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Ma BQ, Jia JX, Wang H, Li SJ, Yang ZJ, Wang XX, Yan XS. Cannabidiol improves the cognitive function of SAMP8 AD model mice involving the microbiota-gut-brain axis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:471-479. [PMID: 38590254 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2338914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a natural component extracted from Cannabis sativa L. exerts neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease characterized by impaired cognition and accumulation of amyloid-B peptides (Aβ). Interactions between the gut and central nervous system (microbiota-gut-brain axis) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorder AD. At present investigations into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of CBD in AD are not conclusive. The aim of this study was thus to examine the influence of CBD on cognition and involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis using a senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. Data demonstrated that administration of CBD to SAMP8 mice improved cognitive function as evidenced from the Morris water maze test and increased hippocampal activated microglia shift from M1 to M2. In addition, CBD elevated levels of Bacteriodetes associated with a fall in Firmicutes providing morphologically a protective intestinal barrier which subsequently reduced leakage of intestinal toxic metabolites. Further, CBD was found to reduce the levels of hippocampal and colon epithelial cells lipopolysaccharide (LPS), known to be increased in AD leading to impaired gastrointestinal motility, thereby promoting neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal death. Our findings demonstrated that CBD may be considered a beneficial therapeutic drug to counteract AD-mediated cognitive impairment and restore gut microbial functions associated with the observed neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qian Ma
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Si-Jia Li
- Teaching and Research Department of Golden Chamber, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Teaching and Research Department of Golden Chamber, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia, China
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2
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Di Pietro AA, Pasquini LA. A novel in vitro model for investigating oligodendroglial maturation and myelin deposition under demyelinating and remyelinating conditions: Impact of microglial depletion and repopulation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 129:103937. [PMID: 38796120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have significantly contributed to our understanding of pathophysiology and the development of therapeutic interventions. Various in vivo animal models have successfully replicated key features of MS and associated pathophysiological processes, shedding light on the sequence of events leading to disease initiation, progression, and resolution. Nevertheless, these models often entail substantial costs and prolonged treatment periods. In contrast, in vitro models offer distinct advantages, including cost-effectiveness and precise control over experimental conditions, thereby facilitating more reproducible results. We have developed a novel in vitro model tailored to the study of oligodendroglial maturation and myelin deposition under demyelinating and remyelinating conditions, which encompasses all the cell types present in the central nervous system (CNS). Of note, our model enables the evaluation of microglial cell commitment through a protocol involving their depletion and subsequent repopulation. Given that the development and survival of microglia are critically reliant on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling, we have employed CSF-1R inhibition to effectively deplete microglia. This versatile model holds promise for the assessment of potential therapies aimed at promoting oligodendroglial differentiation to safeguard and repair myelin, hence mitigate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Ayelen Di Pietro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Airess, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aire, Argentina.
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Airess, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aire, Argentina.
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3
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Green TRF, Rowe RK. Quantifying microglial morphology: an insight into function. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 216:221-229. [PMID: 38456795 PMCID: PMC11097915 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are specialized immune cells unique to the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia have a highly plastic morphology that changes rapidly in response to injury or infection. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of ever-changing microglial morphology are considered a cornerstone of many microglia-centric research studies. The distinctive morphological variations seen in microglia are a useful marker of inflammation and severity of tissue damage. Although a wide array of damage-associated microglial morphologies has been documented, the exact functions of these distinct morphologies are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss how microglia morphology is not synonymous with microglia function, however, morphological outcomes can be used to make inferences about microglial function. For a comprehensive examination of the reactive status of a microglial cell, both histological and genetic approaches should be combined. However, the importance of quality immunohistochemistry-based analyses should not be overlooked as they can succinctly answer many research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R F Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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4
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Boseley RE, Sylvain NJ, Peeling L, Kelly ME, Pushie MJ. A review of concepts and methods for FTIR imaging of biomarker changes in the post-stroke brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184287. [PMID: 38266967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke represents a core area of study in neurosciences and public health due to its global contribution toward mortality and disability. The intricate pathophysiology of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic events, involves the interruption in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the brain. Disruption of these crucial processes in the central nervous system leads to metabolic dysregulation and cell death. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can simultaneously measure total protein and lipid content along with a number of key biomarkers within brain tissue that cannot be observed using conventional techniques. FTIR imaging provides the opportunity to visualize this information in tissue which has not been chemically treated prior to analysis, thus retaining the spatial distribution and in situ chemical information. Here we present a review of FTIR imaging methods for investigating the biomarker responses in the post-stroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E Boseley
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada.
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5
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Mohammadzadeh N, Chomont N, Estaquier J, Cohen EA, Power C. Is the Central Nervous System Reservoir a Hurdle for an HIV Cure? Viruses 2023; 15:2385. [PMID: 38140626 PMCID: PMC10747469 DOI: 10.3390/v15122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently no cure for HIV infection although adherence to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses replication of the virus in blood, increases CD4+ T-cell counts, reverses immunodeficiency, and increases life expectancy. Despite these substantial advances, ART is a lifelong treatment for people with HIV (PWH) and upon cessation or interruption, the virus quickly rebounds in plasma and anatomic sites, including the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in disease progression. With recent advances in quantifying viral burden, detection of genetically intact viral genomes, and isolation of replication-competent virus from brain tissues of PWH receiving ART, it has become apparent that the CNS viral reservoir (largely comprised of macrophage type cells) poses a substantial challenge for HIV cure strategies. Other obstacles impacting the curing of HIV include ageing populations, substance use, comorbidities, limited antiretroviral drug efficacy in CNS cells, and ART-associated neurotoxicity. Herein, we review recent findings, including studies of the proviral integration sites, reservoir decay rates, and new treatment/prevention strategies in the context of the CNS, together with highlighting the next steps for investigations of the CNS as a viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Eric A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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du Chatinier A, Velilla IQ, Meel MH, Hoving EW, Hulleman E, Metselaar DS. Microglia in pediatric brain tumors: The missing link to successful immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101246. [PMID: 37924816 PMCID: PMC10694606 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children. Despite the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for adult brain tumors, progress in pediatric neuro-oncology has been hindered by the complex and poorly understood nature of the brain's immune system during early development, a phase that is critical for the onset of many pediatric brain tumors. A defining characteristic of these tumors is the abundance of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. In this review, we explore the concept of microglial diversity across brain regions and throughout development and discuss how their maturation stage may contribute to tumor growth in children. We also summarize the current knowledge on the roles of microglia in common pediatric brain tumor entities and provide examples of myeloid-based immunotherapeutic strategies. Our review underscores the importance of microglial plasticity in pediatric brain tumors and its significance for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée du Chatinier
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Querol Velilla
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël Hananja Meel
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Wieger Hoving
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Serge Metselaar
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Lee MY, Son M, Lee HH, Kang MG, Yun SJ, Seo HG, Kim Y, Oh BM. Proteomic discovery of prognostic protein biomarkers for persisting problems after mild traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19786. [PMID: 37957236 PMCID: PMC10643618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, have neuropsychiatric and physical problems that last longer than a few months. Symptoms following mTBI are not only impacted by the kind and severity of the injury but also by the post-injury experience and the individual's responses to it, making the persistence of mTBI particularly difficult to predict. We aimed to identify prognostic blood-based protein biomarkers predicting 6-month outcomes, in light of the clinical course after the injury, in a longitudinal mTBI cohort (N = 42). Among 420 target proteins quantified by multiple-reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry assays of blood samples, 31, 43, and 15 proteins were significantly associated with the poor recovery of neuropsychological symptoms at < 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month after the injury, respectively. Sequential associations among clinical assessments (depressive symptoms and cognitive function) affecting the 6-month outcomes were evaluated. Then, candidate biomarker proteins indirectly affecting the outcome via neuropsychological symptoms were identified. Using the identified proteins, prognostic models that can predict the 6-month outcome of mTBI were developed. These protein biomarkers established in the context of the clinical course of mTBI may have potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yong Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Korea
| | - Minsoo Son
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea
- Mass Spectrometry Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyun Haeng Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine and Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Jung Yun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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8
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Smriti, Singla M, Gupta S, Porwal O, Nasser Binjawhar D, Sayed AA, Mittal P, El-Demerdash FM, Algahtani M, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta G, Bawa P, Altyar AE, Abdel-Daim MM. Theoretical design for covering Engeletin with functionalized nanostructure-lipid carriers as neuroprotective agents against Huntington's disease via the nasal-brain route. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218625. [PMID: 37492081 PMCID: PMC10364480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To propose a theoretical formulation of engeletin-nanostructured lipid nanocarriers for improved delivery and increased bioavailability in treating Huntington's disease (HD). Methods: We conducted a literature review of the pathophysiology of HD and the limitations of currently available medications. We also reviewed the potential therapeutic benefits of engeletin, a flavanol glycoside, in treating HD through the Keap1/nrf2 pathway. We then proposed a theoretical formulation of engeletin-nanostructured lipid nanocarriers for improved delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased bioavailability. Results: HD is an autosomal dominant neurological illness caused by a repetition of the cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide, producing a mutant protein called Huntingtin, which degenerates the brain's motor and cognitive functions. Excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, elevated concentration of ROS and RNS, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation significantly impact HD development. Current therapeutic medications can postpone HD symptoms but have long-term adverse effects when used regularly. Herbal medications such as engeletin have drawn attention due to their minimal side effects. Engeletin has been shown to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and suppress inflammation through the Keap1/NRF2 pathway. However, its limited solubility and permeability hinder it from reaching the target site. A theoretical formulation of engeletin-nanostructured lipid nanocarriers may allow for free transit over the BBB due to offering a similar composition to the natural lipids present in the body a lipid solubility and increase bioavailability, potentially leading to a cure or prevention of HD. Conclusion: The theoretical formulation of engeletin-nanostructured lipid nanocarriers has the potential to improve delivery and increase the bioavailability of engeletin in the treatment of HD, which may lead to a cure or prevention of this fatal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Madhav Singla
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh
| | - Omji Porwal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Dalal Nasser Binjawhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Fatma M. El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory & Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Puneet Bawa
- Center of Excellence for Speech and Multimodel Laboratory, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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9
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Petry P, Oschwald A, Kierdorf K. Microglial tissue surveillance: The never-resting gardener in the developing and adult CNS. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250232. [PMID: 37042800 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunosurveillance by microglia is a dynamic process in the central nervous system (CNS) with versatile functions to maintain tissue homeostasis and provide immune defense. A tightly controlled microglia network throughout the CNS parenchyma facilitates efficient immunosurveillance, where each cell guards a certain tissue territory. Each cell is constantly surveilling its environment and the surrounding cells, screening for pathogens but also removing cell debris and metabolites, grooming neighboring cells and facilitating cellular crosstalk. In the absence of inflammation, this "tissue surveillance" by microglia presents an essential process for CNS homeostasis and development. In this review, we provide a summary on different tissue surveillance functions mediated by microglia, the underlying molecular machineries, and how defects, such as genetic mutations, can alter these surveillance mechanisms and cause disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Petry
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Oschwald
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Lepre CC, Russo M, Trotta MC, Petrillo F, D'Agostino FA, Gaudino G, D'Amico G, Campitiello MR, Crisci E, Nicoletti M, Gesualdo C, Simonelli F, D'Amico M, Hermenean A, Rossi S. Inhibition of Galectins and the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach in the Neurovascular Inflammation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119721. [PMID: 37298672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular retinal complication of diabetic patients, contributing to loss of vision. Recently, retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as key players in DR progression, and therefore, this review examines the neuroinflammatory molecular basis of DR. We focus on four important aspects of retinal neuroinflammation: (i) the exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; (ii) the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (iii) the role of galectins; and (iv) the activation of purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Moreover, this review proposes the selective inhibition of galectins and the P2X7R as a potential pharmacological approach to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Claudia Lepre
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Ph.D. Course in Translational Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Anna D'Agostino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gaudino
- School of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Campitiello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, ASL Salerno, 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Erminia Crisci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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11
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Saleh BM, Pourmostafa A, Patrawalla NY, Kishore V. Xeno-Free Biomimetic ECM Model for Investigation of Matrix Composition and Stiffness on Astrocyte Cell Response. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050256. [PMID: 37233366 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, highly specialized glial cells, play a critical role in neuronal function. Variations in brain extracellular matrix (ECM) during development and disease can significantly alter astrocyte cell function. Age-related changes in ECM properties have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this study was to develop hydrogel-based biomimetic ECM models with varying stiffness and evaluate the effects of ECM composition and stiffness on astrocyte cell response. Xeno-free ECM models were synthesized by combining varying ratios of human collagen and thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked with polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Results showed that modulating ECM composition yielded hydrogels with varying stiffnesses that match the stiffness of the native brain ECM. Collagen-rich hydrogels swell more and exhibit greater stability. Higher metabolic activity and greater cell spreading was observed in hydrogels with lower HA. Soft hydrogels trigger astrocyte activation indicated by greater cell spreading, high GFAP expression and low ALDH1L1 expression. This work presents a baseline ECM model to investigate the synergistic effects of ECM composition and stiffness on astrocytes, which could be further developed to identify key ECM biomarkers and formulate new therapies to alleviate the impact of ECM changes on the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan M Saleh
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Ayda Pourmostafa
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Nashaita Y Patrawalla
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Vipuil Kishore
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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12
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Pinho AG, Monteiro A, Fernandes S, de Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Silva NA, Monteiro S. The Central Nervous System Source Modulates Microglia Function and Morphology In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097685. [PMID: 37175391 PMCID: PMC10177862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The regional heterogeneity of microglia was first described a century ago by Pio del Rio Hortega. Currently, new information on microglia heterogeneity throughout central nervous system (CNS) regions is being revealed by high-throughput techniques. It remains unclear whether these spatial specificities translate into different microglial behaviors in vitro. We cultured microglia isolated from the cortex and spinal cord and analyzed the effect of the CNS spatial source on behavior in vitro by applying the same experimental protocol and culture conditions. We analyzed the microglial cell numbers, function, and morphology and found a distinctive in vitro phenotype. We found that microglia were present in higher numbers in the spinal-cord-derived glial cultures, presenting different expressions of inflammatory genes and a lower phagocytosis rate under basal conditions or after activation with LPS and IFN-γ. Morphologically, the cortical microglial cells were more complex and presented longer ramifications, which were also observed in vivo in CX3CR1+/GFP transgenic reporter mice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that microglial behavior in vitro is defined according to specific spatial characteristics acquired by the tissue. Thus, our study highlights the importance of microglia as a source of CNS for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia G Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nídia de Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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13
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Liu J, Tian J, Xie R, Chen L. CK2 inhibitor DMAT ameliorates spinal cord injury by increasing autophagy and inducing anti-inflammatory microglial polarization. Neurosci Lett 2023; 805:137222. [PMID: 37019269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive and disabling nerve injury from which complete recovery has not yet been achieved due to complex pathology. Casein kinase II (CK2) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase that plays an essential role in the nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the role of CK2 in SCI to understand the pathogenesis of SCI and explore new therapeutic methods. The SCI rat model of C5 unilateral clamp was established by modified clamp method in male adult SD rats. Then, CK2 inhibitor DMAT was used to treat SCI rats, and the behaviour, pathological changes in the spinal cord and microglial polarization were analysed. Additionally, the effects of DMAT on the polarization and autophagy of microglial BV-2 cells were investigated in vitro, and the effects of BV-2 polarization on spinal cord neuronal cells were analysed by Transwell coculture. Results showed that DMAT significantly increased the BBB score, improved histopathological injury, decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoted M2 polarization of microglia in SCI rats. In vitro experiments further confirmed that DMAT could promote the polarization of BV-2 to the M2 type, promote autophagy, and reverse the LPS-induced decline in cell viability and increase in apoptosis of neuronal cells. The use of 3-MA confirmed that autophagy plays an important role in DMAT promoting M2 polarization of BV-2 to improve neuronal cell viability. In conclusion, CK2 inhibitor DMAT improved SCI by inducing anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia through autophagy and is a potential therapeutic target for SCI.
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14
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Gentile MT, Camerino I, Ciarmiello L, Woodrow P, Muscariello L, De Chiara I, Pacifico S. Neuro-Nutraceutical Polyphenols: How Far Are We? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030539. [PMID: 36978787 PMCID: PMC10044769 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, composed of billions of neurons, is a complex network of interacting dynamical systems controlling all body functions. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system and their impairment of their functions could result in neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence shows an increase of brain-affecting disorders, still today characterized by poor therapeutic options. There is a strong urgency to find new alternative strategies to prevent progressive neuronal loss. Polyphenols, a wide family of plant compounds with an equally wide range of biological activities, are suitable candidates to counteract chronic degenerative disease in the central nervous system. Herein, we will review their role in human healthcare and highlight their: antioxidant activities in reactive oxygen species-producing neurodegenerative pathologies; putative role as anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; and protective activity in Alzheimer’s disease by preventing Aβ aggregation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, the pathology of these multifactorial diseases is also characterized by metal dyshomeostasis, specifically copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), most important for cellular function. In this scenario, polyphenols’ action as natural chelators is also discussed. Furthermore, the critical importance of the role exerted by polyphenols on microbiota is assumed, since there is a growing body of evidence for the role of the intestinal microbiota in the gut–brain axis, giving new opportunities to study molecular mechanisms and to find novel strategies in neurological diseases.
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15
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Cao W, Feng Z, Zhu D, Li S, Du M, Ye S, Qi D, Li P, Chen Y, Fang Y. The Role of PGK1 in Promoting Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury-Induced Microglial M1 Polarization and Inflammation by Regulating Glycolysis. Neuromolecular Med 2023:10.1007/s12017-023-08736-3. [PMID: 36749430 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death, with a continuously increasing incidence. As a metabolic process that catabolizes glucose pyruvate and provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycolysis plays a crucial role in different diseases. Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) facilitates energy production with biosynthesis in many diseases, including stroke. However, the exact role of PGK1/glycolysis in stroke remains to be elucidated. A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to mimic ischemia/reperfusion injuries. Oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) was used to induce injury to highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) rat microglial cells. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was determined using an XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. ATP, lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 levels were measured using commercial kits. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to examine the interaction between H3K27ac or p300 and the PGK1 promoter region. PGK1 was either knocked down or overexpressed by lentivirus. Thus, to examine its role in stroke, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were used to measure gene expression. The expression of PGK1 was increased and associated with M1 polarization and glycolysis in MCAO rat models. OGD/R promoted M1 polarization and HAPI microglial cell inflammation by regulating glycolysis. Silencing PGK1 reduced OGD/R-increased M1 polarization, inflammation, and glycolysis. Conversely, the overexpression of PGK1 promoted HAPI microglial cell inflammation by regulating glycolysis. The mechanism showed that histone acetyltransferase p300 promoted PGK1 expression through H3K27 acetylation. Finally, data indicated that silencing PGK1 inhibited microglia M1 polarization, inflammation, and glycolysis in MCAO rat models. PGK1 could promote ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced microglial M1 polarization and inflammation by regulating glycolysis, which might provide a novel direction in developing new therapeutic medications for preventing or treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhengzhe Feng
- Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Suya Li
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Meng Du
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shifei Ye
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dayong Qi
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Yibin Fang
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 1279 Sanmen Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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16
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Choi S, Hill D, Young J, Cordeiro MF. Image processing and supervised machine learning for retinal microglia characterization in senescence. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 181:109-125. [PMID: 38302234 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The process of senescence impairs the function of cells and can ultimately be a key factor in the development of disease. With an aging population, senescence-related diseases are increasing in prevalence. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of cellular senescence within the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina, may yield new therapeutic pathways to slow or even prevent the development of neuro- and retinal degenerative diseases. One method of probing the changing functions of senescent retinal cells is to observe retinal microglial cells. Their morphological structure may change in response to their surrounding cellular environment. In this chapter, we show how microglial cells in the retina, which are implicated in aging and diseases of the CNS, can be identified, quantified, and classified into five distinct morphotypes using image processing and supervised machine learning algorithms. The process involves dissecting, staining, and mounting mouse retinas, before image capture via fluorescence microscopy. The resulting images can then be classified by morphotype using a support vector machine (SVM) we have recently described showing high accuracy. This SVM model uses shape metrics found to correspond with qualitative descriptions of the shape of each morphotype taken from existing literature. We encourage more objective and widespread use of methods of quantification such as this. We believe automatic delineation of the population of microglial cells in the retina, could potentially lead to their use as retinal imaging biomarkers for disease prediction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Choi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Novai Ltd, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hill
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Francesca Cordeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Novai Ltd, Reading, United Kingdom; Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Florance I, Ramasubbu S. Current Understanding on the Role of Lipids in Macrophages and Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010589. [PMID: 36614031 PMCID: PMC9820199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is the major intracellular mechanism driving a variety of cellular functions such as energy storage, hormone regulation and cell division. Lipids, being a primary component of the cell membrane, play a pivotal role in the survival of macrophages. Lipids are crucial for a variety of macrophage functions including phagocytosis, energy balance and ageing. However, functions of lipids in macrophages vary based on the site the macrophages are residing at. Lipid-loaded macrophages have recently been emerging as a hallmark for several diseases. This review discusses the significance of lipids in adipose tissue macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages, microglia and peritoneal macrophages. Accumulation of macrophages with impaired lipid metabolism is often characteristically observed in several metabolic disorders. Stress signals differentially regulate lipid metabolism. While conditions such as hypoxia result in accumulation of lipids in macrophages, stress signals such as nutrient deprivation initiate lipolysis and clearance of lipids. Understanding the biology of lipid accumulation in macrophages requires the development of potentially active modulators of lipid metabolism.
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18
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Yoshizawa M, Fukushi I, Takeda K, Kono Y, Hasebe Y, Koizumi K, Ikeda K, Pokorski M, Toda T, Okada Y. Role of microglia in blood pressure and respiratory responses to acute hypoxic exposure in rats. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:26. [PMID: 36229778 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microglia modulate cardiorespiratory activities during chronic hypoxia. It has not been clarified whether microglia are involved in the cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxia. Here we investigated this issue by comparing cardiorespiratory responses to two levels of acute hypoxia (13% O2 for 4 min and 7% O2 for 5 min) in conscious unrestrained rats before and after systemic injection of minocycline (MINO), an inhibitor of microglia activation. MINO increased blood pressure but not lung ventilation in the control normoxic condition. Acute hypoxia stimulated cardiorespiratory responses in MINO-untreated rats. MINO failed to significantly affect the magnitude of hypoxia-induced blood pressure elevation. In contrast, MINO tended to suppress the ventilatory responses to hypoxia. We conclude that microglia differentially affect cardiorespiratory regulation depending on the level of blood oxygenation. Microglia suppressively contribute to blood pressure regulation in normoxia but help maintain ventilatory augmentation in hypoxia, which underscores the dichotomy of central regulatory pathways for both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isato Fukushi
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kono
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Hasebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Koizumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujiyoshida Municipal Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Institute of Innovative Research, Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Takako Toda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okada
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Green TRF, Murphy SM, Moreno-Montano MP, Audinat E, Rowe RK. Reactive morphology of dividing microglia following kainic acid administration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972138. [PMID: 36248637 PMCID: PMC9556904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microglial response to a pathological microenvironment is hallmarked by a change in cellular morphology. Following a pathological stimulus, microglia become reactive and simultaneously divide to create daughter cells. Although a wide array of microglial morphologies has been observed, the exact functions of these distinct morphologies are unknown, as are the morphology and reactivity status of dividing microglia. In this study, we used kainic acid to trigger microglial activation and cell division. Following a cortical kainic acid injection, microglial morphology and proliferation were examined at 3 days post-injection using immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) to stain for microglia, and KI67 as a marker of cell division. Individual microglial cells were isolated from photomicrographs and skeletal and fractal analyses were used to examine cell size and spatial complexity. We examined the morphology of microglia in both wildtype and microglia-specific tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α knockout mice. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models or a two-way ANOVA. We found that dividing microglia had a more reactive morphology (larger cell body area, longer cell perimeter, and less ramification) compared to microglia that were not dividing, regardless of microglial release of TNF-α. However, we also observed dividing microglia with a complex, more ramified morphology. Changes in microglial morphology and division were greatest near the kainic acid injection site. This study uses robust and quantitative techniques to better understand microglial cell division, morphology, and population dynamics, which are essential for the development of novel therapeutics that target microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Maria P. Moreno-Montano
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachel K. Rowe,
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20
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Brain Bioenergetics in Chronic Hypertension: Risk Factor for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115260. [PMID: 36179931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypertension is one of the key modifiable risk factors for acute ischemic stroke, also contributing to determine greater neurological deficits and worse functional outcome when an acute cerebrovascular event would occur. A tight relationship exists between cerebrovascular autoregulation, neuronal activity and brain bioenergetics. In chronic hypertension, progressive adaptations of these processes occur as an attempt to cope with the demanding necessity of brain functions, creating a new steady-state homeostatic condition. However, these adaptive modifications are insufficient to grant an adequate response to possible pathological perturbations of the established fragile hemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis. In this narrative review, we will discuss the main mechanisms by which alterations in brain bioenergetics and mitochondrial function in chronic hypertension could lead to increased risk of acute ischemic stroke, stressing the interconnections between hemodynamic factors (i.e. cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling) and metabolic processes. Both experimental and clinical pieces of evidence will be discussed. Moreover, the potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in determining, or at least sustaining, the pathogenesis and progression of chronic neurogenic hypertension will be considered. In the perspective of novel therapeutic strategies aiming at improving brain bioenergetics, we propose some determinant factors to consider in future studies focused on the cause-effect relationships between chronic hypertension and brain bioenergetic abnormalities (and vice versa), so to help translational research in this so-far unfilled gap.
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21
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Park JC, Im SH. The gut-immune-brain axis in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 38046904 PMCID: PMC10688819 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is gaining momentum as an interdisciplinary field addressing how intestinal microbes influence the central nervous system (CNS). Studies using powerful tools, including germ-free, antibiotic-fed, and fecal microbiota transplanted mice, demonstrate how gut microbiota perturbations alter the fate of neurodevelopment. Probiotics are also becoming more recognized as potentially effective therapeutic agents in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders. While gut microbes may directly communicate with the CNS through their effector molecules, including metabolites, their influence on neuroimmune populations, including newly discovered brain-resident T cells, underscore the host immunity as a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we examine the unique immune populations within the brain, the effects of the gut microbiota on the CNS, and the efficacy of specific probiotic strains to propose the novel concept of the gut-immune-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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22
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T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080761. [PMID: 35893129 PMCID: PMC9330824 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin exposure could cause neurotoxicity; however, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms using a mouse microglia BV2 cell line. The results show that T-2 toxin treatment-induced cytotoxicity of BV2 cells was dose- and time-dependent. Compared to the control, T-2 toxin treatment at 1.25–5 ng/mL significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triggered oxidative stress. T-2 toxin treatment also caused mitochondrial dysfunction in BV2 cells, which was evidenced by decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulated expression of Bax protein, and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein. Meanwhile, T-2 toxin treatment upregulated the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1 proteins, and downregulated the expression of HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2 proteins, finally inducing cell apoptosis in BV2 cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation significantly attenuated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, T-2 toxin treatment activated autophagy and upregulated autophagy flux, and the inhibition of autophagy significantly promoted T-2 toxin-induced cell apoptosis. Taken together, our results reveal that T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells involves the production of ROS, the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Our study offers new insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms in T-2 toxin-mediated neurotoxicity.
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23
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Immunomodulatory effects of microbiota-derived metabolites at the crossroad of neurodegenerative diseases and viral infection: network-based bioinformatics insights. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843128. [PMID: 35928817 PMCID: PMC9344014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional cross-talk between commensal microbiota and the immune system is essential for the regulation of immune responses and the formation of immunological memory. Perturbations of microbiome-immune system interactions can lead to dysregulated immune responses against invading pathogens and/or to the loss of self-tolerance, leading to systemic inflammation and genesis of several immune-mediated pathologies, including neurodegeneration. In this paper, we first investigated the contribution of the immunomodulatory effects of microbiota (bacteria and fungi) in shaping immune responses and influencing the formation of immunological memory cells using a network-based bioinformatics approach. In addition, we investigated the possible role of microbiota-host-immune system interactions and of microbiota-virus interactions in a group of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our analysis highlighted various aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response systems that can be modulated by microbiota, including the activation and maturation of microglia which are implicated in the development of NDs. It also led to the identification of specific microbiota components which might be able to influence immune system processes (ISPs) involved in the pathogenesis of NDs. In addition, it indicated that the impact of microbiota-derived metabolites in influencing disease-associated ISPs, is higher in MS disease, than in AD, PD and ALS suggesting a more important role of microbiota mediated-immune effects in MS.
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24
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Peridontitis as a Risk Factor for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Possible Neuro-inflammatory Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2925-2935. [PMID: 35764847 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a condition caused mostly by the creation of a biofilm by the bacterium P. gingivalis, which releases toxins and damages the tooth structure. Recent research studies have reported association between dental health and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Neuroinflammation triggered by the first systemic inflammation caused by the bacterium present in the oral cavities is a plausible explanation for such a relationship. Substantial amount of evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation and dysfunction of the dopaminergic system in the pathology of ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders). Recent epidemiological, microbiological and inflammatory findings strengthen that, periodontal bacteria, which cause systemic inflammation can contribute to neuroinflammation and finally ADHD. Although both diseases are characterized by inflammation, the specific pathways and crosslink's between periodontitis and ADHD remain unknown. Here, the authors describe the inflammatory elements of periodontitis, how this dental illness causes systemic inflammation, and how this systemic inflammation contributes to deteriorating neuroinflammation in the evolution of ADHD. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present possible links and mechanisms that could confirm the evidence of this association.
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Tidmarsh LV, Harrison R, Ravindran D, Matthews SL, Finlay KA. The Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pain Management: Mechanisms, Processes, and Trauma-Informed Care. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:923866. [PMID: 35756908 PMCID: PMC9226323 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.923866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the likelihood of reduced physical and psychological health in adulthood. Though understanding and psychological management of traumatic experiences is growing, the empirical exploration of ACEs and physical clinical outcomes remains under-represented and under-explored. This topical review aimed to highlight the role of ACEs in the experience of chronic pain, pain management services and clinical decision making by: (1) providing an overview of the relationship between ACEs and chronic pain; (2) identifying biopsychosocial mechanisms through which ACEs may increase risk of persistent pain; (3) highlighting the impact of ACEs on patient adherence and completion of pain management treatment; and (4) providing practical clinical implications for pain management. Review findings demonstrated that in chronic pain, ACEs are associated with increased pain complications, pain catastrophizing and depression and the combination of these factors further heightens the risk of early treatment attrition. The pervasive detrimental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on ACEs and their cyclical effects on pain are discussed in the context of psychological decline during long treatment waitlists. The review highlights how people with pain can be further supported in pain services by maintaining trauma-informed practices and acknowledging the impact of ACEs on chronic pain and detrimental health outcomes. Clinicians who are ACE-informed have the potential to minimize the negative influence of ACEs on treatment outcomes, ultimately optimizing the impact of pain management services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia V. Tidmarsh
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lydia V. Tidmarsh
| | - Richard Harrison
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samantha L. Matthews
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Finlay
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Ski regulates the inflammatory response of reactive astrocytes induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) through the NF-κB pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 490:250-263. [PMID: 35339646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common disease of the nervous system, including primary and secondary injuries.Neuronal inflammation after SCI is the most important pathological process of SCI and a chemical barrier to nerve function recovery after injury.Ski, an evolutionarily conserved functional transcriptional regulator protein, is upregulated in reactive astrocytes after SCI and regulates the biological characteristics of astrocytes. However, its role in the glial inflammatory response triggered by reactive astrocytes after spinal cord ischemia and its exact mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the role and mechanism of Ski in the inflammatory response triggered by reactive astrocytes induced by oxygen and sugar deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. In the ODG/R model, Ski expression was upregulated.In contrast, Ski upregulation was accompanied by increased levels of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammation-related factors.These results indicated that the inflammatory response triggered by astrocytes was significantly enhanced in OGD/R-stimulated astrocytes. Astrocytes were transfected with Ski specific siRNA to knock out Ski and subsequently attenuate OGD-induced astrocyte-triggered inflammation.Our results also suggest that Ski downregulation downregulates the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OGD/R-induced reactive astrocytes by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, downregulation of Ski can effectively inhibit glial inflammation in SCI by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway.These findings suggest that Ski is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory responses after SCI.In conclusion, Ski downregulation can effectively inhibit glial inflammation in SCI by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that Ski might serve as a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory responses after SCI.
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Zandi PP, Jaffe AE, Goes FS, Burke EE, Collado-Torres L, Huuki-Myers L, Seyedian A, Lin Y, Seifuddin F, Pirooznia M, Ross CA, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Hyde TM. Amygdala and anterior cingulate transcriptomes from individuals with bipolar disorder reveal downregulated neuroimmune and synaptic pathways. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:381-389. [PMID: 35260864 PMCID: PMC8915427 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have identified variants associated with bipolar disorder (BD), but it remains unclear how brain gene expression is altered in BD and how genetic risk for BD may contribute to these alterations. Here, we obtained transcriptomes from subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala samples from post-mortem brains of individuals with BD and neurotypical controls, including 511 total samples from 295 unique donors. We examined differential gene expression between cases and controls and the transcriptional effects of BD-associated genetic variants. We found two coexpressed modules that were associated with transcriptional changes in BD: one enriched for immune and inflammatory genes and the other with genes related to the postsynaptic membrane. Over 50% of BD genome-wide significant loci contained significant expression quantitative trait loci (QTL) (eQTL), and these data converged on several individual genes, including SCN2A and GRIN2A. Thus, these data implicate specific genes and pathways that may contribute to the pathology of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fernando S Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Burke
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Arta Seyedian
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yian Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Caamaño-Moreno M, Gargini R. Tauopathies: the role of tau in cellular crosstalk and synaptic dysfunctions. Neuroscience 2022; 518:38-53. [PMID: 35272005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases among which are many of the most prevalent and with higher incidence worldwide, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to the World Health Organization, this set of diseases will continue to increase their incidence, affecting millions of people by 2050. All of them are characterized by aberrant aggregation of tau protein in neurons and glia that are distributed in different brain regions according to their susceptibility. Numerous studies reveal that synaptic regulation not only has a neuronal component, but glia plays a fundamental role in it beyond its neuroinflammatory role. Despite this, it has not been emphasized how the glial inclusions of tau in this cell type directly affect this and many other essential functions, whose alterations have been related to the development of tauopathies. In this way, this review shows how tau inclusions in glia influence the synaptic dysfunctions that result in the cognitive symptoms characteristic of tauopathies. Thus, the mechanisms affected by inclusions in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Caamaño-Moreno
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas I+12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gargini
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas I+12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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Dirks M, Buchert R, Wirries AK, Pflugrad H, Grosse GM, Petrusch C, Schütze C, Wilke F, Mamach M, Hamann L, Langer LBN, Ding XQ, Barg-Hock H, Klempnauer J, Wetzel CH, Lukacevic M, Janssen E, Kessler M, Bengel FM, Geworski L, Rupprecht R, Ross TL, Berding G, Weissenborn K. Reduced microglia activity in patients with long-term immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:234-245. [PMID: 33978829 PMCID: PMC8712291 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) can cause long-term impairment of brain function. Possible pathomechanisms include alterations of the cerebral immune system. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand 18F-GE-180 to evaluate microglial activation in liver-transplanted patients under different regimens of immunosuppression. METHODS PET was performed in 22 liver-transplanted patients (3 CNI free, 9 with low-dose CNI, 10 with standard-dose CNI immunosuppression) and 9 healthy controls. The total distribution volume (VT) estimated in 12 volumes-of-interest was analyzed regarding TSPO genotype, CNI therapy, and cognitive performance. RESULTS In controls, VT was about 80% higher in high affinity binders (n = 5) compared to mixed affinity binders (n = 3). Mean VT corrected for TSPO genotype was significantly lower in patients compared to controls, especially in patients in whom CNI dose had been reduced because of nephrotoxic side effect. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence of chronic suppression of microglial activity in liver-transplanted patients under CNI therapy especially in patients with high sensitivity to CNI toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Dirks
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Wirries
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Pflugrad
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit M Grosse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlotta Petrusch
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Schütze
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Wilke
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Mamach
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Hamann
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura B N Langer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiao-Qi Ding
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannelore Barg-Hock
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klempnauer
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mario Lukacevic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Janssen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariella Kessler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank M Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilli Geworski
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Berding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Jhan MK, Chen CL, Shen TJ, Tseng PC, Wang YT, Satria RD, Yu CY, Lin CF. Polarization of Type 1 Macrophages Is Associated with the Severity of Viral Encephalitis Caused by Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Dengue Virus. Cells 2021; 10:3181. [PMID: 34831405 PMCID: PMC8621422 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with flaviviruses causes mild to severe diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fever, vascular shock syndrome, and viral encephalitis. Several animal models explore the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis, as shown by neuron destruction due to neurotoxicity after viral infection. While neuronal cells are injuries caused by inflammatory cytokine production following microglial/macrophage activation, the blockade of inflammatory cytokines can reduce neurotoxicity to improve the survival rate. This study investigated the involvement of macrophage phenotypes in facilitating CNS inflammation and neurotoxicity during flavivirus infection, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus. Mice infected with different flaviviruses presented encephalitis-like symptoms, including limbic seizure and paralysis. Histology indicated that brain lesions were identified in the hippocampus and surrounded by mononuclear cells. In those regions, both the infiltrated macrophages and resident microglia were significantly increased. RNA-seq analysis showed the gene profile shifting toward type 1 macrophage (M1) polarization, while M1 markers validated this phenomenon. Pharmacologically blocking C-C chemokine receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α partly retarded DENV-induced M1 polarization. In summary, flavivirus infection, such as JEV and DENV, promoted type 1 macrophage polarization in the brain associated with encephalitic severity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Cell Line
- Cell Polarity
- Dengue Virus/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/pathology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Neurotoxins/toxicity
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.-K.J.); (T.-J.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Jing Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.-K.J.); (T.-J.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Po-Chun Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
- Core Laboratory of Immune Monitoring, Office of Research & Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Rahmat Dani Satria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Clinical Laboratory Installation, Dr. Sardjito Central General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.-K.J.); (T.-J.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (Y.-T.W.); (R.D.S.)
- Core Laboratory of Immune Monitoring, Office of Research & Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Dyne E, Cawood M, Suzelis M, Russell R, Kim MH. Ultrastructural analysis of the morphological phenotypes of microglia associated with neuroinflammatory cues. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1263-1275. [PMID: 34773250 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system that are responsible for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that microglia display distinct phenotypes that are associated with the alteration of cell morphology under varying environmental cues. However, it has not been fully explored how the varying states of microglial activation are linked to the alteration of microglia morphology, especially in the microdomain. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the ultrastructural morphology of human microglia under neuroinflammatory cues. To address this, a human cell line of microglia was stimulated by antiinflammatory (IL-4), proinflammatory (TNF-α), and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated cues (Aβ, Aβ + TNF-α). The resulting effects on microglia morphology associated with changes in microdomain were analyzed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Our findings demonstrated that microglial activation under proinflammatory and AD-cues were closely linked to changes not only in cell shape but also in cell surface topography and higher-order branching of processes. Furthermore, our results revealed that microglia under proinflammatory cues exhibited unique morphological features involving cell-to-cell contact and the formation of vesicle-like structures. Our study provides insight into the fine details of microglia morphology associated with varying status of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dyne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Meghan Cawood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Suzelis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Reagan Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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Food-Origin Mycotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Intend to Break the Rules of Neuroglia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9967334. [PMID: 34621467 PMCID: PMC8492254 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9967334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are key risk factors in human food and animal feed. Most of food-origin mycotoxins could easily enter the organism and evoke systemic toxic effects, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). For the last decade, the researches have provided much evidences in vivo and in vitro that the brain is an important target organ on mycotoxin-mediated neurotoxic phenomenon and neurodegenerative diseases. As is known to all, glial cells are the best regulator and defender of neurons, and a few evaluations about the effects of mycotoxins on glial cells such as astrocytes or microglia have been conducted. The fact that mycotoxin contamination may be a key factor in neurotoxicity and glial dysfunction is exactly the reason why we reviewed the activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function changes of glial cells under mycotoxin infection and summarized the mycotoxin-mediated glial cell proliferation disorders, death pathways, and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various pathways in which common food-derived mycotoxins can induce glial toxicity and provide a novel perspective for future research on the neurodegenerative diseases.
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33
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Ren J, Dai C, Zhou X, Barnes JA, Chen X, Wang Y, Yuan L, Shingu T, Heimberger AB, Chen Y, Hu J. Qki is an essential regulator of microglial phagocytosis in demyelination. J Exp Med 2021; 218:191206. [PMID: 33045062 PMCID: PMC7543092 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underpinning the regulation of microglial phagocytosis in demyelinating diseases is unclear. Here, we showed that the Quaking protein (Qki) in microglia was greatly induced by demyelination in the brains of both mice and humans. Deletion of the Quaking gene (Qk) in microglia severely impaired the clearance of myelin debris. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that depletion of Qki impaired total RNA levels and splicing of the genes involved in phagosome formation and maturation. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) confirmed the physical interactions between the Qki protein and the mRNAs of Qki targets that are involved in phagocytosis, indicating that Qki regulates their RNA stability. Both Qki depletion and inhibition of Qki target Cd36 greatly reduced the phagocytic activity of microglia and macrophages. The defective uptake and degradation of myelin debris caused by Qki depletion in microglia resulted in unresolved myelin debris that impaired axon integrity, oligodendrocyte maturation, and subsequent remyelination. Thus, our results demonstrate that Qki is an essential regulator of microglia’s phagocytic activity under demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Ren
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Congxin Dai
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Cancer Research Institute of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Joseph A Barnes
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Takashi Shingu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
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Snijders GJLJ, Sneeboer MAM, Fernández-Andreu A, Udine E, Boks MP, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, van Mierlo HC, Bӧttcher C, Priller J, Raj T, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. Distinct non-inflammatory signature of microglia in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3336-3349. [PMID: 33028963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Findings from epidemiological studies, biomarker measurements and animal experiments suggest a role for aberrant immune processes in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are likely to play a key role in these processes. Previous post-mortem studies reported conflicting findings regarding microglial activation and an in-depth profiling of those cells in MDD is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the phenotype and function of microglia in MDD. We isolated microglia from post-mortem brain tissue of patients with MDD (n = 13-19) and control donors (n = 12-25). Using flow cytometry and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), we measured protein and mRNA levels of a panel of microglial markers across four different brain regions (medial frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and subventricular zone). In MDD cases, we found a significant upregulation of CX3CR1 and TMEM119 mRNA expression and a downregulation of CD163 mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression across the four brain regions. Expression levels of microglial activation markers, such as HLA-DRA, IL6, and IL1β, as well as the inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone were unchanged. Our findings suggest that microglia enhance homeostatic functions in MDD but are not immune activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein A M Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Fernández-Andreu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evan Udine
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C van Mierlo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Koekoekslaan 1, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Chotima Bӧttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE and BIH, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the royal academy of arts and sciences, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
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Loss of vagal integrity disrupts immune components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and inhibits the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on behavior and the corticosterone stress response. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108682. [PMID: 34175326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is one of the major signalling components between the gut microbiota and brain. However, the exact relationship between gut-brain signaling along the vagus and the effects of gut microbes on brain function and behaviour is unclear. In particular, the relationship between the vagus nerve and immune signaling, that also appears to play a critical role in microbiota-gut-brain communication, has not been delineated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on peripheral and central immune changes associated with the anxiolytic actions of L.rhamnosus. Male mice underwent vagotomy or sham surgery, followed by administration of L.rhamnosus for 14 days. L.rhamnosus administration following sham surgery resulted in reduced anxiety-like behaviour, and an attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), as indicated by reduced plasma corticosterone after acute restraint stress. These effects were associated with an increase in splenic T regulatory cells and a decrease in activated microglia in the hippocampus. The anxiolytic effects, HPA modulation and increase in T regulatory cells were prevented by vagotomy, whereas vagotomy alone led to a significant increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus that was not altered with L.rhamnosus treatment. Thus, both microbe induced and constitutive vagal signaling influences critical immune components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These findings suggest that, rather than acting as a direct neural link to the central nervous system, the role of the vagus nerve in gut-microbe to brain signalling is as an integral component of a bi-directional neuroimmunoendocrine pathway.
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Kung WM, Lin MS. Beneficial Impacts of Alpha-Eleostearic Acid from Wild Bitter Melon and Curcumin on Promotion of CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: Therapeutic Roles in CNS Injuries and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073289. [PMID: 33804820 PMCID: PMC8037269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function are related to the cause of aging, neurodegeneration, and neurotrauma. The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), exaggerating these two pathologies, underlies the pathogenesis for the aforementioned injuries and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) belongs to the human NEET protein family with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. CISD2 has been verified as an NFκB antagonist through the association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β). This protective protein can be attenuated under circumstances of CNS injuries and diseases, thereby causing NFκB activation and exaggerating NFκB-provoked neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Consequently, CISD2-elevating plans of action provide pathways in the management of various disease categories. Various bioactive molecules derived from plants exert protective anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and serve as natural antioxidants, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we have summarized pharmacological characters of the two phytochemicals, namely, alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acids derived from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.), and curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In this review, the unique function of the CISD2-elevating effect of α-ESA and curcumin are particularly emphasized, and these natural compounds are expected to serve as a potential therapeutic target for CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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Epigenetics and Communication Mechanisms in Microglia Activation with a View on Technological Approaches. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020306. [PMID: 33670563 PMCID: PMC7923060 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role for the proper brain development and function and in CNS homeostasis. While in physiological conditions, microglia continuously check the state of brain parenchyma, in pathological conditions, microglia can show different activated phenotypes: In the early phases, microglia acquire the M2 phenotype, increasing phagocytosis and releasing neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In advanced phases, they acquire the M1 phenotype, becoming neurotoxic and contributing to neurodegeneration. Underlying this phenotypic change, there is a switch in the expression of specific microglial genes, in turn modulated by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications and activity of miRNAs. New roles are attributed to microglial cells, including specific communication with neurons, both through direct cell–cell contact and by release of many different molecules, either directly or indirectly, through extracellular vesicles. In this review, recent findings on the bidirectional interaction between neurons and microglia, in both physiological and pathological conditions, are highlighted, with a focus on the complex field of microglia immunomodulation through epigenetic mechanisms and/or released factors. In addition, advanced technologies used to study these mechanisms, such as microfluidic, 3D culture and in vivo imaging, are presented.
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Garrido A, De La Serna M, De La Fuente M, Marco EM, López-Gallardo M. Neuronal and glial region dependent changes in female mice from a model of premature aging. Exp Gerontol 2020; 146:111224. [PMID: 33388380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult Premature Aging Mice (PAM) show premature immunosenescence, oxidative and inflammatory stress and consequently a shorter lifespan than Exceptional Non-Prematurely Aging Mice (E-NPAM) at the same age. Indeed, adult female PAM exhibit behavioral age-related declines and abnormalities in its brain neurochemistry. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether these impairments might be accompanied by previous changes related to the neuroinflammation process in their central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the aim of the present work was to determine if adult female PAM may show brain neuroinflammation processes comparable to those observed in chronologically old female mice. Accordingly, ICR-CD1 female mice were classified in PAM, Regular Non-Prematurely Aging Mice (R-NPAM) and E-NPAM and compared to a group of chronologically old female mice (OLD) (24±1 months). Through the application of immunohistochemical techniques we evaluated changes in the expression of NeuN (a neuronal marker), Iba-1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker) in brain areas related to the behavioral alterations previously detected in both PAM and chronologically old mice. In general, PAM showed a lower NeuN expression and a higher GFAP and Iba1 expression mainly in the Anterior Frontal Cortex and in the Medial Hippocampal Formation, when compared to E-NPAM; similar changes were observed in OLD. Other brain areas, such as the Hypothalamic Nuclei and Motor Cortex were less affected. In conclusion, adult PAM and OLD female mice share some region-dependent neuronal and glial changes that may underlie, at least in part, some of the behavioral abnormalities previously reported in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garrido
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano De La Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De La Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva María Marco
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Animal Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Carpita B, Marazziti D, Palego L, Giannaccini G, Betti L, Dell'Osso L. Microbiota, Immune System and Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Integrative Model towards Novel Treatment Options. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5119-5136. [PMID: 31448708 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190328151539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition strongly associated with genetic predisposition and familial aggregation. Among ASD patients, different levels of symptoms severity are detectable, while the presence of intermediate autism phenotypes in close relatives of ASD probands is also known in literature. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to environmental factors that might play a role in modulating the relationship between genomic risk and development and severity of ASD. Within this framework, an increasing body of evidence has stressed a possible role of both gut microbiota and inflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopment. The aim of this paper is to review findings about the link between microbiota dysbiosis, inflammation and ASD. METHODS Articles ranging from 1990 to 2018 were identified on PUBMED and Google Scholar databases, with keyword combinations as: microbiota, immune system, inflammation, ASD, autism, broad autism phenotype, adult. RESULTS Recent evidence suggests that microbiota alterations, immune system and neurodevelopment may be deeply intertwined, shaping each other during early life. However, results from both animal models and human samples are still heterogeneous, while few studies focused on adult patients and ASD intermediate phenotypes. CONCLUSION A better understanding of these pathways, within an integrative framework between central and peripheral systems, might not only shed more light on neural basis of ASD symptoms, clarifying brain pathophysiology, but it may also allow to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders, still poorly responsive to available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 6756100 Pisa, Italy
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Lin MS. CISD2 Attenuates Inflammation and Regulates Microglia Polarization in EOC Microglial Cells-As a Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:260. [PMID: 33005144 PMCID: PMC7479185 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a significant association between microglia-driven inflammation in the brain and neurodegenerative dementia. We previously showed a significant decline in CISD2 expression in mice models with advanced age. Moreover, we observed that the knockdown of CISD2 led to remarkable inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in neural cells. In the present study, we investigated whether CISD2 attenuation influences anti-inflammatory effects and M1-M2 polarization in microglia. Materials and Methods: The knockdown of CISD2 expression by siRNA (siCISD2) in EOC microglial cells was performed to mimic the age-driven decline of CISD2 expression. The extent of the inflammatory reaction, polarization in the M1/M2 spectrum, and NFκB activation were verified in EOC microglial cells exhibiting CISD2 deficiency. Results: In the cellular model of microglia, loss of CISD2 function mediated by siCISD2 exhibited a significant augmentation of proinflammatory signaling, as well as reduced expression levels of Arg-1, Ym1, IL-10, and BCL2. Attenuation of CISD2 expression led to a decrease in the proportion of the M2 phenotype of microglia (compared to M1). Enhanced DNA-binding activity of the NFκB p65 subunit was confirmed in cells transfected with siCISD2, as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report examining the following phenomena: (1) anti-inflammatory effects of CISD2 in microglia via NFκB regulation; and (2) microglial CISD2 assistance in the restoration of M2 microglia phenotype. The anti-inflammatory effects of CISD2 in microglia eventually augment anti-apoptotic effects, which provides a rationale for the development of potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and neurodegenerative dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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de Oliveira TCG, Carvalho-Paulo D, de Lima CM, de Oliveira RB, Santos Filho C, Diniz DG, Bento Torres Neto J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Long-term environmental enrichment reduces microglia morphological diversity of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4081-4099. [PMID: 32726468 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated long-term environmental influences on morphology of microglia from the outer and middle thirds of molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (MolDG), and on microglia from dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus molecular layer. We also estimated the total number of MolDG microglia using stereology. For this purpose, microglia of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of 20-month-old female Swiss albino mice, housed from 21st postnatal day onwards, in the impoverished environment of the standard laboratory cages (SEA), or in a cage with an enriched environment (EEA), were reconstructed microscopically in three dimensions and compared with each other and with microglia of 6-month-old female Swiss albino mice, also housed from weaning onwards in an enriched cage (EEY). All mice had their brains sectioned and processed for immunolabeling for IBA-1, a selective microglia marker. Random and systematic microglia samples were reconstructed in three dimensions and classified morphologically using hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by discriminant function analysis. SEA and EEY showed two morphological phenotypes of microglia in both the outer and middle thirds of MolDG. EEA mice showed such a reduction in the morphological diversity of microglia that essentially a single morphotype was found. EEA mouse microglia showed an intermediate morphological complexity between types I and II SE microglia. We suggest that type I and type II microglia in SE mice may have different physiological roles and that long-term EE may be associated with adaptive responses of microglial phenotypes to somatomotor and cognitive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cristina Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Dario Carvalho-Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Roseane Borner de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil.,Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brasil
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil
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Binning W, Hogan-Cann AE, Yae Sakae D, Maksoud M, Ostapchenko V, Al-Onaizi M, Matovic S, Lu WY, Prado MAM, Inoue W, Prado VF. Chronic hM3Dq signaling in microglia ameliorates neuroinflammation in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:791-801. [PMID: 32434046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia express muscarinic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that sense cholinergic activity and are activated by acetylcholine to potentially regulate microglial functions. Knowledge about how distinct types of muscarinic GPCR signaling regulate microglia function in vivo is still poor, partly due to the fact that some of these receptors are also present in astrocytes and neurons. We generated mice expressing the hM3Dq Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) selectively in microglia to investigate the role of muscarinic M3Gq-linked signaling. We show that activation of hM3Dq using clozapine N-oxide (CNO) elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased phagocytosis of FluoSpheres by microglia in vitro. Interestingly, whereas acute treatment with CNO increased synthesis of cytokine mRNA, chronic treatment attenuated LPS-induced cytokine mRNA changes in the brain. No effect of CNO on cytokine expression was observed in DREADD-negative mice. Interestingly, CNO activation of M3Dq in microglia was able to attenuate LPS-mediated decrease in social interactions. These results suggest that chronic activation of M3 muscarinic receptors (the hM3Dq progenitor) in microglia, and potentially other Gq-coupled GPCRs, can trigger an inflammatory-like response that preconditions microglia to decrease their response to further immunological challenges. Our results indicate that hM3Dq can be a useful tool to modulate neuroinflammation and study microglial immunological memory in vivo, which may be applicable for manipulations of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Binning
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Aja E Hogan-Cann
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Diana Yae Sakae
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Matthew Maksoud
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Valeriy Ostapchenko
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Sara Matovic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Vania F Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
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Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R. An Update of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Effects in Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Neuroinflammatory Events. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030216. [PMID: 32150935 PMCID: PMC7139331 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammation process represents of a dynamic series of phenomena that manifest themselves with an intense vascular reaction. Neuroinflammation is a reply from the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to a changed homeostasis. There are two cell systems that mediate this process: the glia of the CNS and the lymphocites, monocytes, and macrophages of the hematopoietic system. In both the peripheral and central nervous systems, neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and in neuropsychiatric illnesses, such as depression and autism spectrum disorders. The resolution of neuroinflammation is a process that allows for inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. In this process the important players are represented by lipid mediators. Among the naturally occurring lipid signaling molecules, a prominent role is played by the N-acylethanolamines, namely N-arachidonoylethanolamine and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine, which is also named palmitoylethanolamide or PEA. PEA possesses a powerful neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory power but has no antioxidant effects per se. For this reason, its co-ultramicronization with the flavonoid luteolin is more efficacious than either molecule alone. Inhibiting or modulating the enzymatic breakdown of PEA represents a complementary therapeutic approach to treating neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of ultramicronized PEA and co-ultramicronized PEA with luteolin in several neurological diseases using preclinical and clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +390-906-765-208
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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45
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Go V, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Rosene DL, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells reduce microglial-mediated neuroinflammation after cortical injury in aged Rhesus monkeys. GeroScience 2020; 42:1-17. [PMID: 31691891 PMCID: PMC7031476 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical injury, such as injuries after stroke or age-related ischemic events, triggers a cascade of degeneration accompanied by inflammatory responses that mediate neurological deficits. Therapeutics that modulate such neuroinflammatory responses in the aging brain have the potential to reduce neurological dysfunction and promote recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are lipid-bound, nanoscale vesicles that can modulate inflammation and enhance recovery in rodent stroke models. We recently assessed the efficacy of intravenous infusions of MSC-EVs (24-h and 14-days post-injury) as a treatment in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with cortical injury that induced impairment of fine motor function of the hand. Aged monkeys treated with EVs after injury recovered motor function more rapidly and more fully than aged monkeys given a vehicle control. Here, we describe EV-mediated inflammatory changes using histological assays to quantify differences in markers of neuroinflammation in brain tissue between EV and vehicle-treated aged monkeys. The activation status of microglia, the innate macrophages of the brain, is critical to cell fate after injury. Our findings demonstrate that EV treatment after injury is associated with greater densities of ramified, homeostatic microglia, along with reduced pro-inflammatory microglial markers. These findings are consistent with a phenotypic switch of inflammatory hypertrophic microglia towards anti-inflammatory, homeostatic functions, which was correlated with enhanced functional recovery. Overall, our data suggest that EVs reduce neuroinflammation and shift microglia towards restorative functions. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs for reducing neuroinflammation after cortical injury in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Go
- Deparment of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, 48309, USA
| | - Seth P Finklestein
- Stemetix, Inc., Needham, 02492, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Deparment of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
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46
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Neal ML, Fleming SM, Budge KM, Boyle AM, Kim C, Alam G, Beier EE, Wu LJ, Richardson JR. Pharmacological inhibition of CSF1R by GW2580 reduces microglial proliferation and is protective against neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2020; 34:1679-1694. [PMID: 31914683 PMCID: PMC7212500 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900567rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and proliferation of activated microglia have been found in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models of PD, suggesting that targeting of the microglial inflammatory response may result in neuroprotection in PD. Microglial proliferation is regulated by many factors, but colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) has emerged as a primary factor. Using data mining techniques on existing microarray data, we found that mRNA expression of the CSF1R ligand, CSF-1, is increased in the brain of PD patients compared to controls. In two different neurotoxic mouse models of PD, acute MPTP and sub-chronic LPS treatment, mRNA and protein levels of CSF1R and CSF-1 were significantly increased. Treatment with the CSF1R inhibitor GW2580 significantly attenuated MPTP-induced CSF1R activation and Iba1-positive cell proliferation, without a reduction of the basal Iba1-positive population in the substantia nigra. GW2580 treatment also significantly decreased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors, without alteration of anti-inflammatory mediators, and significantly attenuated the MPTP-induced loss of dopamine neurons and motor behavioral deficits. Importantly, these effects were observed in the absence of overt microglial depletion, suggesting that targeting CSF1R signaling may be a viable neuroprotective strategy in PD that disrupts pro-inflammatory signaling, but maintains the beneficial effects of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Neal
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Kevin M. Budge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Alexa M. Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Chunki Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gelareh Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Eric E. Beier
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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47
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Gabandé‐Rodríguez E, Keane L, Capasso M. Microglial phagocytosis in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:284-298. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gabandé‐Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM) Madrid Spain
| | - Lily Keane
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
| | - Melania Capasso
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
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48
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Shevela E, Davydova M, Starostina N, Yankovskaya A, Ostanin A, Chernykh E. Intranasal delivery of M2 macrophage-derived soluble products reduces neuropsychological deficit in patients with cerebrovascular disease: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2019.9040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We assessed the safety and clinical effectiveness of intranasal therapy with M2 macrophage-derived soluble products (M2-SPs) for treating patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Materials and methods: The protocol of the study was registered at www.ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT02957123). The study group comprised 30 patients with chronic CVD. Neurological status was examined before therapy and at 1- and 6-month follow–up. Concentrations of 32 cytokines in the blood serum were evaluated before and 1 month after therapy onset. Neurological assessment was conducted with the following scales: Subjective Assessment of Clinical (neurological) Symptoms (SACS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Functional Mobility Assessment in Eldery Patients (FMA), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa). Results: M2-SPs treatment (once daily for 28~30 days) was found to be safe and well tolerated. Neuropsychological improvements showed the amelioration of neurological symptoms, reduction in anxiety and depression levels, improvement in balance and gait ability as well as cognitive functions. Clinical effects could be detected at the end of treatment course and was stable during 6-month follow-up. Blood serum cytokine evaluation demonstrated diminished baseline levels of many cytokines including those with neurotrophic activity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; hepatocyte growth factor, HGF; migration inhibitory factor, MIF). Upon treatment, most pronounced clinical responses were observed in patients with most severe cytokine deficiency and post-therapy normalization of MIF and HGF levels. Conclusion: Intranasal therapy with M2-SPs is safe and according to preliminary data reduces neuropsychological deficit in patients with chronic CVD. The positive effect of M2-SPs treatment seems to be HGF- and MIF-dependent.
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49
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Rodríguez-Arias M, Montagud-Romero S, Guardia Carrión AM, Ferrer-Pérez C, Pérez-Villalba A, Marco E, López Gallardo M, Viveros MP, Miñarro J. Social stress during adolescence activates long-term microglia inflammation insult in reward processing nuclei. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206421. [PMID: 30365534 PMCID: PMC6203396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of social stress during adolescence is associated with higher vulnerability to drug use. Increases in the acquisition of cocaine self-administration, in the escalation of cocaine-seeking behavior, and in the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine have been observed in rodents exposed to repeated social defeat (RSD). In addition, prolonged or severe stress induces a proinflammatory state with microglial activation and increased cytokine production. The aim of the present work was to describe the long-term effects induced by RSD during adolescence on the neuroinflammatory response and synaptic structure by evaluating different glial and neuronal markers. In addition to an increase in the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine, our results showed that RSD in adolescence produced inflammatory reactivity in microglia that is prolonged into adulthood, affecting astrocytes and neurons of two reward-processing areas of the brain (the prelimbic cortex, and the nucleus accumbens core). Considered as a whole these results suggest that social stress experience modulates vulnerability to suffer a loss of glia-supporting functions and neuronal functional synaptic density due to drug consumption in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Villalba
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Marco
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María-Paz Viveros
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Högel H, Rissanen E, Vuorimaa A, Airas L. Positron emission tomography imaging in evaluation of MS pathology in vivo. Mult Scler 2018; 24:1399-1412. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518791680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) gives an opportunity to quantitate the expression of specific molecular targets in vivo and longitudinally in brain and thus enhances our possibilities to understand and follow up multiple sclerosis (MS)-related pathology. For successful PET imaging, one needs a relevant target molecule within the brain, to which a blood–brain barrier–penetrating specific radioligand will bind. 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-binding radioligands have been used to detect activated microglial cells at different stages of MS, and remyelination has been measured using amyloid PET. Several PET ligands for the detection of other inflammatory targets, besides TSPO, have been developed but not yet been used for imaging MS patients. Finally, synaptic density evaluation has been successfully tested in human subjects and gives opportunities for the evaluation of the development of cortical and deep gray matter pathology in MS. This review will discuss PET imaging modalities relevant for MS today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Högel
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland/Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eero Rissanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland/Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Vuorimaa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland/Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Airas
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland/Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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