1
|
Farcas MT, McKinney W, Mandler WK, Knepp AK, Battelli L, Friend SA, Stefaniak AB, Service S, Kashon M, LeBouf RF, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Pulmonary evaluation of whole-body inhalation exposure of polycarbonate (PC) filament 3D printer emissions in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:325-341. [PMID: 38314584 PMCID: PMC11208878 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2311170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing with polycarbonate (PC) filament, a release of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs. This study aimed to determine PC filament printing emission-induced toxicity in rats via whole-body inhalation exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single concentration (0.529 mg/m3, 40 nm mean diameter) of the 3D PC filament emissions in a time-course via whole body inhalation for 1, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days (4 hr/day, 4 days/week), and sacrificed 24 hr after the last exposure. Following exposures, rats were assessed for pulmonary and systemic responses. To determine pulmonary injury, total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, surfactant proteins A and D, total as well as lavage fluid differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined, as well as histopathological analysis of lung and nasal passages was performed. To determine systemic injury, hematological differentials, and blood biomarkers of muscle, metabolic, renal, and hepatic functions were also measured. Results showed that inhalation exposure induced no marked pulmonary or systemic toxicity in rats. In conclusion, inhalation exposure of rats to a low concentration of PC filament emissions produced no significant pulmonary or systemic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T. Farcas
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of
Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W. Kyle Mandler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Samantha Service
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Treye A. Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prueitt RL, Goodman JE. Evidence evaluated by European Food Safety Authority does not support lowering the temporary tolerable daily intake for bisphenol A. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:185-190. [PMID: 38265237 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recently derived a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for bisphenol A (BPA) of 0.2 ng/kg bw/day. There are several issues with EFSA's hazard assessment review process, including that it was based on a limited subset of relevant studies. Multiple public commenters on EFSA's draft evaluation of BPA, including several European regulatory agencies, noted these issues, yet they were not adequately addressed by EFSA in the final evaluation. The TDI for BPA was based on an intermediate immunotoxicity endpoint in mice that has not been observed in other species; there is no evidence that it is a precursor event to any downstream pathological outcome. The TDI is several orders of magnitude lower than estimates of safe doses of BPA established by agencies worldwide, including EFSA's temporary TDI (t-TDI) for BPA established in 2015. Overall, the EFSA hazard assessment review process has led to a conclusion that there are low-dose effects of BPA based on very few, lower quality experimental animal studies. This conclusion is not supported by the totality of the available evidence, which includes multiple high-quality studies not considered by EFSA and indicates that the t-TDI established in 2015 is protective of human health.
Collapse
|
3
|
Prueitt RL, Goodman JE. WITHDRAWN: Letter to editor: Evidence evaluated by EFSA does not support lowering the temporary tolerable daily intake for bisphenol A. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:114057. [PMID: 37739055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Prueitt
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kimber I, Woeffen N, Sondenheimer K. Bisphenol A, T H17 cells, and allergy: a commentary. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:93-99. [PMID: 36070621 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuing interest in whether Bisphenol A (BPA) is able to cause adverse health effects through interaction with elements of the immune system. That interest has been fuelled further by the recent publication of a draft opinion on BPA prepared by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP). This draft opinion judged effects on the immune system to be the most sensitive health outcome, and identified BPA-induced changes in the frequency of T-helper (TH)-17 cells in the spleens of mice as being the critical effect based on an association of these cells with inflammation. Based on these evaluations the CEP Panel recommended that a revised Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for BPA of 0.04 ng/kg bw/day should be adopted; representing a very substantial reduction (100,000-fold) compared with the existing TDI. The purpose of this commentary is to summarize briefly the role of TH17 cells in immune responses, and to review relevant literature regarding the influence of BPA on these cells, and on inflammatory responses in the lung and respiratory allergy. The conclusion drawn is that based on uncertainties about the effects of BPA on TH17 cells and lung inflammation in mice, the absence of consistent or persuasive evidence from human studies that exposure of BPA is associated with inflammation or allergy, and unresolved questions regarding the species selectivity of immune effects induced by BPA, it is inappropriate to adopt the revised TDI. Additional research is required to explore further the influence of BPA on the immune system and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malaisé Y, Le Mentec H, Sparfel L, Guzylack-Piriou L. Differential influences of the BPA, BPS and BPF on in vitro IL-17 secretion by mouse and human T cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104993. [PMID: 32911021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptor and food contaminant bisphenol A (BPA) is frequently present in consumer plastics and can produce several adverse health effects participating in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Regulatory restrictions have been established to prevent risks for human health, leading to the substitution of BPA by structural analogues, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and F (BPF). In this study, we aimed at comparing the in vitro impact of these bisphenols from 0.05 to 50,000 nM on Th17 differentiation, frequency and function in mouse systemic and intestinal immune T cells and in human blood T cells. This study reports the ability of these bisphenols, at low and environmentally relevant concentration, i.e, 0.05 nM, to increase significantly IL-17 production in mouse T cells but not in human T lymphocytes. The use of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) specific inhibitor demonstrated its involvement in this bisphenol-induced IL-17 production. We also observed an increased IL-17 secretion by BPS and BPF, and not by BPA, in mouse naive T cells undergoing in vitro Th17 differentiation. In total, this study emphasizes the link between bisphenol exposures and the susceptibility to develop immune diseases, questioning thus the rational of their use to replace BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Malaisé
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malaisé Y, Lencina C, Placide F, Bacquié V, Cartier C, Olier M, Buettner M, Wallbrecht M, Ménard S, Guzylack-Piriou L. Oral exposure to bisphenols induced food intolerance and colitis in vivo by modulating immune response in adult mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111773. [PMID: 33011352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol (BP) A, a known food contaminant, is a possible risk factor in the epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCD) including food intolerance and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Regulatory restrictions regarding BPA usage led to BPA removal and replacement by poorly described substitutes, like BPS or BPF (few data on occurrence in food and human samples and biological effect). Oral tolerance protocol to ovalbumin (OVA) in WT mice and Il10-/- mice prone to IBD were used respectively to address immune responses towards food and microbial luminal antigens following BP oral exposure. Both mice models were orally exposed for five weeks to BPA, BPS or BPF at 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/kg of body weight (bw)/day (d). Oral exposure to BPs at low doses (0.5 and 5 μg/kg bw/d) impaired oral tolerance as indicated by higher humoral and pro-inflammatory cellular responses in OVA-tolerized mice. However, only BPF exacerbate colitis in Il10-/- prone mice associated with a defect of fecal IgA and increased secretion of TNF-α in colon. These findings provide a unique comparative study on effects of adult oral exposure to BPs on immune responses and its consequences on NCD related to intestinal luminal antigen development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Malaisé
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Lencina
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Placide
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bacquié
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Maïwenn Olier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuela Buettner
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Wallbrecht
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu J, Tuo F, Luo Y, Yang Y, Xu J. Toxic effects of perinatal maternal exposure to nonylphenol on lung inflammation in male offspring rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139238. [PMID: 32512292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of asthma and its related allergic diseases has increased dramatically over the last decade. Asthma is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. Nonylphenol (NP), a typical endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), is a major current focus in asthma research. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8-10 per group) were given a consecutive daily dose of NP (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) or an equivalent volume of vehicle by gavage from gestational day 7 until postnatal day (PND) 21. Exposure to 100 mg/kg NP increased the body mass of the offspring on PND 43. Perinatal exposure to NP in maternal rats led to a dose-dependent increase of NP level in the lung tissue of the offspring. The numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly higher in the 100 mg/kg NP group than those in the control. Histopathological examination of the lung showed that exposure to high dose NP resulted in a slightly thickened bronchiolar smooth muscles with inflammatory cell infiltration. In the cytoplasm of type II epithelial cells, osmiophilic lamellar bodies were observed, with emptied lamellar bodies. NP significantly increased the expressions of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) mRNA and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) mRNA in the lung tissue of the offspring in a dose dependent manner. Similarly, the expressions of HMGB1, NF-κBp65 and estrogen receptor-β (ER-β) proteins increased with an increase of NP dose. NP content was positively correlated with the expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB mRNA as well as HMGB1, NF-κBp65, and ER-β proteins in the lung tissue of offspring. Perinatal exposure to NP from the maternal rats might induce airway inflammation in the offspring, which may be due to NP-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airway, and pathological alterations in airway structure as well as abnormal expression patterns of inflammation-related genes, proteins (including HMGB1 and NF-κB) and estrogen receptor β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - FangXu Tuo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Ya Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Takano H. Oral exposure to low dose bisphenol A aggravates allergic airway inflammation in mice. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1253-1262. [PMID: 31788436 PMCID: PMC6880024 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral exposure to BPA relevant to human exposure aggravated allergic asthma. Low dose BPA with allergen reduced lung mRNA levels of hormone receptors. Low dose BPA with allergen altered lymph node and bone marrow microenvironments.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in many consumer products and has adverse effects on human health including allergic diseases. We investigated the effects of low dose BPA, comparable to actual human oral exposure, on allergic asthma in mice. C3H/HeJ male mice were fed a chow diet containing BPA (equivalent to 0.09, 0.90, or 9.01 μg/kg/day) and were intratracheally administered ovalbumin (OVA, 1 μg/animal) every two weeks from 5–11 weeks of age. All doses of BPA plus OVA enhanced pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, and increased lung mRNA levels of Th2 cytokine/chemokine, and serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 compared to OVA alone, with greater effects observed in the middle- and high-dose BPA plus OVA groups. Furthermore, high-dose BPA with OVA decreased lung mRNA levels of ERβ and AR compared with OVA. Furthermore, BPA enhanced OVA-restimulated cell proliferation and protein levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cells in OVA-sensitized mice. In bone marrow (BM) cells, middle-dose BPA with OVA increased Gr-1 expression. In conclusion, oral exposure to low-dose BPA at levels equivalent to human exposure can aggravate allergic asthmatic responses through enhancement of Th2-skewed responses, lung hormone receptor downregulation, and MLN and BM microenvironment change.
Collapse
Key Words
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Allergic asthma
- Ar, androgen receptor
- BM, bone marrow
- BPA, bisphenol a
- Bisphenol A
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endocrine disruptor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- Gr-1, granulocyte-differentiation antigen
- Hormone receptor
- Hprt1, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- Low dose effects
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha
- MLN, mediastinal lymph node
- OVA, ovalbumin
- RANTES, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- SDF-1α, stromal cell derived factor 1 alpha
- Th, T helper
- Th2 response
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiko Koike
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aung MT, Ferguson KK, Cantonwine DE, Bakulski KM, Mukherjee B, Loch-Caruso R, McElrath TF, Meeker JD. Associations between maternal plasma measurements of inflammatory markers and urinary levels of phenols and parabens during pregnancy: A repeated measures study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1131-1140. [PMID: 30308801 PMCID: PMC6236678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immune system regulation is critical for maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. Exposure to phenols and parabens is widespread, and may be linked to systemic inflammation and alteration of circulating immunological biomarkers. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize associations between repeated measures of individual urinary phenols, parabens and plasma inflammatory markers across pregnancy. METHODS In the LIFECODES prospective birth cohort, we conducted a nested preterm birth case-control study, including 130 cases and 352 controls. In urine samples collected from each participant at up to four study visits during pregnancy, we measured concentrations of six phenols and four parabens, as well as five plasma inflammatory markers. We used multivariable linear mixed models to analyze repeated measures of exposures on inflammatory markers. We created and applied inverse probability weights to account for the sampling approach. RESULTS We observed bidirectional associations between select phenols and parabens and inflammatory markers. An interquartile range increase in triclosan (55.2 ng/mL) was associated with a 12.5% (95% CI: 3.67, 22.0) increase in C-reactive protein, a 7.95% (95% CI: 1.95, 14.3) increase in interleukin 10, and a 7.93% (95% CI: 3.82, 12,2) increase in tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, an interquartile range increase in 2,5-dichlorophenol (11.0 ng/mL) was associated with a 10% increase in C-reactive protein (95% CI: 1.92, 18.7). Conversely, an interquartile range increase in ethyl paraben (10.4 ng/mL) was associated with a 7.7% decrease in interleukin‑1β (95% CI: -14.1, -0.86). CONCLUSIONS Our findings can be organized into two thematic frameworks, one where concentrations of urinary phenols and parabens during pregnancy reflected a pro-inflammatory relationship with immunological biomarkers, and the other contrary theme - an anti-inflammatory relationship. These findings have implications for fetal development and reproductive outcomes, and emphasize the need for further research on immunological mechanisms of phenol and paraben action during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max T Aung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prins GS, Patisaul HB, Belcher SM, Vandenberg LN. CLARITY-BPA academic laboratory studies identify consistent low-dose Bisphenol A effects on multiple organ systems. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 125 Suppl 3:14-31. [PMID: 30207065 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production chemical used in a variety of applications worldwide. While BPA has been documented as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) having adverse health-related outcomes in multiple studies, risk assessment for BPA has lagged due to reliance on guideline toxicology studies over academic ones with end-points considered more sensitive and appropriate. To address current controversies on BPA safety, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA) using the NCTR Sprague-Dawley rats. The goal of CLARITY-BPA is to perform a traditional regulatory toxicology study (Core study) in conjunction with multiple behavioural, molecular and cellular studies by academic laboratories focused on previously identified BPA-sensitive organ systems (Academic studies). Combined analysis of the data from both study types will be undertaken by the NTP with the aim of resolving uncertainties on BPA toxicity. To date, the Core study has been completed and a draft report released. Most of the academic studies have also been finalized and published in peer-reviewed journals. In light of this important milestone, the PPTOX-VI meeting held in the Faroe Islands, 27-30 May 2018 devoted a plenary session to CLARITY-BPA with presentations by multiple investigators with the purpose of highlighting key outcome. This MiniReview synthesizes the results of three academic studies presented at this plenary session, evaluates recently published findings by other CLARITY-BPA academic studies to provide an early combined overview of this emerging data and places this in the context of the Core study findings. This co-ordinated effort revealed a plethora of significant BPA effects across multiple organ systems and BPA doses with non-monotonic responses across the dose range utilized. Remarkably consistent across most studies, including the Core study, are low-dose effects (2.5, 25 and 250 μg BPA/kg body-weight). Collectively, the findings highlighted herein corroborate a significant body of evidence that documents adverse effects of BPA at doses relevant to human exposures and emphasizes the need for updated risk assessment analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Chicago Center for Health and Environment (CACHET), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ao J, Yuan T, Gao L, Yu X, Zhao X, Tian Y, Ding W, Ma Y, Shen Z. Organic UV filters exposure induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in human macrophages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:926-935. [PMID: 29710614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, found in many personal care products, are considered emerging contaminants due to growing concerns about potential long-term deleterious effects. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of four commonly used organic UV filters (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, BP-3; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC; 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EHMC; and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane, BDM) on human macrophages. Our results indicated that exposure to these four UV filters significantly increased the production of various inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, particular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). After exposure to the UV filters, a significant 1.1-1.5 fold increase were found in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression. In addition, both the p38 MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathways were enhanced 2 to 10 times in terms of phosphorylation after exposure to the UV filters, suggesting that these pathways are involved in the release of TNF-α and IL-6. Molecular docking analysis predicted that all four UV filter molecules would efficiently bind transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which is responsible for the activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Our results therefore demonstrate that exposure to the four organic UV filters investigated may alter human immune system function. It provides new clue for the development of asthma or allergic diseases in terms of the environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjin Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Buckley JP, Quirós-Alcalá L, Teitelbaum SL, Calafat AM, Wolff MS, Engel SM. Associations of prenatal environmental phenol and phthalate biomarkers with respiratory and allergic diseases among children aged 6 and 7 years. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:79-88. [PMID: 29550712 PMCID: PMC5970077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal environmental phenol and phthalate exposures may alter immune or inflammatory responses leading to respiratory and allergic disease. OBJECTIVES We estimated associations of prenatal environmental phenol and phthalate biomarkers with respiratory and allergic outcomes among children in the Mount Sinai Children's Environmental Health Study. METHODS We quantified urinary biomarkers of benzophenone-3, bisphenol A, paradichlorobenzene (as 2,5-dichlorophenol), triclosan, and 10 phthalate metabolites in third trimester maternal samples and assessed asthma, wheeze, and atopic skin conditions via parent questionnaires at ages 6 and 7 years (n = 164 children with 240 observations). We used logistic regression to estimate covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) per standard deviation difference in natural log biomarker concentrations and examined effect measure modification by child's sex. RESULTS Associations of prenatal 2,5-dichlorophenol (all outcomes) and bisphenol A (asthma outcomes) were modified by child's sex, with increased odds of outcomes among boys but not girls. Among boys, ORs for asthma diagnosis per standard deviation difference in biomarker concentration were 3.00 (95% CI: 1.36, 6.59) for 2,5-dichlorophenol and 3.04 (95% CI: 1.38, 6.68) for bisphenol A. Wheeze in the past 12 months was inversely associated with low molecular weight phthalate metabolites among girls only (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.59) and with benzophenone-3 among all children (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal bisphenol A and paradichlorobenzene exposures were associated with pediatric respiratory outcomes among boys. Future studies may shed light on biological mechanisms and potential sexually-dimorphic effects of select phenols and phthalates on respiratory disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P Buckley
- Departments of Environmental Health & Engineering and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boulé LA, Chapman TJ, Hillman SE, Kassotis CD, O’Dell C, Robert J, Georas SN, Nagel SC, Lawrence BP. Developmental Exposure to a Mixture of 23 Chemicals Associated With Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations Alters the Immune System of Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:639-654. [PMID: 29718478 PMCID: PMC5974794 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals used in unconventional oil and gas (UOG) operations have the potential to cause adverse biological effects, but this has not been thoroughly evaluated. A notable knowledge gap is their impact on development and function of the immune system. Herein, we report an investigation of whether developmental exposure to a mixture of chemicals associated with UOG operations affects the development and function of the immune system. We used a previously characterized mixture of 23 chemicals associated with UOG, and which was demonstrated to affect reproductive and developmental endpoints in mice. C57Bl/6 mice were maintained throughout pregnancy and during lactation on water containing two concentrations of this 23-chemical mixture, and the immune system of male and female adult offspring was assessed. We comprehensively examined the cellularity of primary and secondary immune organs, and used three different disease models to probe potential immune effects: house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease, influenza A virus infection, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In all three disease models, developmental exposure altered frequencies of certain T cell sub-populations in female, but not male, offspring. Additionally, in the EAE model disease onset occurred earlier and was more severe in females. Our findings indicate that developmental exposure to this mixture had persistent immunological effects that differed by sex, and exacerbated responses in an experimental model of autoimmune encephalitis. These observations suggest that developmental exposure to complex mixtures of water contaminants, such as those derived from UOG operations, could contribute to immune dysregulation and disease later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Sara E Hillman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | | | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murata M, Kang JH. Bisphenol A (BPA) and cell signaling pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:311-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Bansal A, Henao-Mejia J, Simmons RA. Immune System: An Emerging Player in Mediating Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Metabolic Health. Endocrinology 2018; 159:32-45. [PMID: 29145569 PMCID: PMC5761609 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity continues to increase. In addition to the well-known contributors to these disorders, such as food intake and sedentary lifestyle, recent research in the exposure science discipline provides evidence that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals like bisphenol A and phthalates via multiple routes (e.g., food, drink, skin contact) also contribute to the increased risk of metabolic disorders. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt any aspect of hormone action. It is becoming increasingly clear that EDCs not only affect endocrine function but also adversely affect immune system function. In this review, we focus on human, animal, and in vitro studies that demonstrate EDC exposure induces dysfunction of the immune system, which, in turn, has detrimental effects on metabolic health. These findings highlight how the immune system is emerging as a novel player by which EDCs may mediate their effects on metabolic health. We also discuss studies highlighting mechanisms by which EDCs affect the immune system. Finally, we consider that a better understanding of the immunomodulatory roles of EDCs will provide clues to enhance metabolic function and contribute toward the long-term goal of reducing the burden of environmentally induced diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s
Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- The Institute for Immunology, Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s
Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kimber I. Bisphenol A and immunotoxic potential: A commentary. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Porreca I, Ulloa-Severino L, Almeida P, Cuomo D, Nardone A, Falco G, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Molecular targets of developmental exposure to bisphenol A in diabesity: a focus on endoderm-derived organs. Obes Rev 2017; 18:99-108. [PMID: 27776381 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies associate foetal human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) to metabolic/endocrine diseases, mainly diabesity. They describe the role of BPA in the disruption of pancreatic beta cell, adipocyte and hepatocyte functions. Indeed, the complexity of the diabesity phenotype is due to the involvement of different endoderm-derived organs, all targets of BPA. Here, we analyse this point delineating a picture of different mechanisms of BPA toxicity in endoderm-derived organs leading to diabesity. Moving from epidemiological data, we summarize the in vivo experimental data of the BPA effects on endoderm-derived organs (thyroid, pancreas, liver, gut, prostate and lung) after prenatal exposure. Mainly, we gather molecular data evidencing harmful effects at low-dose exposure, pointing to the risk to human health. Although the fragmentation of molecular data does not allow a clear conclusion to be drawn, the present work indicates that the developmental exposure to BPA represents a risk for endoderm-derived organs development as it deregulates the gene expression from the earliest developmental stages. A more systematic analysis of BPA impact on the transcriptomes of endoderm-derived organs is still missing. Here, we suggest in vitro toxicogenomics approaches as a tool for the identification of common mechanisms of BPA toxicity leading to the diabesity in organs having the same developmental origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L Ulloa-Severino
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,PhD School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Almeida
- STAB VIDA-Investigação e Serviços em Ciências Biológicas, Madan Parque, Caparica, Portugal
| | - D Cuomo
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - A Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - G Falco
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - M Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - C Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu J, Huang G, Guo TL. Developmental Bisphenol A Exposure Modulates Immune-Related Diseases. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4040023. [PMID: 29051427 PMCID: PMC5606650 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has a widespread exposure to humans. BPA is of concern for developmental exposure resulting in immunomodulation and disease development due to its ability to cross the placental barrier and presence in breast milk. BPA can use various mechanisms to modulate the immune system and affect diseases, including agonistic and antagonistic effects on many receptors (e.g., estrogen receptors), epigenetic modifications, acting on cell signaling pathways and, likely, the gut microbiome. Immune cell populations and function from the innate and adaptive immune system are altered by developmental BPA exposure, including decreased T regulatory (Treg) cells and upregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Developmental BPA exposure can also contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, asthma and mammary cancer disease by altering immune function. Multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus may also be exacerbated by BPA, although more research is needed. Additionally, BPA analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), have been increasing in use, and currently, little is known about their immune effects. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to determine if developmental exposure BPA and its analogs modulate immune responses and lead to immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joella Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
| | - Guannan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hessel EVS, Ezendam J, van Broekhuizen FA, Hakkert B, DeWitt J, Granum B, Guzylack L, Lawrence BP, Penninks A, Rooney AA, Piersma AH, van Loveren H. Assessment of recent developmental immunotoxicity studies with bisphenol A in the context of the 2015 EFSA t-TDI. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:448-456. [PMID: 27352639 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) mainly through the diet, air, dust, skin contact and water. There are concerns about adverse health effects in humans due to exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has extensively reviewed the available literature to establish a temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI). This exposure level was based on all available literature published before the end of 2012. Since then, new experimental animal studies have emerged, including those that identified effects of BPA on the immune system after developmental exposure. These studies indicate that developmental immunotoxicity might occur at lower dose levels than previously observed and on which the current EFSA t-TDI is based. The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) organized an expert workshop in September 2015 to consider recently published studies on the developmental immunotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA). Key studies were discussed in the context of other experimental studies. The workshop concluded that these new experimental studies provide credible evidence for adverse immune effects after developmental exposure to BPA at 5μg/kg BW/day from gestation day 15 to postnatal day 21. Supportive evidence for adverse immune effects in similar dose ranges was obtained from other publications that were discussed during the workshop. The dose level associated with adverse immune effects is considerably lower than the dose used by EFSA for deriving the t-TDI. The workshop unanimously concluded that the current EFSA t-TDI warrants reconsideration in the context of all currently available data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V S Hessel
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Ezendam
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur A van Broekhuizen
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Hakkert
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Berit Granum
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Laurence Guzylack
- Department of Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics, and Immunotoxicology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Research Centre in Food Toxicology (Toxalim), Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andre Penninks
- Formerly Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, TNO Triskelion BV, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Rooney
- National Toxicology Program, Office of Health Assessment and Translation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Currently Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Impact of Bisphenol A and Phthalates on Allergy, Asthma, and Immune Function: a Review of Latest Findings. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:379-87. [PMID: 26337065 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the impact of environmental exposure to chemicals and their immunological effects, including the development of allergy, has been a topic of great interest. Epidemiologic studies indicate that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals produced in high volumes, including bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, is ubiquitous. The links between their exposure and the development of allergy, asthma, and immune dysfunction have been studied in vitro, in vivo, and through human cohort studies. The purpose of this review is to examine the current body of research and to highlight deficits and strengths of current findings. Emerging science indicates that deleterious immunologic changes, including increased propensity to develop wheeze, allergy, and asthma after dietary and inhalation exposure to these chemicals, may be occurring.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jochmanová I, Lazúrová Z, Rudnay M, Bačová I, Mareková M, Lazúrová I. Environmental estrogen bisphenol A and autoimmunity. Lupus 2015; 24:392-9. [PMID: 25801882 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314560205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been evidence of the increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases consist of many complex disorders of unknown etiology resulting in immune responses to self-antigens. The immune system, and its function, is under complex and integrated control and its disruption can be triggered by multiple factors. Autoimmunity development is influenced by multiple factors and is thought to be a result of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Here, we review the role of a specific environmental factor, bisphenol A (BPA), in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. BPA belongs to the group of environmental estrogens that have been identified as risk factors involved in the development of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Jochmanová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Z Lazúrová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Rudnay
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Bačová
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Mareková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry and LABMED, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Lazúrová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang IJ, Chen CY, Bornehag CG. Bisphenol A exposure may increase the risk of development of atopic disorders in children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 219:311-6. [PMID: 26765087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of Bisphenol A (BPA) on atopic disorders. OBJECTIVE To investigated the associations (i) between postnatal BPA exposure and allergic diseases in children; (ii) between BPA and IgE levels for the possible disease pathogenesis; and (iii) gender-based differences. METHODS A total of 453 children from Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study cohort with urine and blood samples were recruited in Taiwan. Urinary BPA glucoronide (BPAG) levels were measured by UPLC-MS/MS at ages 3 and 6 years. The associations between BPAG levels at different ages and IgE levels and the development of allergic diseases were evaluated by multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. A mediation analysis was also conducted to evaluate how much risk of allergic diseases in relation to BPA exposure is explained by IgE changes. RESULTS The BPAG levels at age 3 were positively associated with IgE levels at age 3 (β=64.85kU/l per ln-unit increase BPAG level; 95% CI, 14.59-115.11kU/l). Stratified by gender, BPAG levels at age 3 were positively associated with IgE levels at age 3, particularly in girls (β=139.23kU/l; 95% CI, 57.38-221.09kU/l). Similar results were also found at age 6. Urinary BPAG levels at age 3 were significantly associated with asthma at ages 3 and 6, with OR (95%CI) of 1.29(1.08-1.55) and 1.27(1.04-1.55). We estimated that 70% of the total effect of BPA exposure on asthma is mediated by IgE levels. CONCLUSIONS BPA exposures were associated with IgE levels and may increase the risk of development of allergic diseases in children particularly in girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nygaard UC, Vinje NE, Samuelsen M, Andreassen M, Groeng EC, Bølling AK, Becher R, Lovik M, Bodin J. Early life exposure to bisphenol A investigated in mouse models of airway allergy, food allergy and oral tolerance. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
25
|
Hijazi A, Guan H, Cernea M, Yang K. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A disrupts mouse fetal lung development. FASEB J 2015; 29:4968-77. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayten Hijazi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Physiology and PharmacologyChildren's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Haiyan Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Physiology and PharmacologyChildren's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Cernea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Physiology and PharmacologyChildren's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Kaiping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Physiology and PharmacologyChildren's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research InstituteWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|