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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers reproducible quantitative analysis and structural identification of metabolites in various complex biological samples, such as biofluids (plasma, serum, and urine), cells, tissue extracts, and even intact organs. Therefore, NMR-based metabolomics, a mainstream metabolomic platform, has been extensively applied in many research fields, including pharmacology, toxicology, pathophysiology, nutritional intervention, disease diagnosis/prognosis, and microbiology. In particular, NMR-based metabolomics has been successfully used for cancer research to investigate cancer metabolism and identify biomarker and therapeutic targets. This chapter highlights the innovations and challenges of NMR-based metabolomics platform and its applications in cancer research.
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Waraksa E, Woźniak MK, Kłodzińska E, Wrzesień R, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Namieśnik J. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of ibuprofen and its metabolites in equine urine samples by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3881-3891. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Waraksa
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Robert Wrzesień
- Central Laboratory of Experimental Animal; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Faculty of Chemistry; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
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Metabolic phenotyping for discovery of urinary biomarkers of diet, xenobiotics and blood pressure in the INTERMAP Study: an overview. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:336-345. [PMID: 28003647 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is multifactorial. Adverse blood pressure (BP) is a major independent risk factor for epidemic CVD affecting ~40% of the adult population worldwide and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Metabolic phenotyping of biological fluids has proven its application in characterizing low-molecular-weight metabolites providing novel insights into gene-environmental-gut microbiome interaction in relation to a disease state. In this review, we synthesize key results from the INTERnational study of MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP) Study, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 4680 men and women aged 40-59 years from Japan, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom and the United States. We describe the advancements we have made regarding the following: (1) analytical techniques for high-throughput metabolic phenotyping; (2) statistical analyses for biomarker identification; (3) discovery of unique food-specific biomarkers; and (4) application of metabolome-wide association studies to gain a better understanding into the molecular mechanisms of cross-cultural and regional BP differences.
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Villaseñor A, Kinross JM, Li JV, Penney N, Barton RH, Nicholson JK, Darzi A, Barbas C, Holmes E. 1H NMR global metabolic phenotyping of acute pancreatitis in the emergency unit. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5362-75. [PMID: 25160714 DOI: 10.1021/pr500161w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the urinary and plasma metabolic phenotype of acute pancreatitis (AP) patients presenting to the emergency room at a single center London teaching hospital with acute abdominal pain using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate modeling. Patients were allocated to either the AP (n = 15) or non-AP patients group (all other causes of abdominal pain, n = 21) on the basis of the national guidelines. Patients were assessed for three clinical outcomes: (1) diagnosis of AP, (2) etiology of AP caused by alcohol consumption and cholelithiasis, and (3) AP severity based on the Glasgow score. Samples from AP patients were characterized by high levels of urinary ketone bodies, glucose, plasma choline and lipid, and relatively low levels of urinary hippurate, creatine and plasma-branched chain amino acids. AP could be reliably identified with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity (OPLS-DA model R(2) = 0.76 and Q(2)Y = 0.59) using panel of discriminatory biomarkers consisting of guanine, hippurate and creatine (urine), and valine, alanine and lipoproteins (plasma). Metabolic phenotyping was also able to distinguish between cholelithiasis and colonic inflammation among the heterogeneous non-AP group. This work has demonstrated that combinatorial biomarkers have a strong diagnostic and prognostic potential in AP with relevance to clinical decision making in the emergency unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Villaseñor
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Savorani F, Rasmussen MA, Mikkelsen MS, Engelsen SB. A primer to nutritional metabolomics by NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pérez-Trujillo M, Lindon JC, Parella T, Keun HC, Nicholson JK, Athersuch TJ. Chiral metabonomics: 1H NMR-based enantiospecific differentiation of metabolites in human urine via direct cosolvation with β-cyclodextrin. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2868-74. [PMID: 22320312 DOI: 10.1021/ac203291d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in molecular chirality remain an important issue in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics for the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities, and chirality is an important feature of many endogenous metabolites. We present a method for the rapid, direct differentiation and identification of chiral drug enantiomers in human urine without pretreatment of any kind. Using the well-known anti-inflammatory chemical ibuprofen as one example, we demonstrate that the enantiomers of ibuprofen and the diastereoisomers of one of its main metabolites, the glucuronidated carboxylate derivative, can be resolved by (1)H NMR spectroscopy as a consequence of direct addition of the chiral cosolvating agent (CSA) β-cyclodextrin (βCD). This approach is simple, rapid, and robust, involves minimal sample manipulation, and does not require derivatization or purification of the sample. In addition, the method should allow the enantiodifferentiation of endogenous chiral metabolites, and this has potential value for differentiating metabolites from mammalian and microbial sources in biofluids. From these initial findings, we propose that more extensive and detailed enantiospecific metabolic profiling could be possible using CSA-NMR spectroscopy than has been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Facultat de Ciències i Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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7
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Loo RL, Chan Q, Brown IJ, Robertson CE, Stamler J, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Elliott P. A comparison of self-reported analgesic use and detection of urinary ibuprofen and acetaminophen metabolites by means of metabonomics: the INTERMAP Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:348-58. [PMID: 22223708 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on dietary supplements, medications, and other xenobiotics in epidemiologic surveys is usually obtained from questionnaires and is subject to recall and reporting biases. The authors used metabolite data obtained from hydrogen-1 (or proton) nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) analysis of human urine specimens from the International Study of Macro-/Micro-Nutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP Study) to validate self-reported analgesic use. Metabolic profiling of two 24-hour urine specimens per individual was carried out for 4,630 participants aged 40-59 years from 17 population samples in Japan, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States (data collection, 1996-1999). (1)H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen use was low (∼4%) among East Asian population samples and higher (>16%) in Western population samples. In a comparison of self-reported acetaminophen and ibuprofen use with (1)H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen metabolites among 496 participants from Chicago, Illinois, and Belfast, Northern Ireland, the overall rate of concordance was 81%-84%; the rate of underreporting was 15%-17%; and the rate of underdetection was approximately 1%. Comparison of self-reported unspecified analgesic use with (1)H NMR-detected acetaminophen and ibuprofen metabolites among 2,660 Western INTERMAP participants revealed similar levels of concordance and underreporting. Screening for urinary metabolites of acetaminophen and ibuprofen improved the accuracy of exposure information. This approach has the potential to reduce recall bias and other biases in epidemiologic studies for a range of substances, including pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey Leng Loo
- Clinical and Professional Practice Division, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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8
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Production and NMR analysis of the human ibuprofen metabolite 3-hydroxyibuprofen. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:417-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Buchheit D, Dragan CA, Schmitt EI, Bureik M. Production of ibuprofen acyl glucosides by human UGT2B7. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2174-81. [PMID: 21862693 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are an important group of enzymes that participate in phase II metabolism of xenobiotics and use the cofactor UDP-glucuronic acid for the production of glucuronides. When acting on molecules bearing a carboxylic acid they can form acyl glucuronides, a group of metabolites that has gained significant interest in recent years because of concerns about their potential role in drug toxicity. In contrast, reports about the production of drug acyl glucosides (which might also display high reactivity) have been scarce. In this study, we discovered the formation of acyl glycoside metabolites of R- and S-ibuprofen (Ibu) by human liver microsomes supplied with the cofactor UDP-glucose. Subsequently, human UGT2B7*1 and UGT2B7*2 recombinantly expressed in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe could be shown to catalyze these reactions. Moreover, we could enhance the glucoside production rate in fission yeast by overexpressing the fission yeast gene SPCC1322.04, a potential UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), but not by overexpression of SPCC794.10, and therefore suggest to name this gene fyu1 for fission yeast UGPase1. It was interesting to note that pronounced differences between the two polymorphic UGT2B7 variants were observed with respect to acyl glucoside production. Finally, using the metabolic precursor [(13)C(6)]glucose, we demonstrated the production of stable isotope-labeled reference standards of Ibu acyl glucoside and Ibu acyl glucuronide by whole-cell biotransformation in fission yeast.
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Nedderman AN, Dear GJ, North S, Obach RS, Higton D. From definition to implementation: a cross-industry perspective of past, current and future MIST strategies. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:605-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.562330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The production of 'global' metabolite profiles involves measuring low molecular-weight metabolites (<1 kDa) in complex biofluids/tissues to study perturbations in response to physiological challenges, toxic insults or disease processes. Information-rich analytical platforms, such as mass spectrometry (MS), are needed. Here we describe the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS (UPLC-MS) to urinary metabolite profiling, including sample preparation, stability/storage and the selection of chromatographic conditions that balance metabolome coverage, chromatographic resolution and throughput. We discuss quality control and metabolite identification, as well as provide details of multivariate data analysis approaches for analyzing such MS data. Using this protocol, the analysis of a sample set in 96-well plate format, would take ca. 30 h, including 1 h for system setup, 1-2 h for sample preparation, 24 h for UPLC-MS analysis and 1-2 h for initial data processing. The use of UPLC-MS for metabolic profiling in this way is not faster than the conventional HPLC-based methods but, because of improved chromatographic performance, provides superior metabolome coverage.
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12
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Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL. Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:387-426. [PMID: 20717559 DOI: 10.1039/b906712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of biological systems in a holistic manner (systems biology) is increasingly being viewed as a necessity to provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the emergent properties of the complete system. Systems biology performs studies focussed on the complex interactions of system components; emphasising the whole system rather than the individual parts. Many perturbations to mammalian systems (diet, disease, drugs) are multi-factorial and the study of small parts of the system is insufficient to understand the complete phenotypic changes induced. Metabolomics is one functional level tool being employed to investigate the complex interactions of metabolites with other metabolites (metabolism) but also the regulatory role metabolites provide through interaction with genes, transcripts and proteins (e.g. allosteric regulation). Technological developments are the driving force behind advances in scientific knowledge. Recent advances in the two analytical platforms of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have driven forward the discipline of metabolomics. In this critical review, an introduction to metabolites, metabolomes, metabolomics and the role of MS and NMR spectroscopy will be provided. The applications of metabolomics in mammalian systems biology for the study of the health-disease continuum, drug efficacy and toxicity and dietary effects on mammalian health will be reviewed. The current limitations and future goals of metabolomics in systems biology will also be discussed (374 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Tokunaga T, Okamoto M, Tanaka K, Tode C, Sugiura M. Chiral Liquid Chromatography−Circular Dichroism−NMR for Estimating Separation Conditions of Chiral HPLC without Authentic Samples. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4293-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tokunaga
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okamoto
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Chisato Tode
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Sugiura
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Walker D, Brady J, Dalvie D, Davis J, Dowty M, Duncan JN, Nedderman A, Obach RS, Wright P. A holistic strategy for characterizing the safety of metabolites through drug discovery and development. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1653-62. [PMID: 19715349 DOI: 10.1021/tx900213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The subject of metabolites in safety testing has had much debate in the recent past and has shown itself to be a complex issue with no simple solutions to providing absolute assurance of drug safety. Much of the attention has focused on the ability to identify metabolites and then demonstrate that their risk has been adequately characterized, either through their exposure in toxicology species or, failing this, by direct safety testing. In this review, we summarize our forward operational strategy that combines the principles summarized in the FDA Guidance, together with discussions at scientific meetings and literature opinions. It is a balance between the primary goal of assuring patient safety with one of reasonable investment. A key principle in striking this balance is to build stepwise information on metabolites through the drug discovery and development continuum. This allows assessments to be made from early nonclinical studies onward as to whether or not metabolite safety is underwritten by exposure in toxicology species. This strategy does not require absolute quantitation of the metabolites in early clinical trials but relies upon comparison of relative exposures between animals and humans using the capabilities of modern analytical techniques. Through this strategy, human disproportionate metabolites can be identified to allow a decision regarding the need for absolute quantitation and direct safety testing of the metabolite. Definitive radiolabeled studies would be initiated following proof of pharmacology or efficacy in humans, and nonclinical safety coverage would be adequately assessed prior to large-scale clinical trials. In cases where metabolite safety is not supported through the parent compound toxicology program, approaches for the direct safety testing of metabolites with regard to general and reproductive toxicology, safety pharmacology, and genetic safety have been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom.
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Simultaneous determination of pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, mefloquine, and ibuprofen in pharmaceutical formulations by RP-HPLC. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Loo RL, Coen M, Ebbels T, Cloarec O, Maibaum E, Bictash M, Yap I, Elliott P, Stamler J, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. Metabolic profiling and population screening of analgesic usage in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based large-scale epidemiologic studies. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5119-29. [PMID: 19489597 PMCID: PMC2726443 DOI: 10.1021/ac900567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based screening method for determining the use of two widely available analgesics (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) in epidemiologic studies has been investigated. We used samples and data from the cross-sectional INTERMAP Study involving participants from Japan (n = 1145), China (n = 839), U.K. (n = 501), and the U.S. (n = 2195). An orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) algorithm with an incorporated Monte Carlo resampling function was applied to the NMR data set to determine which spectra contained analgesic metabolites. OPLS-DA preprocessing parameters (normalization, bin width, scaling, and input parameters) were assessed systematically to identify an optimal acetaminophen prediction model. Subsets of INTERMAP spectra were examined to verify and validate the presence/absence of acetaminophen/ibuprofen based on known chemical shift and coupling patterns. The optimized and validated acetaminophen model correctly predicted 98.2%, and the ibuprofen model correctly predicted 99.0% of the urine specimens containing these drug metabolites. The acetaminophen and ibuprofen models were subsequently used to predict the presence/absence of these drug metabolites for the remaining INTERMAP specimens. The acetaminophen model identified 415 out of 8436 spectra as containing acetaminophen metabolite signals while the ibuprofen model identified 245 out of 8604 spectra as containing ibuprofen metabolite signals from the global data set after excluding samples used to construct the prediction models. The NMR-based metabolic screening strategy provides a new objective approach for evaluation of self-reported medication data and is extendable to other aspects of population xenometabolome profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey Leng Loo
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy Ebbels
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivier Cloarec
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine Maibaum
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Magda Bictash
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Ivan Yap
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Jeremiah Stamler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Nedderman ANR. Metabolites in safety testing: metabolite identification strategies in discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:153-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Walker GS, O'Connell TN. Comparison of LC-NMR and conventional NMR for structure elucidation in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1295-305. [PMID: 18798699 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.10.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) has proven to be a useful technique for the structure elucidation of novel metabolites from pharmaceutical compounds. Proponents of LC-NMR tout the advantage of eliminating the step of a separate chromatographic isolation. However, the advantages of directly coupling NMR and HPLC instrumentation must be weighed against compromises in performance made to each technique to achieve a hyphenated system. While significant advances have been made in LC-NMR technology, a strong case can be made that HPLC purification of metabolites followed by conventional tube NMR is equally useful. It is relatively rare that one approach will be successful and the other not. The fundamental consideration is whether there is sufficient chromatographic expertise in the NMR laboratory to adequately design and execute appropriate experiments such that a pure chromatographic peak will be produced in the hyphenated system. Due to speed and sensitivity differences between NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) continues to be the front-line approach for the structure elucidation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Inc., Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Crockford DJ, Maher AD, Ahmadi KR, Barrett A, Plumb RS, Wilson ID, Nicholson JK. 1H NMR and UPLC-MS(E) statistical heterospectroscopy: characterization of drug metabolites (xenometabolome) in epidemiological studies. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6835-44. [PMID: 18700783 DOI: 10.1021/ac801075m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Statistical HeterospectroscopY (SHY) is a statistical strategy for the coanalysis of multiple spectroscopic data sets acquired in parallel on the same samples. This method operates through the analysis of the intrinsic covariance between signal intensities in the same and related molecular fingerprints measured by multiple spectroscopic techniques across cohorts of samples. Here, the method is applied to 600-MHz (1)H NMR and UPLC-TOF-MS (E) data obtained from human urine samples ( n = 86) from a subset of an epidemiological population unselected for any relevant phenotype or disease factor. We show that direct cross-correlation of spectral parameters, viz. chemical shifts from NMR and m/ z data from MS, together with fragment analysis from MS (E) scans, leads not only to the detection of numerous endogenous urinary metabolites but also the identification of drug metabolites that are part of the latent use of drugs by the population. We show previously unreported positive mode ions of ibuprofen metabolites with their NMR correlates and suggest the detection of new metabolites of disopyramide in the population samples. This approach is of great potential value in the description of population xenometabolomes and in population pharmacology studies, and indeed for drug metabolism studies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Crockford
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Medicine and Anaesthetics, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, UK.
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Graça G, Duarte IF, J Goodfellow B, Carreira IM, Couceiro AB, Domingues MDR, Spraul M, Tseng LH, Gil AM. Metabolite profiling of human amniotic fluid by hyphenated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6085-92. [PMID: 18564856 DOI: 10.1021/ac800907f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic profiling of human amniotic fluid (HAF) is of potential interest for the diagnosis of disorders in the mother or the fetus. In order to build a comprehensive metabolite database for HAF, hyphenated NMR has been used, for the first time, for systematic HAF profiling. Experiments were carried out using reverse-phase (RP) and ion-exchange liquid chromatography (LC), in order to detect less and more polar compounds, respectively. RP-LC conditions achieved good separation of amino acids, some sugars, and xanthines. Subsequent NMR and MS analysis enabled the rapid identification of 30 compounds, including 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and 4-aminohippurate identified in HAF for the first time, to our knowledge. Under ion-exchange LC conditions, a different set of 30 compounds was detected, including sugars, organic acids, several derivatives of organic acids, and amino acids. In this experiment, five compounds were identified for the first time in HAF: D-xylitol, amino acid derivatives (N-acetylalanine, N-acetylglycine, 2-oxoleucine), and isovalerate. The nonendogenous nature of some metabolites (caffeine, paraxanthine, D-xylitol, sorbitol) is discussed. Hyphenated NMR has allowed the rapid detection of approximately 60 metabolites in HAF, some of which are not detectable by standard NMR due to low abundance (microM) and signal overlap thus enabling an extended metabolite database to be built for HAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Graça
- CICECO-Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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21
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Ibuprofen metabolite profiling using a combination of SPE/column-trapping and HPLC-micro-coil NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 47:328-34. [PMID: 18276099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction and column-trapping preconcentration are combined to enhance HPLC-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NMR) and applied to metabolite profiling in biological samples. Combining the two signal enhancement techniques improved the NMR signal substantially such that we were able to identify 2-hydroxyibuprofen, carboxyibuprofen, and unmetabolized ibuprofen molecules from a small urine sample after a therapeutic dose of ibuprofen. The hyphenated SPE/column-trapping method resulted in an excellent overall signal enhancement of up to 90-fold.
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22
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Prakash C, Shaffer CL, Nedderman A. Analytical strategies for identifying drug metabolites. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:340-69. [PMID: 17405144 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) arising from combinatorial chemistry and modern high-throughput bioassays, novel bioanalytical techniques are required for the rapid determination of the metabolic stability and metabolites of these NCEs. Knowledge of the metabolic site(s) of the NCEs in early drug discovery is essential for selecting compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic credentials and aiding medicinal chemists in modifying metabolic "soft spots". In development, elucidation of biotransformation pathways of a drug candidate by identifying its circulatory and excretory metabolites is vitally important to understand its physiological effects. Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have played an invaluable role in the structural characterization and quantification of drug metabolites. Indeed, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) MS has now become the most powerful tool for the rapid detection, structure elucidation, and quantification of drug-derived material within various biological fluids. Often, however, MS alone is insufficient to identify the exact position of oxidation, to differentiate isomers, or to provide the precise structure of unusual and/or unstable metabolites. In addition, an excess of endogenous material in biological samples often suppress the ionization of drug-related material complicating metabolite identification by MS. In these cases, multiple analytical and wet chemistry techniques, such as LC-NMR, enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical derivatization, and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange (H/D-exchange) combined with MS are used to characterize the novel and isomeric metabolites of drug candidates. This review describes sample preparation and introduction strategies to minimize ion suppression by biological matrices for metabolite identification studies, the application of various LC-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) techniques for the rapid quantification and identification of drug metabolites, and future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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23
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Holmes E, Loo RL, Cloarec O, Coen M, Tang H, Maibaum E, Bruce S, Chan Q, Elliott P, Stamler J, Wilson ID, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Detection of urinary drug metabolite (xenometabolome) signatures in molecular epidemiology studies via statistical total correlation (NMR) spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2629-40. [PMID: 17323917 PMCID: PMC6688492 DOI: 10.1021/ac062305n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Western populations use prescription and nonprescription drugs extensively, but large-scale population usage is rarely assessed objectively in epidemiological studies. Here we apply statistical methods to characterize structural pathway connectivities of metabolites of commonly used drugs detected routinely in 1H NMR spectra of urine in a human population study. 1H NMR spectra were measured for two groups of urine samples obtained from U.S. participants in a known population study. The novel application of a statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) approach enabled rapid identification of the major and certain minor drug metabolites in common use in the population, in particular, from acetaminophen and ibuprofen metabolites. This work shows that statistical connectivities between drug metabolites can be established in routine "high-throughput" NMR screening of human samples from participants who have randomly self-administered drugs. This approach should be of value in considering interpopulation patterns of drug metabolism in epidemiological and pharmacogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Holmes
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ruey Leng Loo
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivier Cloarec
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Molecular and Atomic Physics, Wuhan Magnetic Resonance Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Elaine Maibaum
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Jeremiah Stamler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Astra Zeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - John C. Lindon
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Cloarec O, Campbell A, Tseng LH, Braumann U, Spraul M, Scarfe G, Weaver R, Nicholson JK. Virtual Chromatographic Resolution Enhancement in Cryoflow LC−NMR Experiments via Statistical Total Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3304-11. [PMID: 17394288 DOI: 10.1021/ac061928y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to enhancing information recovery from cryogenic probe "on-flow" LC-NMR spectroscopic analyses of complex biological mixtures is demonstrated using a variation on the statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) method. Cryoflow probe technology enables sensitive and efficient NMR detection of metabolites on-flow, and the rapid spectral scanning allows multiple spectra to be collected over chromatographic peaks containing several species with similar, but nonidentical, retention times. This enables 1H NMR signal connectivities between close-eluting metabolites to be identified resulting in a "virtual" chromatographic resolution enhancement visualized directly in the NMR spectral projection. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach for structure assignment of drug and endogenous metabolites in urine. This approach is of wide general applicability to any complex mixture analysis problem involving chromatographic peak overlap and with particular application in metabolomics and metabonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cloarec
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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25
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Exarchou V, Krucker M, van Beek TA, Vervoort J, Gerothanassis IP, Albert K. LC-NMR coupling technology: recent advancements and applications in natural products analysis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2005; 43:681-7. [PMID: 16049952 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An overview of recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with separation technologies and their application in natural product analysis is given and discussed. The different modes of LC-NMR operation are described, as well as how technical improvements assist in establishing LC-NMR as an important tool in the analysis of plant-derived compounds. On-flow, stopped-flow and loop-storage procedures are mentioned, together with the new LC-SPE-NMR configuration. The implementation of mass spectrometry in LC-NMR is also useful on account of the molecular weight and fragmentation information that it provides, especially when new plant species are studied. Cryogenic technology and capillary LC-NMR are the other important recent developments. Since the plant kingdom is endless in producing potential drug candidates, development and optimization of LC-NMR techniques convert the study of natural products to a less-time-consuming task, speeding up identification.
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26
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Hopkała H, Pomykalski A. TLC analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and videodensitometric determination of fenbufen in tablets. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Fura A, Shu YZ, Zhu M, Hanson RL, Roongta V, Humphreys WG. Discovering Drugs through Biological Transformation: Role of Pharmacologically Active Metabolites in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4339-51. [PMID: 15317447 DOI: 10.1021/jm040066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aberra Fura
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, USA.
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28
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Exarchou V, Godejohann M, van Beek TA, Gerothanassis IP, Vervoort J. LC-UV-solid-phase extraction-NMR-MS combined with a cryogenic flow probe and its application to the identification of compounds present in Greek oregano. Anal Chem 2004; 75:6288-94. [PMID: 14616013 DOI: 10.1021/ac0347819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure elucidation of natural products usually relies on a combination of NMR spectroscopy with mass spectrometry whereby NMR trails MS in terms of the minimum sample amount required. In the present study, the usefulness of on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) in LC-NMR for peak storage after the LC separation prior to NMR analysis is demonstrated. The SPE unit allows the use of normal protonated solvents for the LC separation and fully deuterated solvents for flushing the trapped compounds to the NMR probe. Thus, solvent suppression is no longer necessary. Multiple trapping of the same analyte from repeated LC injections was utilized to solve the problem of low concentration and to obtain 2D heteronuclear NMR spectra. In addition, a combination of the SPE unit with a recently developed cryoflow NMR probe and an MS was evaluated. This on-line LC-UV-SPE-NMR-MS system was used for the automated analysis of a Greek oregano extract. Combining the data provided by the UV, MS, and NMR spectra, the flavonoids taxifolin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, naringenin, and apigenin, the phenolic acid rosmarinic acid, and the monoterpene carvacrol were identified. This automated technique is very useful for natural product analysis, and the large sensitivity improvement leads to significantly reduced NMR acquisition times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Exarchou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Wilson ID, Brinkman UAT. Hyphenation and hypernation the practice and prospects of multiple hyphenation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:325-56. [PMID: 12877178 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, combining a chromatographic separation system on-line with a spectroscopic detector in order to obtain structural information on the analytes present in a sample has become the most important approach for the identification and/or confirmation of the identity of target and unknown chemical compounds. In most instances, such hyphenation can be accomplished by using commercially available equipment For most (trace-level) analytical problems encountered today, the combination of column liquid chromatography or capillary gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively) is the preferred approach. However, it is also true that additional and/or complementary information is, in quite a number of cases, urgently required. This can be provided by, for example, atomic emission, Fourier-transform infrared, diode-array UV-vis absorbance or fluorescence emission, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. In the present review, the various options are briefly discussed and a few relevant applications are quoted for each combination. Special attention is devoted to systems in which multiple hyphenation, or hypernation, is an integral part of the setup. As regards this topic, the relative merits of various combinations--which turn out to include a mass spectrometer as one of the detectors in essentially all cases--are discussed and the fundamental differences between GC- and LC-based systems are outlined. Finally, the practicability of more extensive hypernation in LC, viz. with up to four spectrometers, is discussed. It is demonstrated that, technically, such multiple hyphenation is possible and that, from a practical point of view, rewarding results can be obtained. In other words, further research in this area is certainly indicated. However, in the foreseeable future, using several separate conventional hyphenated systems will be the commonly implemented solution in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Wilson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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30
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Biomedical applications of directly-coupled chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Petritis K, Gillaizeau I, Elfakir C, Dreux M, Petit A, Bongibault N, Luijten W. Evaporative light scattering detection for in-line monitoring of stopped-flow liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of compounds with weak or no chromophore groups. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020601)25:9<593::aid-jssc593>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Feng W, Liu H, Chen G, Malchow R, Bennett F, Lin E, Pramanik B, Chan TM. Structural characterization of the oxidative degradation products of an antifungal agent SCH 56592 by LC–NMR and LC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:545-57. [PMID: 11377035 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
LC-NMR and LC-MS were used to characterize the structures of four major degradation products of SCH 56592, an antifungal drug candidate in clinical trials. These compounds were formed under stress conditions in which the bulk drug substance was heated in air at 150 degrees C for 12 days, and were separated from SCH 56592 as a mixture using a semi-preparative HPLC method. The data from LC-NMR, LC-ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and LC-ESI-MS/MS indicate that the oxidation occurred at the piperazine ring in the center of the drug molecule. The structures of the degradation products were determined from the 1H NMR spectra obtained via LC-NMR, which were supported by LC-ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. A novel degradation pathway of SCH 56592 was proposed based on these characterized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Feng
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Mail Stop: K-15-0450, 2015, Galloping Hill Road, 07033, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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33
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Sidelmann UG, Bjørnsdottir I, Shockcor JP, Hansen SH, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Directly coupled HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS approaches for the rapid characterisation of drug metabolites in urine: application to the human metabolism of naproxen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:569-79. [PMID: 11272313 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for the structural identification of xenobiotic metabolites in complex biological matrices such as plasma, urine and bile. However, these fluids are dominated by thousands of signals resulting from endogenous metabolites and it is advantageous when investigating drug metabolites in such matrices to simplify the spectra by including a separation step in the experiment by directly-coupling HPLC and NMR. Naproxen (6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthyl acetic acid) is administered as the S-enantiomer and is metabolised in vivo to form its demethylated metabolite which is subsequently conjugated with beta-D-glucuronic acid as well as with sulfate. Naproxen is also metabolised by phase II metabolism directly to form a glycine conjugate as well as a glucuronic acid conjugate at the carboxyl group. In the present investigation, the metabolism of naproxen was investigated in urine samples with a very simple sample preparation using a combination of directly-coupled HPLC-1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS). A buffer system was developed which allows the same chromatographic method to be used for the HPLC-NMR as well as the HPLC-MS analysis. The combination of these methods is complementary in information content since the NMR spectra provide evidence to distinguish isomers such as the type of glucuronides formed, and the HPLC-MS data allow identification of molecules containing NMR-silent fragments such as occur in the sulfate ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- U G Sidelmann
- Drug Metabolism, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark.
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34
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Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Directly coupled HPLC-NMR and HPLC-NMR-MS in pharmaceutical research and development. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 748:233-58. [PMID: 11092602 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The methodology for the direct coupling of HPLC with NMR spectroscopy and the simultaneous double coupling of HPLC with NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) is described. Indications of the necessary technical developments to achieve this are given, and the applications of these new techniques to studies of pharmaceutical relevance are reviewed. These include studies of combinatorial chemistry libraries, synthetic chemical impurities, characterisation of drug mixtures, identification of natural products of possible pharmaceutical interest and identification of xenobiotic metabolites in human, animal and in vitro systems. In addition, HPLC-NMR has been used to investigate xenobiotic metabolite reactivity. Finally, the potential future directions of the techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lindon
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, UK.
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35
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Dear GJ, Plumb RS, Sweatman BC, Ayrton J, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, Ismail IM. Mass directed peak selection, an efficient method of drug metabolite identification using directly coupled liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 748:281-93. [PMID: 11092605 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (both MS and MS-MS) has been used to determine which eluting chromatography peaks in an LC-MS-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment should be selected for extended NMR spectroscopic measurement. This mass directed selection of chromatographic peaks has been applied to test mixtures and urine samples for identification of drug metabolites. It was used to simultaneously determine when drug-related material was eluting and provided molecular mass information on these components. Stop-flow LC-NMR was used to acquire data for structural characterisation of drug-related components. This work further serves to demonstrate the potential of coupling tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap spectrometer with LC-NMR spectroscopy, to provide an extremely powerful tool in structural elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Dear
- Bioanalysis and Drug Metabolism Division, GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Ware, Herts, UK
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36
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2.7.5. HPLC/NMR and related hyphenated NMR methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(00)80018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Bailey NJ, Stanley PD, Hadfield ST, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Mass spectrometrically detected directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy/mass spectrometry for the identification of xenobiotic metabolites in maize plants. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:679-684. [PMID: 10786907 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000430)14:8<679::aid-rcm936>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructed ion chromatograms have been used to identify relevant high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks in a directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (HPLC/NMR/MS) experiment. This has been applied to a study of the metabolism of a model compound, 5-nitropyridone (2-hydroxy-5-nitropyridine), in maize plants grown hydroponically. By monitoring the on-flow reconstructed ion chromatogram corresponding to the 5-nitropyridone fragment at m/z 143, and additional molecular ions corresponding to metabolites identified as products from similar compounds, relevant peaks were identified rapidly for subsequent stopped-flow 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The combination of coupled HPLC/NMR/MS enabled the direct identification of three metabolites, namely the N-glucoside, N-malonylglucoside, and O-malonylglucoside. This work demonstrates the power of HPLC/NMR/MS for the structural elucidation of xenobiotic metabolites in complex biological matrices (such as plant material) with minimal sample preparation. In particular, using mass spectrometry for the initial identification of relevant HPLC peaks allows the analysis of complex samples without the necessity for other spectroscopic markers, such as 19F NMR signal for fluorinated compounds or UV spectroscopy for molecules with strong UV chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bailey
- Biological Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, UK.
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Abstract
A general overview of the experimental set-up for performing analytical-scale and nanoliter-scale liquid chromatography-1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LC-1H-NMR) experiments is given. The high power of combining LC with 1H-NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated by two examples, where NMR acquisition was performed either in the continuous-flow mode on the analytical scale or in the stopped-flow mode on the nanoliter scale. Current developments employing the on-line coupling of capillary as well as supercritical fluid separation methods with 1H-NMR spectroscopy together with LC-13C-NMR spectroscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Albert
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Germany.
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39
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Smith RM, Chienthavorn O, Wilson ID, Wright B, Taylor SD. Superheated Heavy Water as the Eluent for HPLC-NMR and HPLC-NMR-MS of Model Drugs. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9905470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-Methylamphetamine (MDMA) in “Ecstasy” Tablets by13C Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. J Forensic Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14550j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Gounarides JS, Chen A, Shapiro MJ. Nuclear magnetic resonance chromatography: applications of pulse field gradient diffusion NMR to mixture analysis and ligand-receptor interactions. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 725:79-90. [PMID: 10226879 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulse field gradient (PFG) diffusion NMR spectroscopy is a non-invasive method for the spectroscopic separation and identification of compounds of interest from a mixture. Because it relies on differences in translational diffusion rates to resolve NMR signals from individual components, pulse field gradient NMR is a unique method for analyzing complex mixtures and for detecting intermolecular interactions. A number of multidimensional pulse field gradient NMR experiments have been developed to alleviate the overlap of NMR signals arising from a complex mixture and facilitate component identification. The applications of pulse field gradient NMR for mixture analysis and for the direct identification of high affinity ligands are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gounarides
- Core Technology Area/Analytics & Bio-NMR US, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
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42
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Rückert M, Wohlfarth M, Bringmann G. Characterization of protein mixtures by ion-exchange chromatography coupled on-line to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Chapter 30. Using Mass Spectrometry to Determine ADME Properties in Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Bäcker AE, Thorbert S, Rakotonirainy O, Hallberg EC, Olling A, Gustavsson M, Samuelsson BE, Soussi B. Liquid chromatography "on-flow" 1H nuclear magnetic resonance on native glycosphingolipid mixtures together with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry on the released oligosaccharides for screening and characterisation of carbohydrate-based antigens from pig lungs. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:45-58. [PMID: 10580650 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006901803636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids were prepared from pig lung and pooled into two fractions with (i) < or = 3 sugar residues, and (ii) > or = 3 sugar residues. Oligosaccharides were prepared and used for gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The glycolipid fractions i and ii were further characterised and purified using a novel method based on high performance liquid chromatography "on-flow" proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The LC "on-flow" NMR technique showed good chromatographic separation and gave NMR spectral information which could be used as guidance for pooling of the separated mixture glycolipids. Conventional 1H NMR, thin layer immunostaining, gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry were used to characterise the glycolipids and to validate LC-NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bäcker
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Since drugs in clinical use are mostly synthetic or natural products, NMR spectroscopy has been mainly used for the elucidation and confirmation of structures. For the last decade, NMR methods have been introduced to quantitative analysis in order to determine the impurity profile of a drug, to characteristic the composition of drug products, and to investigate metabolites of drugs in body fluids. For pharmaceutical technologists, solid state measurements can provide information about polymorphism of drug powders, conformation of drugs in tablets etc. Micro-imaging can be used to study the dissolution of tablets, and whole-body imaging is a powerful tool in clinical diagnostics. Taken together, this review covers applications of NMR spectroscopy in drugs analysis, in particular, methods of international pharmacopoeiae, pharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. The authors have repeated many of the methods describe in their own laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holzgrabe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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McCrossen SD, Bryant DK, Cook BR, Richards JJ. Comparison of LC detection methods in the investigation of non-UV detectable organic impurities in a drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:455-71. [PMID: 9656157 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HPLC Analysis with different detection methods was shown to be essential in the separation and identification of unknown organic impurities in a drug substance. The impurities were found to exhibit very weak or no response to standard ultraviolet (UV) absorption detection. LC-MS, LC-NMR, indirect, refractive index and evaporative light-scattering detection were used to quantify and identify the impurities in this specific case. The drug substance studied was found to be an ideal analyte for demonstrating the advantages and limitations of several chromatographic detection systems for impurity profile analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D McCrossen
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Tonbridge, Kent, UK. @inet
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de Koning J, Hogenboom A, Lacker T, Strohschein S, Albert K, Brinkman U. On-line trace enrichment in hyphenated liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bringmann G, Günther C, Schlauer J, Rückert M. HPLC−NMR On-Line Coupling Including the ROESY Technique: Direct Characterization of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids in Crude Plant Extracts. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac971333q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Christian Günther
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Jan Schlauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Markus Rückert
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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49
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Clayton E, Taylor S, Wright B, Wilson ID. The application of high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (HPLC-NMR-MS), to the characterisation of ibuprofen metabolites from human urine. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Chin J, Fell JB, Jarosinski M, Shapiro MJ, Wareing JR. HPLC/NMR in Combinatorial Chemistry. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9713666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Chin
- Department of Central Technologies, Oncology Research Program, and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 59 Rt. 10, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | - Jay B. Fell
- Department of Central Technologies, Oncology Research Program, and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 59 Rt. 10, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | - Mark Jarosinski
- Department of Central Technologies, Oncology Research Program, and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 59 Rt. 10, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | - Michael J. Shapiro
- Department of Central Technologies, Oncology Research Program, and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 59 Rt. 10, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | - James R. Wareing
- Department of Central Technologies, Oncology Research Program, and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Preclinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 59 Rt. 10, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
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