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Zhan L, Edd J, Mishra A, Toner M. Label-Free Microfluidic Apheresis of Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405853. [PMID: 39199012 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Screening liters of blood (i.e., apheresis) represents a generalized approach to promote the reliable access to circulating tumor cell clusters (CTCCs), which are known to be highly metastasis-competent, yet ultrarare. However, no existing CTCC sorting technology has demonstrated high throughput, high yield, low shear stress, and minimal blood dilution simultaneously as required in apheresis. Here, a label-free method is introduced termed Precision Apheresis for Non-invasive Debulking of cell Aggregates (PANDA) to continuously isolate CTCCs from undiluted blood to clean buffer through size sorting, processing 1.4 billion cells per second. The cell focusing is optimized within whole blood leveraging secondary transverse flow and margination. The PANDA chip recovers >90% of spiked ≈24 rare HeLa cell clusters from 100 mL undiluted blood samples (equivalent to ≈500 billion blood cells) at 1 L h-1 throughput, with ≤20s device residence time, ≤15 Pa shear stress, and >99.9% return of blood components. The technology lays the groundwork for future routine isolation to increase the recovery of these ultrarare yet clinically significant tumor cell populations from large volumes of blood to advance cancer research, early detection, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jon Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 12129, USA
| | - Avanish Mishra
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 12129, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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2
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Iqbal M, Mukhamedshin A, Lezzar DL, Abhishek K, McLennan AL, Lam FW, Shevkoplyas SS. Recent advances in microfluidic cell separation to enable centrifugation-free, low extracorporeal volume leukapheresis in pediatric patients. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2023; 21:494-513. [PMID: 37146298 PMCID: PMC10645346 DOI: 10.2450/bloodtransfus.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukapheresis is a common extracorporeal procedure for leukodepletion and cellular collection. During the procedure, a patient's blood is passed through an apheresis machine to separate white blood cells (WBCs) from red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs), which are then returned to the patient. Although it is well-tolerated by adults and older children, leukapheresis poses a significant risk to neonates and low-weight infants because the extracorporeal volume (ECV) of a typical leukapheresis circuit represents a particularly large fraction of their total blood volume. The reliance of existing apheresis technology on centrifugation for separating blood cells limits the degree to which the circuit ECV could be miniaturized. The rapidly advancing field of microfluidic cell separation holds excellent promise for devices with competitive separation performance and void volumes that are orders of magnitude smaller than their centrifugation-based counterparts. This review discusses recent advancements in the field, focusing on passive separation methods that could potentially be adapted to perform leukapheresis. We first outline the performance requirements that any separation method must meet to replace centrifugation-based methods successfully. We then provide an overview of the passive separation methods that can remove WBCs from whole blood, focusing on the technological advancements made in the last decade. We describe and compare standard performance metrics, including blood dilution requirements, WBC separation efficiency, RBC and PLT loss, and processing throughput, and discuss the potential of each separation method for future use as a high-throughput microfluidic leukapheresis platform. Finally, we outline the primary common challenges that must still be overcome for these novel microfluidic technologies to enable centrifugation-free, low-ECV leukapheresis in the pediatric setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Iqbal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anton Mukhamedshin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Dalia L. Lezzar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. McLennan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fong W. Lam
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sergey S. Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
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3
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Lee LM, Bhatt KH, Haithcock DW, Prabhakarpandian B. Blood component separation in straight microfluidic channels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:054106. [PMID: 37854890 PMCID: PMC10581738 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Separation of blood components is required in many diagnostic applications and blood processes. In laboratories, blood is usually fractionated by manual operation involving a bulk centrifugation equipment, which significantly increases logistic burden. Blood sample processing in the field and resource-limited settings cannot be readily implemented without the use of microfluidic technology. In this study, we developed a small footprint, rapid, and passive microfluidic channel device that relied on margination and inertial focusing effects for blood component separation. No blood dilution, lysis, or labeling step was needed as to preserve sample integrity. One main innovation of this work was the insertion of fluidic restrictors at outlet ports to divert the separation interface into designated outlet channels. Thus, separation efficiency was significantly improved in comparison to previous works. We demonstrated different operation modes ranging from platelet or plasma extraction from human whole blood to platelet concentration from platelet-rich plasma through the manipulation of outlet port fluidic resistance. Using straight microfluidic channels with a high aspect ratio rectangular cross section, we demonstrated 95.4% platelet purity extracted from human whole blood. In plasma extraction, 99.9% RBC removal rate was achieved. We also demonstrated 2.6× concentration of platelet-rich plasma solution to produce platelet concentrate. The extraction efficiency and throughput rate are scalable with continuous and clog-free recirculation operation, in contrast to other blood fractionation approaches using filtration membranes or affinity-based purification methods. Our microfluidic blood separation method is highly tunable and versatile, and easy to be integrated into multi-step blood processing and advanced sample preparation workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Ketan H. Bhatt
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
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4
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Liang M, Zhong J, Ai Y. A Systematic Study of Size Correlation and Young's Modulus Sensitivity for Cellular Mechanical Phenotyping by Microfluidic Approaches. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200628. [PMID: 35852381 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties are a class of intrinsic biophysical markers for cell state and health. Microfluidic mechanical phenotyping methods have emerged as promising tools to overcome the challenges of low throughput and high demand for manual skills in conventional approaches. In this work, two types of microfluidic cellular mechanical phenotyping methods, contactless hydro-stretching deformability cytometry (lh-DC) and contact constriction deformability cytometry (cc-DC) are comprehensively studied and compared. Polymerized hydrogel beads with defined sizes are used to characterize a strong negative correlation between size and deformability in cc-DC (r = -0.95), while lh-DC presents a weak positive correlation (r = 0.13). Young's modulus sensitivity in cc-DC is size-dependent while it is a constant in lh-DC. Moreover, the deformability assessment for human breast cell line mixture suggests the lh-DC exhibits better differentiation capability of cells with different size distributions, while cc-DC provides higher sensitivity to identify cellular mechanical changes within a single cell line. This work is the first to present a quantitative study and comparison of size correlation and Young's modulus sensitivity of contactless and contact microfluidic mechanical phenotyping methods, which provides guidance to choose the most suitable cellular mechanical phenotyping platform for specific cell analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Liang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zhong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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Separation of White Blood Cells in a Wavy Type Microfluidic Device Using Blood Diluted in a Hypertonic Saline Solution. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sung HW, Choi SE, Chu CH, Ouyang M, Kalyan S, Scott N, Hur SC. Sensitizing drug-resistant cancer cells from blood using microfluidic electroporator. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264907. [PMID: 35259174 PMCID: PMC8903260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct assessment of patient samples holds unprecedented potential in the treatment of cancer. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in liquid biopsies are a rapidly evolving source of primary cells in the clinic and are ideal candidates for functional assays to uncover real-time tumor information in real-time. However, a lack of routines allowing direct and active interrogation of CTCs directly from liquid biopsy samples represents a bottleneck for the translational use of liquid biopsies in clinical settings. To address this, we present a workflow for using a microfluidic vortex-assisted electroporation system designed for the functional assessment of CTCs purified from blood. Validation of this approach was assessed through drug response assays on wild-type (HCC827 wt) and gefitinib-resistant (HCC827 GR6) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. HCC827 cells trapped within microscale vortices were electroporated to sequentially deliver drug agents into the cytosol. Electroporation conditions facilitating multi-agent delivery were characterized for both cell lines using an automatic single-cell image fluorescence intensity algorithm. HCC827 GR6 cells spiked into the blood to emulate drug-resistant CTCs were able to be collected with high purity, demonstrating the ability of the device to minimize background cell impact for downstream sensitive cell assays. Using our proposed workflow, drug agent combinations to restore gefitinib sensitivity reflected the anticipated cytotoxic response. Taken together, these results represent a microfluidics multi-drug screening panel workflow that can enable functional interrogation of patient CTCs in situ, thereby accelerating the clinical standardization of liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Srivathsan Kalyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan Scott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Xu X, Huang X, Sun J, Wang R, Yao J, Han W, Wei M, Chen J, Guo J, Sun L, Yin M. Recent progress of inertial microfluidic-based cell separation. Analyst 2021; 146:7070-7086. [PMID: 34761757 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation has consistently been a pivotal technology of sample preparation in biomedical research. Compared with conventional bulky cell separation technologies applied in the clinic, cell separation based on microfluidics can accurately manipulate the displacement of liquid or cells at the microscale, which has great potential in point-of-care testing (POCT) applications due to small device size, low cost, low sample consumption, and high operating accuracy. Among various microfluidic cell separation technologies, inertial microfluidics has attracted great attention due to its simple structure and high throughput. In recent years, many researchers have explored the principles and applications of inertial microfluidics and developed different channel structures, including straight channels, curved channels, and multistage channels. However, the recently developed multistage channels have not been discussed and classified in detail compared with more widely discussed straight and curved channels. Therefore, in this review, a comprehensive and detailed review of recent progress in the multistage channel is presented. According to the channel structure, the inertial microfluidic separation technology is divided into (i) straight channel, (ii) curved channel, (iii) composite channel, and (iv) integrated device. The structural development of straight and curved channels is discussed in detail. And based on straight and curved channels, the multistage cell separation structures are reviewed, with a special focus on a variety of latest structures and related innovations of composite and integrated channels. Finally, the future prospects for the existing challenges in the development of inertial microfluidic cell separation technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Renjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jiangfan Yao
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Wentao Han
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Maoyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and Systems, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ming Yin
- The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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8
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cui M, Zhao X, Sun M, Zhao X. A Cell's Viscoelasticity Measurement Method Based on the Spheroidization Process of Non-Spherical Shaped Cell. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5561. [PMID: 34451003 PMCID: PMC8401595 DOI: 10.3390/s21165561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells, especially the elastic modulus and viscosity of cells, have been identified to reflect cell viability and cell states. The existing measuring techniques need additional equipment or operation condition. This paper presents a cell's viscoelasticity measurement method based on the spheroidization process of non-spherical shaped cell. The viscoelasticity of porcine fetal fibroblast was measured. Firstly, we introduced the process of recording the spheroidization process of porcine fetal fibroblast. Secondly, we built the viscoelastic model for simulating a cell's spheroidization process. Then, we simulated the spheroidization process of porcine fetal fibroblast and got the simulated spheroidization process. By identifying the parameters in the viscoelastic model, we got the elasticity (500 Pa) and viscosity (10 Pa·s) of porcine fetal fibroblast. The results showed that the magnitude of the elasticity and viscosity were in agreement with those measured by traditional method. To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, we imitated the spheroidization process with silicone oil, a kind of viscous and uniform liquid with determined viscosity. We did the silicone oil's spheroidization experiment and simulated this process. The simulation results also fitted the experimental results well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Maosheng Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300112, China;
| | - Xiangfei Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.S.)
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9
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Hymel SJ, Fujioka H, Khismatullin DB. Modeling of Deformable Cell Separation in a Microchannel with Sequenced Pillars. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Hymel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Hideki Fujioka
- Center for Computational Science Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Damir B. Khismatullin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
- Center for Computational Science Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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10
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Lu M, Kanne CK, Reddington RC, Lezzar DL, Sheehan VA, Shevkoplyas SS. Concurrent Assessment of Deformability and Adhesiveness of Sickle Red Blood Cells by Measuring Perfusion of an Adhesive Artificial Microvascular Network. Front Physiol 2021; 12:633080. [PMID: 33995119 PMCID: PMC8113687 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker development is a key clinical research need in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hemorheological parameters are excellent candidates as abnormal red blood cell (RBC) rheology plays a critical role in SCD pathophysiology. Here we describe a microfluidic device capable of evaluating RBC deformability and adhesiveness concurrently, by measuring their effect on perfusion of an artificial microvascular network (AMVN) that combines microchannels small enough to require RBC deformation, and laminin (LN) coating on channel walls to model intravascular adhesion. Each AMVN device consists of three identical capillary networks, which can be coated with LN (adhesive) or left uncoated (non-adhesive) independently. The perfusion rate for sickle RBCs in the LN-coated networks (0.18 ± 0.02 nL/s) was significantly slower than in non-adhesive networks (0.20 ± 0.02 nL/s), and both were significantly slower than the perfusion rate for normal RBCs in the LN-coated networks (0.22 ± 0.01 nL/s). Importantly, there was no overlap between the ranges of perfusion rates obtained for sickle and normal RBC samples in the LN-coated networks. Interestingly, treatment with poloxamer 188 decreased the perfusion rate for sickle RBCs in LN-coated networks in a dose-dependent manner, contrary to previous studies with conventional assays, but in agreement with the latest clinical trial which showed no clinical benefit. Overall, these findings suggest the potential utility of the adhesive AMVN device for evaluating the effect of novel curative and palliative therapies on the hemorheological status of SCD patients during clinical trials and in post-market clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Celeste K Kanne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Riley C Reddington
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dalia L Lezzar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vivien A Sheehan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sergey S Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Kalyan S, Torabi C, Khoo H, Sung HW, Choi SE, Wang W, Treutler B, Kim D, Hur SC. Inertial Microfluidics Enabling Clinical Research. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:257. [PMID: 33802356 PMCID: PMC7999476 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate interrogation of complex samples containing diseased cells or pathogens is important to make informed decisions on clinical and public health issues. Inertial microfluidics has been increasingly employed for such investigations to isolate target bioparticles from liquid samples with size and/or deformability-based manipulation. This phenomenon is especially useful for the clinic, owing to its rapid, label-free nature of target enrichment that enables further downstream assays. Inertial microfluidics leverages the principle of inertial focusing, which relies on the balance of inertial and viscous forces on particles to align them into size-dependent laminar streamlines. Several distinct microfluidic channel geometries (e.g., straight, curved, spiral, contraction-expansion array) have been optimized to achieve inertial focusing for a variety of purposes, including particle purification and enrichment, solution exchange, and particle alignment for on-chip assays. In this review, we will discuss how inertial microfluidics technology has contributed to improving accuracy of various assays to provide clinically relevant information. This comprehensive review expands upon studies examining both endogenous and exogenous targets from real-world samples, highlights notable hybrid devices with dual functions, and comments on the evolving outlook of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Kalyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Corinna Torabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Hyun Woo Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Benjamin Treutler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17508, Korea
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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12
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González I, Andrés RR, Pinto A, Carreras P. Influence of Hydrodynamics and Hematocrit on Ultrasound-Induced Blood Plasmapheresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E751. [PMID: 32751982 PMCID: PMC7463700 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acoustophoretic blood plasma separation is based on cell enrichment processes driven by acoustic radiation forces. The combined influence of hematocrit and hydrodynamics has not yet been quantified in the literature for these processes acoustically induced on blood. In this paper, we present an experimental study of blood samples exposed to ultrasonic standing waves at different hematocrit percentages and hydrodynamic conditions, in order to enlighten their individual influence on the acoustic response of the samples. The experiments were performed in a glass capillary (700 µm-square cross section) actuated by a piezoelectric ceramic at a frequency of 1.153 MHz, hosting 2D orthogonal half-wavelength resonances transverse to the channel length, with a single-pressure-node along its central axis. Different hematocrit percentages Hct = 2.25%, 4.50%, 9.00%, and 22.50%, were tested at eight flow rate conditions of Q = 0:80 µL/min. Cells were collected along the central axis driven by the acoustic radiation force, releasing plasma progressively free of cells. The study shows an optimal performance in a flow rate interval between 20 and 80 µL/min for low hematocrit percentages Hct ≤ 9.0%, which required very short times close to 10 s to achieve cell-free plasma in percentages over 90%. This study opens new lines for low-cost personalized blood diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar González
- Group of Ultrasonic Resonators RESULT, ITEFI, National Research Council of Spain CSIC 1, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (R.R.A.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
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13
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Piergiovanni M, Galli V, Holzner G, Stavrakis S, DeMello A, Dubini G. Deformation of leukaemia cell lines in hyperbolic microchannels: investigating the role of shear and extensional components. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2539-2548. [PMID: 32567621 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells are of enormous interest in a diverse range of physio and pathological situations of clinical relevance. Unsurprisingly, a variety of microfluidic platforms have been developed in recent years to study the deformability of cells, most commonly employing pure shear or extensional flows, with and without direct contact of the cells with channel walls. Herein, we investigate the effects of shear and extensional flow components on fluid-induced cell deformation by means of three microchannel geometries. In the case of hyperbolic microchannels, cell deformation takes place in a flow with constant extensional rate, under non-zero shear conditions. A sudden expansion at the microchannel terminus allows one to evaluate shape recovery subsequent to deformation. Comparison with other microchannel shapes, that induce either pure shear (straight channel) or pure extensional (cross channel) flows, reveals different deformation modes. Such an analysis is used to confirm the softening and stiffening effects of common treatments, such as cytochalasin D and formalin on cell deformability. In addition to an experimental analysis of leukaemia cell deformability, computational fluid dynamic simulations are used to deconvolve the role of the aforementioned flow components in the cell deformation dynamics. In general terms, the current study can be used as a guide for extracting deformation/recovery dynamics of leukaemia cell lines when exposed to various fluid dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Piergiovanni
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 - 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Zhang X, Caruso C, Lam WA, Graham MD. Flow-induced segregation and dynamics of red blood cells in sickle cell disease. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS 2020; 5:053101. [PMID: 34095646 PMCID: PMC8174308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.5.053101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow in sickle cell disease (SCD) can substantially differ from normal blood flow due to significant alterations in the physical properties of the red blood cells (RBCs). Chronic complications, such as inflammation of the endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls, are associated with SCD, for reasons that are unclear. Here, detailed boundary integral simulations are performed to investigate an idealized model flow flow in SCD, a binary suspension of flexible biconcave discoidal fluid-filled capsules and stiff curved prolate capsules that represent healthy and sickle RBCs, respectively, subjected to pressure-driven flow in a planar slit. The stiff component is dilute. The key observation is that, unlike healthy RBCs that concentrate around the center of the channel and form an RBC-depleted layer (i.e. cell-free layer) next to the walls, sickle cells are largely drained from the bulk of the suspension and aggregate inside the cell-free layer, displaying strong margination. These cells are found to undergo a rigid-body-like rolling orbit near the walls. A binary suspension of flexible biconcave discoidal capsules and stiff straight (non-curved) prolate capsules is also considered for comparison, and the curvature of the stiff component is found to play a minor role in the behavior. Additionally, by considering a mixture of flexible and stiff biconcave discoids, we reveal that rigidity difference by itself is sufficient to induce the segregation behavior in a binary suspension. Furthermore, the additional shear stress on the walls induced by the presence of cells is computed for the various cases. Compared to the small fluctuations in wall shear stress for a suspension of healthy RBCs, large local peaks in wall shear stress are observed for the binary suspensions, due to the proximity of the marginated stiff cells to the walls. This effect is most marked for the straight prolate capsules. As endothelial cells are known to mechanotransduce physical forces such as aberrations in shear stress and convert them to physiological processes such as activation of inflammatory signals, these results may aid in understanding mechanisms for endothelial dysfunction associated with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691
| | - Christina Caruso
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Michael D. Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691
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15
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Size-dependent enrichment of leukocytes from undiluted whole blood using shear-induced diffusion. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3416-3426. [PMID: 31490514 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00786e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done in microfluidics with separation of cells directly from whole blood, and the handful of microfluidic systems reported the literature offer only limited throughput. Yet high throughput is highly desirable to avoid degradation of samples, which can result in loss of information critical to disease diagnosis or monitoring. In this work, we investigated particle migration dynamics in whole blood flow at a single-particle level and subsequently successfully demonstrated the preferential enrichment of white blood cells (WBCs) in unprocessed whole blood flows flanking a buffer flow. Our in-depth investigation reveals a counter-intuitive, size-based migration of cells in whole blood flow and their tendency to accumulate in the regions near flow interfaces, which is employed for inherent enrichment of WBCs. More importantly, we found the strong size-dependent migration in blood flow stemming from the differentiated downstream velocity of particles, which inversely scales with particle size. Our new insights improve understanding of this counterintuitive microfluidics field, offering guidance for new device design to directly handle whole blood and to expand the applications to meet the real-world need for ultra-fast cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Kim B, Kim KH, Chang Y, Shin S, Shin EC, Choi S. One-Step Microfluidic Purification of White Blood Cells from Whole Blood for Immunophenotyping. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13230-13236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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17
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Catarino SO, Rodrigues RO, Pinho D, Miranda JM, Minas G, Lima R. Blood Cells Separation and Sorting Techniques of Passive Microfluidic Devices: From Fabrication to Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10090593. [PMID: 31510012 PMCID: PMC6780402 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the first microfluidic device was developed more than three decades ago, microfluidics is seen as a technology that exhibits unique features to provide a significant change in the way that modern biology is performed. Blood and blood cells are recognized as important biomarkers of many diseases. Taken advantage of microfluidics assets, changes on blood cell physicochemical properties can be used for fast and accurate clinical diagnosis. In this review, an overview of the microfabrication techniques is given, especially for biomedical applications, as well as a synopsis of some design considerations regarding microfluidic devices. The blood cells separation and sorting techniques were also reviewed, highlighting the main achievements and breakthroughs in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana O Catarino
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Pinho
- Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Miranda
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
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18
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Hymel SJ, Lan H, Fujioka H, Khismatullin DB. Cell trapping in Y-junction microchannels: A numerical study of the bifurcation angle effect in inertial microfluidics. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2019; 31:082003. [PMID: 31406457 PMCID: PMC6688893 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of microfluidic technologies for cell sorting and isolation involve bifurcating (e.g., Y- or T-shaped junction) microchannels to trap the cells of a specific type. However, the microfluidic trapping efficiency remains low, independently of whether the cells are separated by a passive or an active sorting method. Using a custom computational algorithm, we studied the migration of separated deformable cells in a Y-junction microchannel, with a bifurcation angle ranging from 30° to 180°. Single or two cells of initially spherical shape were considered under flow conditions corresponding to inertial microfluidics. Through the numerical simulation, we identified the effects of cell size, cytoplasmic viscoelasticity, cortical tension, flow rate, and bifurcation angle on the critical separation distance for cell trapping. The results of this study show that the trapping and isolation of blood cells, and circulating tumor cells in a Y-junction microchannel was most efficient and least dependent on the flow rate at the bifurcation angle of 120°. At this angle, the trapping efficiency for white blood cells and circulating tumor cells increased, respectively, by 46% and 43%, in comparison with the trapping efficiency at 60°. The efficiency to isolate invasive tumor cells from noninvasive ones increased by 32%. This numerical study provides important design criteria to optimize microfluidic technology for deformability-based cell sorting and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongzhi Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hideki Fujioka
- Center for Computational Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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19
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Continuous erythrocyte removal and leukocyte separation from whole blood based on viscoelastic cell focusing and the margination phenomenon. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Liu Y, Cui M, Huang J, Sun M, Zhao X, Zhao Q. Robotic Micropipette Aspiration for Multiple Cells. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E348. [PMID: 31137867 PMCID: PMC6562722 DOI: 10.3390/mi10050348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As there are significant variations of cell elasticity among individual cells, measuring the elasticity of batch cells is required for obtaining statistical results of cell elasticity. At present, the micropipette aspiration (MA) technique is the most widely used cell elasticity measurement method. Due to a lack of effective cell storage and delivery methods, the existing manual and robotic MA methods are only capable of measuring a single cell at a time, making the MA of batch cells low efficiency. To address this problem, we developed a robotic MA system capable of storing multiple cells with a feeder micropipette (FM), picking up cells one-by-one to measure their elasticity with a measurement micropipette (MM). This system involved the following key techniques: Maximum permissible tilt angle of MM and FM determination, automated cell adhesion detection and cell adhesion break, and automated cell aspiration. The experimental results demonstrated that our system was able to continuously measure more than 20 cells with a manipulation speed quadrupled in comparison to existing methods. With the batch cell measurement ability, cell elasticity of pig ovum cultured in different environmental conditions was measured to find optimized culturing protocols for oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Maosheng Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300112, China.
| | | | - Mingzhu Sun
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qili Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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21
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Isolation of cells from whole blood using shear-induced diffusion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9411. [PMID: 29925931 PMCID: PMC6010421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction of cells of interest directly from whole blood is in high demand, yet extraordinary challenging due to the complex hemodynamics and hemorheology of the sample. Herein, we describe a new microfluidic platform that exploits the intrinsic complex properties of blood for continuous size-selective focusing and separation of cells directly from unprocessed whole blood. The novel system only requires routinely accessible saline solution to form a sandwiched fluid configuration and to initiate a strong effect of shear-induced diffusion of cells, which is coupled with fluid inertia for effective separation. Separations of beads and cells from whole blood have been successfully demonstrated with high efficiency (89.8%) at throughput of 6.75 mL/hr (106–107 cells/s) of whole blood. Rapid isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood sample of hepatocarcinoma patients is also shown as a proof of principle.
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22
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Logun M, Zhao W, Mao L, Karumbaiah L. Microfluidics in Malignant Glioma Research and Precision Medicine. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1700221. [PMID: 29780878 PMCID: PMC5959050 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer that has no effective treatments and a prognosis of only 12-15 months. Microfluidic technologies deliver microscale control of fluids and cells, and have aided cancer therapy as point-of-care devices for the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancers. However, a few microfluidic devices are developed to study malignant glioma. The ability of these platforms to accurately replicate the complex microenvironmental and extracellular conditions prevailing in the brain and facilitate the measurement of biological phenomena with high resolution and in a high-throughput manner could prove useful for studying glioma progression. These attributes, coupled with their relatively simple fabrication process, make them attractive for use as point-of-care diagnostic devices for detection and treatment of GBM. Here, the current issues that plague GBM research and treatment, as well as the current state of the art in glioma detection and therapy, are reviewed. Finally, opportunities are identified for implementing microfluidic technologies into research and diagnostics to facilitate the rapid detection and better therapeutic targeting of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
| | - Wujun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
| | - Leidong Mao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
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23
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Alterations of biomechanics in cancer and normal cells induced by doxorubicin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1195-1203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Urbansky A, Ohlsson P, Lenshof A, Garofalo F, Scheding S, Laurell T. Rapid and effective enrichment of mononuclear cells from blood using acoustophoresis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17161. [PMID: 29215046 PMCID: PMC5719459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective separation methods for fractionating blood components are needed for numerous diagnostic and research applications. This paper presents the use of acoustophoresis, an ultrasound based microfluidic separation technology, for label-free, gentle and continuous separation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from diluted whole blood. Red blood cells (RBCs) and MNCs behave similar in an acoustic standing wave field, compromising acoustic separation of MNC from RBC in standard buffer systems. However, by optimizing the buffer conditions and thereby changing the acoustophoretic mobility of the cells, we were able to enrich MNCs relative to RBCs by a factor of 2,800 with MNC recoveries up to 88%. The acoustophoretic microchip can perform cell separation at a processing rate of more than 1 × 105 cells/s, corresponding to 5 µl/min undiluted whole blood equivalent. Thus, acoustophoresis can be easily integrated with further down-stream applications such as flow cytometry, making it a superior alternative to existing MNC isolation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Urbansky
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Garofalo
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, 222 41, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, 04620, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Wang M, Wang Z, Zhang M, Guo W, Li N, Deng Y, Shi Q. A microfluidic chip with double-sided herringbone microstructures for enhanced capture of rare tumor cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9114-9120. [PMID: 32264592 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip with single-sided herringbone microstructure has been developed to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples of cancer patients. Here, we describe a new double-sided herringbone chip in which staggered herringbone micromixers are placed on both top and bottom surfaces of microchannels. The double-sided herringbone structure enables a high CTC capture efficiency of whole blood samples without depletion of red blood cells because of the effects of leukocyte margination and plasma skimming. However, compared with the traditional single-sided herringbone chip, the double-sided herringbone chip has more complicated geometrical design, leading to a difficulty in experimental optimization of geometrical parameters. In this study, we developed an analytical model to geometrically optimize the herringbone chip by investigating the interactions between cells and antibody-immobilized device surfaces for enhancing CTC capture efficiency. On-chip cell capture experiments for validating modeling results were performed by spiking cultured EpCAM-positive tumor cells into blood samples from healthy donors. Based on the geometrical parameters optimized from the single-sided herringbone chip, the geometrically optimized double-sided herringbone chip enables a capture efficiency of 94 ± 4% of rare tumor cells directly from whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Yan S, Yuan D, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Li W. The Continuous Concentration of Particles and Cancer Cell Line Using Cell Margination in a Groove-Based Channel. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8110315. [PMID: 30400505 PMCID: PMC6189968 DOI: 10.3390/mi8110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the capillary venules, blood cells auto-separate with red blood cells aggregating near the centre of vessel and the nucleated cells marginating toward the wall of vessel. In this experiment, we used cell margination to help enrich the Jurkat cells via a groove-based channel which provides a vertical expansion-contraction structure, wherein the red blood cells invade the grooves and push the Jurkat cells to the bottom of the channel. The secondary flows induced by the anisotropic grooves bring the Jurkat cells to the right sidewall. Rigid, 13-µm diameter polystyrene particles were spiked into the whole blood to verify the operating principle under various working conditions, and then tests were carried out using Jurkat cells (~15 µm). The performance of this device was quantified by analysing the cell distribution in a transverse direction at the outlet, and then measuring the cell concentration from the corresponding outlets. The results indicate that Jurkat cells were enriched by 22.3-fold with a recovery rate of 83.4%, thus proving that this microfluidic platform provides a gentle and passive way to isolate intact and viable Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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27
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Guo Q, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Islamzada E, Ma H. Deformability based Cell Sorting using Microfluidic Ratchets Enabling Phenotypic Separation of Leukocytes Directly from Whole Blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6627. [PMID: 28747668 PMCID: PMC5529452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of leukocytes from whole blood is a prerequisite for many biological assays. Traditional methods require significant sample volumes and are often undesirable because they expose leukocytes to harsh physical or chemical treatment. Existing microfluidic approaches can work with smaller volumes, but lack selectivity. In particular, the selectivity of microfluidic systems based on microfiltration is limited by fouling due to clogging. Here, we developed a method to separate leukocytes from whole blood using the microfluidic ratchet mechanism, which filters the blood sample using a matrix of micrometer-scale tapered constrictions. Deforming single cells through such constrictions requires directionally asymmetrical forces, which enables oscillatory flow to create a ratcheting transport that depends on cell size and deformability. Simultaneously, oscillatory flow continuously agitates the cells to limit the contact time with the filter microstructure to prevent adsorption and clogging. We show this device is capable of isolating leukocytes from whole blood with 100% purity (i.e. no contaminant erythrocytes) and <2% leukocytes loss. We further demonstrate the potential to phenotypically sort leukocytes to enrich for granulocytes and lymphocytes subpopulations. Together, this process provides a sensitive method to isolate and sort leukocytes directly from whole blood based on their biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emel Islamzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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28
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Storslett KJ, Muller SJ. Evaluation and comparison of two microfluidic size separation strategies for vesicle suspensions. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034112. [PMID: 28580045 PMCID: PMC5446298 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two size-based separation strategies are evaluated for suspensions consisting of giant unilamellar vesicles with a broad, continuous distribution of diameters. Microfluidic devices were designed to separate an initial suspension into larger and smaller particles via either filtration or inertial focusing. These separation mechanisms were tested with suspensions of vesicles and suspensions of rigid spheres separately to illustrate the effect of deformability on separation ability. We define several separation metrics to assess the separation ability and to enable comparison between separation strategies. The filtration device significantly reduced the polydispersity of the separated vesicle fractions relative to the starting suspension and displayed an ability to separate vesicle suspensions at high throughputs. The device that utilized inertial focusing exhibited adequate polydispersity reduction and performed best with diluted vesicle suspensions. The inertial device had fewer issues with debris and trapped air, leading to short device preparation times and indicating a potential for continuous separation operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Storslett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Susan J Muller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Yang J, Yoo SS, Lee TR. Effect of fractional blood flow on plasma skimming in the microvasculature. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:040401. [PMID: 28505807 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although redistribution of red blood cells at bifurcated vessels is highly dependent on flow rate, it is still challenging to quantitatively express the dependence of flow rate in plasma skimming due to nonlinear cellular interactions. We suggest a plasma skimming model that can involve the effect of fractional blood flow at each bifurcation point. To validate the model, it is compared with in vivo data at single bifurcation points, as well as microvascular network systems. In the simulation results, the exponential decay of the plasma skimming parameter M along fractional flow rate shows the best performance in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Yang
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea.,Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, Garching, Germany
| | - Sung Sic Yoo
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
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30
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A high-throughput microfluidic approach for 1000-fold leukocyte reduction of platelet-rich plasma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35943. [PMID: 27775049 PMCID: PMC5075940 DOI: 10.1038/srep35943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte reduction of donated blood products substantially reduces the risk of a number of transfusion-related complications. Current 'leukoreduction' filters operate by trapping leukocytes within specialized filtration material, while allowing desired blood components to pass through. However, the continuous release of inflammatory cytokines from the retained leukocytes, as well as the potential for platelet activation and clogging, are significant drawbacks of conventional 'dead end' filtration. To address these limitations, here we demonstrate our newly-developed 'controlled incremental filtration' (CIF) approach to perform high-throughput microfluidic removal of leukocytes from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in a continuous flow regime. Leukocytes are separated from platelets within the PRP by progressively syphoning clarified PRP away from the concentrated leukocyte flowstream. Filtrate PRP collected from an optimally-designed CIF device typically showed a ~1000-fold (i.e. 99.9%) reduction in leukocyte concentration, while recovering >80% of the original platelets, at volumetric throughputs of ~1 mL/min. These results suggest that the CIF approach will enable users in many fields to now apply the advantages of microfluidic devices to particle separation, even for applications requiring macroscale flowrates.
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31
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Kim B, Choi YJ, Seo H, Shin EC, Choi S. Deterministic Migration-Based Separation of White Blood Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5159-5168. [PMID: 27490148 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional and phenotypic analyses of peripheral white blood cells provide useful clinical information. However, separation of white blood cells from peripheral blood requires a time-consuming, inconvenient process and thus analyses of separated white blood cells are limited in clinical settings. To overcome this limitation, a microfluidic separation platform is developed to enable deterministic migration of white blood cells, directing the cells into designated positions according to a ridge pattern. The platform uses slant ridge structures on the channel top to induce the deterministic migration, which allows efficient and high-throughput separation of white blood cells from unprocessed whole blood. The extent of the deterministic migration under various rheological conditions is explored, enabling highly efficient migration of white blood cells in whole blood and achieving high-throughput separation of the cells (processing 1 mL of whole blood less than 7 min). In the separated cell population, the composition of lymphocyte subpopulations is well preserved, and T cells secrete cytokines without any functional impairment. On the basis of the results, this microfluidic platform is a promising tool for the rapid enrichment of white blood cells, and it is useful for functional and phenotypic analyses of peripheral white blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Rodríguez-Ruiz I, Ackermann TN, Muñoz-Berbel X, Llobera A. Photonic Lab-on-a-Chip: Integration of Optical Spectroscopy in Microfluidic Systems. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6630-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona−CNM/CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CEA, DEN, DTEC, SGCS, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Tobias N. Ackermann
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona−CNM/CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Muñoz-Berbel
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona−CNM/CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Llobera
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona−CNM/CSIC Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Jivani RR, Lakhtaria GJ, Patadiya DD, Patel LD, Jivani NP, Jhala BP. Biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS): Revolution in drug delivery and analytical techniques. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:1-20. [PMID: 26903763 PMCID: PMC4719786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancement in microelectromechanical system has facilitated the microfabrication of polymeric substrates and the development of the novel class of controlled drug delivery devices. These vehicles have specifically tailored three dimensional physical and chemical features which together, provide the capacity to target cell, stimulate unidirectional controlled release of therapeutics and augment permeation across the barriers. Apart from drug delivery devices microfabrication technology’s offer exciting prospects to generate biomimetic gastrointestinal tract models. BioMEMS are capable of analysing biochemical liquid sample like solution of metabolites, macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acid, cells and viruses. This review summarized multidisciplinary application of biomedical microelectromechanical systems in drug delivery and its potential in analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishad R Jivani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang J Lakhtaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval D Patadiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Laxman D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Nurrudin P Jivani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhagyesh P Jhala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy & Research, Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India
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34
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Hou HW, Wu L, Amador-Munoz DP, Vera MP, Coronata A, Englert JA, Levy BD, Baron RM, Han J. Broad spectrum immunomodulation using biomimetic blood cell margination for sepsis therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:688-99. [PMID: 26767950 PMCID: PMC4747785 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis represents a systemic inflammatory response caused by microbial infection in blood. Herein, we present a novel comprehensive approach to mitigate inflammatory responses through broad spectrum removal of pathogens, leukocytes and cytokines based on biomimetic cell margination. Using a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), we performed extracorporeal blood filtration with the developed microfluidic blood margination (μBM) device. Circulating bacteremia, leukocytes and cytokines in blood decreased post-filtration and significant attenuation of immune cell and cytokine responses were observed 3-5 days after intervention, indicating successful long-term immunomodulation. A dose-dependent effect on long-term immune cell count was also achieved by varying filtration time. As proof of concept for human therapy, the μBM device was scaled up to achieve ∼100-fold higher throughput (∼150 mL h(-1)). With further multiplexing, the μBM technique could be applied in clinical settings as an adjunctive treatment for sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wei Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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35
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Mehrabadi M, Ku DN, Aidun CK. Effects of shear rate, confinement, and particle parameters on margination in blood flow. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:023109. [PMID: 26986415 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.023109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of flow and particle properties on margination of particles in red blood cell (RBC) suspensions is investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of cellar blood flow. We focus on margination of particles in the flow of moderately dense suspensions of RBCs. We hypothesize that margination rate in nondilute suspensions is mainly driven by the RBC-enhanced diffusion of marginating particles in the RBC-filled region. We derive a scaling law for margination length in a straight channel. Margination length increases cubically with channel height and is independent of shear rate. We verify this scaling law for margination length by DNS of flowing RBCs and marginating particles. We also show that rigidity and size both lead to particle margination with rigidity having a more significant effect compared to size within the range of parameters in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marmar Mehrabadi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - David N Ku
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Cyrus K Aidun
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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36
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Warkiani ME, Wu L, Tay AKP, Han J. Large-Volume Microfluidic Cell Sorting for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 17:1-34. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lidan Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Andy Kah Ping Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- Department of Biological Engineering and
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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37
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A simple microfluidic device for the deformability assessment of blood cells in a continuous flow. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:108. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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39
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Fook Kong T, Ye W, Peng WK, Wei Hou H, Marcos M, Preiser PR, Nguyen NT, Han J. Enhancing malaria diagnosis through microfluidic cell enrichment and magnetic resonance relaxometry detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11425. [PMID: 26081638 PMCID: PMC4469967 DOI: 10.1038/srep11425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements over the years, there remains an urgent need for low cost diagnostic approaches that allow for rapid, reliable and sensitive detection of malaria parasites in clinical samples. Our previous work has shown that magnetic resonance relaxometry (MRR) is a potentially highly sensitive tool for malaria diagnosis. A key challenge for making MRR based malaria diagnostics suitable for clinical testing is the fact that MRR baseline fluctuation exists between individuals, making it difficult to detect low level parasitemia. To overcome this problem, it is important to establish the MRR baseline of each individual while having the ability to reliably determine any changes that are caused by the infection of malaria parasite. Here we show that an approach that combines the use of microfluidic cell enrichment with a saponin lysis before MRR detection can overcome these challenges and provide the basis for a highly sensitive and reliable diagnostic approach of malaria parasites. Importantly, as little as 0.0005% of ring stage parasites can be detected reliably, making this ideally suited for the detection of malaria parasites in peripheral blood obtained from patients. The approaches used here are envisaged to provide a new malaria diagnosis solution in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fook Kong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #03 Enterprise Wing, Singapore
| | - Weijian Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases IRG (ID), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #03 Enterprise Wing, Singapore
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #03 Enterprise Wing, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore
| | - M Marcos
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
| | - Peter Rainer Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases IRG (ID), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #03 Enterprise Wing, Singapore
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #03 Enterprise Wing, Singapore
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 36-841, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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40
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Optimizing Polymer Lab-on-Chip Platforms for Ultrasonic Manipulation: Influence of the Substrate. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Piety NZ, Gifford SC, Yang X, Shevkoplyas SS. Quantifying morphological heterogeneity: a study of more than 1 000 000 individual stored red blood cells. Vox Sang 2015; 109:221-30. [PMID: 25900518 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) deteriorates progressively during hypothermic storage. The degree of deterioration varies between individual cells, resulting in a highly heterogeneous population of cells contained within each RBC unit. Current techniques capable of categorizing the morphology of individual stored RBCs are manual, laborious and error-prone procedures that limit the number of cells that can be studied. Our objective was to create a simple, automated system for high-throughput RBC morphology classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS A simple microfluidic device, designed to enable rapid, consistent acquisition of images of optimally oriented RBCs, was fabricated using soft lithography. A custom image analysis algorithm was developed to categorize the morphology of each individual RBC in the acquired images. The system was used to determine morphology of individual RBCs in several RBC units stored hypothermically for 6-8 weeks. RESULTS The system was used to automatically determine the distribution of cell diameter within each morphological class for >1 000 000 individual stored RBCs (speed: >10 000 cells/h; accuracy: 91·9% low resolution, 75·3% high resolution). Diameter mean and standard deviation by morphology class were as follows: discocyte 7·80 ± 0·49 μm, echinocyte 1 7·61 ± 0·63 μm, echinocyte 2 7·02 ± 0·61 μm, echinocyte 3 6·47 ± 0·42 μm, sphero-echinocyte 6·01 ± 0·26 μm, spherocyte 6·02 ± 0·27 μm, stomatocyte 1 6·95 ± 0·61 μm and stomatocyte 2 7·32 ± 0·47 μm. CONCLUSIONS The automated morphology classification procedure described in this study is significantly simpler, faster and less subjective than conventional manual procedures. The ability to evaluate the morphology of individual RBCs automatically, rapidly and in statistically significant numbers enabled us to perform the most extensive study of stored RBC morphology to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Piety
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S C Gifford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S S Shevkoplyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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42
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Nguyen J, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Wang C, Sun Y. On-chip sample preparation for complete blood count from raw blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1533-44. [PMID: 25631744 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a monolithic microfluidic device capable of on-chip sample preparation for both RBC and WBC measurements from whole blood. For the first time, on-chip sample processing (e.g. dilution, lysis, and filtration) and downstream single cell measurement were fully integrated to enable sample preparation and single cell analysis from whole blood on a single device. The device consists of two parallel sub-systems that perform sample processing and electrical measurements for measuring RBC and WBC parameters. The system provides a modular environment capable of handling solutions of various viscosities by adjusting the length of channels and precisely controlling mixing ratios, and features a new 'offset' filter configuration for increased duration of device operation. RBC concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), cell distribution width, WBC concentration and differential are determined by electrical impedance measurement. Experimental characterization of over 100,000 cells from 10 patient blood samples validated the system's capability for performing on-chip raw blood processing and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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43
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A Rapid and Low-Cost Nonlithographic Method to Fabricate Biomedical Microdevices for Blood Flow Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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44
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Gifford SC, Spillane AM, Vignes SM, Shevkoplyas SS. Controlled incremental filtration: a simplified approach to design and fabrication of high-throughput microfluidic devices for selective enrichment of particles. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4496-505. [PMID: 25254358 PMCID: PMC4247995 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The number of microfluidic strategies aimed at separating particles or cells of a specific size within a continuous flow system continues to grow. The wide array of biomedical and other applications that would benefit from successful development of such technology has motivated the extensive research in this area over the past 15 years. However, despite promising advancements in microfabrication capabilities, a versatile approach that is suitable for a large range of particle sizes and high levels of enrichment, with a volumetric throughput sufficient for large-scale applications, has yet to emerge. Here we describe a straightforward method that enables the rapid design of microfluidic devices that are capable of enriching/removing particles within a complex aqueous mixture, with an unprecedented range of potential cutoff diameter (below 1 μm to above 100 μm) and an easily scalable degree of enrichment/filtration (up to 10-fold and well beyond). A simplified model of a new approach to crossflow filtration - controlled incremental filtration - was developed and validated for its ability to generate microfluidic devices that efficiently separate particles on the order of 1-10 μm, with throughputs of tens of μL min(-1), without the use of a pump. Precise control of the amount of fluid incrementally diverted at each filtration "gap" of the device allows for the gap size (~20 μm) to be much larger than the particles of interest, while the simplicity of the model allows for many thousands of these filtration points to be readily incorporated into a desired device design. This new approach should enable truly high-throughput microfluidic particle-separation devices to be generated, even by users only minimally experienced in fluid mechanics and microfabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Gifford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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45
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Li X, Chen W, Liu G, Lu W, Fu J. Continuous-flow microfluidic blood cell sorting for unprocessed whole blood using surface-micromachined microfiltration membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2565-75. [PMID: 24895109 PMCID: PMC4106416 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) constitute about 0.1% of the blood cells, yet they play a critical role in innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogenic infections, allergic conditions, and malignancies and thus contain rich information about the immune status of the body. Rapid isolation of WBCs directly from whole blood is a prerequisite for any integrated immunoassay platform designed for examining WBC phenotypes and functions; however, such functionality is still challenging for blood-on-a-chip systems, as existing microfluidic cell sorting techniques are inadequate for efficiently processing unprocessed whole blood on chip with concurrent high throughput and cell purity. Herein we report a microfluidic chip for continuous-flow isolation and sorting of WBCs from whole blood with high throughput and separation efficiency. The microfluidic cell sorting chip leveraged the crossflow filtration scheme in conjunction with a surface-micromachined poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfiltration membrane (PMM) with high porosity. With a sample throughput of 1 mL h(-1), the microfluidic cell sorting chip could recover 27.4 ± 4.9% WBCs with a purity of 93.5 ± 0.5%. By virtue of its separation efficiency, ease of sample recovery, and high throughput enabled by its continuous-flow operation, the microfluidic cell sorting chip holds promise as an upstream component for blood sample preparation and analysis in integrated blood-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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46
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47
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Lan H, Khismatullin DB. Numerical simulation of the pairwise interaction of deformable cells during migration in a microchannel. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:012705. [PMID: 25122333 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.012705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes and other circulating cells deform and move relatively to the channel flow in the lateral and translational directions. Their migratory property is important in immune response, hemostasis, cancer progression, delivery of nutrients, and microfluidic technologies such as cell separation and enrichment, and flow cytometry. Using our three-dimensional computational algorithm for multiphase viscoelastic flow, we have investigated the effect of pairwise interaction on the lateral and translational migration of circulating cells in a microchannel. The numerical simulation data show that when two cells with the same size and small separation distance interact, repulsive interaction take place until they reach the same lateral equilibrium position. During this process, they undergo swapping or passing, depending on the initial separation distance between each other. The threshold value of this distance increases with cell deformation, indicating that the cells experiencing larger deformation are more likely to swap. When a series of closely spaced cells with the same size are considered, they generally undergo damped oscillation in both lateral and translational directions until they reach equilibrium positions where they become evenly distributed in the flow direction (self-assembly phenomenon). A series of cells with a large lateral separation distance could collide repeatedly with each other, eventually crossing the centerline and entering the other side of the channel. For a series of cells with different deformability, more deformable cells, upon impact with less deformable cells, move to an equilibrium position closer to the centerline. The results of our study show that the bulk deformation of circulating cells plays a key role in their migration in a microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Damir B Khismatullin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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Yu ZTF, Yong KMA, Fu J. Microfluidic blood cell sorting: now and beyond. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1687-703. [PMID: 24515899 PMCID: PMC4013196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and sorting of blood cells hasa been of a great interest to clinicians and researchers. However, while conventional methods of processing blood have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions, they are time consuming, labor intensive, and are not optimal for processing small volume blood samples. In recent years, microfluidics has garnered great interest from clinicians and researchers as a powerful technology for separating blood into different cell fractions. As microfluidics involves fluid manipulation at the microscale level, it has the potential for achieving high-resolution separation and sorting of blood cells down to a single-cell level, with an added benefit of integrating physical and biological methods for blood cell separation and analysis on the same single chip platform. This paper will first review the conventional methods of processing and sorting blood cells, followed by a discussion on how microfluidics is emerging as an efficient tool to rapidly change the field of blood cell sorting for blood-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeta Tak For Yu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Sacristán C, Depoil D, Wlodkowic D, McIntyre P, Mitchell A. Immunology on chip: Promises and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:333-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Burke JM, Zubajlo RE, Smela E, White IM. High-throughput particle separation and concentration using spiral inertial filtration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024105. [PMID: 24738012 PMCID: PMC3976465 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A spiral inertial filtration (SIFT) device that is capable of high-throughput (1 ml/min), high-purity particle separation while concentrating recovered target particles by more than an order of magnitude is reported. This device is able to remove large fractions of sample fluid from a microchannel without disruption of concentrated particle streams by taking advantage of particle focusing in inertial spiral microfluidics, which is achieved by balancing inertial lift forces and Dean drag forces. To enable the calculation of channel geometries in the SIFT microsystem for specific concentration factors, an equivalent circuit model was developed and experimentally validated. Large particle concentration factors were then achieved by maintaining either the average fluid velocity or the Dean number throughout the entire length of the channel during the incremental removal of sample fluid. The SIFT device was able to separate MCF7 cells spiked into whole blood from the non-target white blood cells (WBC) with a recovery of nearly 100% while removing 93% of the sample volume, which resulted in a concentration enhancement of the MCF7 cancer cells by a factor of 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Burke
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Rebecca E Zubajlo
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Elisabeth Smela
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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