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Du X, Li S, Yang K, Cao Y. Downregulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling induces G2-arrest in genital warts. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13265. [PMID: 36704875 PMCID: PMC9838784 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infected keratinocyte dysfunction results in the formation of genital warts, and the specific role of Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling in genital warts remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to identify the correlation between wart formation and SHh signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, nine male patients with genital warts were recruited, and the expression of SHh and its downstream signal molecules Patched-1 and GLI family zinc finger 1 (Ptch1 and Gli1) was detected. Moreover, G2-phase cells in the collected genital warts samples were assessed with normal foreskin samples as a comparison. HPV6/11 were detected via in situ hybridization (ISH), and SHh expression of the corresponding paraffin sections was determined via immunohistochemical staining (IHC). In addition, an in vitro down-regulated SHh model was constructed by siRNA transfection of the HaCaT cell line, and the cell cycle was detected at 36 h by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. RESULTS SHh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in warts were significantly downregulated in the condyloma acuminatum (CA) group compared to the normal foreskin group. G2-phase cells in the middle section of the spinous layer of CA wart tissues were significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of HPV-DNA was amplified and negatively correlated with SHh activity in CA wart tissues. Lastly, the downregulation of SHh-induced G2 arrest in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of the SHh signaling promotes HPV replication and the formation of warts by inducing G2/M arrest in the keratinocytes of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Du
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchun Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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de Oliveira AS, Gazolla PAR, Oliveira AFCDS, Pereira WL, de S. Viol LC, Maia AFDS, Santos EG, da Silva ÍEP, Mendes TADO, da Silva AM, Dias RS, da Silva CC, Polêto MD, Teixeira RR, de Paula SO. Discovery of novel West Nile Virus protease inhibitor based on isobenzonafuranone and triazolic derivatives of eugenol and indan-1,3-dione scaffolds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223017. [PMID: 31557229 PMCID: PMC6762200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The West Nile Virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease is an attractive target for the development of therapeutics against this arboviral pathogen. In the present investigation, the screening of a small library of fifty-eight synthetic compounds against the NS2-NB3 protease of WNV is described. The following groups of compounds were evaluated: 3-(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones; eugenol derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazolic functionalities; and indan-1,3-diones with 1,2,3-triazolic functionalities. The most promising of these was a eugenol derivative, namely 4-(3-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-propyl)-1-(2-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (35), which inhibited the protease with IC50 of 6.86 μmol L-1. Enzyme kinetic assays showed that this derivative of eugenol presents competitive inhibition behaviour. Molecular docking calculations predicted a recognition pattern involving the residues His51 and Ser135, which are members of the catalytic triad of the WNV NS2B-NS3 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Poliana A. R. Gazolla
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia C. da S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. de S. Viol
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica F. da S. Maia
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Fazenda Biribiri, MG, Brazil
| | - Edjon G. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ítalo E. P. da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Adalberto M. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Roberto S. Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C. da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D. Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Róbson R. Teixeira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SOP); (RRT)
| | - Sergio O. de Paula
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SOP); (RRT)
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3
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Oliveira AFCDS, de Souza APM, de Oliveira AS, da Silva ML, de Oliveira FM, Santos EG, da Silva ÍEP, Ferreira RS, Villela FS, Martins FT, Leal DH, Vaz BG, Teixeira RR, de Paula SO. Zirconium catalyzed synthesis of 2-arylidene Indan-1,3-diones and evaluation of their inhibitory activity against NS2B-NS3 WNV protease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:98-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Dormán G, Nakamura H, Pulsipher A, Prestwich GD. The Life of Pi Star: Exploring the Exciting and Forbidden Worlds of the Benzophenone Photophore. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15284-15398. [PMID: 27983805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of benzophenone (BP) photochemistry in biological chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and material science have been prominent in both academic and industrial research. BP photophores have unique photochemical properties: upon n-π* excitation at 365 nm, a biradicaloid triplet state is formed reversibly, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from accessible C-H bonds; the radicals subsequently recombine, creating a stable covalent C-C bond. This light-directed covalent attachment process is exploited in many different ways: (i) binding/contact site mapping of ligand (or protein)-protein interactions; (ii) identification of molecular targets and interactome mapping; (iii) proteome profiling; (iv) bioconjugation and site-directed modification of biopolymers; (v) surface grafting and immobilization. BP photochemistry also has many practical advantages, including low reactivity toward water, stability in ambient light, and the convenient excitation at 365 nm. In addition, several BP-containing building blocks and reagents are commercially available. In this review, we explore the "forbidden" (transitions) and excitation-activated world of photoinduced covalent attachment of BP photophores by touring a colorful palette of recent examples. In this exploration, we will see the pros and cons of using BP photophores, and we hope that both novice and expert photolabelers will enjoy and be inspired by the breadth and depth of possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Targetex llc , Dunakeszi H-2120, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged , Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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5
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Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:231-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Zhang S, Wang K, Li Z, Feng Z, Sun T. Lab in a tube: a fast-assembled colorimetric sensor for highly sensitive detection of oligonucleotides based on a hybridization chain reaction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon adding THBV, the self-assembly of THBV with H1 allows the rest of the DNA sequence of H1 to accelerate H1–H2 complex formation. The G-quadruplex at the end of the H1–H2 complex could catalyze TMB into a colored product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Zhongmin Feng
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
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7
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Pilau EJ, Iglesias AH, Gozzo FC. A new label-free approach for the determination of reaction rates in oxidative footprinting experiments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7679-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Forné I, Ludwigsen J, Imhof A, Becker PB, Mueller-Planitz F. Probing the conformation of the ISWI ATPase domain with genetically encoded photoreactive crosslinkers and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.012088. [PMID: 22167269 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.012088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy for rapidly gaining structural information about a protein from crosslinks formed by genetically encoded unnatural amino acids. We applied it to ISWI, a chromatin remodeling enzyme involved in chromatin assembly, DNA replication and transcription. ISWI is part of the vast Snf2 family of helicase-related proteins, many of which constitute the catalytic cores of chromatin remodeling complexes. Structural information about this family is scarce, hampering our mechanistic understanding of chromatin remodeling. Making use of cells that harbor a special tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair, several residues within the ATPase domain of ISWI were individually substituted with the UV-reactive unnatural amino acid p-benzoyl-p-phenylalanine. Intramolecular crosslinks could be mapped with amino acid precision by high resolution tandem mass spectrometry and the novel bioinformatic tool "Crossfinder." Most crosslinks were fully consistent with published crystal structures of ISWI-related ATPases. A subset of crosslinks, however, disagreed with the conformations previously captured in crystal structures. We built a structural model using the distance information obtained from the crosslinks and the structure of the closest crystallized relative, Chd1. The model shows the ATPase lobes strongly rotated against each other, a movement postulated earlier to be necessary to achieve a catalytically competent state. The minimal requirements for solubility and protein amounts make our approach ideal for studying structures and conformations of proteins that are not amenable to conventional structural techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Forné
- Protein Analysis Unit, Adolf-Butenandt Institute and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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9
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Small molecule inhibitors of the human papillomavirus E1-E2 interaction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 348:61-88. [PMID: 20676971 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are responsible for multiple human diseases, including cervical cancer caused by multiple high-risk types and genital warts caused by the low-risk types 6 and 11. Based on the research indicating that low-risk HPV could be successfully targeted by inhibitors of viral DNA replication, we carried out several high-throughput screens for inhibitors of DNA replication activities. Two series were identified in screens for inhibitors of the interaction between the viral proteins E1 and E2. The two series were demonstrated to bind to overlapping sites on the transactivation domain of E2, at the E1-binding interface, by a series of biochemical and biophysical experiments. A member of the first series was also cocrystallized with the E2 transactivation domain. For both series, structure-activity investigations are described, which resulted in several hundred fold improvements in activity. The best compounds in each series had low nanomolar activity against the HPV11 E1-E2 interaction, and EC(50) values in cellular DNA replication assays of approximately 1 μM. Binding modes for the two series are compared, and some general conclusions about the discovery of protein-protein interaction inhibitors are drawn from the work described.
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10
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Higueruelo AP, Schreyer A, Bickerton GRJ, Pitt WR, Groom CR, Blundell TL. Atomic interactions and profile of small molecules disrupting protein-protein interfaces: the TIMBAL database. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:457-67. [PMID: 19811506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence of the possibility of modulating protein-protein interactions with small molecules is opening the door to new approaches and concepts in drug discovery. In this paper, we describe the creation of TIMBAL, a hand-curated database holding an up to date collection of small molecules inhibiting multi-protein complexes. This database has been analysed and profiled in terms of molecular properties. Protein-protein modulators tend to be large lipophilic molecules with few hydrogen bond features. An analysis of TIMBAL's intersection with other structural databases, including CREDO (protein-small molecule from the PDB) and PICCOLO (protein-protein from the PDB) reveals that TIMBAL molecules tend to form mainly hydrophobic interactions with only a few hydrogen bonding contacts. With respect to potency, TIMBAL molecules are slightly less efficient than an average medicinal chemistry hit or lead. The database provides a resource that will allow further insights into the types of molecules favoured by protein interfaces and provide a background to continuing work in this area. Access at http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk/timbal.
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11
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Tian R, Li L, Tang W, Liu H, Ye M, Zhao ZK, Zou H. Chemical proteomic study of isoprenoid chain interactome with a synthetic photoaffinity probe. Proteomics 2008; 8:3094-104. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Benesch JLP, Ruotolo BT, Simmons DA, Robinson CV. Protein complexes in the gas phase: technology for structural genomics and proteomics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3544-67. [PMID: 17649985 DOI: 10.1021/cr068289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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13
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Fradet-Turcotte A, Archambault J. Recent Advances in the Search for Antiviral Agents against Human Papillomaviruses. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is extremely common and associated with the development of benign warts or malignant lesions of the skin and mucosa. Infection by a high-risk (oncogenic) anogenital HPV type, most often through sexual contacts, is the starting point of virtually all cases of cervical cancers and the majority of anal cancers. The same viral types are also increasingly being linked with a subset of head-and-neck and non-melanoma skin cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines are now available to protect against the four types most commonly found in cervical and anal cancers (HPV16 and HPV18) and anogenital warts (HPV6 and HPV11), these neither protect against all genital HPVs nor are of therapeutic utility for already infected patients. Thus, the need for antiviral agents to treat HPV-associated diseases remains great, but none currently exist. This article reviews the recent progress made towards the development of antiviral agents to treat HPV infections, from target identification and validation to the discovery of lead compounds with therapeutic potential. Emphasis has been placed on novel low-molecular-weight compounds that antagonize HPV proteins or, alternatively, inhibit cellular proteins which have been usurped by papillomaviruses and are mediating their pathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Robinette D, Neamati N, Tomer KB, Borchers CH. Photoaffinity labeling combined with mass spectrometric approaches as a tool for structural proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2006; 3:399-408. [PMID: 16901199 PMCID: PMC2266983 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein chemistry, such as crosslinking and photoaffinity labeling, in combination with modern mass spectrometric techniques, can provide information regarding protein-protein interactions beyond that normally obtained from protein identification and characterization studies. While protein crosslinking can make tertiary and quaternary protein structure information available, photoaffinity labeling can be used to obtain structural data about ligand-protein interaction sites, such as oligonucleotide-protein, drug-protein and protein-protein interaction. In this article, we describe mass spectrometry-based photoaffinity labeling methodologies currently used and discuss their current limitations. We also discuss their potential as a common approach to structural proteomics for providing 3D information regarding the binding region, which ultimately will be used for molecular modeling and structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robinette
- Research Associate, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC-Duke Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, CB7028, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Assistant Professor, University of Southern California, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Room 304, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Kenneth B Tomer
- Senior Investigator, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH/DHHS, Mass Spectrometry Group, Laboratory of Structural Biology, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Assistant Professor and Faculty Director, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC-Duke Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, CB7260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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15
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Kukolj G, McGibbon GA, McKercher G, Marquis M, Lefèbvre S, Thauvette L, Gauthier J, Goulet S, Poupart MA, Beaulieu PL. Binding site characterization and resistance to a class of non-nucleoside inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39260-7. [PMID: 16188890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The virally encoded NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has emerged as a prime target in the search for specific HCV antivirals. A series of benzimidazole 5-carboxamide compounds inhibit the cellular RNA replication of a HCV subgenomic replicon and we have advanced our understanding of this class of inhibitors through a combination of complementary approaches that include biochemical cross-linking experiments with a photoreactive analogue followed by mass spectrometry analysis of the enzyme. A novel binding site has been localized for these inhibitors at the junction of the thumb domain and the N-terminal finger loop. Furthermore, the isolation and characterization of resistant replicon mutants that co-localize to this region distinguished this class of compounds from other non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors that bind to distinct allosteric sites. Resistant mutations that emerged with the benzimidazole 5-carboxamide and related compounds were found at three amino acid positions in the thumb domain: Pro(495) with substitutions to Ser, Leu, Ala, or Thr; Pro(496) substitutions to Ser or Ala; and a V499A substitution. Mutations at each of these positions conferred different levels of resistance to this drug class: the Pro(495) changes provided the greatest shifts in compound potency, followed by moderate changes in potency with the Pro(496) substitutions, and finally only minor shifts in potency with V499A. Combinations that include the benzimidazole 5-carboxamide polymerase inhibitors and compounds that bind other sites or other HCV targets, including HCV protease inhibitors, are complementary in cell culture models of HCV RNA replication at suppressing the emergence of resistant variants. This novel class of compounds and unique binding site expand the diversity of HCV antivirals currently under development and offer the potential to improve the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kukolj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada.
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