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Liu Y, Bai J, Dong X, Cao Y, Bao M, Lu Y, Zeng H, Zhan L, Guo Y. Online Charge-Generation Derivatization by Electrochemical Radical Cations of Thianthrene: Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Estrogens in Biological Tissues. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39031066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Estrogens play a significant role in endocrinology and oncology. Although separation methods coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) have emerged as a powerful tool for studying estrogens, imaging the spatial distributions of estrogens is crucial but remains challenging due to its low endogenous concentration and poor ionization efficiency. Charge-generation derivatization, such as N-alkylpyridinium quaternization and S-methyl thioetherification, represents a method wherein neutral molecules involving analytes and derivatization reagents undergo chemical reactions to establish permanent charges directly onto the analytes to improve detection sensitivity. Here, we developed a novel derivatization reagent, thianthrene (TT), which enabled oxidization to radical cations ([TT]•+) using an electrochemical method and completed the online charge-generation derivatization of estrogens on a mass spectrometry imaging platform. In this strategy, [TT]•+ can efficiently and selectively derivatize estrogens via an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Results indicated that derivatization with [TT]•+ can significantly enhance imaging sensitivity (3 orders of magnitude), enabling the visualization of estrogen and its metabolites in ovarian and breast tissues. Furthermore, a higher mass intensity of these estrogens was captured in breast para-cancerous tissues than in cancerous tissues, which might provide estrogens spatial dimension information for further research on the initiation and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiahui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingmai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingjie Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Comprehensive Exposure Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Lixing Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Franco DMM, Covas TR, Pereira RCL, da Silva LC, Rangel MD, Simas RC, Dufrayer GHM, Vaz BG. Direct sulfur-containing compound speciation in crude oils and high-boiling fractions by APCI (+) FT-ICR mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2635-2642. [PMID: 38497244 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on advancing the methodology for detecting sulfur-containing compounds (SCCs) in crude oils and their derivatives. These compounds are critical for geochemical analysis, crude oil evaluation, and overcoming production and refining challenges. Although various analytical techniques exist, the precision and resolution power of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) stand out. However, the current methods for characterizing SCCs in petroleum products often lack standardization and tend to be complex and time-consuming. Our research introduces the use of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) as an efficient alternative. We employed a mixture of toluene and methanol (1 : 1 ratio) for APCI, which demonstrated superior performance in sulfur speciation compared to mixtures of toluene and acetonitrile. Our specified method showed high repeatability, with coefficients of variation reported between 5% and 14%. This method effectively covers a wide range of double bond equivalents (DBEs) from 1 to 25 and various carbon numbers, demonstrating notable repeatability and reproducibility. Compared to results from ESI post-S-methylation and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI), APCI offers a more comprehensive analysis of sulfur compounds, presenting a broad spectrum of molecular formulae and extending across a vast range of carbon numbers and DBEs. Here, we demonstrate that APCI is a robust and efficient method for direct and extensive sulfur speciation in crude oil and its high-boiling fractions, marking a significant advancement over existing techniques. This methodological improvement opens new pathways for more accurate and efficient sulfur compound analysis in petroleum products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mitze Muller Franco
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Taynara Rodrigues Covas
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Rosana Cardoso Lopes Pereira
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Lidya Cardozo da Silva
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Mario Duncan Rangel
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriel Henry Morais Dufrayer
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Starkova Z, Polovkov N, Pikovskoy I, Butyrin R, Kanateva A, Borisov R, Zaikin V. Convenient high resolution mass spectrometry characterization of aromatic sulfur-containing petroleum components following by preliminary S-alkylation with aliphatic alcohols. Talanta 2024; 268:125353. [PMID: 37952314 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes rather suitable and variable preliminary derivatization strategy that may precede the molecular level characterization of sulfur-containing compounds of a particularly aromatic nature by high-resolution MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry. We demonstrated for the first time that free aliphatic alcohols (primary 1-alkanols C3-C20) in the presence of triflic acid provide easy S-alkylation of not only saturated sulfides but also most typical aromatic sulfur-containing compounds (benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and their homologues) widely distributed and frequently analyzed in oil. The reaction proceeds quantitatively at rather mild conditions and gives rise to corresponding S-alkyl sulfonium salts the cation moieties of which can be detected using MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry with excellent signal/noise (S/N) ratios; the response ratios for target ions being quite close for both methods. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of S-alkylsulfonium cations proceeds only by the elimination of entire S-alkyl group yielding protonated molecule of the analyte. This process can be useful for a reliable determination of target aromatic heterocyclic compounds in complex mixtures. The applicability of the method is illustrated by the analysis of deasphalted medium petroleum sample. The proposed derivatization principle is considered to be highly applicable as an alternative approach to routine characterization and sensitive determination of most typical sulfur-containing compounds and particularly of aromatic S-heterocycles in crude oils by soft-ionization mass spectrometry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Starkova
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Polovkov
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Pikovskoy
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 17 nab.Severnoy Dviny, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Butyrin
- V.I.Shpilman Research and Analytical Center for the Rational Use of the Subsoil, 2 Studencheskaya str, Khanty-Mansiysk, 628007, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya Kanateva
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Borisov
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 17 nab.Severnoy Dviny, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation; D.Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Pl., Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir Zaikin
- A.V.Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Li S, Wu J, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Hu M, Chung KH, Shi Q. Speciation and molecular characterization of thiophenic and sulfide compounds in petroleum by sulfonation and methylation followed by electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1889-1896. [PMID: 36820910 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenes and sulfides are the dominant sulfur-containing compounds in petroleum and have been widely of concern in the fields of petroleum refining and geochemistry. In this study, a novel approach was developed for selective separation and characterization of petroleum-derived thiophenic and sulfide compounds. Thiophenic compounds were selectively converted to sulfonates in the presence of vitriolic acid and can be characterized by negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. Thiophenic sulfonates were further separated from the oil by silica chromatography and enabled the molecular characterization of sulfides in the residual oil. Various model sulfur compounds and a vacuum gas oil were used to validate the method; thiophenic and sulfide biomarker compounds in a well-documented crude oil were selectively characterized. The results indicate that the approach is feasible for molecular characterization of thiophenic and sulfide compounds, which is complementary to recently developed methods for separation and/or ionization of sulfur compounds in petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Petroleum Molecular Engineering Center (PMEC), China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Petroleum Molecular Engineering Center (PMEC), China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Petroleum Molecular Engineering Center (PMEC), China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Petroleum Molecular Engineering Center (PMEC), China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Hu
- Institute of Chemicals &Advanced Materials, CNOOC, Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Petroleum Molecular Engineering Center (PMEC), China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Starkova Z, Ilyushenkova V, Polovkov N, Voskressenskaya D, Pikovskoi I, Tebenikhin M, Vtorushina E, Kanateva A, Borisov R, Zaikin V. The Use of Polydialkylsiloxanes/Triflic Acid as Derivatization Agents in the Analysis of Sulfur-Containing Aromatics by "Soft"-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238600. [PMID: 36500695 PMCID: PMC9739198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur-containing compounds are widely distributed in oil, especially in its low-volatile and heavy fractions (resins, asphaltenes), and this dictates the need for their determination when reliable methods for sulfur removing, cleaning and processing oil are developed. In these cases, "soft" ionization mass spectrometry methods, based on electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), are particularly effective. However, aromatic sulfur-containing compounds have low polarity and cannot be readily ionized by these methods. To overcome the problem, their preliminary conversion into sulfonium salts by the action of alkyl iodides and a silver-containing agent is widely used. In the process of developing more economical derivatization methods, we found a rather unexpected possibility of implementing S-alkylation of organic sulfides with commercial polydialkylsiloxanes (alkyl = CH3 or C2H5) in the presence of triflic acid (CF3SO3H) as a superacid co-alkylating agent. For homologous dibenzothiophenes as a typical model representative of petroleum sulfur-containing aromatic compounds, ESI and MALDI mass spectra exhibited the signals of corresponding S-alkylsulfonium salts with a high signal-to-noise ratio. A rational mechanism for the described chemical transformation is proposed, including the indispensable activation by triflic acid and the cleavage of the Si-C bond. Specific collision-induced dissociation of corresponding S-alkylated sulfonium cations is considered. The applicability of the derivatization approach to the analysis of petroleum products by high-resolution mass spectrometry is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Starkova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Ilyushenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Polovkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Voskressenskaya
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 17 nab.Severnoy Dviny, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Tebenikhin
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ella Vtorushina
- V.I. Shpilman Research and Analytical Center for the Rational Use of the Subsoil, 2 Studencheskaya Str., 628007 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Kanateva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 17 nab.Severnoy Dviny, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Department of Plastics, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Starkova ZE, Polovkov NY, Kanateva AY, Borisov RS, Zaikin VG. Isomeriс Effects in the Mass Spectra of Stimulated Dissociation of Sulfonium Cations Desorbed from S-Alkylated Thiacyclanes under MALDI Conditions: A Convenient Method for the Derivatization of Sulfides with Alkyl Formates. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Fan J, Chen A, Saxena S, Li H, Castaño P, Zhang W, Roberts WL. Oxidative desulfurization of model compounds and crude oil using Mo/Ti-DMSN catalyst and a detailed molecular characterization of sulfur species. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Scott DE, Schulze M, Stryker JM, Tykwinski RR. Deciphering structure and aggregation in asphaltenes: hypothesis-driven design and development of synthetic model compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9202-9239. [PMID: 34231589 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asphaltenes comprise the heaviest and least understood fraction of crude petroleum. The asphaltenes are a diverse and complex mixture of organic and organometallic molecules in which most of the molecular constituents are tightly aggregated into more complicated suprastructures. The bulk properties of asphaltenes arise from a broad range of polycyclic aromatics, heteroatoms, and polar functional groups. Despite much analytical effort, the precise molecular architectures of the material remain unresolved. To understand asphaltene characteristics and reactivity, the field has turned to synthetic model compounds that mirror asphaltene structure, aggregation behavior, and thermal chemistry, including the nucleation of coke. Historically, molecular asphaltene modeling was limited to commercial compounds, offering little illumination and few opportunities for hypothesis-driven research. More recently, however, rational molecular design and modern organic synthesis have started to impact this area. This review provides an overview of commercially available model compounds but is principally focused on the design and synthesis of structurally advanced and appropriately functionalized compounds to mimic the physical and chemical behavior of asphaltenes. Efforts to model asphaltene aggregation are briefly discussed, and a prognosis for the field is offered. A referenced tabulation of the synthetic compounds reported to date is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Zhao J, Ren L, Liu T, Dai L, Zhang L, Han W, Li D. An Insight into the Evolution of Sulfur Species during the Integration Process of Residue Hydrotreating and Delayed Coking. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhao
- Department of Hydroprocessing, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 1 BaiFuQuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
- Department of Hydrogenation Catalyst, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 18 Xue Yuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Hydroprocessing, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 1 BaiFuQuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Hydroprocessing, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 1 BaiFuQuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Lishun Dai
- Department of Hydroprocessing, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 1 BaiFuQuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Hydrogenation Catalyst, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 18 Xue Yuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Hydrogenation Catalyst, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 18 Xue Yuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Dadong Li
- Department of Hydroprocessing, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 1 BaiFuQuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
- Department of Hydrogenation Catalyst, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 18 Xue Yuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8676. [PMID: 31773793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterization of complex samples remains a challenging task due to the high number of compounds present. Matrix effects, ion discrimination and suppression are limiting factors which force the use of different methods for the same sample to gain a broad understanding of complex mixtures. METHODS Various ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have been used in various problems for complex mixture analysis. Especially demanding is the analysis of energy-related hydrocarbon mixtures, such as crude oil. Here, the different ionization sources alone and in combination with each other have been used on an ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer to study a light crude oil. RESULTS Despite the great variety of the available ionization sources, there is no single technique which can fully characterize the crude oil. Each ionization technique shows a selectivity towards specific types of compounds. While ESI is the method of choice for the detection of polar compounds, APPI and APCI favor the detection of nonpolar and low-to-medium polar compounds, respectively. The combination of ESI/APPI favors hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. CONCLUSIONS Combining different ionization methods can be used as an alternative in order to gain more information about compounds present in a complex mixture although a combination of different ion sources could enhance suppression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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12
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Acter T, Solihat NN, Kim S, Uddin N, Mustafa AI, Shamsuddin SM, Kim S. Application of silver-assisted laser desorption ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for the speciation of sulfur compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:243-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Palacio Lozano DC, Gavard R, Arenas-Diaz JP, Thomas MJ, Stranz DD, Mejía-Ospino E, Guzman A, Spencer SEF, Rossell D, Barrow MP. Pushing the analytical limits: new insights into complex mixtures using mass spectra segments of constant ultrahigh resolving power. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6966-6978. [PMID: 31588263 PMCID: PMC6764280 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new strategy has been developed for characterization of the most challenging complex mixtures to date, using a combination of custom-designed experiments and a new data pre-processing algorithm. In contrast to traditional methods, the approach enables operation of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with constant ultrahigh resolution at hitherto inaccessible levels (approximately 3 million FWHM, independent of m/z). The approach, referred to as OCULAR, makes it possible to analyze samples that were previously too complex, even for high field FT-ICR MS instrumentation. Previous FT-ICR MS studies have typically spanned a broad mass range with decreasing resolving power (inversely proportional to m/z) or have used a single, very narrow m/z range to produce data of enhanced resolving power; both methods are of limited effectiveness for complex mixtures spanning a broad mass range, however. To illustrate the enhanced performance due to OCULAR, we show how a record number of unique molecular formulae (244 779 elemental compositions) can be assigned in a single, non-distillable petroleum fraction without the aid of chromatography or dissociation (MS/MS) experiments. The method is equally applicable to other areas of research, can be used with both high field and low field FT-ICR MS instruments to enhance their performance, and represents a step-change in the ability to analyze highly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Catalina Palacio Lozano
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga , Colombia
| | - Remy Gavard
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre of Doctoral Training , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Juan P Arenas-Diaz
- Department of Chemistry , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga , Colombia
| | - Mary J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre of Doctoral Training , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | | | - Enrique Mejía-Ospino
- Department of Chemistry , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga , Colombia
| | - Alexander Guzman
- Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo , Ecopetrol , Piedecuesta , Colombia
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Department of Statistics , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - David Rossell
- Department of Economics & Business , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona 08005 , Spain
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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14
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Vetere A, Alachraf MW, Panda SK, Andersson JT, Schrader W. Studying the fragmentation mechanism of selected components present in crude oil by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2141-2151. [PMID: 30198194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Structural characterization of individual compounds in very complex mixtures is difficult to achieve. One important step in structural elucidation is understanding the mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanisms of the compounds present in such mixtures. Here, different individual compounds presumed to be present in a complex crude oil mixture have been synthesized and structurally characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) studies. METHODS Model compounds with different aromatic cores and various substitutents were synthesized. Major effort has been put into producing isomerically pure compounds to better understand the fragmentation pattern. Each synthesized compound has been subjected to MSn studies using either a triple quadrupole or a linear ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray or atmospheric pressure photoionization. The results are used to analyze individual compounds from a complex vacuum gas oil (VGO). RESULTS The synthesized compounds and a chromatographically simplified vacuum gas oil were used for structural analysis. The major fragmentation mechanism is the benzylic cleavage of the aliphatic side chain. Each side chain can be separately removed from the aromatic core by using MSn methods. At the end of a series of fragmentations, the base aromatic core structure remains and can be chararcterized. CONCLUSIONS By defining the fragmentation mechanism in complex oil samples it was possible to structurally characterize individual compounds present in a chromatographically simplified VGO. The compounds consist of an aromatic core with aliphatic side chains. Cleavage of all side chains can be achieved by MSn measurements, allowing characterization of the remaining core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - M Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Saroj K Panda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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15
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Gutiérrez Sama S, Barrère-Mangote C, Bouyssière B, Giusti P, Lobinski R. Recent trends in element speciation analysis of crude oils and heavy petroleum fractions. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Zaikin VG, Kozlov AV, Borisov RS, Shchapin IY. Regio-isomeric effects in tandem mass spectra of sulfonium cations generated from thiacyclane based sulfonium salts under soft ionization conditions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:108-115. [PMID: 29232998 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717723909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of regio-isomerism of even-electron sulfonium ions on tandem electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra recorded by using collision-induced dissociation was investigated. The initial organic sulfides belonged to isomeric thiabicyclane series (substituted 7- and 8-thiabicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes, 2- and 3-thiabicyclo[4.4.0]decanes) and phenylthiolanes. To investigate by the abovementioned mass spectrometry methods, the sulfides were preliminary S-alkylated by methyl, ethyl iodides, their deuterated analogs and trialkoxonium tetrafluoroborates to form corresponding sulfonium salts. The latter salts readily gave off corresponding sulfonium cations under abovementioned desorption/ionization conditions and these cations were precursor ions in collision-induced dissociation experiments. The main quantitative and frequently qualitative differences between collision-induced dissociation spectra of isomers were manifested in mass numbers and relative intensities of the ions Alk-S+ = CHR (formal structure) that originated from the destruction of sulfur-containing ring. Corresponding peaks are particularly abundant for cations Alk-S+ = CH2 and their intensities are usually greater than for other C-substituted homologues. Qualitative difference between fragmentation features of 2- and 3-phenylthiolanium cations is that only the latter can eliminate neutral C2H4S molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- 1 A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton V Kozlov
- 1 A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- 1 A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- 2 People's Friendship University of Russia, Faculty of physics-mathematics and natural sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Yu Shchapin
- 3 D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Department of High Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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17
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Transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds in atmospheric residue by hydrotreating. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Tian Z, Vila J, Wang H, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Diversity and Abundance of High-Molecular-Weight Azaarenes in PAH-Contaminated Environmental Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14047-14054. [PMID: 29160699 PMCID: PMC6343503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Azaarenes are N-heterocyclic polyaromatic pollutants that co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. Despite the known toxicity of some high-molecular-weight azaarenes, their diversity, abundance, and fate in contaminated soils remain to be elucidated. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass-defect filtering to four PAH-contaminated samples from geographically distant sites and detected 232 azaarene congeners distributed in eight homologous series, including alkylated derivatives and two hitherto unknown series. Four- and five-ring azaarenes were detected among these series, and the most abundant nonalkylated congeners groups (C13H9N, C15H9N, C17H11N, C19H11N, and C21H13N) were quantified. The profiles of congener groups varied among different sites. Three-ring azaarenes presented higher concentrations in unweathered sites, while four- and five-ring azaarenes predominated in weathered sites. Known toxic and carcinogenic azaarenes, such as benzo[c]acridine and dibenzo[a,h]acridine, were detected along with their multiple isomers. Our results highlight a previously unrecognized diversity and abundance of azaarenes in PAH-contaminated sites, with corresponding implications for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
| | - Hanyan Wang
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3260 USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
- Corresponding Authors; , Phone: +1 919-966-1481
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19
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Vetere A, Pröfrock D, Schrader W. Quantitative und qualitative Analyse dreier Klassen von Schwefelverbindungen in Erdöl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Institut für Küstenforschung; Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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20
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Vetere A, Pröfrock D, Schrader W. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Three Classes of Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10933-10937. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vetere
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Institut für Küstenforschung; Max-Planck-Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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21
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Liu FJ, Fan M, Wei XY, Zong ZM. Application of mass spectrometry in the characterization of chemicals in coal-derived liquids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:543-579. [PMID: 27074547 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coal-derived liquids (CDLs) are primarily generated from pyrolysis, carbonization, gasification, direct liquefaction, low-temperature extraction, thermal dissolution, and mild oxidation. CDLs are important feedstocks for producing value-added chemicals and clean liquid fuels as well as high performance carbon materials. Accordingly, the compositional characterization of chemicals in CDLs at the molecular level with advanced analytical techniques is significant for the efficient utilization of CDLs. Although reviews on advancements have been rarely reported, great progress has been achieved in this area by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), two-dimensional GC-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). This review focuses on characterizing hydrocarbon, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing, sulfur-containing, and halogen-containing chemicals in various CDLs with these three mass spectrometry techniques. Small molecular (< 500 u), volatile and semi-volatile, and less polar chemicals in CDLs have been identified with GC/MS and GC × GC-TOFMS. By equipped with two-dimensional GC, GC × GC-TOFMS can achieve a clearly chromatographic separation of complex chemicals in CDLs without prior fractionation, and thus can overcome the disadvantages of co-elution and serious peak overlap in GC/MS analysis, providing much more compositional information. With ultrahigh resolving power and mass accuracy, FT-ICR MS reveals a huge number of compositionally distinct compounds assigned to various chemical classes in CDLs. It shows excellent performance in resolving and characterizing higher-molecular, less volatile, and polar chemicals that cannot be detected by GC/MS and GC × GC-TOFMS. The application of GC × GC-TOFMS and FT-ICR MS to chemical characterization of CDLs is not as prevalent as that of petroleum and largely remains to be developed in many respects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:543-579, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zong
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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22
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Separations in the Sample Preparation for Sulfur Compound Analysis. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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24
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Wang M, Zhao S, Liu X, Shi Q. Molecular Characterization of Thiols in Fossil Fuels by Michael Addition Reaction Derivatization and Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9837-9842. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Research
Institute
of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suoqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xuxia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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25
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Janusson E, McGarvey GB, Islam F, Rowan C, McIndoe JS. Selective mass spectrometric analysis of thiols using charge-tagged disulfides. Analyst 2016; 141:5520-6. [PMID: 27390787 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01210h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple chemical derivatization technique was developed for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in which thiols and disulfides may be selectively analyzed in a complex matrix and easily characterized. These reagents enhance detection of thiols and disulfides solely due to the nature of the charge-tag derivatization agent and therefore does not require an isotopically labelled substrate. The charged disulfides readily and exclusively react with thiols in a complex matrix in a short amount of time. Furthermore, the synthesis of these reagents is simple and results in a highly pure and stable reagent. The efficacy of this reaction was demonstrated using on-line monitoring, while the scope and usefulness of the reaction was demonstrated in petroleum fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Janusson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W3V6, Canada.
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26
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Tang W, Sheng H, Jin C, Riedeman JS, Kenttämaa HI. Characterization of aromatic organosulfur model compounds relevant to fossil fuels by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with CS2 and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:953-962. [PMID: 26969938 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chemistry of desulfurization involved in processing crude oil is greatly dependent on the forms of sulfur in the oil. Sulfur exists in different chemical bonding environments in fossil fuels, including those in thiophenes and benzothiophenes, thiols, sulfides, and disulfides. In this study, the fragmentation behavior of the molecular ions of 17 aromatic organosulfur compounds with various functionalities was systematically investigated by using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS Multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometric experiments were carried out using a linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. (+)APCI/CS2 was used to generate stable dominant molecular ions for all the compounds studied except for three sulfides that also showed abundant fragment ions. The LQIT coupled with an orbitrap mass spectrometer was used for elemental composition analysis, which facilitated the identification of the neutral molecules lost during fragmentation. RESULTS The characteristic fragment ions generated in MS(2) and MS(3) experiments provide clues for the chemical bonding environment of sulfur atoms in the examined compounds. Upon collision-induced dissociation (CID), the molecular ions can lose the sulfur atom in a variety of ways, including as S (32 Da), HS(•) (33 Da), H2 S (34 Da), CS (44 Da), (•) CHS (45 Da) and CH2 S (46 Da). These neutral fragments are not only indicative of the presence of sulfur, but also of the type of sulfur present in the compound. Generally, losses of HS(•) and H2 S were found to be associated with compounds containing saturated sulfur functionalities, while losses of S, CS and (•) CHS were more common for heteroaromatic sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with APCI/CS2 ionization is a viable approach to determining the types of organosulfur compounds. It can potentially be applied to analysis of complex mixtures, which is beneficial to improving the desulfurization process of fossil fuels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunfen Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - James S Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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27
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Shi Q. Ionizing Aromatic Compounds in Petroleum by Electrospray with HCOONH4 as Ionization Promoter. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3471-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy
Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yahe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy
Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy
Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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28
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Wang X, Schrader W. Selective Analysis of Sulfur-Containing Species in a Heavy Crude Oil by Deuterium Labeling Reactions and Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30133-43. [PMID: 26694374 PMCID: PMC4691148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A heavy crude oil has been treated with deuterated alkylating reagents (CD₃I and C₂D₅I) and directly analyzed without any prior fractionation and chromatographic separation by high-field Orbitrap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS) and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI). The reaction of a polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) dibenzothiophene (DBT), in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) with ethyl iodide (C₂H₅I) in anhydrous dichloroethane (DCE) was optimized as a sample reaction to study heavy crude oil mixtures, and the reaction yield was monitored and determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR). The obtained conditions were then applied to a mixture of standard aromatic CH-, N-, O- and S-containing compounds and then a heavy crude oil, and only sulfur-containing compounds were selectively alkylated. The deuterium labeled alkylating reagents, iodomethane-d₃ (CD₃I) and iodoethane-d₅ (C₂D₅I), were employed to the alkylation of heavy crude oil to selectively differentiate the tagged sulfur species from the original crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiao Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Molnárné Guricza L, Schrader W. Electrospray ionization for determination of non-polar polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polyaromatic heterocycles in heavy crude oil asphaltenes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:549-557. [PMID: 25800191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most common ionization method in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry because of its easy use and handling and because a diverse range of components can be effectively ionized from high to medium polarity. Usually, ESI is not employed for the analysis of non-polar hydrocarbons, but under some circumstances, they are effectively ionized. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles can form radical ions and protonated molecules after ESI, which were detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The highly condensed aromatic structures are obtained from a heavy crude oil, and the results show class distribution from pure hydrocarbons up to more non-basic nitrogen-containing species. By using different solvent compositions [toluene/methanol (50/50 v/v), dichloromethane/methanol (50/50 v/v), dichloromethane/acetonitrile (50/50 v/v) and chloroform], the results show that the lack of proton donor agent helps to preserve the radical formation that was created at the metal/solution interface inside the electrospray capillary. The results demonstrate that with an appropriate selection of solvent and capillary voltage, the ratio between the detected radical ion and protonated molecule form can be manipulated. Therefore, ESI can be expanded for the investigation of asphaltene and other polyaromatic systems beyond the polar constituents as non-polar hydrocarbons can be efficiently analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Molnárné Guricza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Cho Y, Ahmed A, Islam A, Kim S. Developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:248-263. [PMID: 24942384 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing importance of heavy and unconventional crude oil as an energy source, there is a growing need for petroleomics: the pursuit of more complete and detailed knowledge of the chemical compositions of crude oil. Crude oil has an extremely complex nature; hence, techniques with ultra-high resolving capabilities, such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), are necessary. FT-ICR MS has been successfully applied to the study of heavy and unconventional crude oils such as bitumen and shale oil. However, the analysis of crude oil with FT-ICR MS is not trivial, and it has pushed analysis to the limits of instrumental and methodological capabilities. For example, high-resolution mass spectra of crude oils may contain over 100,000 peaks that require interpretation. To visualize large data sets more effectively, data processing methods such as Kendrick mass defect analysis and statistical analyses have been developed. The successful application of FT-ICR MS to the study of crude oil has been critically dependent on key developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation and data processing methods. This review offers an introduction to the basic principles, FT-ICR MS instrumentation development, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics and is intended for readers having no prior experience in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Franchina FA, Machado ME, Tranchida PQ, Zini CA, Caramão EB, Mondello L. Determination of aromatic sulphur compounds in heavy gas oil by using (low-)flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Wang M, Zhao S, Chung KH, Xu C, Shi Q. Approach for Selective Separation of Thiophenic and Sulfidic Sulfur Compounds from Petroleum by Methylation/Demethylation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503670k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Suoqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Keng H Chung
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Liaoning HuajinTongda Chemicals Co. Ltd., Panjin, Liaoning 124021, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Hegazi AH, Fathalla EM, Andersson JT. Weathering trend characterization of medium-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic disulfur heterocycles by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:266-271. [PMID: 24997927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Different weathering factors act to change petroleum composition once it is spilled into the environment. n-Alkanes, biomarkers, low-molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles compositional changing in the environment have been extensively studied by different researchers and many parameters have been used for oil source identification and monitoring of weathering and biological degradation processes. In this work, we studied the fate of medium-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic disulfur heterocycles (PAS2Hs), up to ca. 900Da, of artificially weathered Flotta North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. It was found that PAS2Hs in studied crude oil having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 5 to 8 with a mass range from ca 316 to 582Da were less influenced even after six months artificial weathering experiment. However, compounds having DBEs 12, 11 and 10 were depleted after two, four and six months weathering, respectively. In addition, DBE 9 series was more susceptible to weathering than those of DBE 7 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman H Hegazi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eiman M Fathalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Yue C, Li S, Song H. Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction Simulation Experiments on the Formation and Distribution of Organic Sulfur Compounds in the Tuha Crude Oil. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Schrader W, Xuan Y, Gaspar A. Studying ultra-complex crude oil mixtures by using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) coupled to an electrospray ionisation-LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:43-49. [PMID: 24881454 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was coupled directly to an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer to analyze a nitrogen-rich crude oil. Analyzing crude oil is extremely difficult because of the complexity, as up to 100,000 different components can be present. Therefore, simplification of crude oil increases the information content because discrimination and suppression effects are reduced. Here, the first results are presented that show that FAIMS can be an important tool for the simplification of complex mixtures. Additionally, the results show that FAIMS is an excellent tool that allows not only a simplification of such complex mixtures, but also shows the separation of isomeric compounds that have the same elemental composition but different structure and conformation.
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Griffiths MT, Da Campo R, O’Connor PB, Barrow MP. Throwing Light on Petroleum: Simulated Exposure of Crude Oil to Sunlight and Characterization Using Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4025335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaello Da Campo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Hourani N, Andersson JT, Möller I, Amad M, Witt M, Sarathy SM. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for complex thiophenic mixture analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2432-2438. [PMID: 24097400 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) are detrimental species for refining processes in petroleum industry. Current mass spectrometric methods that determine their composition are often preceded by derivatization and dopant addition approaches. Different ionization methods have different impact on the molecular assignment of complex PASHs. The analysis of such species under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is still considered limited due to uncontrolled ion generation with low- and high-mass PASHs. METHODS The ionization behavior of a model mixture of five selected PASH standards was investigated using an APCI source with nitrogen as the reagent gas. A complex thiophenic fraction was separated from a vacuum gas oil (VGO) and injected using the same method. The samples were analyzed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). RESULTS PASH model analytes were successfully ionized and mainly [M + H](+) ions were produced. The same ionization pattern was observed for the real thiophenic sample. It was found that S1 class species were the major sulfur-containing species found in the VGO sample. These species indicated the presence of alkylated benzothiophenic (BT), dibenzothiophenic (DBT) and benzonaphthothiophenic (BNT) series that were detected by APCI-FTICR MS. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an established APCI-FTICR MS method for the analysis of complex PASHs. PASHs were detected without using any derivatization and without fragmentation. The method can be used for the analysis of S-containing crude oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Hourani
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Lababidi S, Panda SK, Andersson JT, Schrader W. Direct Coupling of Normal-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography to Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Crude Oil. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9478-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400670s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lababidi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Saroj K. Panda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jan T. Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse-30, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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Benassi M, Berisha A, Romão W, Babayev E, Römpp A, Spengler B. Petroleum crude oil analysis using low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:825-834. [PMID: 23495029 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of crude oil is a challenging task due to sample complexity. In mass spectrometry, several ionization techniques can be used to perform this task. Herein, we report the use of an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe to desorb and ionize compounds of petroleum crude oil from different sources and residual fuel oil standard reference materials (SRMs). LTP is used to perform rapid screening of low molecular weight and relatively volatile components enabling characterization and differentiation of crude oil samples relying solely on mass spectrometric data. METHODS Crude oil samples were analyzed without sample preparation or dilution directly from sampling surfaces of different materials such as polytetrafluorethylene, glass and polyethylene. Analyses were performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with high mass accuracy and high resolving power of 400,000 at m/z 400 to estimate the elemental composition of the ions produced by LTP. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the LTP data for statistical analysis. RESULTS LTP was found to generate positive ions of lower mass compounds of low to moderate polarity. Three-dimensional PCA plots efficiently differentiated between SRMs and Azerbaijan crude oil samples. Standards of alkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles, hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics and saturated acids were investigated for their behavior in LTP ionization. Alkanes were found to form oxidized products to some extent. The LTP probe worked particularly well in the characterization of sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS LTP ionization of crude oils was found to advantageously complement analysis by electrospray ionization. The LTP probe in combination with miniaturized mass spectrometers has the potential to provide direct composition analysis and source identification of crude oil contaminations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benassi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Building 16, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Hegazi AH, Fathalla EM, Panda SK, Schrader W, Andersson JT. High-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics refractory to weathering as determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:205-212. [PMID: 22560701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers and low-molecular weight polyaromatic compounds have been extensively studied for their fate in the environment. They are used for oil spill source identification and monitoring of weathering and degradation processes. However, in some cases, the absence or presence of very low concentration of such components restricts the access of information to spill source. Here we followed the resistance of high-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics to the simulated weathering condition of North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The sulfur aromatics in North Sea crude having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 6 to 14 with a mass range 188-674Da were less influenced even after 6 months artificial weathering. Moreover, the ratio of dibenzothiophenes (DBE 9)/naphthenodibenzothiophenes (DBE 10) was 1.30 and 1.36 in crude oil and 6 months weathered sample, respectively reflecting its weathering stability. It also showed some differences within other oils. Hence, this ratio can be used as a marker of the studied crude and accordingly may be applied for spilled oil source identification in such instances where the light components have already been lost due to environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman H Hegazi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Samokhvalov A. Desulfurization of Real and Model Liquid Fuels Using Light: Photocatalysis and Photochemistry. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2012.650958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gaspar A, Zellermann E, Lababidi S, Reece J, Schrader W. Impact of different ionization methods on the molecular assignments of asphaltenes by FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5257-67. [PMID: 22607608 DOI: 10.1021/ac300133p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry has successfully illustrated the extreme complexity of crude oil and related solubility or polarity based fractions on a molecular level. However, the applied ionization technique greatly influences the outcome and may provide misleading information. In this work, we investigate the atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) technique coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer to analyze the asphaltene fraction of a crude oil. These results were compared to data obtained by using other existing atmospheric pressure ionization methods. Furthermore elemental analysis and solid state NMR were used to obtain the bulk characteristics of the asphaltene sample. The results of the different ionization techniques were compared with the bulk properties in order to describe the potential discrimination effects of the ionization techniques that were observed. The results showed that APLI expands the range of the assigned molecules, while retaining information already observed with the generally used ion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Gaspar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Gaspar A, Schrader W. Expanding the data depth for the analysis of complex crude oil samples by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using the spectral stitching method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1047-1052. [PMID: 22467454 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Crude oil samples are very complex mixtures of compounds and only Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides the ultra-high mass resolution necessary to resolve them. However, FT-ICR MS operates best when only a small amount of ions is present during each transient. This cannot be accomplished with crude oil samples without chromatography because more than 50,000 compounds can be present, with the result that species with low intensity may be suppressed and are detected either with low intensity or not at all. METHODS Spectral stitching was used to overcome the problems associated with suppression effects, where only short mass windows of 30 amu were scanned to reduce the amount of ions present in each individual scan. Afterwards, all the scans were co-added and the subsequent spectrum was used to calculate individual class distributions. RESULTS A heavy crude oil sample was analyzed using spectral stitching and this approach was compared with analysis using a broadband-method in order to illustrate the enhancement in depth of information. Although both methods took the same analysis time a seven-times increase in the number of detected species was observed when the spectral stitching method was used compared with the commonly applied broadband method in a 900 amu mass window. CONCLUSIONS Spectral stitching using smaller selected ion monitoring (SIM) windows for complex crude oil samples allows better class distribution to be obtained because less ion suppression is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Gaspar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Muller H, Adam FM, Panda SK, Al-Jawad HH, Al-Hajji AA. Evaluation of quantitative sulfur speciation in gas oils by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: validation by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:806-815. [PMID: 22359090 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been applied for the quantitative speciation of sulfur containing compounds in gas oil (GO). For this purpose, ionization and mass spectrometric parameters have been studied and optimized with a set of standard compounds and GO samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was used as the reference method. To allow a quantitative comparison between FT-ICR MS and GCxGC results for GO samples, FT-ICR MS parameters were optimized and data obtained by both techniques were standardized. Response factors were established for two ionization modes: atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) and electrospray after selective derivatization of sulfur compounds (MeESI). To test the validity of the developed MS methods, a third GO was analyzed and response factors were applied. Comparison with GCxGC results showed good agreement for sulfur families (deviation within 5% and 15% for MeESI and APPI data, respectively). Abundances of individual isomer groups match within 40% in most cases. These results principally demonstrate the suitability of FT-ICR MS for a quantitative analysis of sulfur compounds (by DBE and carbon number distribution pattern) in petroleum middle distillates. This approach has the potential to be extended to higher- and non-boiling petroleum fractions where quantitative speciation is presently not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Muller
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, P.O. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
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Chainet F, Ponthus J, Lienemann CP, Courtiade M, Donard OFX. Combining Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance/Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Kendrick Plots for Silicon Speciation and Molecular Characterization in Petroleum Products at Trace Levels. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3998-4005. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202931s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chainet
- Physics and Analysis Division, IFP Energies nouvelles-Lyon, F-69360 Solaize, France
| | - Jérémie Ponthus
- Physics and Analysis Division, IFP Energies nouvelles-Lyon, F-69360 Solaize, France
| | | | - Marion Courtiade
- Physics and Analysis Division, IFP Energies nouvelles-Lyon, F-69360 Solaize, France
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Eckert PA, Roach PJ, Laskin A, Laskin J. Chemical Characterization of Crude Petroleum Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1517-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Eckert
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Patrick J. Roach
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Nocun M, Andersson JT. Argentation chromatography for the separation of polycyclic aromatic compounds according to ring number. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Panda SK, Brockmann KJ, Benter T, Schrader W. Atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry applied to petroleum samples analysis: comparison with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2317-2326. [PMID: 21769956 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of crude oil samples remains a tough challenge due to the complexity of the matrix and the broad range of physical and chemical properties of the various individual compounds present. In this work, atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) is utilized as a complementary tool to other ionization techniques for crude oil analysis. Mass spectra obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are compared. APLI is primarily sensitive towards non-polar aromatic hydrocarbons, which are generally present in high amounts especially in heavy crude oil samples. The ionization mechanisms of APLI vs. APPI are further investigated. The results indicate the advantages of APLI over established methods like ESI and APPI. The application of APLI in combination with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is thus demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the analysis of aromatic species in complex crude oil fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Panda
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Samokhvalov A. Heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions of sulfur aromatic compounds. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2870-85. [PMID: 21809426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur aromatic compounds, such as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraalkyl-substituted thiophene, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, are the molecular components of many fossils (petroleum, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen). Structural units of natural, cross-linked heteroaromatic polymers present in brown coals, turf, and soil are similar to those of sulfur aromatic compounds. Many sulfur aromatic compounds are found in the streams of petroleum refining and upgrading (naphthas, gas oils) and in the consumer products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, heating fuels). Besides fossils, the structural fragments of sulfur aromatic compounds are present in molecules of certain organic semiconductors, pesticides, small molecule drugs, and in certain biomolecules present in human body (pheomelanin pigments). Photocatalysis is the frontier area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions initiated by absorption of photons by photocatalysts, that is, upon electronic rather than thermal activation, under "green" ambient conditions. This review provides systematization and critical review of the fundamental chemical and physicochemical information on heterogeneous photocatalysis of sulfur aromatic compounds accumulated in the last 20-30 years. Specifically, the following topics are covered: physicochemical properties of sulfur aromatic compounds, major classes of heterogeneous photocatalysts, mechanisms and reactive intermediates of photocatalytic reactions of sulfur aromatic compounds, and the selectivity of these reactions. Quantum chemical calculations of properties and structures of sulfur aromatic compounds, their reactive intermediates, and the structure of adsorption complexes formed on the surface of the photocatalysts are also discussed.
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Ligand exchange chromatography: a vital dimension for the reliable characterization of heterocycles in crude oils and refined products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 400:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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