2013; 4:3731-53. [PMID: 23342375 PMCID: PMC3528288 DOI: 10.3390/v4123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that RSV infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Bovine RSV is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Infection of calves with bovine RSV shares features in common with RSV infection in children, such as an age-dependent susceptibility. In addition, comparable microscopic lesions consisting of bronchiolar neutrophilic infiltrates, epithelial cell necrosis, and syncytial cell formation are observed. Further, our studies have shown an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in RSV-infected calves, including IL-12p40 and CXCL8 (IL-8). This finding is consistent with increased levels of IL-8 observed in children with RSV bronchiolitis. Since rodents lack IL-8, neonatal calves can be useful for studies of IL-8 regulation in response to RSV infection. We have recently found that vitamin D in milk replacer diets can be manipulated to produce calves differing in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The results to date indicate that although the vitamin D intracrine pathway is activated during RSV infection, pro-inflammatory mediators frequently inhibited by the vitamin D intacrine pathway in vitro are, in fact, upregulated or unaffected in lungs of infected calves. This review will summarize available data that provide parallels between bovine RSV infection in neonatal calves and human RSV in infants.
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Glass EJ, Baxter R, Leach RJ, Jann OC. Genes controlling vaccine responses and disease resistance to respiratory viral pathogens in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:90-9. [PMID: 21621277 PMCID: PMC3413884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Farm animals remain at risk of endemic, exotic and newly emerging viruses. Vaccination is often promoted as the best possible solution, and yet for many pathogens, either there are no appropriate vaccines or those that are available are far from ideal. A complementary approach to disease control may be to identify genes and chromosomal regions that underlie genetic variation in disease resistance and response to vaccination. However, identification of the causal polymorphisms is not straightforward as it generally requires large numbers of animals with linked phenotypes and genotypes. Investigation of genes underlying complex traits such as resistance or response to viral pathogens requires several genetic approaches including candidate genes deduced from knowledge about the cellular pathways leading to protection or pathology, or unbiased whole genome scans using markers spread across the genome. Evidence for host genetic variation exists for a number of viral diseases in cattle including bovine respiratory disease and anecdotally, foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). We immunised and vaccinated a cattle cross herd with a 40-mer peptide derived from FMDV and a vaccine against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Genetic variation has been quantified. A candidate gene approach has grouped high and low antibody and T cell responders by common motifs in the peptide binding pockets of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) DRB3 gene. This suggests that vaccines with a minimal number of epitopes that are recognised by most cattle could be designed. Whole genome scans using microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers has revealed many novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) and SNP markers controlling both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, some of which are in genes of known immunological relevance including the toll-like receptors (TLRs). The sequencing, assembly and annotation of livestock genomes and is continuing apace. In addition, provision of high-density SNP chips should make it possible to link phenotypes with genotypes in field populations without the need for structured populations or pedigree information. This will hopefully enable fine mapping of QTL and ultimate identification of the causal gene(s). The research could lead to selection of animals that are more resistant to disease and new ways to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Leach RJ, O'Neill RG, Fitzpatrick JL, Williams JL, Glass EJ. Quantitative trait loci associated with the immune response to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33526. [PMID: 22438944 PMCID: PMC3305305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease is an important problem for animal breeders, farmers and governments worldwide. One approach to reducing disease is to breed for resistance. This linkage study used a Charolais-Holstein F2 cattle cross population (n = 501) which was genotyped for 165 microsatellite markers (covering all autosomes) to search for associations with phenotypes for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) specific total-IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations at several time-points pre- and post-BRSV vaccination. Regions of the bovine genome which influenced the immune response induced by BRSV vaccination were identified, as well as regions associated with the clearance of maternally derived BRSV specific antibodies. Significant positive correlations were detected within traits across time, with negative correlations between the pre- and post-vaccination time points. The whole genome scan identified 27 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on 13 autosomes. Many QTL were associated with the Thymus Helper 1 linked IgG2 response, especially at week 2 following vaccination. However the most significant QTL, which reached 5% genome-wide significance, was on BTA 17 for IgG1, also 2 weeks following vaccination. All animals had declining maternally derived BRSV specific antibodies prior to vaccination and the levels of BRSV specific antibody prior to vaccination were found to be under polygenic control with several QTL detected. Heifers from the same population (n = 195) were subsequently immunised with a 40-mer Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus peptide (FMDV) in a previous publication. Several of these QTL associated with the FMDV traits had overlapping peak positions with QTL in the current study, including the QTL on BTA23 which included the bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA), and QTL on BTA9 and BTA24, suggesting that the genes underlying these QTL may control responses to multiple antigens. These results lay the groundwork for future investigations to identify the genes underlying the variation in clearance of maternal antibody and response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Leach
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal, Dick, School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:300-5. [PMID: 22709517 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While affecting all age groups, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections can be particularly severe in infants, who develop functionally distinct immune responses, as well as in immunocompromised individuals. The extent to which environmental, viral and host factors contribute to the pathogenesis of RSV varies considerably between infected individuals. A correlation between the level of virus replication and pathogenesis has been established, and several viral proteins, in particular NS1 and NS2, modulate the immune response. Host immunity clearly contributes to RSV pathogenesis, and a number of specific cell populations may be involved. Ultimately, whether the response induced by RSV is protective or pathogenic depends on a combination of host factors, young age being one of the most important ones.
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Lorenz I, Earley B, Gilmore J, Hogan I, Kennedy E, More SJ. Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia. Ir Vet J 2011; 64:14. [PMID: 22018053 PMCID: PMC3220626 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. A three part review series has been developed focusing on calf health from birth to weaning. In this paper, the last of the three part series, we review disease prevention and management with particular reference to pneumonia, focusing primarily on the pre-weaned calf. Pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves is also considered, where the key risk factors are related to the time of weaning. Weaning of the suckler calf is often combined with additional stressors including a change in nutrition, environmental change, transport and painful husbandry procedures (castration, dehorning). The reduction of the cumulative effects of these multiple stressors around the time of weaning together with vaccination programmes (preconditioning) can reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. In most studies, calves housed individually and calves housed outdoors with shelter, are associated with decreased risk of disease. Even though it poses greater management challenges, successful group housing of calves is possible. Special emphasis should be given to equal age groups and to keeping groups stable once they are formed. The management of pneumonia in calves is reliant on a sound understanding of aetiology, relevant risk factors, and of effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Early signs of pneumonia include increased respiratory rate and fever, followed by depression. The single most important factor determining the success of therapy in calves with pneumonia is early onset of treatment, and subsequent adequate duration of treatment. The efficacy and economical viability of vaccination against respiratory disease in calves remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lorenz
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - John Gilmore
- Emlagh Lodge Veterinary Centre, Elphin, Co. Roscommon, Ireland
| | - Ian Hogan
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Bem RA, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L148-56. [PMID: 21571908 PMCID: PMC3154630 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. Laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hRSV disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. Present animal models include several target species for hRSV, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats, and mice, as well as alternative animal pneumovirus models, such as bovine RSV and pneumonia virus of mice. These diverse animal models reproduce different features of hRSV disease, and their utilization should therefore be based on the scientific hypothesis under investigation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the strengths and limitations of each of these animal models. Our intent is to provide a resource for investigators and an impetus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout A Bem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Panciera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
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Lynch EM, Earley B, McGee M, Doyle S. Effect of abrupt weaning at housing on leukocyte distribution, functional activity of neutrophils, and acute phase protein response of beef calves. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:39. [PMID: 20649947 PMCID: PMC2917424 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixteen, spring-born, single suckled, castrated male calves of Limousin x Holstein-Friesian and Simmental x Holstein-Friesian dams respectively, were used to investigate the effect of weaning on total leukocyte and differential counts, neutrophil functional activity, lymphocyte immunophenotypes, and acute phase protein response. Calves grazed with their dams until the end of the grazing season when they were housed in a slatted floor shed. On the day of housing, calves were assigned to a treatment, (i) abruptly weaned (W: n = 8) or (ii) non-weaned (controls) (C: n = 8). Weaned calves were housed in pens without their dams, whereas non-weaned (control) calves were housed with their dams. Blood was collected on day -7, 0 (housing), 2, 7, and 14 to determine total leukocyte and differential counts and concentration of fibrinogen and haptoglobin. Lymphocyte immunophenotypes were characterised using selected surface antigens (CD4+, CD8+, WC1+ (gammadelta T cells), MHC Class II+ lymphocytes), and the functional activities of neutrophils (surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L), phagocytic and oxidative burst activity) were investigated using flow cytometry. RESULTS Treatment x sampling time interactions (P < 0.05) were detected for total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, all lymphocyte subsets, mean fluorescence intensity of CD62L+ neutrophils, and percentage neutrophils performing phagocytosis. On d 2, total leukocyte and neutrophil count increased (P < 0.001), and percentage CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, percentage phagocytic neutrophils, mean fluorescence intensity of CD62L+ neutrophils decreased (P < 0.05) in W compared with baseline (d 0), whereas they were unchanged (P > 0.05) in C. On d 2, percentage WC1+ lymphocytes decreased (P < 0.05), whereas percentage MHC class II+ lymphocytes increased (P < 0.05) in W and C, however the magnitude of change was greater in W than C. There were no treatment x sampling time interactions (P > 0.05) for monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts, percentage G1+ neutrophils, or percentage oxidative burst positive neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Abrupt weaning resulted in increased neutrophil counts and impaired trafficking and phagocytic function. Together with the changes in lymphocyte subsets, the results suggest that there was a greater transitory reduction in immune function at housing in abruptly weaned than non-weaned beef calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- EM Lynch
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co Meath, Ireland
- Department of Biology and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - B Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co Meath, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co Meath, Ireland
| | - S Doyle
- Department of Biology and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Abstract
Many viruses, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenzavirus-3 (PI3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine reovirus, have been etiologically associated with respiratory disease in cattle. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of BHV-1 and BRSV, two very different agents that primarily cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
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Mapletoft JW, Latimer L, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Intranasal immunization of mice with a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces superior immunity and protection compared to those by subcutaneous delivery or combinations of intranasal and subcutaneous prime-boost strategies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:23-35. [PMID: 19864487 PMCID: PMC2812083 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00250-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infects cells of the respiratory mucosa, so it is desirable to develop a vaccination strategy that induces mucosal immunity. To achieve this, various delivery routes were compared for formalin-inactivated (FI) BRSV formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and polyphosphazene (PP). Intranasal delivery of the FI-BRSV formulation was superior to subcutaneous delivery in terms of antibody, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses, as well as reduction in virus replication after BRSV challenge. Although intranasal delivery of FI-BRSV also induced higher serum and lung antibody titers and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in the lungs than intranasal-subcutaneous and/or subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies, no significant differences were observed in cell-mediated immune responses or virus replication in the lungs of challenged mice. Interleukin 5 (IL-5), eotaxin, and eosinophilia were enhanced after BRSV challenge in the lungs of subcutaneously immunized mice compared to unvaccinated mice, but not in the lungs of mice immunized intranasally or through combinations of the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. These results suggest that two intranasal immunizations with FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN and PP are effective and safe as an approach to induce systemic and mucosal responses, as well to reduce virus replication after BRSV challenge. Furthermore, intranasal-subcutaneous and subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies were also safe and almost as efficacious. In addition to the implications for the development of a protective BRSV vaccine for cattle, formulation with CpG ODN and PP could also prove important in the development of a mucosal vaccine that induces protective immunity against human RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Abstract
AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) research has provided significant understanding of the disease over the past 26 years. Modern research tools that have been used include monoclonal antibodies, genomics, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA vaccines and viral vectors coding for immunogens. Emerging/reemerging viruses and new antigenic strains of viruses and bacteria have been identified. Methods of detection and the role for cattle persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were identified; viral subunits, cellular components and bacterial products have been characterized. Product advances have included vaccines for bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida; the addition of BVDV2 to the existing vaccines and new antibiotics. The role of Mycoplasma spp., particularly Mycoplasma bovis in BRD, has been more extensively studied. Bovine immunology research has provided more specific information on immune responses, T cell subsets and cytokines. The molecular and genetic basis for viral–bacterial synergy in BRD has been described. Attempts have been made to document how prevention of BRD by proper vaccination and management prior to exposure to infectious agents can minimize disease and serve as economic incentives for certified health programs.
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Abstract
DNA vaccines represent a new frontier in vaccine technology. One important application of this technology is in the veterinary arena. DNA vaccines have already gained a foothold in certain fields of veterinary medicine. However, several important questions must be addressed when developing DNA vaccines for animals, including whether or not the vaccine is efficacious and cost effective compared with currently available options. Another important question to consider is how to apply this developing technology in a wide range of different situations, from the domestic pet to individual fish in fisheries with several thousand animals, to wildlife programs for disease control. In some cases, DNA vaccines represent an interesting option for vaccination, while in others, currently available options are sufficient. This review will examine a number of diseases of veterinary importance and the progress being made in DNA vaccine technology relevant to these diseases, and we compare these with the conventional treatment options available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Redding
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,
| | - David B Werner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard – 505 SCL, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel.: +1 215 349 8365, Fax: +1215 573 9436,
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Percopo CM, Qiu Z, Phipps S, Foster PS, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Pulmonary eosinophils and their role in immunopathologic responses to formalin-inactivated pneumonia virus of mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:604-12. [PMID: 19542471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced disease is the term used to describe the aberrant Th2-skewed responses to naturally acquired human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection observed in individuals vaccinated with formalin-inactivated viral Ags. Here we explore this paradigm with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a pathogen that faithfully reproduces features of severe hRSV infection in a rodent host. We demonstrate that PVM infection in mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated Ags from PVM-infected cells (PVM Ags) yields Th2-skewed hypersensitivity, analogous to that observed in response to hRSV. Specifically, we detect elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of PVM-infected mice that were vaccinated with PVM Ags, but not among mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated Ags from uninfected cells (control Ags). Interestingly, infection in PVM Ag-vaccinated mice was associated with a approximately 10-fold reduction in lung virus titer and protection against weight loss when compared with infected mice vaccinated with control Ags, despite the absence of serum-neutralizing Abs. Given recent findings documenting a role for eosinophils in promoting clearance of hRSV in vivo, we explored the role of eosinophils in altering the pathogenesis of disease with eosinophil-deficient mice. We found that eosinophil deficiency had no impact on virus titer in PVM Ag-vaccinated mice, nor on weight loss or levels of CCL11 (eotaxin-1), IFN-gamma, IL-5, or IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, levels of both IL-4 and CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were markedly diminished in PVM Ag-vaccinated, PVM-infected eosinophil-deficient mice when compared with wild-type controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Percopo
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Mapletoft JW, Lawman Z, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1892-1905. [PMID: 19386785 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children and calves; however, RSV vaccine development has been slow due to early observations that formalin-inactivated vaccines induced Th2-type immune responses and led to disease enhancement upon subsequent exposure. Hence, there is a need for novel adjuvants that will promote a protective Th1-type or balanced immune response against RSV. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), indolicidin, and polyphosphazene were examined for their ability to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and influence the Th-bias when co-formulated with a recombinant truncated bovine RSV (BRSV) fusion protein (DeltaF). Mice immunized with DeltaF co-formulated with CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene (DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP) developed higher levels of DeltaF-specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies when compared with DeltaF alone, and displayed an increase in the frequency of gamma interferon-secreting cells and decreased interleukin (IL)-5 production by in vitro restimulated splenocytes, characteristic of a Th1 immune response. These results were observed in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains of mice. When evaluated in a BRSV challenge model, mice immunized with DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP developed significantly higher levels of BRSV-neutralizing serum antibodies than mice immunized with the DeltaF protein alone, and displayed significantly less pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin and reduced eosinophilia after challenge. These results suggest that co-formulation of DeltaF with CpG ODN, host defence peptide and polyphosphazene may result in a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of BRSV and may have implications for the development of novel human RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Z Lawman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J9, Canada
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